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Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh

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Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Model User Guide

GENERAL OVERVIEW

The primary use of this program is to estimate nutrient requirements for the four different

categories of swine: starting pigs, growing-finishing pigs, gestating sows, and lactating sows.

Within these categories the effect of key determinants of nutrient requirements (e.g., level and

stage of production) on nutrient requirements can be explored. Various aspects of animal

performance, nutrient utilization, and nutrient requirements are presented graphically and are

summarized in reports that can be printed.

Alternative systems can be used to characterize dietary contents of (1) energy (digestible,

metabolizable, or net), (2) amino acids and nitrogen (total, apparent ileal digestible, or

standardized ileal digestible), and (3) phosphorus (total, apparent total tract digestible, or

standardized total tract digestible). These systems are selected before running the models to

determine requirements.

The program can also be used to evaluate specific feeding programs in terms of (1)

nutrient losses into the environment, which is based on nutrient balance calculations, and (2)

comparing model-generated estimates of nutrient requirements with dietary nutrient levels in a

feeding program. Feeding programs are phase-feeding schemes that represent specific diets and

time periods or body weight ranges. Feeding programs can be generated and stored in a database

for later use in the models. The program also includes a table of feed ingredients with nutrient

profiles and a simple feed formulation routine. Examples of diets and feeding programs are

stored in the original version of the program.

The program also allows direct comparisons between model-generated estimates of

animal performance and observed performance. Confidence in model-generated estimates of

nutrient requirements is generally greater when model-predicted performance is similar to

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

observed performance. To evaluate current performance of growing-finishing pigs, information

about local carcass evaluation schemes may be specified.

Detailed information about the calculations that are included in these models is provided

in Chapter 8 of Nutrient Requirements of Swine (NRC, 2012).

A series of case studies is included with the program. These case studies illustrate the

various segments of the program and demonstrate its features and limitations.

USING THE PROGRAM

Getting Started

To run the program, Microsoft Excel version 2002 (XP) or later is required. The program

is designed to function on both Microsoft Windows and Apple operating systems. However, it

will not function on Excel for Mac version 2008 which does not support Visual Basic macros. It

is recommended that both the original version and a personal version (under a different name) of

the program are saved. Additional versions of the program can be saved and this is advised when

major changes are made to diet formulations and feeding programs. The program includes

macros and requires that macros are enabled within Excel. It is digitally signed by the

National Academy of Sciences. In most cases, allowing the macros to run is simply a matter

of accepting the digital signature of the National Academy of Science as a “trusted” source.

If this does not work, macros can be enabled manually.1 More help is available in the

Macro Troubleshooting window that can be accessed from the Welcome Page. After the

program has been opened, responsibility for risk of use must be acknowledged by clicking the

Accept button. The Main Menu will then be displayed. Throughout the program, context-

1
To do this in Microsoft Excel 2007 or later, open Excel, click on the icon in the top left corner of the window,
choose “Excel Options” at the bottom of the new window, choose “Trust Center,” Choose “Trust Center Settings,”
choose “Macro Settings,” and then select “Enable all macros (not recommended; potentially dangerous code can
run).” After working with the models, “Macro Settings” may be returned to previous settings.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

sensitive comments can be viewed by moving the curser over cells that are marked with a small

red triangle.

Main Menu

The Main Menu (Figure A-1) is used to select nutrient systems for energy, amino acids,

and phosphorus. Selections are made by clicking on the white data-entry fields to access a drop-

down menu of choices. If a feeding program is to be included in the evaluation, this must be

specified on the Main Menu. For initial use of the program it is suggested that a feeding program
is not included in the evaluation. Further information on how to generate and store feeding

programs is provided below. The models for the different categories of swine are selected from

the Main Menu.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine

User Guide Eleventh Revised Edition 2012
Step I: Select Nutrient Systems

Energy Metabolizable energy (ME)

Amino Acids Standardized ileal digestible (SID)

Phosphorus Standardized total tract digestible (STTD)

Step II: Evaluate Feeding Program

Do you wish to evaluate a feeding program? No

Step III: Select Model for Estimating Nutrient Requirements

Growing- Gestating Sows Lactating Sows

Starting Pigs
Finishing Pigs

FIGURE A-1 Main menu.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Models: Starting Pigs, Growing-finishing Pigs, Gestating Sows, Lactating Sows

For each of the models (Figures A-2 to A-5), inputs are entered directly in the white data-

entry fields or, when a limited number of options is available, by selecting one of the options that

are accessed using drop-down menus in the data-entry fields. When certain options are selected,

new data-entry fields are presented or hidden. For example, when alternative means to specify

feed intake or to match observed with model predicted performance are selected, additional data-

entry fields appear. When inputs are changed, model calculations must be executed, by clicking

Calculate at the top of the screen. In Starting Pigs calculations are conducted automatically
when input values are changed.

Nutrient requirements can be explored for different body weight ranges (Starting and

Growing-Finishing Pigs) or time periods (Gestating Sows and Lactating Sows), by changing

values for initial and final body weight or days in the section Results (Figures A-2 to A-5). When

altering these values, there is no need to rerun the models; the results are recalled from a table

that is generated each time the model is run. Buttons at the top of the screen enable navigation to

the Main Menu, resetting default input values, and viewing graphs and printable reports. After

calculations are executed and the curser is moved to the section Results, the Home button at the

top of the screen may be used to return to data- entry fields.

In the Growing-Finishing Pigs, Gestating Sows, and Lactating Sows models, animal

performance level may be altered to match observed with model-predicted performance. For
these three categories of swine, maintenance energy requirements can be adjusted. For both

Gestating Sows and Lactating Sows, the composition of maternal body weight changes (e.g., the

ratio between body protein and body lipid) can be altered. For Growing-Finishing Pigs various

options are available for manipulating the shape of the body protein deposition curve and the

relationship between energy intake and body protein deposition. Some of these options are rather

complex and should be used with caution.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Enter Default
Main Menu Report
Inputs

Note: Estimated nutrient requirements will differ slighty from those presented in Tables 16-1 and 16-5. This
Starting Pigs (< 20 kg Body Weight) is attributed to a less than perfect fit of nutrient requirement curves across the different body weight ranges.
Calculated
INPUTS: Change inputs by altering values in white cells as appropriate. Results
are calculated automatically. (To restore all values to defaults, click the Enter
Default Inputs button.) RESULTS: Mineral and vitamin requirements

Mean body weight, kg 12

Diet ME content, kcal/kg 3300 Level in diet Daily amount

Feed intake / (feed intake + wastage) 0.95 Sodium 0.30 % 2.00 g/day
Chloride 0.36 % 2.38 g/day
RESULTS: Energy intake and nutrient requirements Magnesium 0.04 % 0.26 g/day
ME intake, kcal/day 2176 Potassium 0.27 % 1.76 g/day
Daily feed intake + wastage, g/day 694 Copper 5.3 mg/kg 3.49 mg/day
Iodine 0.14 mg/kg 0.09 mg/day
Average SID AA requirement Ratio to Lys x Iron 100 mg/kg 65.9 mg/day
% g/day 100 Manganese 3.3 mg/kg 2.17 mg/day
Lys 1.285 8.47 100.0 Selenium 0.264 mg/kg 0.174 mg/day
Arg 0.585 3.86 45.5 Zinc 86 mg/kg 57 mg/day
His 0.441 2.91 34.4
Ileu 0.659 4.34 51.3 Vitamin A 1879 IU/kg 1239 IU/day
Leu 1.286 8.48 100.1 Vitamin D 206 IU/kg 136 IU/day
Met 0.371 2.45 28.9 Vitamin E 12 IU/kg 8.2 IU/day
Met + Cys 0.708 4.67 55.1 Vitamin K 0.50 mg/kg 0.33 mg/day
Phe 0.756 4.99 58.8 Biotin 0.05 mg/kg 0.03 mg/day
Phe + Tyr 1.186 7.82 92.3 Choline 0.44 g/kg 0.29 g/day
Thr 0.758 5.00 59.0 Folacin 0.30 mg/kg 0.20 mg/day
Trp 0.212 1.40 16.5 Niacin, available 30.0 mg/kg 19.8 mg/day
Val 0.816 5.38 63.5 Pantothenic acid 9.4 mg/kg 6.2 mg/day
N 2.673 17.62 208.0 Riboflavin 3.1 mg/kg 2.1 mg/day
100 x Lys / (N x 6.25) 7.69 Thiamin 1.0 mg/kg 0.68 mg/day
SID Lys / ME, g/Mcal 3.89 Vitamin B 6 4.1 mg/kg 2.7 mg/day
Average calcium and phosphorus requirements Vitamin B 12 16 μg/kg 10.5 μg/day
% g/day
Total calcium 0.74 4.86 Linoleic acid 0.10 % 0.66 g/day
STTD phosphorus 0.36 2.39

FIGURE A-2 Inputs and results for the starting pig module.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Enter Default
Main Menu Calculate Results Graphs Report
Inputs

Growing-Finishing Pigs

INPUTS: Change inputs by altering values in white cells as appropriate, then click the Calculate button at the top of the screen. (To restore all values to
defaults, click the Enter Default Inputs button.)
Diet characteristics that affect nutrient requirements Whole body protein deposition (Pd) pattern
Options Use default Pd patterns for each gender

Gender: Gilts & barrows

Select feeding program GFCoSBMwt
Default mean Pd for gender 135.0
Metabolizable energy (ME) content, kcal/kg 3300 User defined mean Pd potential, g/day 120 TRUE
Fermentable fiber content, % 10.5 135.0

Gender
Gilts & barrows 4 GMM P0 0.3
P = P0 + {[(Pf − P0) x Pf 60
Feed intake (BW/K)C]/[1 + (BW/K)C]} K 250
Feed intake / (feed intake + wastage) 0.95 C 1.2
Options 1
Use predicted intake as model input Polynomial a 60.77
For predicting intake b 2.7374
2 3
Gender: Gilts & barrows Pd = a + b x BW + c x BW + d x BW c -0.0302915
Consider environmental temperature? No d 0.0000909
Environmental temperature, oC 20 TRUE
Consider pig space? No
m2 per pig 0.75 TRUE PdMax, g/day 135.0
For observed intake define mean intake OR define curve* Body weight at start PdMax decline, kg 90
Actual mean intake or intake curve Mean
Actual mean feed intake + wastage, kg/day 2.300 TRUE Match observed with predicted performance? No
Mean diet ME content, kcal/kg 3300
Initial body weight, kg 25.0 Adjustment to maintenance energy requirements,% 0
Final body weight, kg 125.0 Adjustment to slope of Pd versus E intake, fraction 1
Actual ME intake + wastage curve, kcal/day versus BW
Curve type Bridges TRUE Present observed growth performance? FALSE
Actual ME intake + wastage = Max 11119.6 TRUE Options Do not consider 20
Max x {1 – exp[−exp(M') x BW A]} M' -3.6529 Starting body weight, kg 25.0
A 0.898 Slaughter body weight, kg 125.0 140
Probe back fat at slaughter body weight, mm 16.5
Actual ME intake + wastage = a + b x BW a 310.4 TRUE
+ c x BW 2 + d x BW 3 b 173.41
c -1.10240 Days from starting to slaughter body weight 119
d 0.00266400

Immunized against GnRH? No TRUE

Body weight at 2nd injection, kg 105 TRUE GMM BW 0 1.7

Feed Ractopamine? No BW = BW 0 + {[(BW F − BW 0) x BW f 312.3
Initial body weight, kg 115 (day/K)C]/[1 + (day/K)C]} K 214.74
Number of levels (in step up program) 1 C 2.0789
Diet level 1, mg/kg 5
days on feeding level 1 7 TRUE Polynomial a 24.5
Diet level 2, mg/kg 7.5 b 0.57
days on feeding level 2 7 TRUE BW = a + b x day + c x day 2 + d x day 3 c 0.0044
Diet level 3, mg/kg 10 d -0.000018

FIGURE A-3a Inputs for the growing-finishing pig model. Default inputs are displayed.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Home

Growing-Finishing Pigs
Calculated

RESULTS: Data for specific weight ranges may be examined by changing Initial body weight and Final body weight below.
Overall performance; between starting and slaughter body weight Nutrient balances
Feed intake curve for model input Gilts & barrows
Pd curve shape for model input Gilts & barrows Initial body weight 24.7 kg
Mean Pd, 25 to 125 kg body weight 135.0 g/day Final body weight 50.5 kg
Feed intake curve for observed performance -
Growth curve for observed performance -
Predicted Observed Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon
Starting body weight 20.0 - kg Intake & wastage - - - kg/pig
Slaughter body weight 140.8 - kg Retention - - - kg/pig
Probe back fat at slaughter body wt 20.7 - mm Retention - - - % of intake
Days from starting to slaughter body weight 144 - Excretion - - - kg/pig
Average body weight gain 839 - g/day
Average overall lean tissue gain 298 - g/day
Mineral and vitamin requirements
Range in body weight for estimating nutrient requirements
Initial body weight 25 kg
Final body weight 50 kg Mean body weight, kg 37.6
Performance & diet characteristics Predicted Observed Mean feed intake, kg/day 1.503
Initial body weight (data base) 24.7 - kg
Final body weight (data base) 50.5 - kg Level in diet Daily amount
Days from intial to final body weight 34 - Sodium 0.10 % 1.55 g/day
Days after immunization at final body weight 0 Chloride 0.08 % 1.22 g/day
Days on Ractopamine at final body weight 0 Magnesium 0.04 % 0.61 g/day
Potassium 0.23 % 3.45 g/day
Average diet ME content 3300 - kcal/kg Copper 4.07 mg/kg 6.12 mg/day
Average ME intake 4961 kcal/day Iodine 0.14 mg/kg 0.21 mg/day
Average intake, % of reference intake 100.0 % of reference intake Iron 61.2 mg/kg 92.04 mg/day
Average feed intake + wastage 1.583 - kg/day Manganese 2.0 mg/kg 3.05 mg/day
Average body weight gain 759 - g/day Selenium 0.191 mg/kg 0.288 mg/day
Average gain:(feed intake + wastage) 0.479 - g/g Zinc 59 mg/kg 88 mg/day
Average whole body protein deposition 128 g/day
Average lean tissue gain 327 g/day Vitamin A 1317 IU/kg 1980 IU/day
Average whole body lipid deposition 152 g/day Vitamin D 152 IU/kg 228 IU/day
Average SID AA, calcium and phosphorus requirements - Vitamin E 11 IU/kg 16.75 IU/day
% g/day Ratio to Lys x 100 % in diet at initial BW Vitamin K 0.51 mg/kg 0.76 mg/day
Lys 0.98 14.8 100.0 - Biotin 0.05 mg/kg 0.08 mg/day
Arg 0.45 6.8 45.7 - Choline 0.30 g/kg 0.46 g/day
His 0.34 5.1 34.4 - Folacin 0.30 mg/kg 0.46 mg/day
Ile 0.51 7.7 52.2 - Niacin, available 30.4 mg/kg 45.69 mg/day
Leu 0.99 14.9 100.7 - Pantothenic acid 7.9 mg/kg 11.85 mg/day
Met 0.28 4.3 28.9 - Riboflavin 2.4 mg/kg 3.64 mg/day
Met + Cys 0.55 8.3 56.4 - Thiamin 1.0 mg/kg 1.52 mg/day
Phe 0.59 8.8 59.7 - Vitamin B 6 1.0 mg/kg 1.52 mg/day
Phe + Tyr 0.92 13.9 93.8 - Vitamin B 12 9.0 μg/kg 13.55 μg/day
Thr 0.59 8.9 60.3 -
Trp 0.17 2.5 17.1 - Linoleic acid 0.10 % 1.52 g/day
Val 0.64 9.6 64.9 -
N 2.11 31.7 214.8 -
100 x Lys / (N x 6.25) 7.45
SID Lys / ME, g/Mcal 2.98
Total calcium 0.66 9.87 -
STTD phosphorus 0.31 4.59 -

FIGURE A-3b Results for the growing-finishing pig model. Results relate to default inputs
shown in Figure A-3a.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

 Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Enter Default
Main Menu Calculate Results Graphs Report
Inputs
Gestating Sows
creen Will Be Scrolled Incorrectly

INPUTS: Change inputs by altering values in white cells as appropriate, then click the Calculate button
at the top of the screen. (To restore all values to defaults, click the Enter Default Inputs button.)
Diet characteristics that affect nutrient requirements
(For calculating nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon
Select balances
feeding program
a feeding
Gest
program
CoSBMmust be specified)

Metabolizable energy (ME) content, kcal/kg 3300

Fermentable fiber content, % 9.0

To view Energy and fiber levels go to 'Review Feeding Program' on the Main Menu
Sow performance
Sow body weight at breeding, kg 165
Parity 2
Gestation length, d 114
Anticipated litter size 13.5
Anticipated birth weight, kg/pig 1.40

Feed intake
Feed intake / (feed intake + feed wastage) 0.95

Start day 1 30 60 90
Feed intake + feed wastage, kg/day 2.210 2.210 2.210 2.610
Diet nameCoSBM Early Gest
CoSBM Early Gest
CoSBM Early Gest
CoSBM Late Gest

Consider housing conditions & environmental temperature? Yes

Sows standing, min/d (typical value 240 min/d) 240

Housing Individual
Floor type, group housing only Other TRUE

Effective environmental temperature, oC 20

Match observed with predicted performance? Yes

Observed Model predicted

Body weight at farrowing, kg 230 230.4
P2 backfat at breeding, mm 18.0 default = 18 18.0
P2 backfat at farrowing, mm 20.5 20.5
Change in body weight during gestation, kg 65.0 65.4
Change in P2 backfat during gestation, mm 2.5 2.5

Adjustment to maintenance energy requirements, % -5.0 default = 0; range -10 to +20

Abs. adjustm. to maternal body N gain, g/extra Mcal ME intake 0.50 default = 0; range 0 to 2

FIGURE A-4a Inputs for the gestating sow model. For this scenario diet characteristics that
affect nutrient requirements are defined by selecting a feeding program. In addition, information
is entered to characterize housing conditions and environmental temperature, and to match
observed with predicted performance.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Home

Gestating sows
Prod Calculated

RESULTS: Data for specific time periods during gestation may be examined by changing Initial day and Final day below.
Range in days for estimating nutrient requirements Nutrient balance over entire gestation period
Initial day 1
Final day 114
Nitrogen Phosphorus Carbon
Predicted performance & diet characteristics Intake & wastage 5.27 1.50 103.0 kg/sow
Initial total sow body weight 165.0 kg Retention 1.39 0.36 14.1 kg/sow
Final total sow body weight 230.4 kg Retention 26.34 23.95 13.7 % of intake
Excretion 3.89 1.14 88.9 kg/sow
Average ME intake 7204 kcal/day
Average diet ME content 3300 kcal/kg
Average feed intake + feed wastage 2.298 kg/day
Mineral and vitamin requirements
Average total sow body weight gain 574 g/day
Average maternal sow body weight gain 365 g/day
Level in diet Daily amount
Avg. total sow body protein deposition, incl. conceptus 76.2 g/day Sodium 0.14 % 3.15 g/day
Average maternal sow body protein deposition 55.2 g/day Chloride 0.12 % 2.52 g/day
Average protein deposition in conceptus 21.0 g/day Magnesium 0.06 % 1.26 g/day
Avg. total sow body lipid deposition, incl. conceptus 110 g/day Potassium 0.19 % 4.2 g/day
Average maternal sow body lipid deposition 106 g/day Copper 10 mg/kg 21 mg/day
Iodine 0.13 mg/kg 0.29 mg/day
Current diet according to feeding program on final day CoSBM Late Gest Iron 77 mg/kg 168 mg/day
Current diet ME content on final day 3300 kcal/kg Manganese 24 mg/kg 52 mg/day
Selenium 0.14 mg/kg 0.315 mg/day
Average SID AA, calcium and phosphorus requirements Zinc 96 mg/kg 210 mg/day
In diet on
Ratio to final day Vitamin A 3847 IU/kg 8398 IU/d
% g/day Lys x 100 % Vitamin D 769 IU/kg 1680 IU/d
Lys 0.53 11.5 100.0 0.65 Vitamin E 42 IU/kg 92 IU/d
Arg 0.28 6.0 52.5 0.78 Vitamin K 0.48 mg/kg 1.05 mg/day
His 0.18 3.9 33.7 0.34 Biotin 0.19 mg/kg 0.42 mg/day
Ile 0.30 6.5 56.1 0.49 Choline 1.20 g/kg 2.62 g/day
Leu 0.48 10.6 91.7 1.18 Folacin 1.25 mg/kg 2.73 mg/day
Met 0.15 3.2 28.0 0.22 Niacin, available 9.6 mg/kg 21 mg/day
Met+Cys 0.34 7.5 65.3 0.43 Pantothenic acid 11.5 mg/kg 25.2 mg/day
Phe 0.29 6.3 55.1 0.61 Riboflavin 3.6 mg/kg 7.9 mg/day
Phe+Tyr 0.51 11.1 96.0 0.99 Thiamin 1.0 mg/kg 2.1 mg/day
Thr 0.38 8.3 71.7 0.43 Vitamin B 6 1.0 mg/kg 2.1 mg/day
Trp 0.10 2.1 18.3 0.13 Vitamin B 12 14.4 μg/kg 31.49 μg/day
Val 0.38 8.2 71.3 0.56
N 1.36 29.7 257.6 1.93 Linoleic acid 0.10 % 2.1 g/day
100 x Lys / (N x 6.25) 6.21
SID Lys / ME, g/Mcal 1.60
Total calcium 0.61 13.42 0.67
STTD phosphorus 0.27 5.84 0.35

FIGURE A-4b Results for the gestating sow model. Results relate to the inputs shown in Figure
A-4a.

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Enter Default
Main Menu Calculate Results Graphs Report
Inputs

Lactating Sows

INPUTS: Change inputs by altering values in white cells as appropriate, then click the Calculate
button at the top of the screen. (To restore all values to defaults, click the Enter Default Inputs button.)
Diet characteristics that affect nutrient requirements

Select Feeding Program Lact CoSBM

Metabolizable energy (ME), content kcal/kg 3300
Fermentable fiber content, % 11.0

Sow performance
Sow body weight after farrowing, kg 210
Lactation length, days 21
Average number of pigs nursed 11.5
Daily piglet weight gain, g; mean over entire lactation 230.0

Feed intake
Feed intake / (feed intake + feed wastage) 0.95

Use model predicted feed intakes? Yes

Parity number 2 and higher
Consider environmental temperature? No
Effective environmental temperature, oC 18 TRUE

Intake specification Mean

Mean daily feed intake + feed wastage, kg/day 5.000 TRUE
Mean diet ME content, kcal/kg 3300
`

Day 1 2 7 14 25 TRUE
Feed intake + feed wastage, kg/day 2.000 4.000 6.000 6.000 6.000

Match observed with predicted performance? No

Observed Model predicted
Body weight at weaning, kg 204 204.2
P2 backfat at farrowing, mm 20 default = 20 -
P2 backfat at weaning, mm 18.5 -
Change in body weight during lactation, kg - -5.8
Change in P2 back fat during lactation, mm - -

Adjustment to maintenance energy requirements, % 0 default = 0; range -20 to +40

Protein:lipid energy ratio in body energy balance 0.12 default = 0.12; range 0 to 0.20

FIGURE A-5a Inputs for the lactating sow model. Default inputs are displayed.

10

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Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

Home

Lactating Sows
Calculated

RESULTS: Data for specific time periods during lactation may be examined by changing the Initial day and Final day below.
Range in days for estimating nutrient requirements Nutrient balance over entire lactation period
Initial day 1 (sow and litter)
Final day 21
Nitrogen Phosph. Carbon
Predicted performance & diet characteristics Intake & wastage - - - kg/sow
Initial sow body weight 210.0 kg Retention - - - kg/sow
Final sow body weight 204.2 kg Retention - - - % of intake
Excretion - - - kg/sow
Average ME intake 20731 kcal/day
Average diet ME content 3300 kcal/kg
Average feed intake + feed wastage 6.613 kg/day

Average sow body weight gain -276 g/day Mineral and vitamin requirements
Average sow whole body protein deposition -27 g/day
Average sow whole body lipid deposition -137 g/day Level in diet Daily amount
Sodium 0.19 % 11.93 g/day
Average milk production 9.1 kg/day Chloride 0.15 % 9.55 g/day
Magnesium 0.06 % 3.58 g/day
Current diet according to feeding program on final day - Potassium 0.19 % 11.9 g/day
Current diet ME content on final day FALSE kcal/kg Copper 19 mg/kg 119 mg/day
Iodine 0.13 mg/kg 0.84 mg/day
Iron 76 mg/kg 477 mg/day
Average SID AA, calcium and phosphorus requirements Manganese 24 mg/kg 149 mg/day
In diet on Selenium 0.142 mg/kg 0.895 mg/day
Ratio to Lys final day Zinc 95 mg/kg 597 mg/day
% g/day x 100 %
Lys 0.78 48.9 100.0 - Vitamin A 1899 IU/kg 11932 IU/day
Arg 0.43 27.1 55.5 - Vitamin D 760 IU/kg 4773 IU/day
His 0.31 19.4 39.7 - Vitamin E 42 IU/kg 263 IU/day
Ile 0.43 27.2 55.6 - Vitamin K 0.47 mg/kg 2.98 mg/day
Leu 0.88 55.2 112.9 - Biotin 0.19 mg/kg 1.19 mg/day
Met 0.21 13.0 26.6 - Choline 0.95 g/kg 5.97 g/day
Met+Cys 0.41 26.0 53.1 - Folacin 1.23 mg/kg 7.76 mg/day
Phe 0.42 26.6 54.4 - Niacin, available 9.5 mg/kg 60 mg/day
Phe+Tyr 0.88 55.0 112.4 - Pantothenic acid 11.4 mg/kg 71.6 mg/day
Thr 0.50 31.1 63.6 - Riboflavin 3.6 mg/kg 22.4 mg/day
Trp 0.15 9.3 19.0 - Thiamin 0.9 mg/kg 6.0 mg/day
Val 0.66 41.6 85.1 - Vitamin B 6 0.9 mg/kg 6.0 mg/day
N 1.67 105.1 214.9 - Vitamin B 12 14 μg/kg 89.5 μg/day
100 x Lys / (N x 6.25) 7.44
SID Lys / ME, g/Mcal 2.36 Linoleic acid 0.09 % 6.0 g/day
Total calcium 0.68 42.9 -
STTD phosphorus 0.34 21.4 -

FIGURE A-5b Results for the lactating sow model. Results relate to default inputs shown in
Figure A-5a.

11

Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

For Growing-Finishing Pigs, carcass evaluation parameters can be altered by clicking on

Carcass Evaluation Options. Matching observed performance with model-predicted performance

is an iterative process (i.e., by manually altering values for the adjustments, rerunning the model,

and comparing newly predicted performance with observed performance until reasonable

agreement is achieved).

Feeding Programs

The module, Feeding Program & Diet Formulation, can be accessed from the Main
Menu, by selecting Yes following Do you wish to evaluate a feeding program? and clicking on

Review Feeding Programs. This part of the program contains three tables (ingredients, diets, and

feeding programs) and has four submodules that are used to (1) select ingredients, (2) formulate

diets, (3) review and edit the diet table, and (4) create feeding programs (Figure A-6). Navigation

among these submodules is accomplished by buttons at the top of the screen.

When a feeding program is selected, the dietary contents of energy and fermentable fiber

as specified in diets in feeding programs are used to estimate nutrient requirements of Growing-

Finishing Pigs, Gestating Sows, and Lactating Sows. In this case, specific feeding programs are

chosen in the section Inputs of each of these models (Figure A-4a).

1. Select Ingredients

In this submodule, the data-entry fields under the heading Ingredient are used to access a

drop-down menu that lists feed ingredients included in the ingredient library, which is taken

from Chapter 17 in Nutrient Requirements of Swine (NRC, 2012; click on Ingredient Library to

review its content).2

2
In the ingredient library fermentable (i.e., apparent fecal digestible) fiber is included as an additional characteristic
of ingredients. This characteristic is not included in NRC (2012) and is required to estimate fermentative threonine
losses and thus to estimate threonine requirements, as outlined in Chapter 8 of Nutrient Requirements of Swine
(NRC, 2012). Estimates for this characteristic were obtained from CVB (2004).

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Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

FIGURE A-6 Feeding program within the Feeding Program & Diet Formulation module.

After a feed ingredient has been selected and loaded, its nutrient profile may be reviewed

and altered by changing values in columns F to BT3. Values that are changed are highlighted in a

different color. Special attention should be given to values that are in blue font; these are

consistent with the nutrient systems that are specified on the Main Menu. Additional ingredients

may be entered in the database by typing a new ingredient name in column D and entering the

appropriate nutrient levels in the relevant columns. The first ingredient in the ingredient list is

used as the residual feed ingredient that must be included in all diets and is used to ensure that

3
The headings present the nutrients according to (1) nutrients that are selected according to nutrient systems
(columns F to T); (2) nutrient that are independent of nutrient systems (columns U to AA); and (3) nutrients based
on each of the three nutrient systems for energy (columns AB to AD), crude protein and amino acids (columns AE
to BQ), and phosphorus (columns BR to BT). Values in white cells can be changed. In columns U to BT, values
with blue font are those that are relevant to the nutrient system that is selected (e.g., ME, SID amino acids, and
STTD phosphorus), and these values are duplicated in columns F to T.

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Copyright National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

the inclusion levels of all feed ingredients totals 100%. Once ingredients are included in diets

they cannot be replaced by other ingredients in the database. To replace Corn, Yellow Dent as the

residual ingredient in the original version of the program, all diets and feeding programs must be

deleted. Ingredients can be removed from the database by using the drop-down menu and

selecting Clear at the bottom of the list. A maximum of 50 ingredients can be included in the

database.

2. Formulate Diet

In this section diets are formulated. When the data-entry field under Select Diet is

selected, a pull-down menu is displayed that lists all formulated diets that are included in the

database. New diets can be generated by entering a new diet name in the data-entry field. In the

data-entry fields below Ingredient, ingredients can be selected from the ingredient database,

using pull-down menus. For all ingredients, except the residual ingredient, inclusion levels must

be specified. The residual ingredient is listed as the first ingredient and is included in all diets.

For this ingredient the inclusion level is calculated automatically. Dietary nutrient levels are

displayed and calculated automatically when the inclusion level of an ingredient is changed.

Diets can be saved or deleted by clicking the appropriate buttons. A maximum of 25 formulated

diets can be stored.

3. Diet Database

The database of formulated diets is presented in this section and dietary nutrient levels

are displayed. Additional diets can be entered directly (Diets 25-60) by entering names in

column D and nutrient levels in columns U to BU, thereby bypassing the diet formulation

submodule.

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Nutrient Requirements of Swine: Eleventh Revised Edition: Model User Guide

4. Create Feeding Program

In this section, feeding programs are selected and reviewed (Figure A-6). By clicking on

the data-entry field next to Select a feeding program or type a name to create a new one a pull-

down menu can be accessed that lists all feeding programs in the database. New feeding

programs can be generated by entering a new name in the first data-entry field, and by selecting a

category of swine in the second data-entry field. Start day (or weight) values can then be entered

in the first column and diets can be selected in the second column. Feeding programs can be

saved or deleted by clicking on the appropriate buttons. A maximum of 30 feeding programs can
be stored.

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