Open Phys.
2017; 15:603–612
Research Article
Zhaohui Cen*
Modeling and Simulation for an 8 kW Three-Phase
Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System
https://doi.org/10.1515/phys-2017-0070
Received August 16, 2015; accepted May 25, 2017
Abstract: Gird-connected Photo-Voltaic (PV) systems
rated as 5-10 kW level have advantages of scalability and
energy-saving, so they are very typical for small-scale
household solar applications. In this paper, an 8 kW three-
phase grid-connected PV system model is proposed and
studied. In this high-fidelity model, some basic PV sys-
tem components such as solar panels, DC-DC converters,
DC-AC inverters and three-phase utility grids are mathe-
matically modelled and organized as a complete simula-
tion model. Also, an overall power controller with Maxi-
mum Power Point Control (MPPT) is proposed to achieve
both high-efficiency for solar energy harvesting and grid-
connection stability. Finally, simulation results demon-
strate the effectiveness of the PV system model and the
proposed controller, and power quality issues are dis-
cussed.
Keywords: Modeling and Simulation, Photo-Voltaic grid-
connected System, Maximum Power Point Tracking, Con-
verters
PACS: 88.05.Ec; 84.30.Jc; 88.05.Gh
1 Introduction
Different from stand-alone Photo-voltaic (PV) systems,
grid-connected PV systems are connected to and feed gen-
erated electricy into utility grids. A grid-connected PV
system consists of solar panels, one or several inverters,
a power conditioning unit and grid connection equip-
ment [5]. The grid-connected systems rarely include an
integrated battery solution. With technology innovation
and global penetration of PV power systems over the
past decades, PV systems cost has decreased a lot with
*Corresponding Author: Zhaohui Cen: Qatar Environment
and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, a
member of Qatar Foundation, P.O. Box 5825, Doha, Qatar, E-mail:
zcen@qf.org.qa
Open Access. © 2017 Zhaohui Cen, published by De Gruyter Open. This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-
NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 License.
Open Access
time, and became more and more acceptable for house-
hold power supply applications. Generally, the capacity of
home-based grid-connected PV power system is less than
10 kW, and it can meet the load demand of most consumers
[9]. The grid-on PV systems can feed excess power to the
grid where it is consumed by other users. Some countries
such as Germany, China, and some states in USA have
issued grid codes and polices to promote individual PV
systems grid connection, and also proposed correspond-
ing technical standards to regulate the safety of renew-
able energy sources and the stability of the main power
grid [3, 6, 12, 15]. Moreover, some Middle-East countries
such as Qatar has exclusive advantages to develop home-
based PV systems because this area has strong sunlight
over a long-time period, and most residential compounds
are made up of low-height buildings with large sun-facing
spaces on the ground and roof. So, it makes a lot of sense
to study on significant scientific problems of home-based
grid-connected PV systems in such areas. More impor-
tantly, an overall high-fidelity simulation model is gener-
ally a basis for all technical studies of PV power systems.
At present, some work has been done on the simu-
lation tools/systems for PV power systems. Typical sim-
ulation/validation approaches for PV power systems can
be classified as mathematical simulations, real-time sim-
ulations, Rapid Control Prototype (RCP), Hardware-In-
Loop simulations and real-world hardware simulation.
Several renowned simulation companies such as dSPACE,
Opal-RT, and RTDS have their products and solutions to
support simulations of smart-grid or renewable energy
generations[1, 16, 17]. Also, some leading IC companies
such as Texas Instrument (TI), National Instrument (NI)
and ST Microelectronics, and Micro-Chip have also pre-
sented their hardware solution and development kits for
renewable energy and applications. All these products and
solutions provide good support for customized PV system
simulation, modeling and prototype development.
Some works focus on specified PV system modeling.
[13] studied on an 18 kW level PV system and presented a
model and simulation for this system. However, it is an off-
grid PV system. A 10 kW PV system is presented in [14], but
the system is only for a single-phase grid-tied PV system.
604 | Zhaohui Cen
[4] focuses on building a 100 kW level three-phase grid-
tied PV system, the simulation model is a mathematical
model, in which the converters are simplified, and it can-
not support high-fidelity dynamics analysis for converters.
[7] proposed a simulation model for 100 kW level three-
phase grid-tied PV system, but it is only suitable for solar
farm analysis due to its power capacity.
Motivated by special demand for home-based three-
phase grid-connected PV system simulation, an 8 kW
three-phase grid-connected PV system model is presented
and studied. In this model, main PV system components
such as solar panels, DC-DC converters, DC-AC inverters
and three-phase utility grid are modeled based on their
physics principle but not mathematically. Also, the over-
all controller with MPPT is designed and integrated with
the converter and inverter modules. Unlike former simu-
lation models, this model not only supports high-fidelity
analysis for a home-based PV system but is also suitable
for controller validation and hardware-in-loop simulation,
because the module is modeled based on the physics and
dynamics.
This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, prob-
lem formulation and model structure are presented. The
PV array and other key component modules are introduced
in Section 3. The overall grid-connected inverter controller
is proposed in Section 4. Section 5 is devoted to the pre-
sentation of the simulation results. Finally, the simulation
results are concluded in Section 6.
2 Problem Formulation And Model
Overview
2.1 Problem formulation
Without loss of generality, an 8 kW three-phase grid-
connected PV system model is considered for home-based
PV grid integration analysis. In this regard, there are sev-
eral issues which need to be discussed. Firstly, the struc-
ture of the PV integration with grid need to be defined de-
pending on required model accuracy levels. Secondly, the
key component - P-Q power controllers needs to be de-
signed and analyzed for the power factor control require-
ment. Thirdly, a simulation model in the d-q reference
frame is essential for the convenience of controller design.
Finally, some key model parameters need to be analyzed
and tuned based on the simulation result.
2.2 Model structure overview
Considering some typical three-phase grid-connected PV
systems[8, 10, 11], the proposed 8 kW grid-connected PV
system is designed to include four parts: DC part (includ-
ing PV cells and Boost converters), three-phase invert-
ers, LC filters, and isolation AC transformer. The DC part
has capabilities of harvesting electricity from solar energy
and Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which is the
same as a single-phase PV system. The three-phase in-
verters and LC filters are used to convert high-voltage DC
power into required three-phase AC power which fit in
some grid-connection standard. Finally, the AC power is
injected through the isolation transformer into the com-
mon access point of the low-voltage power grid.
3 Main Component Models
An electrical circuit schematic of the 8 kW grid-connected
PV system model is shown in Fig. 1. From Fig. 1 we can
see that the PV cells, three-phase inverter, LC filter, isola-
tion transformer, load and utility grid are physically con-
nected. In this section, model and parameters design for
main parts including the DC part, three-phase inverter,
LC filter, and isolation transformer are presented and dis-
cussed.
3.1 DC part
The DC part mainly includes PV cell models and a boost
DC-DC converter model(marked in orange shown in Fig. 2)
in which a Perturb and Observing (P&O) MPPT control al-
gorithm is embedded. As shown in Fig. 2, the input vari-
ables of the PV model module are irradiance and ambi-
ent temperature, while the output of the PV model mod-
ule is a voltage signal. Because voltage signals are different
from physical voltages in the physics-based PowerSim sim-
ulation environment, a voltage-controlled power source is
added to convert the PV output voltage signal as a physical
output voltage. In the orange-marked part of Fig. 2, a DC-
DC boosting topology comprised of capacitors, inductors,
IGBT/diode, and Diodes, is designed. Moreover, the boost
converter can boost the DC output voltage (Vmpp=576 V)
of the PV array to 620 V DC. Without loss of generalities,
a P&O MPPT algorithm is utilized to track the maximum
power point of a PV panel energy harvesting. The detailed
P&O algorithm flowchart with power converters is shown
in Fig. 3 [2]. As can be seen from the flowchart, the MPPT
controller can change the PV array output voltage/current
 Modeling and Simulation for an 8 kW Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System
Figure 1: electrical circuit schematic of the 8-kW grid-connected PV system model.
based on a maximum power searching strategy. By com-
paring the generated power P k at the current instant with
previously generated power P k−1 at last instant, the volt-
age/current is decreased or increased in one step per time
until the peak power point is located. The parameters of
the main components in this boost converter topology are
listed as below.
1) DC filtering capacitance: 1500 µF;
2) DC boosting inductance: 1 mH;
3) DC-bus capacitance: 3000 µF;
4) Switch: IGBT/Diode.
3.2 Three-phase inverter
The three-phase inverter is utilized to convert the voltage
from DC to three-phase AC. Also, the Phase Lock Loop
(PLL) module inside is used to measure the main grid
phase and control the PWM input for the inverter. The main
configuration parameters of the three-phase inverter are
listed as below.
1) Module name: Universal bridge;
2) Number of bridge arms: 3;
3) Switch: IGBT/Diode.
3.3 LC filter
The LC filter is utilized in filtering the original PWM signal
from the inverter’s output and improving power quality of
the inverter power output. The configuration of the AC-side
filtering capacitance and inductance depends on the cut-
off frequency of the LC filter. This should be far less than
the frequency of the lowest-order harmonic in the inverter
PWM output voltage. The main parameters of the LC filter-
ing circuit are listed as below.
| 605
1) AC-side filtering Capacitance: 50 µF;
2) AC-side filtering Inductance: 5 mH;
3) Internal resistance:0.1 Ω.
3.4 Three-phase Isolation transformer
Isolation transformers provide isolation and are used to
protect against electric failure, to suppress electrical noise
in sensitive devices, or to transfer power between two
circuits which must not be directly connected. Isolation
transformers block transmission of the DC component in
signals, but allow AC components in signals to pass. There
are four configurations to install the isolation transformer,
which include Delta to Delta (- use: industrial applica-
tions), Delta to Wye, Wye to Delta, Wye to Wye. The delta
to Wye is configured in the proposed three-phase isolation
transformer model because it is very typical in distributed
renewable power systems.
4 Three-phase grid-connected
inverter controller model
Because distributed renewable energy generators such as
PV and wind turbines are sensitive to ambient factors such
as irradiance, wind speed, and other weather factors, their
output power value is non-constant and discontinuous.
Thus, the primary objective of these renewables is to maxi-
mize their power harvesting. Therefore, a general solution
for a renewable power control is PQ control, which tracks
the reference currents by controlling the active power cur-
rent and reactive power current.
606 | Zhaohui Cen

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Figure 2: DC part including PV cell model and boost MPPT.

If the output phase voltage of the grid-tied inverter is erence i ref . Moreover, the active power depends on i d (ac-
denoted as u(also grid voltage), and U m is denoted as mag- tive power current) and the reactive power depends on i q
nitude of the phase voltage, we obtain: (reactive power current). Without loss of generality, the PV
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ power system only generates active power (Inverter Power
ua U m cos(ωt) factor is set as 1) and the reference active power tracks the
⎣u b ⎦ = ⎣U m cos(ωt − 2π
3 )⎦ (4.1)
⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
maximum power point of PV panels.
uc U m cos(ωt + 2π
3 ) Based on statements above, a sinusoidal PWM(SPWM)
The d-q transformation (or named as Park transforma- based PQ controller is designed for the proposed PV simu-
tion) is defined as: lation model, which is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen from
Fig. 4, the PQ control module takes the PV panels’ active
[︃ ]︃ power output as reference power command, and then con-
cos ωt cos(ωt − 2π
cos(ωt + 2π
3 ) 3 )
T abc→dq = verts it into a d-q coordinate current command and input
− sin ωt − sin(ωt − 2π
− sin(ωt + 2π
3 ) 3 ) into the current control module. The Sensing and Phase
(4.2)
Lock Loop module (SPLL) is utilized to track the grid volt-
Converting with the d-q transformation, provides:
age phase angle and convert the grid voltage and the in-
⎡ ⎤
[︃ ]︃ ua [︃ ]︃ ductor current in the d-q frame. Moreover, then the current
ud Um control module takes all the output variables both from the
= T abc→dq ⎣u b ⎦ = (4.3)
⎢ ⎥
uq 0 PQ control and the SPLL as the input. Further, it converts
uc
the corresponding PWM signal to a three-phase AC wave-
As can be seen from (4.3), the two elements in the d- form.
q reference frame are not coupled. And u d is a constant,
while u q = 0 .
Define the 3-phased inverter output current as i, the 4.1 SPLL module
d-axis component and q-axis component by d-q transfor-
mation is i d and i q individually. Because u q = 0: The role of the SPLL is to estimate the angle from grid
three-phase voltage. By measuring the instantaneous grid
{︃
i dref = P ref /u d
(4.4) three-phase voltage waveforms. Assuming estimation of
i qref = −Q ref /u d
SPLL as θ and the actual angle is ω * t, the three-phase
As can be inferred from (4.4), the reference active and
reactive power actually can be tracked by tracking the ref-
 Modeling and Simulation for an 8 kW Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System | 607

DC-DC Power
power power Load
Converter

Voltage
current

Current or
Command

Voltage
PV array

MPPT Controller
Calculating
Pk>Pk-1 No
the power
yes Decreasing
Increasing V/I
V/I
Set
converter

Figure 3: P&O algorithm flowchart[2].

Figure 4: inverter Controller model structure.

transform from ABC frame to DQ0 frame can be written as So, based on the approximation above, it can be concluded
follows: that the q-axis component in the rotation frame is linearly
proportional to the error if the SPLL is locked, which can
⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ ⎡ ⎤ be denoted as following.
vd √︂ cos(θ) sin(θ) 0 cos(ωt)
2⎢
⎣vq ⎦ = ⎣− sin(θ) cos(θ) 0⎦ × ⎣ sin(ωt) ⎦ V
⎢ ⎥ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
3 v q ∝ k(ωt − θ) (4.7)
v0 0 0 1 0
⎡ ⎤ Base on the theoretical derivation above, a schematic di-
√︂ cos(ωt − θ)
2⎢ agram of SPLL is shown in Fig. 5. SPLL uses a Low Pass
= ⎣ sin(ωt − θ) ⎦
⎥
3 Filter/PI to eliminate steady error and a Voltage Controlled
0
Oscillator (VCO) to generate the angle and sine values, so
(4.5)
that the grid voltage phase can be locked by a close-loop
If the SPLL angle is close to the actual grid voltage vec- feedback control.
tor angle, it holds as follows: A detailed model structure of the SPLL module can be
seen as Fig. 6. In the SPLL module, a PID controller is em-
ω*t−θ≈0 ployed to track the grid frequency 50Hz. Also, to dispense
(4.6)
sin(ω * t − θ) ≈ ω * t − θ
608 | Zhaohui Cen

$# VCO
$)*+ $% LPF '( sin
ABC->DQ0
" "! ! + 1/s
Transform cos
$

'&

Figure 5: SPLL schematic diagram.

the affect from the error noise, a low-pass filter is intro- 4.3 PQ controller module
duced to improve the converted q-axis grid voltage.
The PQ controller module is used to control the active
power(P) and reactive power(Q) output from the inverter.
4.2 Current controller module Because P and Q satisfy P/Q = tan(θ) and they are cou-
pled, it can also be termed as the power factor θ control.
The current controller is employed to control static error The equation for active and reactive power in the d-q frame
between the actual current i L and the reference current can be written as follows:
i Lref from the PQ controller. The mathematical model of a
P = ud id + uq
grid-tied inverter in d-q reference frame can be denoted as (4.10)
follows. Q = uq id − ud iq
[︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃
ud LS + r ωL i Ld v because u q = 0 as mentioned previously, we can get a
= + d (4.8) mathematical representation for the PQ controller as (4.4).
uq −ωL LS + r i Lq vq
A detailed structure of the PQ controller module can
As can be seen from (4.8), the mathematical model is a be seen as Fig. 8. In this module, active power P and re-
coupled system, which means that control of the variables active power Q is decoupled for control and the reactive
is related. So, it is needed to introduce feedback (−ωLi Ld power Q can be controlled in two modes: one is to set the
and −ωLi Lq ) and feed-forward of grid voltage, so that d- Q directly, the second is to set the power factor θ.
axis and q-axis currents control can be decoupled. There-
fore, the current controller equations with PI control can
be denoted as follows.
[︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ [︃ ]︃ 5 Simulation Results
vd ud k i i Ldref − i Ld −ωL i Lq
= − (k p + ) −
vq uq S i Lqref − i Lq ωL i Ld In this section, an overall simulation in the Matlab
(4.9) Simulink Environment is designed, and the proposed
three-phase grid-connected PV system model and configu-
With reference to the mathematical representation ration parameters are validated. The PV panels parameters
shown in (4.9), a detailed structure of the current con- are listed as follows.
troller module can be seen in Fig. 7. In the current con-
V mpp = 576 V
trol module, there are two PID controllers. One PI con- (5.1)
troller is used to control d-axis current and another PID I mpp = 14.2 A
controller is used to control q-axis current. The two current
To validate the effectiveness of DC part models, the
control is decoupled by adding the feed-forward and feed-
key variables of the DC part, which include PV array out-
back terms, and finally the command dq voltage is con-
put voltage V pv , PV array output Current I pv , duty ratio
verted as PWM control.
dutyratio, and boosted output voltageV DC , Simulation re-
sults of these variables are shown in Fig. 9. As can be seen
from Fig. 9.(a) and (b), the curves of V pv and I pv indicate
 Modeling and Simulation for an 8 kW Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System
Figure 6: SPLL module structure.
that the boost converter can track the MPP of the PV pan-
els under the MPPT control of P&O algorithm. The MPPT
process takes around 0.15 second and the output current
waveform oscillate in a small range due to the impact of
the boost converter. From Fig. 9.(c) and (d), we can see that
the curves of the duty ratio and the DC bus voltage indicate
the duty ratio command also oscillate within a small range
and the converter output voltage arrives at the right value
620 V.
To our best knowledge, 5-10 kW level PV capacity is
typical and reasonable for household PV installations due
to cost and area size limits. The PV array is set to gener-
ate only active power without reactive power to powering
the household power consumptions. In this case, the refer-
ence active power is set as 8 kW and the reference reactive
power is set as 0 kW. The model simulation results of active
and reactive power outputs are shown in Fig. 10. As can be
seen from Fig. 10, the generated active power and reactive
power into the grid can track closely with the reference real
and reactive power.
To validate the effectiveness of the boost converter
model, the comparison of active power between the boost
converter output and the PV output is shown in Fig. 11. Fig.
11 depicts that both the boost converter power output and
inverter power output can closely track the 8-kW reference
active power although there is some disturbance during
the tracking process.
For validating the effectiveness of the grid inverter
SPLL module’s performance of grid synchronization, some
| 609
key variables including phase voltage, phase current, in-
ductor current are selected for comparison of phase syn-
chronization. As can be seen from Fig. 12, the grid volt-
age, and inductor current are well synchronized, which
means the inverter output can track the grid frequency
and phase under the inverter PQ control. Because 8-kW
active power is set to feed into the grid, there is a small
phase error between the output current and inductor cur-
rent, which means that active power is exchanged between
the PV source and the utility grid.
For grid-tied renewable power generation applica-
tions, power quality is a key factor which is considered
when generated power is injected into the utility grid be-
cause power quality could be affected and polluted by har-
monics generated from inverters. To evaluate the power
quality of the PV system generated power, the indicator -
THD (Total Harmonics Distortion) is presented in Fig. 13.
As can be seen from Fig. 13, the THD in the inverter out-
put voltage can decrease within around 5/100 under the
inverter control, which means it is acceptable for grid con-
nection.
Comments: based on the above simulation results, we
can conclude that this 8 kW model is effective and both
the MPPT controller and inverter PQ power controller work
well. However, the component parameters of analog parts
such as capacitance and inductance in the boost converter
and three-phase inverters have an obvious impact on the
power control performance. Also, the phase tracking ac-
curacy of the SPLL also plays a key role in the inverter grid
610 | Zhaohui Cen

Figure 7: Current controller module structure.

Figure 8: PQ controller module structure.

connection response speed and power quality. Although based on and the same as the physical hierarchy of PV
the PQ controller presented in this model cannot achieve power system structures, hence the model is considered as
a better performance and obtain a lower THD value, its a high-fidelity model.
structure is simple and easy to improve in future work.
Regarding simulation accuracy, model simulation ac-
curacy depends on many factors such as model structure
hierarchy level, model structure accuracy, model measure-
6 Conclusion
ment accuracy, model identification and calibration pa-
Aimed at home-based solar PV applications, an 8 kW
rameter accuracy, simulator algorithms metrics, simula-
three-phase grid-connected PV power system model is pre-
tion models and so on. Therefore, there are many factors
sented, and the power control issues are studied in this pa-
which affected the model and simulation accuracy. How-
per. In this model, main components such as PV panels,
ever, the model structure hierarchy is a basis and plays
a boost converter, inverter and utility grid are physically
a dominant role in the simulation accuracy. Unlike some
modeling for high-fidelity simulation. Also, a PQ controller
simplified mathematical models which only focus on con-
is presented and studied for grid-connection control. Sim-
troller algorithm, the proposed model in our paper is built
ulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of this model
 Modeling and Simulation for an 8 kW Three-Phase Grid-Connected Photo-Voltaic Power System | 611

(a) 600
1000 Phase Voltage
VPV(V)

Output Current
500 Inductor Current
400
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

(b)

Voltage(V)/Current(A)
200
15
I (A)
PV

10 0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5

(c)
Duty Ratio

−200 20
2
1
0
0 −400
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
−20
(d)
0.47 0.48 0.49 0.5
1000 −600
VDC(V)

0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
500 t(s)
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
t(s)
Figure 12: three-phase inverter grid-connection result.

Figure 9: key variables in DC part. 1

0.9

4
x 10 0.8
4
0.7

2 THD factor 0.6

0 0.5

0.4
−2
Power(w)

Generated Active Power−P 0.3

Generated Reactive Power−Q
−4 P 0.2
ref

Qref
0.1
−6
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
−8 t(s)

−10
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 Figure 13: power quality indicator-THD.
t(s)

Figure 10: reference Power Tracking Result. and the controllers. Next work will focus on improving and
downloading this model into a real-time hardware-in-loop
4

3
x 10 simulation environment such as OPRT eMEGAsim for real-
2
world validation.

1
Acknowledgement: The author would like to thank Drs.
0
Said Mansour and Antonio P. Sanfilippo for their support
Active power(W)

−1 on the research work on PV grid integration.

−2
Power generated from MPPT
Active power into grid
−3 Command active power

−4 References
−5
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0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
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