Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education

Mumbai. (M.S.)

MICRO PROJECT
On
Comparing features of operating system Realtime
Operating system, Distributed operating system

Submitted by
Swapnil Rajendra Patil
Kunal Ghamlal Lohar

G.S. Mandal’s
Department of Computer Engineering
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Aurangabad.

Academic Year: - 2021-2022

 MAHARASHTRA STATE
BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that: -
Roll Enrollment Exam
Name of Student
No. No. Seat No.
Swapnil Rajendra Patil 2000660215

Kunal Ghamlal Lohar 2000660201

Have successfully completed “Comparing Feature of Real time operating

system and Distributed Operating System” Micro-project for the subject
Operating System as in the enclosed ‘Portfolio’ during his / her tenure of
Completing the Diploma in Computer Engineering (CO5I) in Academic Year
2021-2022 from M.I.T. Polytechnic, Aurangabad with Institute Code 0066.

Date:

Prof. chaterjee mam

H.O.D and Guide

Principal
Marathwada Institute of Technology,
Polytechnic, Aurangabad
 INDEX

Annexure-IV Micro Project Teacher Evaluation Sheet

Annexure-I A “Format for Micro-Project Proposal”

1.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project (minimum 30-50 words)

2.0 Course Outcomes Addressed

3.0 Proposed Methodology (procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro-
project in about 100-200 words.)

4.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity.)

5.0 Resources required (major resources such as row material, some machining facility,
software etc.)

Annexure-II A “Format for Micro-Project Report”

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified
version of the earlier one written after the work)

2.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

4.0 Literature Review

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
presentation of collected data, findings etc.)

8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

9.0 Applications of this micro project

 Annexure-IV
Micro Project

(Teacher Evaluation Sheet)

Name of Program: Diploma in Computer Engineering Semester: - 5
Course Title: CO5I
Title of Micro Project: Comparing Feature of Real time operating system and Distributed Operating
System

Course Outcomes Achieved:

a) Learn the concept of OS

b) Understand the features of Realtime Operating System

c) Understand the features of Distributed Operating System

d) Understand how Realtime Operating System is different from Distributed Operating System

e) Understand the working of Operating System

Process and Individual Total

Roll Enrollment Exam Product Presentation Marks
Name of Student
No. No. Seat No. Assessment / Viva (10)
(06) (04)
Swapnil Rajendra 2000660215
Patil
Kunal Ghamlal Lohar 2000660201

Comments / Suggestions about work:

Signature of Teacher :

Name and Designation :

of the Teacher
 Annexure-I

Micro-Project Proposal
(Format for Micro-Project Proposal About 1-2 pages)

Title of Micro-Project:- Login Page for Hospital Database Management

1.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project (minimum 30-50 words)

a) Manage the computer's resources, such as the central processing unit, memory, disk drives,
and printers.
b) Establish a user interface
c) Execute and provide services for applications software.
d) To understand the working and Features of various operating systems
e) Work on Real Time operating System and Distributed Operating System

2.1 Course Outcomes Addressed

a) Learn the concept of OS

b) Understand the features of Realtime Operating System

c) Understand the features of Distributed Operating System

d) Understand how Realtime Operating System is different from Distributed Operating System

e) Understand the working of Operating System

3.0 Proposed Methodology (Procedure in brief that will be followed to do the micro-
project in about 100-200 words.)

a) Firstly, I decide a particular topic, that is Comparing features of Real Time Operating System and Distributed
Operating System

b) Then I will do research on topic and gathered information for project

c) After collecting information, when I will be satisfied with the information, I will think an

overview of the report and Sequence of the collected information

d) Then I will plan a rough methodology of project.

e) Coming up with above things I will start actual project implementation

f) Then if I undergoes with some problems, I will discuss it with the respectivesubject Teacher

g) After an all, lastly, I will make a proper report of the project in the pdf format.

3.0 Action Plan (Sequence and time required for major activity.)

Sr. Details of Activity Planned Planned Name of

No Start Date Finish Date Responsible
Team Members
1) Topic Selection 3/09/22 04/09/22 Both

2) Information Search 05/09/22 10/09/22 Kunal

3) Rough overview 10/09/22 11/09/22 Swapnil

4) Gathering the information 11/09/22 14/09/22 Kunal

6) Completing report for project 14/09/22 16/09/22 Both

7) Submission 17/09/22 17/09/22 Both

5.0 Resources required (major resources such as row material, some machining
facility, software etc.)

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks

No
1) Desktop, Laptop i-5, 8 GB RAM, 1
Windows 10
2) Software Word -

3) INTERNET

Names of Team Members with Roll No.: -

Roll No. Name of Student

Swapnil Rajendra Patil

Kunal Ghamlal Lohar

 Annexure-II
Micro-Project Report
(Format for Micro-Project Report minimum 4 pages)

Title of Micro-Project: - Design Test Cases for Login Page

1.0 Rationale (Importance of the project, in about 30 to 50 words. This is a modified

version of the earlier one written after the work)

The purpose of a test case is to determine if different features within a system

are performing as expected and to confirm that the system satisfies all related
standards, guidelines and customer requirements. The process of writing a test
case can also help reveal errors or defects within the system.

Test cases define what must be done to test a system, including the steps
executed in the system, the input data values that are entered into the system
and the results that are expected throughout test case execution. Using test
cases allows developers and testers to discover errors that may have occurred
during development or defects that were missed during ad hoc tests.

Overall, writing and using test cases will lead to business optimization.
Clients are more satisfied, customer retention increases, the costs of
customer service and fixing products decreases, and more reliable products
are produced, which improves the company's reputation and brand image.
2.0 Aim/Benefits of Micro Project:

1) Guaranteed good test coverage.

2) Reduced maintenance and software support costs.

3) Reusable test cases.

4) Confirmation that the software satisfies end-user requirements.

5) Improved quality of software and user experience.

6) Higher quality products lead to more satisfied customers.

7) More satisfied customers will increase company profits

3.0 Course Outcomes Achieved (Add to the earlier list is more Cos are addressed)

a) Apply various software testing methods.

b) Prepare test cases for different types and levels of testing

c) Prepare test plan for an application

4.0 Literature Review: -

ABSTRACT –

Nowadays, software testing is becoming more critical to ensure that software will
function properly in a dynamic environment. Consequently, different types of
resources such as effort, time, and fund invested on software testing activities
increase significantly. As such, managers have to allocate limited resources in
software development to those critical test cases rather than the exhaustive set of
test cases. In this paper, we describe the results of a literature search that explores
the importance and value of software test cases as a preliminary to conducting
further research on this topic.

5.0 Actual Methodology Followed (Write step wise work done, data collected and its
analysis (if any). The contribution of individual member may also be noted.)

a) Topic Selection –

Firstly, I thought of few topics ,being little bit confused about the topics I finally

made the decision and took the topic as Design Test Cases for Login Page .

b) Information Search –

I made a research on the topic and gathered various information from different

websites, books. Then I sorted the information and classified all necessary search

which will be used Test cases

c) Rough overview –

This was the initialize stage of the project , in which I started a imagining different

possible cases about login page ,followed by implementing diagrams etc.

d) Actual project –

At this step I started the formal project in the proper systematic way. I thought

about all the positive test cases which can be executed, and wrote them in the table

format

e) Problem Solving –

While doing project I came up with errors and doubts, I made an attempt to solve

them, Then I discussed it with the subject teacher then I got the right way to move

forward for the project

f) Final Time –

At this time, I was completed with the project then computed all the project to a

specific report and made a final pdf.

6.0 Actual Resources Used (mention the actual resources used).

Sr. Name of Resource/Material Specification Qty. Remarks

No
1 Desktop, Laptop i-5, 4 GB RAM, 1

Windows 10

2 Software Word -

3 Internet -
7.0 Outputs of the micro projects (Drawings of the prototype, drawing of survey,
Presentation of collected data, findings etc.)
8.0 Skill Developed/Learning outcome of this micro project

a) Increasing knowledge about Test Cases

b) Enhanced knowledge of Software Engineering

c) Increased searching skills.

d) Enhanced presenting skills.

e) Increased editing skills

f) Increased solo working skills.

g) Enhanced Designing skills.

9.0 Applications of this micro project: -

8) Guaranteed good test coverage.

9) Reduced maintenance and software support costs.

10) Reusable test cases.

11) Confirmation that the software satisfies end-user requirements.

12) Improved quality of software and user experience.

13) Higher quality products lead to more satisfied customers.

14) More satisfied customers will increase company profits.

1.0 Brief Description:
What is an Operating System?

An Operating System (OS) is a software that acts as an interface between computer hardware
components and the user. Every computer system must have at least one operating system to run
other programs. Applications like Browsers, MS Office, Notepad Games, etc., need some
environment to run and perform its tasks

1.1 Following are the popular types of Operating System:

• Batch Operating System

• Multitasking/Time Sharing OS
• Multiprocessing OS
• Real Time OS
• Distributed OS
• Network OS
• Mobile OS
1.2 Features of Operating System
Here is a list important features of OS:

• Protected and supervisor mode

• Allows disk access and file systems Device drivers Networking Security
• Program Execution
• Memory management Virtual Memory Multitasking
• Handling I/O operations
• Manipulation of the file system
• Error Detection and handling
• Resource allocation
• Information and Resource Protection
1.3 Functions of Operating system
Below are the main functions of Operating System:

In an operating system software performs each of the function:

1. Process management:- Process management helps OS to create and delete processes. It also
provides mechanisms for synchronization and communication among processes.

2. Memory management:- Memory management module performs the task of allocation and
de-allocation of memory space to programs in need of this resources.

3. File management:- It manages all the file-related activities such as organization storage,
retrieval, naming, sharing, and protection of files.

4. Device Management: Device management keeps tracks of all devices. This module also
responsible for this task is known as the I/O controller. It also performs the task of allocation
and de-allocation of the devices.

5. I/O System Management: One of the main objects of any OS is to hide the peculiarities of
that hardware devices from the user.

6. Secondary-Storage Management: Systems have several levels of storage which includes

primary storage, secondary storage, and cache storage. Instructions and data must be stored
in primary storage or cache so that a running program can reference it.

7. Security:- Security module protects the data and information of a computer system against
malware threat and authorized access.

8. Command interpretation: This module is interpreting commands given by the and acting
system resources to process that commands.
 9. Networking: A distributed system is a group of processors which do not share memory,
hardware devices, or a clock. The processors communicate with one another through the
network.

10. Job accounting: Keeping track of time & resource used by various job and users.

11. Communication management: Coordination and assignment of compilers, interpreters, and

another software resource of the various users of the computer systems.

1.4 Advantages of Operating System:

• Allows you to hide details of hardware by creating an abstraction
• Easy to use with a GUI
• Offers an environment in which a user may execute programs/applications
• The operating system must make sure that the computer system convenient to use
• Operating System acts as an intermediary among applications and the hardware components
• It provides the computer system resources with easy to use format
• Acts as an intermediator between all hardware's and software's of the system

1.5 Disadvantages of Operating System:

• If any issue occurs in OS, you may lose all the contents which have been stored in your
system
• Operating system's software is quite expensive for small size organization which adds
burden on them. Example Windows
• It is never entirely secure as a threat can occur at any time
2.0 Real Time Operating System
Real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system intended to serve real time application
that process data as it comes in, mostly without buffer delay. The full form of RTOS is Real time
operating system.

In a RTOS, Processing time requirement are calculated in tenths of seconds increments of time. It is
time-bound system that can be defined as fixed time constraints. In this type of system, processing
must be done inside the specified constraints. Otherwise, the system will fail.

2.1 Types of Real time operating system

Three types of Real time operating systems are:

1. Hard Real Time :

In Hard RTOS, the deadline is handled very strictly which means that given task must start
executing on specified scheduled time, and must be completed within the assigned time duration.

Example: Medical critical care system, Aircraft systems, etc.

2. Firm Real time:

These type of RTOS also need to follow the deadlines. However, missing a deadline may not have
big impact but could cause undesired affects, like a huge reduction in quality of a product.

Example: Various types of Multimedia applications.

3. Soft Real Time:

Soft Real time RTOS, accepts some delays by the Operating system. In this type of RTOS, there is a
deadline assigned for a specific job, but a delay for a small amount of time is acceptable. So,
deadlines are handled softly by this type of RTOS.

Example: Online Transaction system and Livestock price quotation System.

2.2 Terms used in Real time operating system

Here, are essential terms used in Real time operating system:

• Task – A set of related tasks that are jointly able to provide some system functionality.
• Job – A job is a small piece of work that can be assigned to a processor, and that may or
may not require resources.
• Release time of a job – It's a time of a job at which job becomes ready for execution.
• Execution time of a job: It is time taken by job to finish its execution.
• Deadline of a job: It's time by which a job should finish its execution.
• Processors: They are also known as active resources. They are important for the execution
of a job.
• Maximum It is the allowable response time of a job is called its relative deadline.
• Response time of a job: It is a length of time from the release time of a job when the instant
finishes.
• Absolute deadline: This is the relative deadline, which also includes its release time.

2.3 Features of Real time operating system

Here are important features of RTOS:

• Occupy very less memory

• Consume fewer resources
• Response times are highly predictable
• Unpredictable environment
• The Kernel saves the state of the interrupted task ad then determines which task it should run
next.
• The Kernel restores the state of the task and passes control of the CPU for that task.

2.4 Applications of Real Time Operating System

Real-time systems are used in:

• Airlines reservation system.

• Air traffic control system.
• Systems that provide immediate updating.
• Used in any system that provides up to date and minute information on stock prices.
 • Defence application systems like RADAR.
• Networked Multimedia Systems
• Command Control Systems
• Internet Telephony
• Anti-lock Brake Systems
• Heart Pacemaker

2.5 Components of RTOS

Components of Real Time Operating System

Here, are important Component of Real Time Operating System

1. The Scheduler: This component of RTOS tells that in which order, the tasks can be executed
which is generally based on the priority.

2. Symmetric Multiprocessing (SMP): It is a number of multiple different tasks that can be handled
by the RTOS so that parallel processing can be done.

3. Function Library: It is an important element of RTOS that acts as an interface that helps you to
connect kernel and application code. This application allows you to send the requests to the Kernel
using a function library so that the application can give the desired results.
4. Memory Management: this element is needed in the system to allocate memory to every
program, which is the most important element of the RTOS.

5. Fast dispatch latency: It is an interval between the termination of the task that can be identified
by the OS and the actual time taken by the thread, which is in the ready queue, that has started
processing.

6. User-defined data objects and classes: RTOS system makes use of programming languages like
C or C++, which should be organized according to their operation.

2.6 Advantages of Real-Time Operating Systems

• Priority Based Scheduling.
• Abstracting Timing Information.
• Maintainability/Extensibility.
• Modularity.
• Promotes Team Development.
• Easier Testing.
• Code Reuse.
• Improved Efficiency.

2.7 Disadvantages of Real time operating system

Here, are drawbacks/cons of using RTOS system:

• RTOS system can run minimal tasks together, and it concentrates only on those applications
which contain an error so that it can avoid them.
• RTOS is the system that concentrates on a few tasks. Therefore, it is really hard for these
systems to do multi-tasking.
• Specific drivers are required for the RTOS so that it can offer fast response time to interrupt
signals, which helps to maintain its speed.
• Plenty of resources are used by RTOS, which makes this system expensive.
• The tasks which have a low priority need to wait for a long time as the RTOS maintains the
accuracy of the program, which are under execution.
• Minimum switching of tasks is done in Real time operating systems.
• It uses complex algorithms which is difficult to understand.
• RTOS uses lot of resources, which sometimes not suitable for the system.
3.0 Distributed Operating System
In this article, we will fully explain distributed operating system. Distributed operating system
allows distributing of entire systems on the couples of center processors, and it serves on the
multiple real time products as well as multiple users.
Distributed Operating System is a model where distributed applications are running on multiple
computers linked by communications. A distributed operating system is an extension of the network
operating system that supports higher levels of communication and integration of the machines on
the network.
This system looks to its users like an ordinary centralized operating system but runs on multiple,
independent central processing units (CPUs).
 3.1 Types Of Distributed Operating System
• Client-Server Systems
• Peer-to-Peer Systems
• Middleware

1. Client-Server Systems
Client-Server Systems is known as “Tightly Coupled Operating System”. This system is designed
mostly for multiprocessors and homogeneous multicomputer. Client-Server Systems works as a
centralized server because it provides the approval to all requests, which are generated by client
systems side.
Server systems can be divided into two segments:

i) Computer Server System

This system allows the interface, and then client sends own all requests for executing as action. Finally
it sends to back response after executing action, and transfer result to client.
ii) File Server System
It allows the file system interface for clients because their clients can be performed various tasks such
as creation, updating, deletion files, and more.
Objective – Hide and manage hardware resources.

2. Peer-to-Peer System
Peer-to-Peer System is known as a “Loosely Couple System”. This concept is implemented in the
computer network application because it contains the bunch of processors, and they are not shareable
memories or clocks as well. Every processors consist own local memory, and these processors make
communication with each other through various communication medium such as high speed buses or
telephone lines.
Objective – It provides local services to remote clients.

3. Middleware
Middleware allows the interoperability in the between of all applications, which are running on other
operating systems. With using these services those applications are capable for transferring all data
each other.
Objective – It allows the distribution transparency
 3.2 Terms Used In Distributed Operating System

1. Concurrency:-
Concurrency is a big-picture word describing what happens when we break down activities into
smaller tasks that run together

2. Tasks & Threads:-

A Task is an abstraction for a small unit of work, when you break it down. Hammering a nail is a
task. Watering plants and picking up take-out are also tasks. Ordering an airline ticket is a task, and
so is an airline company updating its ticket prices. In computer terms a task is a Thread.

3. process:-
A Process is at the operating-system level, independent and may include multiple threads running
in the same memory space.

4. Synchronized:-

Synchronized code can only be run / accessed by a single thread at a time, which means one
program cannot access it while another is updating. Code synchronization is more like a queue,
where threads wait their turn before going through the activity and each thread may execute the
activity separately.

3.3 Features of distributed Operating System

• Resource sharing.
• Openess.
• Concurrency.
• Scalability.
• Fault Tolerance.
• Transparency.

3.4 Application of distributed Operating System

• Air Traffic Control System
• Automated Banking System
• Multiplayer online gaming
• Airplane Control Towers System
• Scientific Computing System
• Cluster Computing
• Grid Computing
• Data rendering
• Wireless sensor N/W System
• Routing Algorithms

3.5 Advantages of distributed Operating System

• All the nodes in the distributed system are connected to each other. ...
• More nodes can easily be added to the distributed system i.e. it can be scaled as required.
• Failure of one node does not lead to the failure of the entire distributed system.

3.6 Disadvantages of Distributed Systems

• It is difficult to provide adequate security in distributed systems because the nodes as well
as the connections need to be secured.
• Some messages and data can be lost in the network while moving from one node to another.
 4.0 Comparing features of Real time operating System
and Distributed Operating System
Real time operating System Distributed Operating System

1.Distributed Operating System is a 1. The time interval required to process

model where distributed applications are
running on multiple computers linked by
communications.
2.Real time Operating System are used
in large organizations.
3. Distributed system a system in which
components are distributed across
multiple locations and computer-
network.
4. These are referred to as loosely
coupled systems or distributed systems.
5.Types of Real time operating system:-hard real 5. Types of Real time operating system:-Client
time, firm real time and soft real time
and respond to inputs is very small. This
time interval is called response
time.
2.Distributed operating System are most
common in middle and large
organization.
3. A real-time system is any
information processing system which
has to respond to externally generated
input stimuli within a finite and
specified period
4. Real-time systems are used when
there are time requirements that are very
strict like missile systems, air
traffic control systems, robots, etc.
sever system, peer to peer and middleware

5.0 Conclusion:-
• Without operating system the computer cannot run the application and we cannot dowork in the
computer, therefore operating system is very important in computer.
• As operating system controls and coordinates the use of the hardware among thevarious
uses, we can say that it plays a very important role in the computer system.
• An operating system is needed in order to use various application on your computerand wireless
devices