ature of proof Asien undestnds a it different represen of aun nl Raton © mode, rove sll and ind whos ‘robles in variety of eotets hoo appropriate sages to conse aunts ed ron Boh praca and aba ings ‘les varius mathematical ecniqus and concep Yo mol and wove stuctire, usinctrl and itp oben omnis and justia eas ad elaonsip wing pop guage, in and Tegel gue In this chapter, 11 The mae of pot q 12 nto pote i 13 tnoquliy ren te La Rete Bercie » Solutions. 26 NewAdunss. Mathematics 1.1 The nature of proof Mathematiians accept the tath of nothing without roo, A mathematica statement iter tre or fase but no both, To prove thet ofa staterrent sto prvide logical reason orate Sequence {logical reasons to support ts trth, There are ever ways Yo dos. But before we ook at methods Of proot, I's eam about the language of roo. 4.4.4 The language of proof [A good proof must not only use logical reasons correctly, but also the language correctly. (@) Ituses conventions, given two points A and B, AB is the vector ftom A to B (nt the other way round), mg, isthe gradient of the line 4B’, but 4B could be the line AB or the interval AB or the distance AB. To tell the difference of these usages, one must consider the context ofthe sentence being used. For example, i you ao asked to) prove that 4B LCD , you must understand that AB and CD are two lines, and the intervals AB ard CD may not intersect and (2) find te ratio of ACAB if Cis a point tbat divides AB in the ratio :2 internally then both AC and AB are distances, (6) Ituses symbols. The following symbols are commonly used. {Inset theory, © (belong to), U (anion), - (intersection), < (subset). Also, natural numbers, Jor Z the set ofintegers', Othe set of rational numbers, R= the set of real ‘numbers and C~ the set of complex numbers Gi) In writing, = (implies, <> (equivalent), = (congruent, (similar), -. (therefore), (0 that), (since), iff (HFand only i), or all) and 3 (there exists. For example, *2" >n?, Vn25,neZ" means 2" >n? forall values of n25, where is an integer, “ne N:2" =" means there exists a positive integer n such that 2° =n" (©) Ituses words that may not have the same meaning asin our commonly used language. For ‘example, you may have asked “wha is the ccmbination ofthis safe”, when you wanted to refer to the permutation ofthe safe. Can you answer ‘his question? When a die is tossed, what isthe probability thatthe upward face shows numbers “I” and ‘2"? The answer is O as it cannot show both numbers. Ifthe above question changes ‘and’ to ‘or’ then the answer would be one tind (@) The converse ofa statement i not always tre. The converse of “if then Bis “iB then 4’, where ‘4 and B ate statements, Por example, if it raed last night then the grass is wet today” does not ply that “ifthe grass is wet today then it rained lastnight’. eset of | Why is m the symbol for gradient? Noone knows, slthough in CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Eric Weistin claimed that twas fist sed in 1844 9y British mathematician Matthew O'Brien. Some of you nay like this explanation ofthe historian Howard Eves: "because the wor slope starts with he leterm” {Mathematical ercles revisited, 1971, page 142) 213.0 natural number? Natural numbers are counting numbers, they are 12,3,» and whole numbers ae 0,1, 2,3) 0. Thus Olea whale number, nt anatral mambo. 1s 0 odd or even? Encyclopedia Britannica argues tht a 06a umber without remainder, it classifies as an integer. Therefore, as 2k is even and 24+ 1s od, where K€ Z., Os even Can odor even numbers be negative? Yes, the definition that "2k even and 2-1 is od applies fore Z Why is Z used for integers? Z stands for he German word zahlen, which means integers. Apparel, a8 is not good choice fr integers (in English, lisa pronoun, Zand the next lte J are chose. ‘vas irs used in Grundlagen der Analysis, 1930, by Edmund Landau, We didnot kno when J was first used, ‘bu was mentioned in Survey of Moder Algebra, 1983, by Garett BirkhofT and Saunders MacLane, CComecly, these set symbols should be writen in dublestruc syle as N,Z,Q, I and C, but hey are kept in ‘imple tale style in this book.‘There are different ways to prove a statement 1.1.2 Direct proof If isan odd integer, prove that n? is also an odd integer. Let m= 2k +1, where ke Z m= (2k+1) <4? 44k +1, ‘As 4k and 4k are both even, 4+ 4&-+1 is an odd integer, nt? is odd. 4.1.3 Proof by contradiction. Prove that J is an irrational number. Assume that JZ iaratinal. Let Y3'=2, where p and ae postive integers and have no common 0 iseven,.: p iseven, Lot p=2k, where kis an integer. Substituting to (1), 4k? = 2g" =k, 4 iseven,..q iseven. But and q assumingly do not have any common festors, they cannot both be even. «The assumption that 2 is rational is incorrect. :. v2 isitrational 4.1.4 Proof by contrapositive A statement and its contrapositive are equivalent. ‘The contraposiive of if Athen B" is “ifnot B then not, where A and B are statements, For example, if there isa blackout then the light must be off” the same as “ifthe light is on then there isno blackout’. Note: It does not necessarily mean that if there is no blackout then the light is on, Use this method ifa direct proof is not easy. If nis an even integer prove that mis even. “Assume n is not an even integer, ie. an odd integer, hen since the product of 2 odd numbers is an odd ‘number, 1? is od, ie.” is not even, ‘Therefore, by contrapositive,if nis even then 1 is even. « Some authors prefer fo write QED to indicate thatthe proofs complete, QED is short for Latin ‘Quod ert demonstrandum’, which is translation of ‘that which was tobe demonstrated. This book chooses not tows it.New Advanced Mathematies 4.1.5 Proof by counter-exampl Prove thatthe statement “2" 1, for Wn2 2, €2, isa prime number" is not tre. Since the statement refers to all values ofn such that n> 2, €Z , we only need to find just one counterexample to declare thatthe statement is 20 rue. 2047 =2389. By trial and error, let m=11, 2" — ‘Therefore, 2°—1, for Vn= 2,2, isnot a prime number. Induction proofs and inequality proofs will be censidered inthe next two sections. Exercise 1.1 4 Fill inthe blanks withthe most correct symbols, using these symbols V,3=> and <> . Briefly explain your choice. (0) He scored 3 out of 10__he failed the tes.) ___even numbers are divisible by 4 (0) 8-2e4320_reR (0) yee__x= log. 2 True or false? Justify your answers (0) yesinzeox=sin'y. —(b) sinxeosrsVreR, (AP =B => A=B (@) ABIICD,AB=3=CD=3. (o) Axe RY Pty =xty. (1) (AMB)UC=AM(BLC). (o) Lines e+ By 3. Directly prove the following {) Prove that the angle bisectors ofthe base angles in an isosceles triangle are equal {(b) Prove that the square of any integer either is divisible by 3 or pives a remainder of 1 when tis ‘divided by 3. Hint: Any integer i either divsile by 3 or not (0) fy eR, prove that [++ | 0, y 0,y? (b) ¥a,6>0, Va? +B? =a. (©) A quadeltral is formed by joining any 4 pnts ina pane (@) The point oFinlexion ofa curve y= f(s) comesponds tothe point where f"(x)=0 Find the mistakes in the following “proof. (0) Question: Prove that I= 2. Laxey, x+y=2y, on adding y to each side x+y-2x=2y-2x, on subtracting 2x to each side yox= 2a) , on dividing by y—x (b) Question: Prove that at 2s 25 4-104 2529-15425, on adding 25 to eich side 4 * 4 sing 4 J 5) ane aot) on taking square roots (©) Question: Prove that = 2= 3 = 4— P42eel= (e+, ¥ raret-acern(red)o(xed) oot et)e(e8) sex 2retae-ar-ta(sed) =e ae oo(ved) wecaeed) (ard) (tea) rase(ce+0-(e+4)) Las =e “xexth, ‘Thus, when x= we have 1=2, when x=2 ve have 2=3, and #0 0n,::1= 910 New Aduanced Mathematis 1.2 Induction proofs ‘The term “Induction” simply means the formaticn ofa suitable formula suggested from a number of ‘observations, For example, after many unfortunate incidents had occurred on Friday 13th, people came {othe conlosion tat Priay 1th brings bd ck. In mathematics, despite the meaning of the term “Induction, the method is elly deduction method. ach Mathematial Induction root generally mast have thee steps: Assume we want o prove the truth ofa statement (forall n> 1, where nN. Step 1: Prove that (1) holds tr, ie prove that So) hols tre when n= 1 Step 2 Assume Stn) holds true for some value of then prove that (n+ 1) must hold tue. ° Step 3: Knowing tht S(1) holds true, using step2 we deduce that (2) holds trae; But since 52) holds true, (3) must hold tue using step 2 again, and so on. Therefore, we can conclude that S{n) holds true forall I, by the principle of Mathematical Induction 4.2.4 The Series type Pros by nds te $ 20 e286 4c = Zan (Qn +1) forall integers 2 Let = 1, LH sts tre for n= 1! sDx23 = 6 sume tt SH 21 428438 catalan free ner 1 Required to prove that $142 = 142° 43° +.t0P +4 = bore Don t2V2043), tise) or) one atin (n+ D(nQn+1)+6(0+D) 1 qs +1)(2n? +7046) 1 E(w 144292043), by fctorisng, = RUS. she statement holds tue for n+ ifit holds tue fr some integer n. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true forall integers m > 1 “Logically equivalent, assume S() hols tr then rove that Sk +1) must hold trac, The feason is that oF Ki some integer. In thie step, we only assumethat the stement is true fr some integer, o or any leter. Do not ignore the importance of this step, Its adviale that you clearly show why LHS= RHS, * Using symbols, writ "Assume 3a N: $24" = Zy(n4 Qn +1 si sume thee exis an integer such thatthe statment holds rue.Chapt: Thenatuwaf oot — 4.2.2 The Product type Letn=2, LHS= ra 21 foe some integer n. 1 1 P Ea Vain ciel ¥ 13) |, rom the assumption, ronturmn ) vas.) wo ee aa) “cei(ee3) «The statement holds true for n+ 1 if it holds tre fe some integer ‘-By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n= 2 1.2.3 The Divisibility type Prove that 5° —1 is visible by 4 forall integers n> 1 Letn=1,5~1=4, which s obviously divisible by It iste for = L Assume 5° ~ 1 is divisible by 4 for some integer nS" ~ 1 = 4M, where postive integer, SAM + Required to prove that S*"'— 1 is divisible by 4. Now $"' t= 3°x5-1 ‘M+ 1)x5-1 0M +51 = 20m +4 M+ I) which isa lip of 1Prove that 2° > forall integers 25. Let n=5, LHS = 2 =32, RHS=5* =25,-,LHS> RHS,--Itis true for 5. Assume that 2 >n* for some value of Required to prove that 2°" > (n+. LHS = 20" = 252" > Dn, by assumption, ‘We now need to prove that 2n*>(n-+1)* =. +21, whichis equivalent ton? >2n+1, for 2. Method |: By Caleuls et f(a) = 221 fora Saxe R 2x-228>0 forx2 5, f(x) is increasing f(3) 214>0, ie.4 —2e-1> 0 ora? > 2e+ forx 25. Method 2: By graphs, the 2 curves y= x* and y= 2x-+1 meet atx= 13. ‘The point of intersection approximate (014,07) and 2.45.8). Since x? 2 2e-+ forx2 24,7 >2r-+forx2S 45.8) fig. 1 20" >(n+1), «The statement holds true for n+ 1 ifit holds te for some integer n “By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true for all integers n> 5 4.2.5 The Double Induction type ‘Consider the Fibonacci sequence: I, 1,2, 3, 5,8... which is defined as Poe Mater ntson it <2) rain anne t<(2) meie<(2)" tree sagt port 2) 1 1.2.6 Miscellaneous types Ina room of n people, if everyone has to shake hands with each othe once, prove by Mathematical Induction thatthe numberof hand shakes is 2 If thete are two people, obviously there is only one tand-shake, 20-1) Substituting n =2 into the formula gives “- Therefore, the formula holds tue for n= 2 Assume that bere are “=D handshakes amongst people Regis topve tow ae 2 apnea pepe ‘Now, suppose a new guest arives, he (she) must shake hands with everyone already in the room, thus, he (she) must shake m hands. “-By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's tru fr all integers > 2.14 New Advanced Mathematios Exercise 1.2 4 Prove by Mathematica Induction forall otegers n> 1 14243 z ( Padaste.. : (3454.4 OM (24446 4.00420 =nln4 oxen co See mee Sige eny Mee ® Senn si oS raen= sf wo Sac ne7y MAEDIOED 6) Becta zese ns Qmenane he! & 4 Se wo Sacery= (a4 11048) 3 QUE DHn42) ttn Ce eee 2 Prove by Mathematical Induction for all integers n> 1, unless state otherwise, wedded) cape (Qk--N(2K43))__ 2043 oo fife2) mene ofa pea OL e ea. m2 a 2). of(-an) 2 Cede (9, (os f0+2).Qn) =2" (Ie 3%5x..(2n-D) forall integers n> 2 3 Proveby Mathematical Induction forall integers n 21, unless stated otherwise. (0) 644 is divisible by 10. (b) ¥* isa multiple of 9 (6) w+ 2n is divisible by 3 (@) S'+2e1T" isa muliple of 3. (c) 1346" +2 is divisible by 10 (0) mn +1(n4+2) isa multiple of 6. (g) 7" +6%is divisible by 13 forall odd integers n> 1 (h) 3° £7%ig a sautipe of 10 forall odd integers n> 1 (i) w+ 2n is divisible by 8 forall even integers n= 2 (i) #+2n is a multiple of 12 forall even integers n 22 4. Prove by Mathematical Induction forall integers n> 1, unless stated otherwise. (o) 2 2n41. (b) M22", (Note: nl=1x 23x.) (0) 2 > mn) forms. (@) 3 > m(n+I(n+2) forme s (0) Bn formed. (9) 320? form 22. this series, the frst term is I each successive term is forme by adding It the previous term and the lat terms 2n. Therefore, when n= I the series products I+ 2; whan n= 2, the series produces +243 +4Chapter 1: The natureof prot — 1 5 (e) 2" >3" forn 22. (hy 3 > 5 form 24, Ly idivisible by x~y forall integers n= 2 (0) Prove by Mathematical Induction that (-+3i"~1 is divisible by forall integers n= 1. (0) Factors 12° —4"—3" +1, By using the rest of part), deduce that 12-4" —3" +1 is divisible by 6 forall integers n= 1 7 (@) Prove by Mathematical Indveton that sing +2 +...45,)=a,sins +4, sin, +ou-ta,sin3 Where dydyyonay feral numbers such hat $1 For F=1 2m (b) Hence, deduce that sin mx < nsin x for 0< x By ae (0) Prove by Mathematical Induction for all n> | that 7, oF. the roots of the equation 3° —3— (b) Prove that 7, is always even forall integersm > I La Tay Lv approaches a limit 8 ¥> 20, show “approaches i show that ety TS 413 A sequence S, is defined by $,=1,$, =2 and S, =, +(0—1)S,., forn 22 (6) Find 8, and S,. (©) Prove that J +x> FD. (0) Prove by Mathematical Induction that S, 2 va! forall integers n 21 () Assume the ratio16 NewAdvanced Mathematics 14 (0) rove thai fa) = pe then Fo) (b) Prove by Mathematical Induction that /(..f().. aed for all integers n 2 2. Irene 45 (a) Ifa and bare two positive numbers, explin why (a—bXa" ~6")2 0. 205 ( 20) eaten (b) Henee, prove by Mathematical Induction that 416 Prove by Induction that the sum of exterior angles ofa n-sided convex polygon is 360°, n > 3. 117 Given n points in a plane, no three points ae collinear, prove by Induction thatthe number o joining any two point is “=P fra integers n 22 48 Prove by Mathematical Induction thatthe umber of diagonals in a msided regular convex polygon is. a ‘for all integers n 23. 49 Each Mathematical Induction prof involves with 3 steps. Which of the 3 steps doesnot hold true in the following statements? Justify your answer. (0) W-+3ns1 is even forall integers n2 1, (b) 3¢>n? forall integers > 1. 1.3 Inequality proofs 4.3.4 Inequality by Calculus Prove th Hence, deduce that x" 0. ese’ x selChapter 17 4.3.2 Inequality by Algebra (2) 4) Prove that a? +6 +e 2 ab-+ ae-+be, if, bye are any ral numbers. (i Hence, prove that a? +0° +e) 2(a4 be iy By mutipiying both sides of the result in pa (i) by (a + b+), prove that a? +b +c" 2Sabe. (0) (i) If a,b are any positive real numbers, prove that a+b2 2Vab (i) Hence, i, are postive real number, prove that (@ asbse+d2Mabed (BD arb+c2 Mabe, (0) (0 Since (a6) 20,0" +6? ~2ab20,-.a° +B" 2 2ab Similay, a? +> 2ae and b* +c 2 2be 2.2 +68 +2)22(ab-+ac+be), on adding the above lines a4B 40 zabsactbe. o (i) Adding a? + 6° to both sides oF (1) gives Ha? 40°4+C) 2a +B +e +2(ab-+ac+be)- Mas 4e)2(arb+0)* il (8 +8 +e Yar br e)2 (ab +a0+be)(asb+e)? P40 +C+@b+ac+ Par Per Carcbrcbractbarbe+cateb+3abe, a +B? +0? 2 3abe. (0) (0 Ha, B> 0, since (la V5) =0,046-2ak 20, 2. a4b22ab. o (i) (c) Similarly, if ,d > 0,044 2 Ned 6 -.(ab)*(e+d)22(Jab + Jad), on acing (2) and (3) atbte+d24Vabed since Jab +Ved = 2\Jabled =2Wabed . (Let ab0=3d then a+b++d =A faba, fom the result of pat). ved* 2 abed wd? Babe. sd 2Vabe bt STE othsc> Rae ‘The results in (a) and (f) ate special cases where n= 4 and 3 ofthe Cauchy's inequality. Generally it is expressed as: The arithmetic mean of m positive numbers is always greater than or equal to their seometiemean, ie, 2°24 > Up, a, «Dont use it witout prot Raed © Tisline may be denoted as (Sa*)(S0)2(a4)(2a). Simin, tho nent Hin becomes Ea? + Ea°b = ‘La°b+3abe. Clearly, it’s more convenient than writing all of them out, It was Euler's brilliant invention,18 NewAdnssd Mathematics Exercise 1.3 41 Show by Cael that >In ¥>0. 2 wyo)=e(1-2) (0) Find the coors of any stationary pos of (0) (6) Sketch the ere (©) Beiueinat «(1-2 fra0 and deduce that lim: ence, sketch the curve y Do not find any stationary pints (©) Show that sine >0 for x0 and deduce that 22> 4 Ifa, bare wo positive real numbers, prove tat tte. « ferfer oer(tet}as weror(drp) ‘5. Suppote a,b and. are the sides of triangle, explain why a—H]O and (+2904 y)(+2)=8, prove thatane <1 (tt yyz>Oandsy y+et pve (to t](1o4 (ret) soe ‘You may vse Byte arb+e+d2 Wabed Vabjed>0. 7 Wa, € ate positive eal numbers prove tha. (0) @ 48% +e -(ab+ac-+be) 20 (0) (@+BXa tei o)2 Babe (0) @ +0 40 2Sabe, by expanding (a +b+6)(a? +5" 4% -ab—ae~be). (0) AR +B? 42a ~abelarbre)20. (0) at +B'4e Zabelatb +e) (9 @+b+0) 23ab+ a0+be). Wwarbsertetrtes oralClapir :Thenatueofpmot — 1.9 (0) Deduce that (i) sec? x+c0sec" x24. (ii) sec? x+cosec* x + cot? x2 9cos? x. 9 a,b,c are postive real nubers prove that (0) 2a? +b +c") 2 abla +b) + aca+e) + be(b+e) 2 6abe (b) Ha" +B +e) 2 (ab tela +b +7) 29abe 40 Ifa, b, care the sides ofa wiangle, assuming a> b> c, prove that 6) (@+b-eNare-BO+e~a) sabe (6) Babe~a"(b+e-a)~B*(a+e~b) -c'(a+b=c)20. ‘When does the equality hold tre in each ofthe sbove parts? 14 Factorise (0) @ +B +e? —3abe (b) @+b+eP—a Bc (o) a"(b-0)+b'(€-a)+e(a-b) 42 (9) Ixy" 21 provethat [r+ fs V3. (0) a 4y* =a-45"=1 prove that far-+by|s1 13 (a) I a? 45° +6? =ab-+a0-+be, prove that a (©) Prove that a” +5) +! =3abe ifand only if 14 (a) Prove that Jy <. faye st WryeNilsxsy. (0) Hence, provera (Va) 1 Bent aed) 1 n EOD) 2042) Let tis resultbe S. (0) Prove by Mathematical Induction that st (Brite tin () Evaluate ieee Let this result be (©) Find the appropriate area under the curve y: OED forx2 1 by the trapezoidal rule using equal strips of unit width, Let the result be 7. (c) Using a graphical means explain the relations of S,/and 7. 1.4 Review Exercise 1 16) Diecty prove a hep stn ot = iy A he bcos () Prove by contradiction that given thee non-ollinear points in a plane, there exists one and nly one circle through these three points. (©) rove by contrapositve tat if(m? +) sed then (m+n is odd {c) Prove by counter-example that the following statement isnot re: In and are iatonal numbers then (m+n) i rational.20 NewAdvanced Mathsmatics 2 (0) Prove that cos(x—y)—cos(x+y)=2sitxsiny. () Prove by Mathematical Induction that sinx¢-sin 2. sin taj 3) Prove by Mathematical Induction that ba b-bd path 4 («) Using Mathematical Induction show tha for each postive integer there are unique positive integers p, and q, such that (1+¥2)" = p,+4,V2. (0) Hence, show that p,? 24,2 =(-I)" 5 (0) Show that for k= 0, 24 +3>2Y(E+D0+2). > F forall integers nz? (0) Hence, prove by Induction that form 2 Let Te 7 sper] 6 Itis given that a, 4 © and dare postive nunbers. Prove the following inequalities. () a +6" 22ab. (0) @+b+e4d) 2 4(ab+ac+bd +d). (ab sate Bt Da BC(at + +e]. (l) He +B +e)2 (at bee) 0) Se eth’ (0) @ +B ee Ya? +b? +07) 29. 7. Prove the following inequalities. Do not use Mathematical Induction. (0) 135..Qn—1 st OM Bg tgp) (6) 0<(a+b-cXa+e—BY(b+e~a) sabe, ifa,b,care the sides ofa triangle, 8 Letnbea postive integer and xb any postive aprxination to. Choos yt y=. (9 Poe ti 22> J {) Suppose that > Vn. Show that 3 isa closer approximation to vn than xis. (©) Suppose sin(cos2) for alle R a em (0) Suppose sx; >0 for §=1,2,..08 where n> 2, Using the result in pat (a), show by +, ‘3. (a) Prove by Mathematical Induction for n positive numbers, n=, thor arithmetic mean is alvays gree than or qual other pometi ean ie, +243 Yoga. (©) Show that ithe term a, is allowed to take any postive real number, while the other terms are ‘kept fixed, then the ratio ofthe arithmetic mean 9 the geometric mean is minimum when a, isthe arithmetic mean of 4,094.oy Advanced Mathematics 22 Solutions Exercise 1.1 4 {) = he filed the test because he scored 3/10, () 3, only some are divisible by 4. (0 V,bocause x? =28+2>0 always {«) €2 because it is how logarithm is defined, 2 (0) false, because it works only for 1 (tue, because sin xcosx=4sin2xs4 <1. wo axes (6) false, missing A («) false ine CD! line AB, The length of CD is unknown. (6) true, when x= 0, (0 false, as sen inthe Venn diagram below. (.) true, asthe 2 lines are perpendicular iff 4_D 4 and parallel iff (0) Data ABC is isosceles with ZACB = ZABC. BN bisects 2B, CM bisects ZC. Aim: Prove that BY = CM. B c Consider ABNC and ACMB, BC is common ZACB = ZABC (given. Let ther be 8) NB MCB (both “ABNC = ACMB (AAS) BN = CM (corresponding sides of congruent triangles) (3k 4k), 1 gives a remainder of | when divided by 3 ‘The square of any integer either is divisible by 3 or gives a remainder of I when it is divided by 3. (of x20,y20 thenls]=xp]=y)x+y]=x49. b+ol-bl+bl Ifx-<0,y-<0 then [x ay. e+a=H+bt- sible —nber l=Ihx>0,y<0 and x+y20 then [s|=sy] betsfextysx-y=bf+bh, “le+alshi+bhee if: “Wave Rls} sh) Note: Due to symmetry, we donot need to consider x <0, y> 0. and [represent the lengths of two sides of a triangle then f+» epresent the length of the ‘hed sido (wll be proven in page 19), This the triangular inequality: A side ofa triangle is Jes than or equal the sm o he other two sides. it <2ede Le... (co inti 30 pet Co infinity) 23 (Chapter 1: The ature of 1 rom ine cn, (142) 2 aula (a) Assume that V3 is rational. Let V3. 4 and g are integers and have no common wher o 3 isa fitor of p*. But 3 isa prime number and > isan intoger, “3 isalsoa factor of p. Letp=3k, where fis an integer Substituting to (1), 98° = 34". gi =a, 3 isa factor of. But 3 isa prime number and isan integer, «3 is also a factor of But p and g assumingly do not have any common “actors, they cannot both have 3 as factors. The sssumption that V3 is rational is inconrect. 3 is irational. This method ean be applied to prove the ‘nationality ofthe square root af any prime numbers higher than 3 (0) Assume that 6 is rational, Let 6. 4 ‘where p and are integers and have no common, factors. @New Advanced Mathsmatis 24 ? iseven - piseven. Since p and g cannot both be even, q must be od Letp=2m and q=(n +1), where m and nare integers Substituting to 2), dn? =6(2n +1) In? =30n+1)" ‘The LHS is even, while the RHS is odd, which is impossible. :-The assumption that V6 is rational is incoret. V6 is inational. ‘This method can be applied to prove the irrationality of the square oot of any non-prime ‘numbers and non-perfect squares higher than 6, () Assume log, 5 is rational, Let lop, 5= 2, 9 ‘where p and q ae integers and have no common factors. ‘The LHS is even, while the RHS is odd, which is impossible, Jog, 5 is irvational. “This method can be applied to prove the inrationality of log, where « and b have different parity (6) Assume log, 5 is rational. Let tog, $= 2 @ where p and q are integers and have no common factors 3 This statement means that 3 is a factor ofS ora ‘multiple of 5, which is impossible because 3 is ¢ prime number. ‘log, 5 is tational “This method can be applied to prove the inrationality of log, 6, where a ia prime number and bis nota power of a (c) Without loss of generality, assume > B then AOE igasubset oF 4, i8. (ANB)CA, cits also asubset of AUB (ANB) (AUB) > (408) # (AUB) sf (AUB) =(A78) then 4B. CM, where CM bisects ZACB and BN bisects ZABC. Aim: Prove that ZABC= ZACB. Let ZABC™ 2a, ZAC Without loss of generality, assume a > fi i. CN> BM. w. Construct parallelogram BMPN so that MP = BN, BM =NP and ZMPN~ ZMBN = a, 8 opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal, and so are its ‘opposite angles) MP = CM (both = BD). "ACMP is isosceles, “ZMPC= ZMCP. Since a> P, ZMPN =a >ZMCN =f, = ZNCP> ZNPC. = PN> CN. = BM> CN (since PN= BM). tis contradictory to (1). nap. “MBC is isosceles.(a) The contrapositive is od Ifx is odd, let x=Qk-+1), eZ. ris odd, then 2? is =2 4-168 +38) +1, whichis If x is odd, then x° is odd. Ry eonrpos (0) The contmpositv iI oy or bth are od, thenayors=y a Irs iso» inven Lets=2h+1,y=2f, where hy, then x-y=42(k—0)+1, + ifx> y and ~ ife yand ~ if: Incithercase,x~ yi Its andy ae othe. soe prod of 2 odd numbers is odd). “If ory orbth ato ten yo od Bycontapoitv ify andx—yareve then sandy ar both ven, if’ is even then xis even, (©) The contrapositive is “Ix and y have diferent parity then 3x3) iso Iris odd, y seven Letx=2k-+1,y=26k 62, then 3a y) =3(2k-+1-20) Gk -36+1)+1, which is odd, Ix is even, y is od Letx=2t,y=2k+1k,t€2Z, then Bry) =3(26-2k-1) (3¢—3k—1)—1, which is odd, lf. andy have different parity, then 3¢x— 9) is odd. :. By conirapostive, if 3¢¢— ) is even then x and y have the same parity. Chupice 1: Thema of root — 25 (a) The contrapostve is “fx is even then 2° 4+3x41 isodd, Iv iseven, et x=2k, bez. 7 3x41 = (Qk) + 302K) 41 =4K +6h-41 = 2(24?.+38) +18 od, Ifa? +3x+1 is even then x is odd. -. By contrapositive, if +3x+1 is odd, then xis odd fe) The contapoiive is “Af mis not prime number then 2° 1 is nt prime number”. fm is nota prime number, et = pas paa'e N Y-1=2-1 =(2)'-1 = (27=1)(4274 27 HN") ‘As 2" —1 isthe product of 2 positive integers, itis ota prime number By contapoiive, if 2-1 i prime number ‘hen nia prime number 8 (a) 3 =3 so that 23 £0 WneN bb) 3a=3,6=4 sothat Va? +B? =54344=7 Va +B 2.0+b,¥a,b>0 ©) I of these 4 points are collinear then only a siangle canbe formed. A. quadrilateral is NOT “ormed by joining any 4 points in plane, ‘iteratively consider when 4 points are collinear, ware) seats? a2 foray 1°(3) #0, but when x <0, f"(2) > 0 and when £5.0,f"C2) <0, (0,0) is the point of nflexion,26 ‘The point of inflexion ofthe eurve y= f(x) doesnot correspond to where "(x)= 0. Its graph is shown below. [New Advanced Mathematics 7 (0) 8=y,2.x—y=0: The mistake is when «dividing by 0 in the second lst ne. (0) The mistake is in the second lat line, y 5 (2-3) 5-2 a 2-$ tena eo root of positive number is a positive number. () The mistake isin the third las in, (ea fer B os ote using the same reason asin part (). Exercise 1.2 4 () Let m= 1, LHS =1. RE stholds te for m= Assume 36 N 14243404 Required to prove that 142434. tne cuet) EMD = OD ns tis= 2D sn) _ nea +2(0#1) 2 (n+ Dn+2) “2 =RHS. “The statement holds tue for n-+ 1 ifit holds ta for some integer By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n> 1. (b) Let n= 1, LH shold true foe n= 1 Parad ecen aed? Assume3ne N= 1 42°43". - Required prove that BaP ads tne (ne py = terry” PAD 49 sacha? 4 ove) eet us =" fas? Fn +atne 7 (oe vio? +44) 7 os ytan2y 4 =Rus, ..The statement hoist for n+ 1 iit holds rue fr some integer “By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's teue forall integers n> 1. (c) Let n= 1, LHS= 1. RHS =* 1. (@) Let n= 1, LHS =2. RHS =1x2=2 thos true for n= 1 Assume InN: 2+4464.+2n=n(n40)Required to prove that 244464 + Qn) +241 = (n+ Dfn+2). LHS= n(n) +2604) S04 IKn+2) =RHS. The statement holds true for n+ 1 iit holds ‘rue for some integer 1. «-By the principle of Mathematical Induction, true forall integers n> 1. (o)Letn= RHS=2-1 holds tre for n= 1 Assume ne N:1+2+2% +42" Required to prove that ~The statement holds true for n+ 1 if t holds true for some integer n. "Byte principle of Matematica! Inaction ine teal inoprn (f) Let Ids efor ianme See # Vata yp tea ats =.= =D Required to prove that PFS bt ODP +n? lov DAC +47 =) 3 os Ndr 4804) 7 3 _ + DQn+ 2043) 3 us" D an sy _nQn-+ DQn=1) 432041)" 3 Chante: Theatre of pot — 27 _ n+ D(n2n— +32n+D) 3 n+ (20° +5043) 31 2n+1\2n+3)in41) 3 =Rus “The statement hold tue for + 1ifit hos rue for some integer By the principle of Mathematical Induction it's ive for al integers tt irs -Itholds tne forn~ 1 Assume 3ne W: yy dy yt mnt nel Rus= Let ie) 7 Las 2" 2a Fea Required to prove that roid 1 1 B2*2a Fea HD * aed antl ner nls) erin?) etn Gann?) (ona GoD oat in? = RUS, 1 () Let n= 1, LHS = 1x2x3=6, RHS = 12x Bet 6 4 -Itholds tue for ‘Assume ane N= Tx 2x34 3x4 +t mln ++ 2) mos Dh 2043) . Required to prove that Ted 34 263.4 +t tO 2) (ayn 3) = EDDA SH, ange M2 D020 son yn 2¥n49 (n+ In + 2Xn+ 3Kn+ 4) 4 =RHS. 1. LHS = 1+2=3, RHS= 1k@+)=3. alt holds tre foe = 1 Assume 3ne N:14243+..+ (2m) =n2n4+1) Requited to prove that 142434+2n+Qne #2004) + Qn+3). LHS = n(2n1)+(Qn-+1)+Qn+2) a 45m 3 = (4 Qn+3) RUS. The statement holds tue forn +1 ifit holds true for some integer n. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n> 1. ras = 222 2 (Let n= 1, LHS= 1+ “tholds tue for m= 1 Assume ane N: me (ns (042) 004 Qn): Required to prove that (+ D+ (#2) ++ Qn) + Qn) +Qn+2) n+ 1n+2) 2 Bunt) 2 n+ (Qn4t)+(2n+2) 243m Gn +6 2 Sn 49046 2 3as1Kn+2) 2 =RHS. ‘The statement holds true for n + 1 iit holds rue for some integer n. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's -ltholds true for n= 1Assume 3ne N: On (4 D2) 4 (Qn 1) (a8) 3 Requied prove hat (00142) (042403) n+ (Qn +1)2n42)+(2n4 242043) _ ven 2)7H +12) 3 tas ADEH Dagny ng 0000) 4 2(n 410043) AEM (an ¢5)~3n +620 +1)+6(2n+9) Hay =" 260424) (ns In 2\n +12) 3 RRS. 2.Thesatement holds tre for n+ 1 fit holds tte for some integer n. {By the principle of Mathematical Induction, is tre forall integers n> | (0) Letn= 1, LHS = 1, RHS= 22. = Iebolds tre for n= Assume 3ne N nee DOOD) ot Required 0 prove tht (n+ D+(042)+.t +0 4D +(0 +2). (aso) +1) 2 From (+1) 10 (+, whichis +201 its an AP, with Qn +) tems, a= 1? +1,6= 0140", dnt z = (nfo? +n, +n = (0? s1408 42041) MOD ns ansne? one 20D 4 ag? 3086 In 2 hapic1:The nae ofpreot — 29) MD ng an? ene = sos Dnt 4ne) n+ 2004 Dn? +n) 2 no De +n 2 (n(n? +30? +3042) 2 _fxn(sty st) = Seles) =RiIs The statement holds te for n+ 1 ifit holds ie for some integer n. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's re forall integers n> 1 2 onl? +ans2) (a) Let n= 3, LHS colds true for n= 3, Assume 3ne N= (5-H as (3 2 one, a“53) “a iea) 2 cra) =RHS. The statement holds true for n+ 1 true for some integer n. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's holds true forall integers 23.30 ahs s b) Let m= 1, LHS = 5 O) LHS = = holds tue for n= 1 Assume 3ne Ns (PEP Hea) Required to prove that 2ns3 3am) 145)/3x7), (@n—Nene3) (IF) { Gay ) Qns1j2n45))__2n45 (Qn+3y 3(2n+3) 2n43_(Qns(0n+5) @nv3y ~The statement holds true for +1 ifit holds ‘ue for some integer. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's ‘rue forall integers m2 1 (©) Letm= 1, LHS = 14) = tholds te for n= 1 ‘Assume 3neN Gcicpee (°F) dle) (042043) _ (+2043) 2 =RKS, :The statement holds true for +1 ifit holds true for some integer - By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's ‘rue fr all integers n= 1 (a) Let “It holds tev for n= 2. Assume ane N: (si) -sh} (sen) Required to prove that 2.2 2 (-25)e-sa} (a) i 2) Gernerd) 3s Las 12,2) an Gara, wan ovo 3nQa+ n+) ns3 :The statement holds true for n+ 1 ifit holds {rue for some integer «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true for all integers n> 2. Itholds true for n= 1 Assume 3ne W: eeroped petit (erases wari ail a) 1 2n-1, 20 AnD“ 2n1 Done, L = DQn+D) =RHS, “The statement holds true for + 1 iit holds true for some integer 1, «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true forall integers n> 3, Las: (Letn=2, (13) = 12. "(Ix 3x5*..Qn—D) Required to prove that (1829043). 2m\2n4 n+ 2)= 20 (35x... z (uoesn.t0n Naas 2 (23454220 D) oy py, 2¢041) Li net 2 (Ix3x5x..2n+D) RUS, --The statement holds true for + 1 fit holds true for some integer m. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true for all integers n 2 2. 3 (0) Letn= 1, 6%4=10, which is divisible by 10. -Itholds true for Assume'3n € N: 6" +4 is divisible by 10 Chansr:Themmtuc of moot — 3] Let 6 +4 10M , where Mis an integer. 6 =10M —4 Required to prove that 6" +4 is divisible by 10. Od nb x64 (10M 4) +4 OM 24-44 = 60M -20 |O(6M ~2), which is divisible by 10. --The statement holds tue for n +1 ifit holds ue for some integer, By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers > 1. (0) Let n= 1, 3°=9, which isa multiple of 9 Itholds true for n= 1, Assume 3 eM: 3" isa multiple of 9, Let 3" =91/,, where Ais an integer. Required to prove that 3° is a multiple of ye a 9M, which isa multiple of 9. I. Let m= 1, 1+2=3, whichis divisible by 3, holds true for n= 1. Assume Sn N: n!+2n is divisible by 3. let n° +20=3M, where M is an integer. Required to prove that (n +1) +2(n-+D is Aivisibl by 3, (4D 4200+ D aa 43n 4S bane? W243? +n) 3M +3(0" 40-41) =3M +n +n, which is divisible by 3 ‘The statement holds true for + 1 fit holds true for some integer, By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true forall integers > I.32 () Let =1, 5423 3. 1 (o) Let n=1, 746213, which is divisible by 13. st holds te for = 1 [Assume ane N: 7 +6%is divisible by 13, Let 7" +6" =13M, where Afi an integer. 1 =1aM 6 Requited to prove that 7°? + 6" is divisible by B TPO APT KE = 49(13M 64) +366" =13x49M 496" +366" 1349-136" 149M —6"), 7° 4.6" is divisible by 13. “The statement holds true for n +2 fit holds rue for some integer By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's teue forall odd integers n> 1 (h) Let m=1, 347810, which isa multiple of 10. Itholds tue for n= 1 Assume ne N: 3" +7" is multiple of 10 Let 3° +7" =10M, where Mis an integer. 1 =10M-3". Required to prove that 3° +7"*isa multiple of 10.SI TTT =9%3" +4900 3") 10% 49 495374953" 1049 —40x3" =10(494 — 43") 3°77 isa multiple of 10. -The statement hold tru for n +2 iit holds true for some integer m -.By te principle of Mathematical Induction, i's teu forall od integers n= 1 (i) Letn=2, 2448, which ici Itholds tee for n= 2. Assume Sine Nn +2 i divisible by 8 Leto? +2n=8M, where Mis an intger. cn =8M—2n Required to prove that (n+ 2° +2(n-42) is divisible by 8 (042) 4204 2)? 4nd 2nd (GM —2n) +6048 BM +48 8(M +40, since is even, Yeting n= 24k. ible by 8 “(n#2)' +2(0-+2) is divisible by 8. ‘The statement holds true for n-+ 2 ifit holds tue for some integer m, By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's true forall even integers n 2 2. ()Letn=2, 2 +412, which isa multiple of Roquiedto prove that (n-+2)° +2(0-+2) isa rmukiple of 12. (042) +2004 2)= 0? 60? +120 +8 +2044 1 42m 6(24) +120 +12, since ct 1-Themtustomat 33 nis even letting n=2k ke N, 12M + 248? + 120412 20M +20? n+l). (042) +2(42) isa multiple of 12 “The statement holds true for n +2 fit holds rue for some integer n, By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall even integers n 2. la (0) Let n= 1, LHS = 3! 23, RH £323, itholds tue for n= 1. Assume 3n¢.N: 3° 2 2n+1 Required to prove that 3" = 2n+3 Las =ax3" 232n+1) = 6043 >2n43 = RHS, ‘The statement holds tru for +1 ifit holds true for some integer n, By the principle of Mathemati Inve forall integers m > 1 (b) Letn=1, LHS = 1 121, itholds true for Assume 3ne Ni: n> 2" Required to prove that (n-+1)1=2" LHS= (n+) nln +1) 22s) 4@), since n2 ben ¥ 122, 3 Induction, is RHS. _ ils. The statement holds true for + 1 i it holds true for some integer n By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's teu forall integers 2 134 (o) Letn=5, LHS = +3230, it holds tre for n= 5. ‘Assume Ine N: 2"> (n+). [New Advanced Mathemaiss Required to prove that 2°" > (n-+1)(n+2).. LHS=2" 2x2" 2 dsem(n 1) = 2n(n+D. 2 (n+ D(n+2), since 2n>n-+2 for 22. =RHS, The statement holds tue forn-+1 if it holds true for some integer m By the prneiple of Mathematical Induction, its true for al integers n> 5 (@) Letn=5, LHS = ¥ =243, RHS=5%6%7 = 210. 2432210, it holds true forn =. Assume 3ne N,n25:3°> n(n+(n42) Required to prove that 3" > (n+N(n-+2)(143}, Las=3"" 3" 23m 042) 2 (n+ n+ 2Xn+3), since 3n>n43 forn22, =RHS. +The statement holds tru for n+ 1 ifit holds ‘ue for some integer «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's ‘rue forall integers n> 5. () Let n=4, LHS = 3° = BL=G4 it bolds true for = 4, Assume 3ne Nyn24:3 > Required to prove that3"'>(n-+1) Lis=3"" 3" baw Letf(a) =32° G+ )¥rER, a3 -(2 +38 43841) a 3x? 3-1 S(o)=62 64-3938 ~24-D) Feey=owiens= Es oa ot 2 f'@)>0 forx> 14. F() is increasing for x> 1.4 When x=3,0)=17, 2 fG)> 0 forx23. 3n > (nD) forn23,n€ N, > (nH) forme. The statement holds tue forn +1 ifit holds {rue for some integer m «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's rue for all integers n> 4. ()) Let n=2, LHS = 3° =9, RHS=2%2? 9228, itholds tue for n [Assume 3ne Nyn22: 3° > 2? Required to prove that 3°" > 200+, Lis=3"" oo 23x20 = 6". Let f(a) =6x* 200417, R, = 6y"-2(s" +2041) tc Ar-2. S1"@)= 88-4 1 S'(0)> Owhon:s> 5. 2g iienng treo When x=2, f(2)=6 > 0,-. f(x) >0 forx2 2. 6n? > 2(n-+1)° for all integers n= 2. 3 > 2(n-+1)' for all integers m2 2. «The statement holds true for n +1 ifit holds true for some integer n.-By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's ‘rue forall integers n 2 2. () Letn=2, LHS = 2" #2 =512, RH “512281, it holds te form Assume Se Njn22: 2° >3°* for na 2 Required to prove that 2°" > 32"? <2") 20") ae > 3, since 6n> 20 +2 form 21. =RHS. c-The statement holds true for n+ 1 ifit holds true for some integer -By th principle of Mathematical Induction, is trae forall integers n 22 () Let m= 4, LHS= 3" RHS= s* = 390625, =43046721 2390625, it holds te forn=4. 046721. ‘Assume that 3°" > S™ for 24. Required to prove that 3° > 5" Lus=3*" =e =("" y >(s) as 25°, since dn 2n-+2 form 2 =RUS, ‘The statement holds tre for + 1 iit holds teue for some integer n, «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n> 4 Chanter: Thenareofpreot — 3.5 5 divisibte by x— y. =Itholds true for Assume 3:3" "inv Let xy" =(@=y)PC2), where PCs) isa polynomial with integer coeficients. “x= (WP) +" | Required to prove that x" ~ y" sty. ahhayM saat yy" x((x-»)P(@)+y")- 99" =A )PO)+O—DY (x y\(xPQ)+y") -y)2@) where Q(x) (x) + y*, which is a polynomial ‘with intgercoefisients. ~The statement holds tue for n+ 1 iit holds true fr some integer n -By tho principle of Mathematica Induction, it's true forall integers n> 2. 6 (a) Let a olde er is divisible by |, (14-2)! -1 =x, which i divisible by Assume that 3n€.W:(L+3)"—1 is divisible by x Let (142) =I xP(2), where PC) isa >olynomial with integer coefficients (ey =x) +1 equired to prove that (1+3)""1 1 divisible by ayn yet (PCa) #143) 1 PCs) + 2" PG) +1 PCa)+ 2 Pl) +x (PC) +4P(2) 1), which is Aivisible by36 ‘The statement hols true for n +1 it holds tee for some intege By the principe of Mathematical Induction, it tee forall integers nL (12-4 Flea a3 41 4 (9"-1)-("-1) =(4"=1)("-1). From part (a), 4" —1 is divisible by 3, and 3° —1 is divisible by 2, (4° -1)(3"-1) is divisible by 6 [New Advanced Mathematis 7 (4) Let = 1, there exists areal mumber 4,1 such that LHS = sins, = RHS. Assume Sn Nisin(s, +. to.42,) =a,siny, sasing, ++, ins, wher fa] $1,¥ Roped to prove sn(s #5 4.62, +44) sins, +a, sin, + lalsuvi LHS =sin((4, +45 +048) +50) sins $45 Ho 5 C08 “beasts #85 tot XN I 448i Where =a, 008%, Sin, +4, 608%, Sin +... 460858. + 6084, +. Fon +I, = Asing, +A, siny, ++ Ay sina, +4, 8inz, 5 whore = 608,94, =, 6083 rnd = 0089 “OOH 1 oH) ‘Since [A]S1,¥#= 1,2, doe tothe fact that Jsin, [= and the product of two numbers senller than | is also smaller than 1, and [dal =eosts, +x, +...) we conclude that [44] sik «The statement holds true for n+ ifitholds true for some positive integer nosing, +; tot x,)=a,8in3, +a, 8. +. +4a,sinx,, where Ja] S1Y!=1,2,.4m, by the principle of Mathematics Induction (b) ety =m sins nasin, whee [a and for 00, inne nsin wand 0Toes nbc, 05, en [22] mt 3 3 However, this arca ie smaller than the sum ofall ‘the upper bound rectangles of unit width, for Osxen Fn MiB Mi ee () From the results of parts (a) and (), 2000000 f+. 100 4000300, (666 667 = Vi + V2 +...$100 = 666717. “To the nearest hundred, Vi+V2 +...+100= 666700. 9 (o) Letn= 1, LHS. RHS. asin Src Wie 3 wd. 3 LHSs2-—+—1., by assumption, nw 1 aay MPD med) yt aio ml ~The statement holds tue for n +1 ifit holds true for some integer m. 1, by the principle of Mathematical Induction roid mars tha det Biptty io Baha ar) 37 ‘Chants: The nature of proof 11 21A9< 7 Delete 40 |) Consider the curve y 2-1 2n mn nvtned Lower bound (LB, shown in red) < Exact area < Lipper bound (UB, shown in blue),38 ‘New Advance! Mathematics Ary 1 Inv Ane) ot mT ead) 1 er) «The statement holds tue for n + 1 ifit holds ‘rue for some integer n. c-The statement is true forall n > 1, by the principle of Mathematical Induction. © t-ded det. From pt (0, fay <2 1 2 = GHD(B+N) since of and B BO =1, as above. | Assumen€ N Required to prove that 7, Li ras =Toa Ty ep apt “sb S war) p(B+) 5 aap B=RHS. «-The statement holds true for n-+2 ifit holds {rue for some integers m and n + 1. «By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n 2 1. (b) Let n= 1, T,=2, which is even, csTtholds true for n= 1 Assume3n € NT, is even, Lot f, =2kkeW. Required to prove that T,. is even. est Ties The statement holds true for n+ 1 iit holds true for some integer, =-By the principle of Mathematical Induction, is true forall integers > 1. 13 (a) 8-5, +25,=242% S,=5, 435, =443x2=10. (0) LNs! = (Jes) = va 2u Riis = (Jeter) = + LHS > RHS?,:. LHS > RHS. (©) Let n=1,$, = (given, VT=1, “$20, Letn=2, 5, =2 (given), VTi=14, 28,20 -Ithlds ue for n= Land Aswune Sn N:S, >and S,,> =D Required o prove S,,2 YF) 39 ‘Chapter: The nature of prot LHS =5 = 5,405, evil + nf(a—D}, by assumption, = fom bil vin) = Y@—DiYm, from part (6), 2 VorrDi=Rus. The statement holds re form + 1 ft holds rue for some integers mand n~ 1 By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's te forall integers > 2. 14 fo) ero ie (b) From part (@), it holds true for n= 2, /Assume’Ine N: f,(x). Tor Required to prove that f( (ose, Ls = fn60)= /(76-2)-9) =S(f.0)) fl) f+ Reo Sime i Vien me 5 leone g IS,AQ NewAdvanced Mathematics “The statement holds true for n+ 1 if t holds true for some integer m By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n= 2 415 (0) a> B, (a—DXa" ~b")>0 since the product ‘of 2 positive numbers is positive. Ia0 since the product o° 2 negative numbers is postive Ha=b, (a~bYa’ —b")=0. “aby =8") 20 for Vab> 0, (Leta, Lats = 22? = RH, cltholds true for m= 1 + (ey 1 which is 2 2 og pe (J 4 2 2 pet =I) eee ‘equivalent to ab" ba" 4 at(a—)+b"(b—a) 4 \a-B) 4 £20, using the result of part (a). anew 2(J" 2 2 ‘The statement holds true for n+ 1 if t holds tue for some intoger - By the principle of Mathematical Induction, it's true forall integers n= 1. 16 Letn= 3, its wiangle Let the angles of the tangle be a, Bandy, where a+ B+y = 180° (angles sum in triangle) and the exterior angles ext to them ae a and 7’ respectively. ata's B+ fey +7’ =3x180° =S40° (tight angles) as f+ =S40°—(a+ +7) =S40°—180° =360" Ie olds re for n= 3. Assume 3 W such thatthe sum of exterior angles of this n-sded convex polygon is 360°. [RTP the sum of exterior angles ofa (n+ sided convex polygon is 360. Constrwcta Tine PQ that cuts the two aacent sides ofthe vertex ofthe polygon to forma (n+ sided polygon as shown, Let abe the exterior angle formed by these two adjacent sides, and B and 7 be two new exterior angles. Ite can prove that =) +7 then the sum of exterior angles remains 360" ZOPR = (verically oposite angles) = P+ ZOPR (exterior angle equals the sum of vo opposite interior angles) a= py =The statement hol tru form + 1 Fi holds teu for some integer n. = By the principle of Mathematical Induction i's teve fr all integers n> 3 "7 Lot n=2, ie. there are two points, obviously only one line éan be draven to join them.1 othe formula +230 ctholds true for n=2. ‘Assume there exist» points in a plane, no thee points are collinear so thatthe numberof lines acl) Substituting joining any two of these n points is "=D. Requied to prove thatthe number ots ining any two of (n+ 1) points inthe plane, no three +060) ints are collinear, is +). 7 2 Now, given m points lying in plane per the assumption suppose ther is another pont, which ‘doesnot line in any existing lines, then we ean «draw Lines from this point wo the existing » points «Number of lines= enn) me “The statement holds true for n+ 1 fit holds true for some integer m, By the principle of Mathematical Induction, true forall integers n> 2. 18 ‘A triangle has no diagonal. Substituting n =3 into 3x0 the formula, 20. Ooo Itholds true for n= 3. ‘Assume there exits a msided convex polygon so that ithas “3 diagonals Rite poet he ar 21-2) Giagonals ina (+ 1)sded convex piygon. Refer the agra, suppose OPOR sa portion Of the mse convex pun. Let Fe the point of meseton ote sds OP and RQ extend, as shove, ‘We now add a(n + 1)" point inside the triangle 41 |POY. Let it be X. This construction is necessary so hat the polygon remains conver. Chapter |: The ature of roof ko ¥ From X'we can draw (n~ 2) more diagonals to the polygon, and by counting PQ as another diagonal, there are (n ~ 1) more diagonals. n(n=3) 2 ‘Total diagonals nl S( 0? 3n42n-2) L(t —n—2) (nv 1Kn=2), 2 The statement holds tre for n +1 iit holds ue for some integer. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, i's rue forall integers n> 3, 19 fo) Letn= 1, F +341 =5, which isnot even. ~The statement does not hold true when Assume Se N: 0! +3n-+1=2m,meN. (FDP +3 DHL HH? 4 Ine 1430341 =n s3nele2ned m+ 2m 4 2k, where ke N. *The statement holds tee for n+ 1 fit holds eve fo some integer m. Steps 1 and 3 do not hold true. (0) Letn=1, 3'>P ‘The statement holds true for n= [Assume Sn e.N:3" > Required prove 3°" > (nt), In question 4, part (e), we have proven that42 3° (41) forn23. Itis te form 1, but itis not true for n=2, When n=2, 3°23? «Steps 2 and 3 do not hold true New Advanced Mathematics 1) =0 givesx=1, Stationary point (1). SO wetting xin, >0,xeR, F FG) =O when. «Stationary points (0,1), (10,0) Asx > see" p40, (0) 9 40, Asx> soe" 6 0,f(x) 0 (since e* dominates ‘the funtion). © 4 oF coraxaine (1-2) <1 (0) Let f()=sine =x #"s)=0083-1 Since cosx <1 always, f(x) 0,2. f(2) is decreasing. But /(0)=0,-./(a) is decreasing ftom 0, f(2) 50. cing —x50,Vx20. sine s.x,¥r20. tbh snx and ae od anions, 2 ren, ‘The s-intercepts ofthe curve y=" are found by solving sinx=0,x 0. “sho keZ,k20,Seymcoss1+F, S1C)=-sin +> 0, from part (a), Since f(x) >0,f(2) is increasing. ‘But f(0)=0,:. f(s inereasng from 0, 2 F020. csinx-x+20. 6 (o) la -Voy' 20. a+b Wab 20. 22 ah w(t) nlf rfE-220, Chante: The mie ofpreot 4-3, ferex fo) 22, som ao, 2 Alternatively, urs 14421 ae a2edb 2242 =4, se F-F)=0 $ebz0 0) is (0 +8" + 200( +7) 2B 2a ab ar bbe 224244 ssa £ vorteber e ay, Pe Dae Alternatively, (0-0) =(2vab)’ =4ab, + 52 Ss tir 2+! and si product i greater than or equal 8. 5 The difference of two sides ofa triangle is always less than the tied side, (0) (@=6) 2a'be+ ab c+ abe’), Lath va'ce +e 2athes aber abe? =abe(a+b+o). (0) (a -B 20,:.0' +b" Bab, Similarly, at +e 220°, Marcle we ‘Adding the above 3 lines, 2a +b +04) 22(0°b? vate Be’) asc aa vad Be 2 abe(a-+b-e), from part (2). (0) Froma’ +6" +c! 2ab+ac+ be, 2(a? +6? +02)22ab-+2a€+ 2bc, SMa +O 402A +B +e! + 2ab+ 200+ 2be (at b+0), 1 1 ous = (0+2)o(eF} (co) epine2 =6 sine ( sav, dnmty b+ tz2ander tee estatae2 a,b ae bye oSeSzp, similarly, £+£22 and 24222, $4222, smiley, £+£22 and 245: Alternatively, From part (¢) a" +6" +0 = abe, a,b,e>0, we‘can write a+b+-¢2 3fabe by replacing a’ by a, B by b and ® by cy since the formula is tue for any three positive numbers, 3 Sinialy, 4+ obo. (ossro(beted Vabe =9 (From (©), a+b+e2 Rabe. Similarly, 49-3, using the result of part (h) te 3 Alteratively, Lotbte=xeta=yatb=2. cacZEbytE , Eoyte | rtyoz 2 8 2 ea a,b ve “LHs=—4 444 Bee era arb tyte eoyhe, tye 2 2y 7 2 bie peise) (Chanter 1: The ntue of proof 45 3,4 2-Fej@e2e2) “asin (fE- Ey 20.2222, grime |Yomys J BOTT siniiny, 2422224220, ays couse 2z4t2), (22620) sea JHter+9 morbeo( erties) staeb40( 3-1), fom pas) _atbte_ aus 2 (0) Let n=1, LHS =a, ‘The statement holds tue for. Assume Sine N2(0, 445.044) ( ee ster (eters a s(202g.2)s4 7fty Bop, tit 4g Be any 2neL =(n+1)? =RHS,46 "The statement holds true for + 1, ifit holds true for some integer m. By the principle of Mathematical Induction, iis true forall integers > 1 ‘New Advanced Mathemalis (b) Let n=2,a, =00s" sya, =sin’ x, tod (cos'x+sin’s) Jez soo! x+-cosec! x24, since cos? + sin? x= Letn=3,4, 0088 xa, =sin? x = tan x (coe xin tn?) tan (1-+tan? 2) (se! 2+ conee?x+ ot?) 29. sect a(sec?-4cosee?xcat"s)29, sec? x-+ cosec” x +eot” x2 9c0s? x. 9 (0) a +6 =(a+b)(a? —ab+b*) 2(a+b)ab, since (a—b)' =a* -2ab+b* 20, a* -ab+b? 2 ab. Similarly, bY +0 = (b+ e)be, @ +e 2(a+c)ac. ‘Adding the above 3 lines, 2a’ +b +e) 2(a+b)ab+ (b+ c)be+(ate)ac. LiNS= MS. Now, MHS 2 2abab + 2Vbcbe + 2aeae, since (JE- Ap) 20.34 y2 2087 2 2x2ilTababTicboacar, sine y +22 4 Na. >0, by sing the real quaton 7, pat (6) abe RIS Lis MHS 2 RHS, (W)I@4P ee)Za +H +0 +2@ +h +0) 2a +b) +0 +ab(a+b)+acla +c) +be(b+e), sing the esl of part (4) =(a+b+cXa" +b* +c*), since the expansion of ‘his line gives the above expression "LHS2 MHS. Now, MHS23Mlabe x 3Va"B'e, by using the result of question 7, part (¢) =9abe =RHS. LHS = MHS > RHS. 10 (0) Let A=b+e~ay Caarb~e LHS =(a+b-cyare-byb+e~a) = ABC b> e>0 then (a e)(b~e) 20 and aa ~bY(a~)+8(6-ayb~e) = (aby a? —ae-b +b) =(@-b\(a-Dfa+b)~c(a-H)) =(@ BMe1b-o)20, sincea>bandarbre (the sum of sides ofa tangle is more than or ‘sal othe hid side). LHS = (a—b)'(a+b—c)+(a—cXb-c)20. ‘The equality curs when a =b and a=e oF when a= and b=, ie, a=b=¢ (eqilateral triangle, because the sum of 2 positive terms ‘equals zero when each term equals zero.