exponential and logarithm [113

marks]

The temperature T °C of water t minutes after being poured into a cup can be
modelled by T = T0 e−kt where t ≥ 0 and T0 , k are positive constants.
The water is initially boiling at 100 °C. When t = 10, the temperature of the water
is 70 °C.

1a. Show that T0 = 100. [1 mark]

1b. Show that k = 1 ln 10 . [3 marks]

10 7

1c. Find the temperature of the water when t = 15. [2 marks]

1d. Sketch the graph of T versus t, clearly indicating any asymptotes with [4 marks]
their equations and stating the coordinates of any points of intersection
with the axes.

1e. Find the time taken for the water to have a temperature of 50 °C. Give [4 marks]
your answer correct to the nearest second.

1f. The model for the temperature of the water can also be expressed in the [3 marks]
t
form T = T0 a 10 for t ≥ 0 and a is a positive constant.
Find the exact value of a .

Consider the function f(x)= ax where x, a ∈ R and x > 0, a > 1.

The graph of f contains the point ( 23 , 4).

2a. Show that a = 8. [2 marks]

2b. Write down an expression for f −1 (x). [1 mark]

( )
 Find the value of f −1 (√32).
2c. [3 marks]

Consider the arithmetic sequence log 8 27 , log8 p , log8 q , log8 125 , where
p > 1 and q > 1.

2d. Show that 27, p, q and 125 are four consecutive terms in a geometric [4 marks]
sequence.

2e. Find the value of p and the value of q. [5 marks]

1
3. Solve the equation log3 √x = 2log2 3
+ log3 (4x3 ), where x > 0. [5 marks]

2
Consider the function f(x)= e−x − 0. 5, for −2 ≤ x ≤ 2.

4a. Find the values of x for which f(x) = 0. [2 marks]

4b. Sketch the graph of f on the following grid. [3 marks]

 All living plants contain an isotope of carbon called carbon-14. When a plant dies,
the isotope decays so that the amount of carbon-14 present in the remains of the
plant decreases. The time since the death of a plant can be determined by
measuring the amount of carbon-14 still present in the remains.
The amount, A, of carbon-14 present in a plant t years after its death can be
modelled by A = A0 e−kt where t ≥ 0 and A0 , k are positive constants.
At the time of death, a plant is defined to have 100 units of carbon-14.

5a. Show that A0 = 100. [1 mark]

The time taken for half the original amount of carbon-14 to decay is known to be
5730 years.

5b. Show that k = ln2 . [3 marks]

5730

5c. Find, correct to the nearest 10 years, the time taken after the plant’s [3 marks]
death for 25% of the carbon-14 to decay.

Let f(x)= a log3 (x − 4), for x > 4, where a > 0.

Point A(13, 7) lies on the graph of f .

6a. Find the value of a . [3 marks]

(5, 0)
6b. Thex-intercept of the graph of f is (5, 0). [3 marks]
On the following grid, sketch the graph of f .

Jean-Pierre jumps out of an airplane that is flying at constant altitude. Before

opening his parachute, he goes through a period of freefall.
Jean-Pierre’s vertical speed during the time of freefall, S, in m s−1 , is modelled by
the following function.
S(t)= K − 60(1. 2−t ), t ≥ 0
where t, is the number of seconds after he jumps out of the airplane, and K is a
constant. A sketch of Jean-Pierre’s vertical speed against time is shown below.

Jean-Pierre’s initial vertical speed is 0 m s−1 .

7a. Find the value of K. [2 marks]

7b. In the context of the model, state what the horizontal asymptote [1 mark]
represents.

10
7c. Find Jean-Pierre’s vertical speed after 10 seconds. Give your answer in [3 marks]
km h−1 .

Consider the series ln x + p ln x + 13 ln x + …, where x ∈ R, x > 1 and

p ∈ R, p ≠ 0.

Consider the case where the series is geometric.

8a. Show that 1 [2 marks]

p=± .
√3

8b. Given that p > 0 and S∞ = 3 + √3, find the value of x. [3 marks]

Now consider the case where the series is arithmetic with common difference d.

8c. Show that p = 23 . [3 marks]

8d. Write down d in the form k ln x, where k ∈ Q. [1 mark]

8e. The sum of the first n terms of the series is −3 ln x. [6 marks]

Find the value of n.

9. The first term in an arithmetic sequence is 4 and the fifth term is [5 marks]
log2 625.
Find the common difference of the sequence, expressing your answer in the form
log2 p, where p ∈ Q.

10. Solve the simultaneous equations [7 marks]

log2 6x = 1 + 2 log2 y
1 + log6 x = log6 (15y − 25).

11. Solve (ln x)2 − (ln 2) (ln x) < 2(ln 2)2 . [6 marks]

12. Show that log 2 x = 1 log x where r, x ∈ R+ . [2 marks]

r 2 r
 13. Solve the equation log2 (x + 3) + log2 (x − 3) = 4. [5 marks]

The first three terms of a geometric sequence are ln x16 , ln x8 , ln x4 , for x > 0.

14. Find the common ratio. [3 marks]

15. Find the solution of log 2 x − log 2 5 = 2 + log2 3. [4 marks]

16. Solve the equation 4x + 2x+2 = 3. [5 marks]

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