READING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 helow. Questions 27-34 Reading Passage 3 has eight sections A-H Choose the correct heading for each section from the list of headings below. Write the correct number i-x in boxes 27-34 on your answer sheet. List of Headings 27 28 29 30 3 32 33 34 Different personality types mentioned recommendation of combined styles for group Historical explanation of understanding personality A lively and positive attitude person depicted A petsonality likes a challenge and direct communication different characters illustrated Tunctions of understanding communication styles Cautious and considerable person cited Calm and Factual personality illustrated Self-assessment determines one’s temperament Section A Section B Section C Section D Section E Section F Section G Section HCommunicating Conflict! Section A As far back as Hippocrates’s time (460-370 B.C.), people have tried to understand other people by characterizing them according to personality type or temperament, Hippocrates believed there were four different body fluids that influenced four basic types of temperament. His work was further developed 500 years later by Galen. These days there is any number of self-assessment tools that relate to the basic descriptions developed by Galen, although we no longer believe the source to be the types of body fluid that dominate our systems. Section B The values in self-assessments that help determine personality style. Learning styles, communication styles, conflict-handling styles, or other aspects of individuals is that they help depersonalize conflict in interpersonal relationships. The depersonalization occurs when you realize that others aren’t trying to be difficult, but they need different or more information than you do. They're not intending to be rude: they are so focused on the task they forget about greeting people. They would like to work faster but not at the risk of damaging the relationships needed to get the job done. They understand there is a job to do. But it can only be done right with the appropriate information, which takes time to collect, When used appropriately, understanding communication styles can help resolve conflict on teams. Very rarely are conflicts true personality issues. Usually, they are issues of style, information needs, or focus Section C Hippocrates and later Galen determined there were four basic temperaments: sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic and choleric. These descriptions were developed centuries ago and are still somewhat apt, although you could update the wording. In today’s world, they translate into the four fairly common communication styles described below: Section D The sanguine person would be the expressive or spirited style of communication. ‘These people speak in pictures. They invest a lot of emotion and energy in their communication and often speak quickly. Putting their whole body into it. They are easily sidetracked onto a story that may or may not illustrate the point they are trying to make. Recanse of their enthusiasm, they are great team motivators. They are concerned about people and relationships. Their high levels of energy can come on strong al times and their focus isusually on the bigger picture, which means they sometimes miss the details or the proper order of things. These people find conflict or differences of opinion invigorating and love to engage in a spirited discussion. They love change and are constantly looking for new and exciting adventures. Section E Tile phlegmatic person — cool and persevering — translates into the technical or systematic communication style. This style of communication is focused on facts and technical details Phlegmatic people have an orderly methodical way of approaching tasks, and their focus is very much on the task, not on the people, emotions, or concerns that the task may evoke The focus is also more on the details necessary to accomplish a task. Sometimes the details overwhelm the big picture and focus needs to be brought back to the context of the task. People with this style think the facts should speak for themselves, and they are not as comfortable with conflict. They need time to adapt to change and need to understand both the logic of it and the steps involved. Section F Tile melancholic person who is softhearted and oriented toward doing things for others translates into the considerate or sympathetic communication style. A person with this communication style is focused on people and relationships. They are good listeners and do things for other people — sometimes to the detriment of getting things done for themselves. They want to solicit everyone’s opinion and make sure everyone is comfortable with whatever is required to get the job done. At times this focus on others can distract fiom the task at hand. Because they ate so concermed with the needs of others: and smoothing over issues, they do not like conflict. They believe that change threatens the status quo and tends to make people feel uneasy, so people with this communication style, like phlegmatic people, need time to consider the changes in order to adapt to them. Scetion G The choleric temperament translates into the bold or direct style of communication. People with this style are brief in their communication — the fewer words the better. They are big- picture thinkers and love to be involved in many things at once. They are focused on tasks and outcomes and often forget that the people involved in carrying out the tasks have needs. They don’t do detail work easily and as a result, can often underestimate how much time it takes to achieve the task. Because they are so direct, they often seem forceful and can bevery intimidating to others. They usually would weleome someone challenging them. But most other styles are afraid to do so. They also thrive on change, the more the better. Section H A well functioning team should have all of these communications styles for true effectiveness. All teams need to focus on the task, and they need to take care of relationships in order to achieve those tasks. They need the big picture perspective or the context of their work, and they need the details to be identified and taken care of for success. We all have aspects of each style within us. Some of us can easily move from one style to another and adapt our style to the needs of the situation at hand-whether the focus is on tasks or relationships. For others, a dominant style is very evident, and it is more challenging to see the situation fiom the perspective of another style. The work environment can influence communication styles either by the type of work that is required or by the predominance of one style reflected in that environment. Some people use one style at work and another at home, The good news about communication styles is that we have the ability to develop flexibility in our styles. The greater the flexibility we have, the more skilled we usually are at handling possible and actual conflicts. Usually, it has to be relevant to us to do so, either because we think it is important or because there are incentives in our environment to encourage it. The key is that we have to want to become flexible with our communication style, As Henry Ford said, “Whether you think you can or you can’t, you're right!”Questions 35-39 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3 In boxes 35-29 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 35. itis believed that sanguine people do not like variety 36 Melancholic and phlegmatic people have similar characteristics 37 Itis the sanguine personality that neede¢ most in the workplace. 38. It is possible for someone to change a type of personality. 39 work surrounding can affect which communication style is the most effective. Question 40 Choose the conect letter A, B, C or D. Write your answers in box 40 on your answer sheet. 40 The author thinks self-assessment tools can be able to assist to develop one’s personality in a certain scenario, help to understand colleagues and resolve problems improve the relationship with the boss of the company change others behaviour and personality paow>Communicating Conflict! 27. iti 28. vii 29.1 30. iv 31. ix 32. viii 33.V 34. ii 35. FALSE 36. TRUE 37. NOT GIVEN 38. TRUE 39. TRUE. 40.B aREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Facial expression A A facial expression is one or more moticns or positions of the muscles in the skin. These movements convey the emotional state of the individual to observers. Facial expressions are a form of nonverbal communi tion. They are a primary means of conveying social information among aliens, but also occur in most other mammals and some other animal species. Facial expressions and their significance in the perceiver ean, to some extent, vary between cultures with evidence from descriptions in the works of Charles Darwin, B Humans can adopt a facial expression to read as a voluntary action, However, because expressions are closely tied to emotion, they are more often involuntary. It can be nearly impossible to avoid expressions for certain emotions, even when it would be strongly desirable to do so; a person who is trying to avoid insulting an individual he or she finds highly unattractive might, nevertheless, show a brief expression of disgust before being able to reassume a neutral expression. Microexpressions are one example of this phenomenon. The close link between emotion and expression can also work in the order direction; it has been observed that voluntarily assuming an expression can actually cause the associated emotion. C Some expressions can be accurately interpreted even between members of different species — anger and extreme contentment being the primary examples. Others, however, are difficult to interpret even in familiar individuals. For instance, disgust and fear can be tough to tell apart, Because faces have only a limited range of movement, expressions rely upon fairly minuscule differences in the proportion and relative position of facial features, and reading them requires considerable sensitivity to the same. Some faces are often falsely read as expressing some emotion, even when they are neutral because their proportions naturally resemble those another face would temporarily assume when emoting. D _ Also, a person's eyes reveal much about hos they are feeling, or what they are thinking. Blink rate can reveal how nervous or at ease a person maybe. Research by Boston College professor Joe Tecce suggests that stress levels are revealed by blink rates. He supports his data with statistics on the relation between the blink rates of presidential candidates and their success in their races. Tecce claims that the faster blinker in the presidential debates has lost every election since 1980. Though Tecce’s data ‘s interesting, it is important to recognize that non-verbal communication is multi-channelled, and focusing on only one aspect is reckless. Nervousness can also be measured by examining each candidates’ perspiration, eye contact and stiffness,E —_AsCharles Darwin noted in his book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals: the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements, Still, up to the mid-20th century, most anthropologists believed that facial expressions were entirely leamed and could, therefore, differ among cultures. Studies conducted in the 1960s by Paul Ekman eventually supported Darwin’s belief to a large degree. F —_Ekman’s work on facial expressions had its starting point in the work of psychologist Silvan Tomkins. Ekman showed that contrary to the belief of some anthropologists including Margaret Mead, facial expressions of emotion are not culturally determined, but universal across human cultures. The South Fore people of New Guinea were chosen as subjects for one such survey. The study consisted of 189 adults and 130 children from among a very isolated population, as well as twenty-three members of the culture who lived a less isolated lifestyle us a control group. Participants were told a story that described one particular emotion; they were then shown three pictures (two for children) of facial expressions and asked to match the picture which expressed the story’s emotion, G While the isolated South Fore people could identify emotions with the same accuracy as the non-isolated control group, problems associated with the study include the fact that both fear and surprise were constantly misidentified. The study concluded that certain facial expressions correspond to particular emotions and can not be covered, regardless of cultural background, and regardless of whether or not the culture has been isolated or exposed to the mainstream. H_ Expressions Ekman found to be universally included those indicating anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise (not that none of these emotions has a definitive social component, such as shame, pride, or schadenfreude). Findings on contempt (which is social) are less clear, though there is at least some preliminary evidence that this emotion and its expression are universally recognized. This may suggest that the facial expressions are largely related to the mind and each part on the face can express specific emotion.Questions 28-32 Summary Complete the Summary paragraph below. In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS The result of Ekman’s study demonstrates that fear and surprise are persistently 28. and made a conclusion that some facial expressions have something to do with certain 29... . Which is impossible covered, despite of 30. and whether the culture has-been 31 or 32. to the mainstream. Questions 33-38 The reading Passage has seven paragraphs AH Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H, in boxes 33-38 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 33. the difficulty identifying the actual meaning of facial expressions 34 the importance of culture on facial expressiens is initially described 35_ collected data for the research on the relation between blink and the success in elections 36 the features on the sociality of several facial expres 37 an indicator to reflect one’s extent of nervousness 38 the relation between emotion and facial expressions Questions 39-40 Choose two letters from the A-E Write your answers in boxes 39-40 on your answer sheet Which Two of the following statements are true according to Ekman’s theory? A. No evidence shows animals have their own fecial expressions. B The potential relationship between facial expression and state of mind exists C Facial expressions are concerning different cultures. D Different areas on face convey a certain state of mind. E Mind controls men’s facial expressions more obvious than women’sFacial expression 28. misidentified 29. emotions: 30. cultural background 31. isolated 32. exposed, 33.C 34.0 35.D 36. H 37.0 38.B 30.8 40.DREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 below. {cs on Questions 27-40 which ate based on Reading Passage 3 Global Warming in New Zealand 2 A New Zealad is expected to warm by about 3°C over the next century. The northern polar regions will be more than 6°C warmer, while the large continents — also the largest centres of population — will be 4°C or warmer. In contrast, the Southern Ocean, which surrounds New Zealand, may warm by only 2°C. The sea will act as an air conditioner and in this aspect, New Zealand's location is comparatively fortunate. B Any predictions are complicated by the variability of New Zealand’s cli temperature can fluctuate as much as 1°C above or below the long-term average. The early summer of 2006-7, for instance, was notably coc!, thanks in part to the iceberg that drified up the east coast. A few months later, warm water from the Tasman Sea helped make May 2007 unusually hot. These variables will continue unaffected so that, although the general pattem will be for rising temperatures, the warming trend mey not be uniform. C The Ocean to the south of New Zealand will have one important effect. As the world warms, the great bank of west winds that circle Antarctica will become stronger. This has already been observed, and its impact on New Zealand is likely to be profound, stronger, more frequent west winds will bring increased, sometimes catastrophic rainfall to the west coast of the country and create drier conditions in some eastern regions that are already drought-prone. At the same time, the general warming will spread south. D Furthermore, in the drier regions, the average moisture deficit ~ that is, the difference between the amount of water in soils available to plants and the amount plants need for optimum growth — will increase. Soils could go into moisture deficit earlier in the growing season and the deficits could last longer into autumn that at present. What we think of today as a medium- severity drought could be an almost annual occustence by the end of the century. One direct consequence of warmer — and shorter — winters will be a reduction in snow cover. The permanent snow line in the mountains will rise, while snow cover below this will be shorter~ lived. The amount of snow that falls may actually increase, however, even in some northern centres, owing to the intensification of precipitation, Ski-field base station may eventually have to be moved upwards to be within reach of the new snow line but there could still be plenty of the white stuff up there. E There will also be a marked impact on New Zealand’s glaciers. Over the last 100 years, the glaciers have been reduced by 35%, although since 1978 increase snowfall has offset the effect of warming. The latest studies conducted by the National Institute for Water and Atmospheric. Research (NIWA), however, suggest that by the end of the century, warming over the Southern Alps could be significantly greater than over the rest of the country. F Sea levels around New Zealand have risen by 25cm since the middle of the 9th century and by 7 em since 1990. Predictions for the comng years cover a wide range, however, partly because of unknown rises resulting from the melting of the ice in the Arctic, Greenland and Antarctica, In addition, sea level at any given time is affected by many different factors, one of which is called storm surge. When a Coincides with a high tide along low lying coastal areas, this bulge raises the tide higher than normal, creating. Surge not unlike a slow-motion tsunami Not only does a sea level increase the potential for his sort damage, but it also has les immediate impacts. The one potentially grave outcome is that groundwater systems may become contaminated with saltwater, spoiling them for the irrigation of farmland, which in turn could fe. The annualdiminish crop harvests. Similarly, over time, estuaries may be enlarged by erosion as tidal influences reach further upstream, altering the contours of whole shorelines and it unforeseen consequences. G The impacts these changes will have on New Zealand are difficult to generalize. Human systems are better able to adapt to change than natural ecosystems because humans can see a problem coming and plan a response. Farmers and horticulturalists have made considerable advances, replacing crops they grow to better suit the new conditions. However, plant breeders will need to show considerable ingenuity if they can overcome the acute water shortages that are forecast H_ —_ Fornatural ecosystems the rate of change is crucial. Ifit is low, the plants and animals and fish will be able to ‘keep up’; if it is high, orly the most adaptable species-those that can survive in the widest range of ecological niches-are likely to survive. Species adapted to only a narrow range of conditions or food sources will find adaptation much more difficult, Take tuatara, for instance. Their sex is determined by the temperature at which the eggs are incubated in warm (currently above 22 °C) condition hecome predominately male — and now males already outnumber females by nearly two to one in some island refuges. In the mountains, as the permanent snow line moves upwards, the tolerarce zones of some alpine plants and animals may simply disappear. It should also be remembered that global warming is just that — a global phenomenon. ‘New Zealand's own greenhouse emissions are tiny — around 0.5% of the global total. ven if New Zealanders were to achieve the government's target of carbon neutrality, this would have no discernable impact on global climate change. I The changes that global warming is going to bring to New Zealand during the 21st century are going to be significant, but where the country is likely to be most vulnerable is with respect to climate change elsewhere. New Zealand may warm more slowly than most places, but if its major export markets undergo damaging change, the economic impact will be severe. furtherQuestions 27-32 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. 27 What is the main idea of the first paragraph’ A. The air condition in New Zealand will maintain a high quality because of the ocean B_ The Southern Ocean will remain at a constant strength C The continents will warm more than the point D_ New Zealand will not warm as much as other countries in the next century because it is surrounded by sea, 28 What does the writer say about New Zealand’s variable weather? A. Temperature changes of 1°C will not be seem important in future B_ Variable weather will continue, unchanged by global warming C There was an unusually small amount of variation in 2006-2007 D_ Summer temperatures will vary but winter ones will be consistent 29 What is the predicted impact of conditions in the ocean to the south of New Zealand? A. New Zealand will be more affected by floods and droughts B Antarctica will not be adversely affected by warming. € The band of west winds will move further to the south D_ The usual west wind will no longer be reliable 30. The writer mentions “moisture deficit’ to show? A. The droughts will be shorter but more severe B_ How the growing season will become longer. C How growing conditions will deteriorate D_ That farmers should alter the make-up of soils, 31 What are the implications of global warming for New Zealand’s Skiing may move to lower the altitude in future. The ski season will be later in the year than at present. The northem ski field will have to move to the south Warming may provide more snow for some ski locations same ‘The writer refers to NIWA’s latest studies in the 3rd paragraph to show how a particular place could be affected by warming that the warming trend has been intensifying since 1978 that freezing levels will rise throughout the century how the growth of glacicrs is likely to cause damage voyQuestions 33-35 Complete the summary below. Choose NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS fiom the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet. Rising sea levels The extent of future sea level rises around New Zealand is uncertain and may be determined in the 33, Another variable is sudden rises in sea level caused by bad weather. Higher sea levels can lead to reduced 34. and result in changes to the shape of 35. ‘A. agriculture production B tropical waters C_ tidal waves D__ polar regions E_ global warming F coastal land G high tides Questions 36-40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3 In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement is true NO if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 36 The natural world is less responsive to challenges than humans. 37 ‘The agricultural sector is being too conservative and resistant to innovation. 38 The global warming is slow; it will affect different regions in different ways. 39 The tuatara is vulnerable to changes in climate conditions. 40. New Zealand must reduce earbon emission if global warming is to be slowed.Global Warming in New Zealand 2 27.D 28. B 29.4 30.C 31.D 32.4 33.D 34.4 35.F 36. YES 37. NOT GIVEN. 38. NOT GIVEN. 39. YES 40. NOREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 w! below. ich are based on Reading Passage 3 Honey bees in trouble ‘Can native pollinators fill the gap? A Recently, ominous headlines have described a mysterious ailment, colony collapse disorder (CCD), that is wiping out the honeybees that pollinate many crops. Without honeybees, the story goes, fields will be sterile, economies will collapse, and food will be scarce. B_ But what few accounts acknowledge is that what's at risk is not itself a natural state of affairs. For one thing, in the United States, where CCD was first reported and has had its greatest impacts, honeybees are not a native species. Pollination in modem agriculture isn’t alchemy, it’s industry. The total number of hives involved in the U.S. pollination industry has been somewhere between 2.5 million and 3 million in recent years. Meanwhile, American farmers began using large quantities of organophosphate insecticides, planted large-scale crop monocultures, and adopted “clean farming” practices that scrubbed native vegetation from field margins and roadsides. These practices killed many native bees outright — they’re as vulnerable to insecticides as an agricultural pest — and made the agricultural landscape inhospitable to those that remained, Concern about these practices and their effects on pollinators isn’t new — in her 1962 ecological alarm cry Silent Spring, Rachel Carson warned of a *Fruitless Fall’ that could result from the disappearance of insect pollinators. C __ If'that ‘Fruitless Fall” has not-yet-occurred, it may be largely thanks to the honeybee, which farmers turned to as the ability of wild pollinators to service crops declined. The honeybee has been semi-domesticated since the time of the ancient Egyptians, but it wasn’t just familiarity that determined this choice: the bees” biology is in many ways suited to the kind of agricultural system that was emerging. For example, honeybee hives can be closed up and moved out of the way when pesticides are applied to a field. The tees are generalist pollinators, so they can be used to pollinate many different crops. And although they are not the most efficient pollinator of every crop, honeybees have strength in numbers, with 20,000 to 100,000 bees living in a single hive. “Without a doubt, if there was one bee you wanted for agriculture, it would be the honeybee,” says Jim Cane, of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The honeybee, in other words, has become a crucial cog in the modern system of industrial agriculture. That system delivers. more food, and more kinds of it, to more places, more cheaply than ever before. But that system is also vulnerable, because making a farm field into the photosynthetic equivalent of a factory floor, and pollination into a series of continent-long assembly lines, also leaches out some of the resilience characteristics of natural ecosystems. D _ Breno Freitas, an agronomist, pointed out that in nature such a high degree of specialization usually is a very dangerous game: it works well while all the rest is in equilibrium, but runs quickly to extinction at the least disbalance. In effect, by developing an agricultural system that is heavily reliant on a single pollinator species, we humans have become riskily. overspecialized. And when the human-honeybee relationship is disrupted, as it has been by colony collapse disorder, the vulnerability of that agricultural system begins to become clear.E In fact, a few wild bees are already being successfully managed for crop pollination. “The problem is tying to provide native bees inadequate numbers on a reliable basis in a fairly short number of years in order to service the crop,” Jim Cane says. “You're talking millions of flowers per acre in a two-to three-week time frame, or less, for a lot of crops.” On the other hand, native bees can be much more efficient pollinators of certain crops than honeybees, so you don’t need as many to do the job. For example. about 750 blue orchard bees (Osmia lignaria) can pollinate a hectare of apples or almonds, a task that would require roughly 50,000 to 150,000 honeybees. There are bee tinkerers engaged in similar work in many comers of the world. In Brazil, Breno Freitas has found that Centris tarsata, the native pollinator of wild eashew, can survive in commercial cashew orchards if growers provide a source of floral oils, such as by interplanting their cashew trees with a Caribbean cherry. PF In certain places, native bees may already be doing more than they're getting credit for. Ecologist Rachael Winfree recently led a team that looked at pollination of four summer crops (tomato, watermelon, peppers, and muskmelon) at 29 farms in the region of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Winfree’s team identified 54 species of wild bees that visited these crops, and found that wild bees were the most important pollinators in the system: even though managed honeybees were present on many of the farms, wild bees were responsible for 62 percent of flower visits in the study. In another study focusing specifically on watermelon, Winfree and her colleagues calculated that native bees alone could provide sufficient pollination at Y0 percent of the 23 farms studied. By contrast, honeybees alone could provide sufficient pollination at only 78 percent of farms. G “The region I work in is not typical of the way most food is produced,” Winfree admits. In the Delaware Valley, most farms and farm fields are relatively small, each farmer typically tows a variety of crops, and farms are interspersed with suburbs and other types of land use which means there are opportunities for homeowners to get involved in bee conservation, too. The landscape is a bee-friendly patchwork that provides a variety of nesting habitat and floral resources distributed among different kinds of crops, weedy field margins, fallow fields, suburban neighborhoods, and semi-natural habitat like old woodlots, all at a relatively small scale. In other words, “pollinator-friendly” farming practices would not only aid pollination of agricultural crops, but also serve as a key element in the overall conservation strategy for wild pollinators, and often aid other wild species as well. H_ Ofcourse, not all farmers will be able to implement all of these practices. And researchers are suggesting a shift to a kind of polyglot agricultural system. For some small-scale farms, native bees may indeed be all that’s needed. For larger operations, a suite of managed bees ~ with honeybees filling the generalist role and other, native bees pollinating specific crops ~ could be augmented by free pollination services from resurgent wild pollinators. In other words, they’re saying, we still have an opportunity to replace a risky monoculture with something diverse, resilient, and robust.Questions 27-30 Do the following statements agree with the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 27-30 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement agrees with the claims of the writer NO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writer NOT GIVEN _ fit is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this 27 In the United States, farmers use honeybees on a large scale over the past few years. 28 Cleaning farming practices would be harmful to farmers” health. 29. The blue orchard bee is the most efficient pollinator among native bees for every crop. 30 It is beneficial to other local creatures to protect native bees. Questions 31-35 Choose the correct letter, A, B,C or D. Write your answers in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet. 31 The example of the “Fruitless Fall” underlines the writer's point about needs for using pesticides. impacts of losing inscet pollinators. vulnerabilities of native bees. henefits in bnilding more pollination industries vow> Why can honeybees adapt to the modern agricultural system? the honeybees can pollinate more crops efficiently ‘The bees are semi-domesticated since ancient times. Honeybee hives can be protected away trom pesticides. The ability of wild pollinators using to serve crops declines. came 33. The writer mentions factories and assembly lines to illustrate A. one drawback of the industrialised agricultural system, B a low cost in modern agriculture. C the role of honeybees in pollination. D_ what a high yield of industrial agriculture. 34_ Inthe 6th paragraph, Winfree’s experiment proves that A honeybee can pollinate various crops. B_ there are many types of wild bees as the pollinators. C the wild bees can increase the yield to a higher percentage D_ wild bees work more efficiently as a pollinator than honey bees in certain cases 35. What does the writer want to suggest in the last paragraph? ‘A. the importance of honey bees in pollination B_ adoption of different bees in various sizes of the agricultural system C the comparison between the intensive and the rarefied agricultural system D the reason why farmers can rely on native pollinatorsQuestions 36-40 Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-F, below Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet 36. The headline of colony collapse disorder states that 37. Viewpoints of Freitas manifest that 38. Examples of blue orchard bees have shown that 39. Centris tarsata is mentioned to exemplify that 40 One finding of the research in Delaware Valley is that ‘A. native pollinators can survive when a specific plant is supplied. B_ it would cause severe consequences both to commerce and agriculture. C honey bees can not be bred. D_ some agricultural landscapes are favorable in supporting wild bees. E F a large scale of honey bees are needed to pollinate. le when relying on a single pollinator an agricultural system is fraHoney bees in trouble 27. YES 28. NOT GIVEN 29. NO 30. YES. 31.B 32.C 33. 34.D 35.B 36.B 37.F 38. E 39. 40.DREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 below. {cs on Questions 27-40 which ate based on Reading Passage 3 Inside the mind of a fan How watching sport affects ure brain ‘A Atabout the same time that the poet Homer invented the epic here, the ancient Greeks started a festival in which men competed in a single race, about 200 metres long. The winner received a branch of wild olives. The Greeks called this celebration the Olympics. Through the ancient sprint remains, today the Olympics are far more than that. Indeed, the Games seem to celebrate the dream of progress as embodied in the human form, That the Games are intoxicating to watch is beyond question. During the Athens Olympics in 2004, 3.4 billion people, half the world, watched them on television. Certainly, being a sectator is a thrilling experience: but why? B In 1996, three Italian neuroscientists, Giacomo Rizzolatti, Leonardo Forgassi and Vittorio Gallese, examined the premotor cortex of monkeys. The discovered that inside these primate brains there were groups of cells that ‘store vocabularies of motor actions’. Just as there are grammars of movement, These networks of cells are the bodily ‘sentences’ we use every day, the ones our brain has chosen to retain and refine. Think, for example, ahont a golf swing. To thase who have only watched the Master’s Tournament on TV, golfing seems easy. To the novice, however, the skill of casting a smooth are with a lop-side metal stick is virtually impossible. This is because most novices swing with their consciousness, using an area of brain next to the premotor cortex. To the expert, on the other hand, a perfectly balanced stroke is second nature. For him, the motor action has become memorized, and the movements are embedded in the neurons of his premotor cortex. He hits the ball with the tranquility of his perfected autopilot. C These neurons in the premotor cortex, besides explaining why certain athletes seem to possess almost unbelievable levels of skill, have an even more amazing characteristic, one that caused Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese to give them the lofty title ‘mirror neurons’, They note, The main functional characteristic of mirror neurons is that they become active both when the monkey performs a particular action (for example, grasping an object or holding it) and, astonishingly, when it sees another individual performing a similar action.’ Humans have an even more elaborate mirror neuron system. These peculiar cells mirror, inside the brain, the outside world: they enable us to internalize the actions of another. In order to be activated, though, these cells require what the scientists call “goal-orientated movements’. If we are staring at a photograph, a fixed image of a runner mid-siride, our mirror neurons are totally silent. They only fire when the runner is active: running, moving or sprinting. D What these electrophysiological studies indicate is that when we watch a golfer or a runner in action, the mirror neurons in our own premotor cortex light up as if we were the ones competing. This phenomenon of neural mirror was first discovered in 1954, when two French physiologists, Gastaut and Berf, found that the brains of humans vibrate with two distinet wavelengths, alpha and mu, The mu system is involved in neural mirroring, Itis active when your bodies are still, and disappears whenever we do something active, like playing a sport or changing the TV channel, The surprising fact is that the mu signal is also quiet when we watch someone else being active, as on TV, these results are the effect of mirror neurons.E _ Rizzolatti, Fogassi and Gallese call the idea for mirror neurons the ‘direct matching hypothesis’. They believe that we only understand the movement of sports stars when we ‘map the visual representation of the observed action onto our motor representation of the same action’. According to this theory, watching an Olympic athlete ‘causes the motor system of the observer to resonate. The “motor knowledge” of the observer is used to understand the observed action.’ But mirror neurons are more than just the neural basis for our attitude to sport. It turns out that watching a great golfer makes us better golfers, and watching a great sprinter actually makes us run faster. This ability to learn by watching is a crucial skill. From the acquisition of language as infants to learning facial expressions, mimesis (copying) is an essential part of being conscious. The best athletes are those with a premotor cortex capable of imagining the movements of victory, together with the physical properties to make those movements real. F But how many of us regularly watch sports in order to be a better athlete? Rather, we watch sport for the feeling, the human drama. This feeling also derives from mirror neurons. By letting spectators share in the motions of vietory. they also allow us to share in its feelings. This is because they are directly connected to the amygdale, one of the main brain regions involved in emotion. During the Olympics, the mirror neurons of whole nations will be electrically identical, their athletes causing spectators to feel, just for a second or two, the same thing. Watching sports brings people together. Most of us will never rur.a mile in under four minutes, or hit a home run, Our consolation comes in watching, when we gather around the I'V, we all feel, just for a moment, what it is to do something perfectly.Questions 27-32 Reading Passage 3 has six paragraphs, A-F. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-F, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once. 27 an explanation of why watching sport may te emotionally satisfying 28 an explanation of why beginners find sporting tasks difficult 29 a factor that needs to combine with mirroring to attain sporting excellence 30 a comparison of human and animal mirror neurons 311 tho first discovery of brai ity related to mirror neurons 32. aclaim linking observation to improvement in performance Questions 33-35 Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D. Write your answers in boxes 33-35 on your answer sheet. 33. The writer uses the term “grammar of movement’ to mean A. alevel of sporting skill. B a system of words about movement. © pattern of connected cells. D alype of golf swing, 34. The writer states that expert players perform their a A. without conscious thought. B_ by planning each phase of movement. C_ without regular practice. D_ by thinking about the acti of others. 35. The writer states that the most common motive for watching sport is to A. improve personal performance, B_ feel linked with people of different nationalities. C experience strong positive emotions. D_ realize what skill consists of. Questions 36-40 Do the following statements agree with the views of the writer in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet, write YES if the statement is true NO if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 36 Inexpert sports players are too aware of what they are doing. 37 Monkeys have a more complex mirror neuron system than humans. 38 Looking at a photograph can activate mirror neurons. 39 Gastaut and Bert were both researchers and sports players. 40. The mu system is at rest when we are engaged in an activity.Inside the mind of a fan 27.F 28. B 29.E 30.C 31.D 32.E 33.C 34.4 35.C 36. YES. 37.NO 38. NO 39. NOT GIVEN 40. YESREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 » below. utes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 Questions 27-31 Reading Passage 3 has 7 paragraphs A-G. Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E end G from the list of headings below, Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes 27-31 on your answer sheet. List of Headings i A misunderstanding in the history of science ‘Thomas Harriot’s biography Unknown reasons for his unpublished works Harriot’s 1588 publication on North America studies v Expedition to the New World vi Reluctant cooperation with Kepler vii Belated appreciation of Harriot’s contribution vili Religious pressures keeping him from publishing ix Correspondence with Kepler X Interests and researches into multiple fields of study Example Answer Paragraph Ait 27 Paragraph B 28 Paragraph C 29 Paragraph D 30 Paragraph E 31 Paragraph GThomas Harriot The Discovery of Refraction A. When light travels from one medium to another, it generally bends, or refracts. The law of refraction gives us a way of predicting the amount of bending. Refraction has many applications in optics and technology, A lens uses refraction Ww form an image of an Object for many different purposes, such as magnification. A prism uses refraction to form a spectrum of colors from an incident beam of light. Refraction also plays an important role in the formation of mirage and other optical illusions. The law of refraction is also known as Snell’s Law, named after Willobrord Snell, who discovered the law in 1621. Although Snell’s sine law of refraction is now taught routinely in undergraduate courses, the quest for it spanned many centuries and involved many celebrated scientists. Perhaps the most interesting thing is that the first discovery of the sine law, made by the sixteenth-century English scientist Thomas Harriot (1560-1621), has been almost completely overlooked by physicists, despite much published material describing his contribution. B_—_Acontemporary of Shakespeare, Elizabeth I, Johannes Kepler and Galilei Galileo, Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) was an English scientist and mathematician. His principal hiographer, I. W. Shirley, was quoted saying that in his time he was “England's most profomnd mathematician, most imaginative and methodical experimental scientist”. As a mathematician, he contributed to the development of algebra, and introduced the symbols of ">", and ”<” for “more than” and “less than.” He also studied navigation and astronomy. On September 17, 1607, Harriot observed a comet, later Identified as Hailey-s. With his painstaking observations, later workers were able to compute the comet’s orbit. Hatriot was also the fist to use a telescope to observe the heavens in England, He made sketches of the moon in 1609, and then developed lenses of increasing magnification, By April 1611, he had developed a lens with « magnificati of 32. Between October 17, 1610 and February 26, 1612, he observed the moons of Jupiter, which had already discovered by Galileo. While observing Jupiter’s moons, he made a discovery of his own: sunspots, which he viewed 199 times between December 8, 1610 and January 18, 1613. These observations allowed him to figure out the sun’s period of rotation, C He was also an early English explorer of North America. He was a friend of the English courtier and explorer Sir Walter Raleigh and travelled to Virginia as a scientific observer on a colonising expedition in 1585. On June 30, 1585, his ship anchored at Roanoke Island, off Virginia. On shore, Harriot observed the topography, flora and fauna, made many drawings and maps, and met the native people who spoke a language the English called Algonquian. Harriot worked out a phonetic transcription of the native people’s speech sounds and began to learn the language, which enabled him to converse to some extent with other natives the English encountered, Harriot wrote his report for Raleigh and published it as. A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia in 1588, Releigh gave Harriot his own estate in Ireland, and Harriot began a survey of Raleigh’s Irish holdings. He also undertook a study of ballistics and ship design for Raleigh in advance of the Spanish Armada’s arrival.D___Harriot kept regular correspondence with other scientists and mathematicians, especially in England but also in mainland Europe, notably with Johannes Kepler. About Wwenty years. before Snell’s discovery, Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) had also looked for the law of refraction, but used the early data of Ptolemy. Unfortunately, Ptolemy’s data was in error, so Kepler could obtain only an approximation which he published in 1604. Kepler later tried to obtain additional experimental results on refraction. and corresporded with Thomas Harriot from 1606 to 1609 since Kepler had heard Harriot had carried out some detailed experiments. In 1606, Harriot sent Kepler some tables of refraction data for different materials at a constant incident angle, but didn’t provide enough detail for the data to be very useful. Kepler requested further information, but Harriot was not forthcoming, and it appears that Kepler eventually gave up the correspondence, frustrated with Harriot’s reluctance. E Apart from the correspondence with Kepler, there is no evidence that Harriot ever published his detailed results on refraction. His personal notes, however, reveal extensive studies significantly predating those of Kepler, Snell and Descartes. Harriot carried out many experiments on refraction in the 1590s, and from his notes, it is clear that he had discovered the sine law at least as early as 1602. Around 1606, he had studied dispersion in prisms (predating Newton by around 60 years), measured the refractive indices of different liquids placed in a hollow glass prism, studied refraction in crystal spheres, and correctly understood refraction in the rainbow before Descartes. F _ Ashis studies of refraction, Harriot’ s discoveries in other fields were largely unpublished during his lifetime, and until this century, Harriot was known only for an account of his travels in Virginia published in 1588, , and Zor a treatise on algebra published posthumously in 1631. The reason why Harriot kept his results unpublished is unclear. Harriot wrote to Kepler, that poor health prevented him from providing more information, but it is also possible that he was afraid of the seventeenth century's English religious establishment which was suspicious of the work carried out by mathematicians and scientists. G __ After the discovery of sunspots, Harriot’ s scientific work dwindled. The cause of his diminished productivity might have been a cancer discovered on his nose. Harriot died on July 2, 1621, in London, but his story did not end with his death. Recent research has revealed his wide range of interests and his genuinely original discoveries. What some writers describe as his “thousands upon thousands of sheets of mathematics and of scientific observations” appeared to be lost until 1784, when they were found in Henry Percy’s country estate by one of Percy's descendants. She gave them to Franz Xaver Zach, her husband’s son’s tutor. Zach eventually put some of the papers in the hands of the Oxford University Press, but much work was required to prepare them for publication, and it has never been done. Scholars have begun to study them, , and an appreciation of Harriot’s contribution started to grow in the second half of the twentieth century. Harriot’s study of refraction is but one example where his work overlapped with independent studies carried out by others in Europe, but in any historical treatment of optics his contribution rightfully deserves to be acknowledged.Questions 32 — 36 Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 32-36 on your answer sheet. Various modem applications base on an image produced by lens uses refraction, such as 32 And a spectrum of colors from a beam of light can be produced with 33 . Harriot travelled to Virginia and mainly did research which focused on two subjects of American 34. soso. After, he also enters upon a study of flight dynamies and 35. «for one of his friends much ahead of major European competitor. He undertook extensive other studies which were only noted down personally yet predated than many other great scientists. One result, for example, corrected the misconception about the idea of 36. Questions 37— 40 Look at the following researchers (listed A-D) and findings. Match each researcher with the correct finding. Write your answers in boxes 37-40 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any researcher more than once. A Willobrord Snell B__ Johannes Kepler C Ptolemy D Galileo E Harriot 37 discovered the moons of Jupiter 38. distracted experimental calculation on refraction, 39 the discovery of sunspots 40. the person whose name the sin law was attrisuted toThomas Harriot Tx 28.v 29. ix 30. iii 31. vii 32. magnification 33. a prism’ prisms 34, land and language 35. Ship design jon in rainbow 37.D. 36, (the) rainbow refraction ret 38.B E 40. AREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 27-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. Agriculture and Tourism A. Linkages between the Agri-Food Sector and Tourism offer significant opportunities for the development of both sectors within the region. These linkages could lead to ensuring the sustainability of the region’s tourism product thus ensuring it preservation. Agriculture and tourism — two of Wisconsin’s most industries — are teaming up in southwestern Wisconsin has found that tourists, rural communities, and some farmers could benefit from stronger efforts to promote and market agricultural tourism there. In 1990, agricultural tourism project members surveyed 290 visitors to the annual Monroe Cheese Festival and 164 visitors to the Picnic on the Farm, a one-time event held in Platteville in con unction with the Chicago Bears summer training camp. More than one-half of those surveyed responded favorably to a proposed tour, saying they would be interested in participating in some type of agricultural tour in southwestem Wisconsin. Survey respondents reported that they would prefer to visit cheese factories, sausage processing plants, dairy farms, and historical farm sites, as well as enjoy an old-fashioned picnic dinner. The study also found strong interest in visiting specialty farms (strawberries, eranberries, poultry, ete.). More than 75 percent of the Cheese Day visitors planned ahead for the trip, with 37 percent planning at least two months in advance. B. More than 40 percent of the visitors came to Monroe for two- or three-day visits. Many stopped at other communities on their way to Cheese Days, Visitors at both events indicated that they were there to enjoy themselves and were willing to spend money on food and arts and crafts. They also wanted the opportunity to experience the “country” while there. The study found that planning around existing events should take into account what brought visitors to the area and provide additional attractions that will eppeal to them, For example, visitors to Cheese Days said they were on a holiday and appeared to be more open to various tour proposals. Picnic visitors came specifically to see the Chicago Beers practice. They showed less interest in a proposed agricultural tour than Cheese Day visitors, but more interest in a picnic dinner. C. The study identified three primary audiences for agricultural tourism: 1) elderly people who take bus tours to see the country; 2) families interested in tours that could be enjoyed by both parents and children; and 3) persons already involved in agriculture, including international visitors. Agricultural tourism can serve to educate urban tourists about the problems and challenges facing farmers, says Andy Lewis, Grant county community development agent. While agriculture is vital to Wisconsin, more and more urban folk are becoming isolated from the industry. In fact, Lewis notes, farmers are just as interested in the educational aspects of agricultural tours as they are in any financial returns.D. “Farmers feel that urban consumers are out of touch with farming,” Lewis says. “If tourists can be educated on issues that concern farmers, those visits could lead to policies more favorable to agriculture.” Animal rights and the environment are examples of two issues that concern both urban consumers and farmers. Farm tours could help consumers get the farmer’s perspective on these issues, Lewis notes. Several Wisconsin farms already offer some type of learning experience for tourists. However, most agricultural tourism enterprises currently market their businesses independently, leading to a lack of a concerted effort to promote agricultural tourism san industry. E. Lewis is conducting the study with Jean Murphy, assistant community development agent. Other participants include UW-Platteville Agricultural Economist Bob Acton, the Center for Integrated Agricultural Systems, UW-Extension Recreation Resources Center, the Wisconsin Rural Development Center, and Hidden Valleys, a Southwestern Wisconsin regional tourism organization. This past fall, Murphy organized several workshops with some Green and Grant County farmers, local business leaders, and motor coach tour operators to discuss how best to organize and put on farm tours. Committees were formed to look at the following: tour site evaluations, inventory of the area’s resources, tour marketing, and familiarization of tours. The fourth committee is organizing tours for people such as tour bus guides and local reporters to help better educate them about agricultural tourism, Green County farmers already have experience hosting visitors during the annual Menroe Cheese Days. Green county Tourism Director Larry Lindgren says these farmers are set to go ahead with more formal agricultural tours next year. The tours will combine a farm v:sit with a visit to a local cheese factory and a picnic lunch. F. Another farm interested in hosting an organized tour is Sinsinawa, a 200-acre Grant County farm devoted to sustainable agriculture and run by the Dominican Sisters. Education plays a major role at the farm, which has an orchard, dairy and beef cows, and hogs. Farm tours could be sin the area such as trips to the Mississippi River and/or visits to historical towns orlandmarks, Lewis says. The p-oject will help expose farmers to the tourism industry and farm vacations as a way to possibly supplement incomes, he adds. While far families probably wouldn’t make a lot of money through farm tours, they would be compensated for their time, says Lewis. Farmers could earn additional income through the sale of farm products, crafts, and recreational activities. combined with other activitisQuestions 27-30 Ihe reading Passage has six paragraphs A-F Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A- F, inboxes 27-30 on your answer sheet. 27 About half of all the tourists would spend several days in Monroe. 28 Most visitors responded positively to a survey project on farm tour. 29 Cooperation across organisations in research for agriculture tours has been carried out. 30 Agriculture tour assist tourists to understand more issues concerning animal and environment. Questions 31-35 Which of following statements belongs to the visitor categories in the box Please choose A, B or C for each question. Write the correct letter A, B or C, in boxes 31-35 on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once. A. Cheese Festival visitors B. Picnic visitors C. Both of them 31 have focused destination 32 majority prepare well before going beforehand. 33 are comparably less keen on picnic meal 34. show interest in activities such as visiting factory tour and fruit 35. are willing to accept a variety of tour recommendation. Questions 36-40 Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage 3, using no more than two words from the Reading Passage 3 for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. Through farm tour, visitors can better understand significant issues such aS 36..+sseeeceeeeeee and enviroment. In autumn, Murphy organised 3 and bring other participants together to develop local tour market. Larry Lindgren said the farmers already had experience of y visiting and a 38.. In Sinsinawa, a large area of the farmland contains an orchard, cow cte which is managed and operated by 39. Lewis said the project will probably bring extra 40.....sssss+seeesss« for local farmers. farm tours with factorAgriculture and Tourism 27B 28 A 29E 30D 31B 32 33 A 34C 35 A 36. animal rights 37 workshops 38 picnic 39 dominican sisters 40 incomesREADING PASSAGE 3 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. The secret of the Yawn A When a scientist hegan to study yawning in the 1980s, it was difficult to convince some of his research students of the merits of “yawning science.” Although it may appear quirky, his decision to study yawning was a logical extension to human beings of my research in developmental neuroscience, reported in such papers as “Wing-flapping during Development and Evolution.” As a neurobehavioral problem, there is not much difference between the wing-flapping of birds and the face — and body-flapping of human yawners. B Yawning is an ancient, primitive act. Humans do it even before they are born, opening wide in the womb. Some snakes unhinge their jaws to do it. One species of penguins yawns as part of mating, Only now are researchers beginning to understand why we yawn, when we yawn and why we yawn back. A professor of cognitive neuroscience at Drexel University in Philadelphia, Steven Platek, studies the act of contagious yawning, something done only by people and other primates. C _Inhis first experiment, he used a psychological test to rank people on their empathic feelings. He found that participants who did not score high on compassion did not yawn back. “We literally had people saying, “Why am I looking at people yawning?” Professor Platek said. “It just had no effect.” D__ For his second experiment, he put 10 students in a magnetic resonance imaging machine as they watched video tapes of people yawning. When the students watched the videos, the part of the brain which reacted was the part scientists believe controls einpathy ~ the posterior cingulate, im the brain’s middle rear.” T don’t know if i's necessarily that nice people yawn more, but | think it’s a good indicator of a state of mind,” said Professor Platck. “It’s also a good indicator if you're empathizing with me and paying attention.” E __ His third experiment is studying yawring in those with brain disorders, such as, autism and schizophrenia, in which victims have difficulty connecting emotionally with others. A psychology professor at the University of Maryland, Robert Provine, is one of the few other researchers into yawning. He found the basic yawn lasts about six seconds and they come in bouts with an interval of about 68 seconds. Men and women yawn or half-yawn equally often, but men are significantly less likely to cover their mouths which may indicate complex distinction in genders.” A watched yawner never yawns,” Professor Provine said, However, the physical root of yawning remains a mystery, Some researchers say it’s coordinated within the hypothalamus of the brain, the area that also controls breathing.F Yawning and stretching also share properties and may be performed together as parts of a global motor complex. But they do not always co-occur — people usually yawn when we stretch, but we don’t always stretch when we yawn, especially before bedtime. Studies by J.1.P, G.H.A. Visser and H.F. Precht! in the early 1980s, charting movement in the developing fetus using ultrasound, observed not just yawning but a link between yawning aud suetching as eatly as the end of dhe first prevatal Wimester. G The most extraordinary demonstration of the yawn-stretch linkage occurs in many people paralyzed on one side of their body because of brain damage caused by a stroke. The prominent British ncurologist Sir Francis Walshe noted in 1923 what when these hemiplegics yawn, they are startled and mystified to observe that their otherwise paralyzed arm rises and flexes automatically in what neurologists term an “associated response.” Yawning apparently activates un¢amaged, unconsciously controlled connections between the brain and the cord motor system innervating the paralyzed limb. Itis not known whether the associated response is a positive prognosis for recovery, nor whether yawning is therapeutic for reinnervation or prevention of muscular atrophy. H Clinical neurology offers other surprises. Some patients with “locked-in” syndrome, who are almost totally deprived of the ability to move voluntarily, ean yawn normally. The neural circuits for spontaneous yawning must exist in the brain stem near other respiratory and vasomotor centers, because yawning is performed by anencephalic who possess only the medulla oblongata. The multiplicity of stimuli of contagious yawning, by contrast, implicates many higher brain regions,Questions 28-32 Complete the Summary paragraph described below. In boxes 28-32 on your answer sheet, write the correct answer with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS. ‘A psychology professor drew a conclusion after observation that it takes about six seconds to complete average yawning which needs 28........s.00sssseeeeu before the following yawning comes. It is almost at the same frequency that male and female yawn or half, yet behavior accompanied with yawring showing a 29. genders. Some parts within the brain may affect the movement which also has something to do With 30..........c.ccssesssses+s00 another finding also finds there is a link between a yawn and 31.......eesees .. before a baby was born, which two can be automatically co-operating even among people whose 32 damaged. Questions 33-37 Read paragraph A-II. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter A-H for questions 33-37 NB You may use any letter more than once. 33 The rate for yawning shows some regular pattern. 34 Yawning is an inherent ability that appears in both animals and humans. 35. Stretching and yawning is not always going together. 36 Yawning may suggest people are having positive notice or response in communicating 37 Some superior areas in the brain may deal with the infectious feature of yawning. wis Questions 38-40 Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage 3? In boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet, write TRUE if the statement is true FALSE if the statement is false NOT GIVEN _ if the information is not given in the passage 38. Several students in Platek’s experiment did not comprehend why their tutor ask them to yawn back. 39° Some results from the certain experiment indicate the link between yawning and compassion! 40 Yawning can show an affirmative impact on the recovery from brain damage brought by s stroke.‘The secret of the Yawn 28, 68 seconds 29, (complex) distinction _[30. breathing 31. stretch/stretching 32. brain’ 33.E 34.B 35.F 36.D 37.H 38. NOT GIVEN 39, YES 40. NO