plex
numbers
understands a we diferent pressions o aunts ad Fnstions o model, rove wu wl soho to
Problens in avait of coment
est ltonsip betwen algebraic and games vpeseniaon of complex mamas and Compl anor
techniques o prove esl, model an save poten
‘spl various mama techniques and coseps io malel and woe eure unsure wn male
bin
communi nd jute abot
and relationships sing appropiate Inaugs along argument
In this chapter,
3.1 Introduction 1003.7 Locus probtems. hi
3.2 Operations on complex numbers. 102 3.8 Locus problems by algebraic method 123
3.3 The Conjugate theorems 1s 3.9 De Moivre’ theorem as
34 Anand diagram, 107 3.40 The mth roots of complex umber. 128
4.5 Prt und Quotient 110 311 TMepnontc platos 1
3.6 Geometrical applications, ns 3.12 Review Bue Bs
Solutions bs. 100 NewAdnned Mathamatis
3.1 Introduction
For nearly two thousand years following the discovery of irational numbers, the square rots of
regative numbers were considered impossible. The argument was, i there existed such a number as
3 then on squaring (V=2)' mist be equal 0-2
But (VB VB = {HH VE
Inthe beginning ofthe 18 century, Eule and tis contemporres developed a more afl treatment
of «-3) ike
Wy =v)
==)
Ay eae
x2
instead of -2
2, as require,
By manipulating the square roots of negative munbers this way, i. oa = JT, where isa
positive number, we would be able to find the solutions of ‘no Solution” equations.
[example 3.1}
@) Solve 4204420
(b) Factrise
Ores
GP s2e+4
(«) By using the quadratic formula
acl vAxv5
‘In 1748, Euler suggested to write VT as i, therefore, the above solution ean be written as
14 V3, whichever convenient.
mbaVitac 24 VIR16
tS 2
AiV3 or
" When Pythagoras (c, 380-300 8C) encountered he number Ve called itan anomaly, only to find that he
‘world was fll of such anomalies.
® Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) (pronounced Oiler) was undoubtedly the mos prolife mathematician in history.
‘He sjtematcally put together Newton and Lei’ ealeals, and made remarkable contbutons to logsritims.
He brilianly invented £ (or V-1),e (forthe base of natural logarithm), x (for pi, Ec (For the sum), f(x)
for function of xand small eters forthe sides fa trang ad capital eter er the opposite vertices.
He wash st mathematician who solved ths puzzle: “+--+ ¢.=2 (Question 2, Challenge problems 3)
is ciscovery ofthe tats of lgatt of negative rumbers in 1747 became a breakthrough nthe advanced
level of Mathematis; From Euler's formula e” =cotx-+isin etn: 1, then taking
logarithm both sides gives fx =In(-1), For example, In(-2) = In2 +In¢
He published more than $00 books during his lie, aseraging 800 pages per yea. Although he spent hs Ist 17
yeas in ota darkness, th tragedy dna stop him fom continuing his esearch uni his death, ‘Chupice3:Complexumbers 1 Q)1
(0) (@) P+4e 8-48
= (e429(0-29.
(i) P42ebd= (e443
= (ena
= (ert 3041-90,
Find the three cube rots of
lat P=-8,
248:
(e+ 2)(2" -22+4)=0.
(+9(c-n'3)
(e+2¥2-14 Vinge 1p
“The thre exbe roots of -8 are -2,1-VStand 1+
‘The expression a+ ib, where a and b are real numbers, is called the complex number form, At frst it
may look strange to considera + 1b asa number in te eommon sense of the word “number”, but there
tare circumstances where scalar real numbers do notprovide good measurements, For similar reasons,
forces, velocities, momentums, et, are vector quanities. Complex numbers are not vectors, ofcourse,
but ean be compared to vectors as we will se later.
‘Complex numbers do not only expand the number system, but provide an enormous value inthe high
level of Mathematics. Often using complex numbers, electrical engineers use j for VI instead of
‘whieh i the symbol of electri current.
‘When & = 0, the complex number a + ib reduces toe, which is real, therefore, is called the real part.
‘When a = 0, the complex number a + 1b reduces to:b bis called the imaginary par
‘A complex number is purely rea fits imaginary pat is zero, and is purely imaginary if its real partis
‘The complex number a— ib, where a,b are tea, is called the conjugate of the complex number a + ib.
For example, | + 3i and 1 ~3/ area pair of conjugates. The sum of two complex conjugates is real, so
is their product. Students should recall that a-+Vb end a—vb , where a, b are rational numbers, b> 0,
are a pair of teal conjugates due to their sum and their product are two rational numbers.
For brevity, a + ib may be denoted as z, the real part as Re(2) and the imaginary part as Imt2).
‘Whereas the complex number a +-ib is denoted as zits conjugate a ~ ib may be denoted as 7 (read 2
bar).
Exercise 3.1
4 Solve the following equations, leaving the rootsin the form x-+ iy, where and y are rel
(oP 42242=0, (bz Hee (oF +4 (ose —3e+
(o)2e" 22: (5242241 (o)2e? #224520. (h)ds42241= ‘New Advanced Mathematics
‘Completely fatorise as linear factors.
ated. av 43 x16 aod
erect nae eared ae 445
4x “125 4 -2e41 ot P48)
Given that each ofthe following equations as atleast one rational rot, solve for x.
(42)087-2043)-0
P4st2=0. 24 2e-
2x! Tx? + 8x? -2—-4"0.
Factorise the following polynomials (You may use the result of question 3).
Peet? 422-3. Pawtedrtd. atest =2.
Find the three eube rots ofeach ofthe following in the form «+ 1, where a,b are real
1 1
L 64, =
64 7 3
If-3 ia root of the equation 2 +5x? + I1x-+15=0 find the other two roots
1f2 isa root ofthe equation x’ +2x* ~3r—10=0 find the other two roots
1f2 and~2 ae two roots ofthe equation x* ~31° +12x-16= 0, find the other two roots.
1f3 and 1 are two roots ofthe equation x* +x? ~6x* ~15x-9=0, find the othe roots.
12 and—1 are two roots ofthe equation 2s* ~6x" +3x° +5x—6=0 , find the other roots.
3.2 Operations on complex numbers
Forany two complex numbers a+ ib and ¢+ id, where a,b, cand are real,
DQ (aris) (e+id)=(a+e)4ilb +d).
2) (atib)~(c+ id) =(a-2) +i(6-d).
3) (@+ibie+id)=ac+iad +ibe~ bd
(ac bd) + i(ad + be)
{xBKe=4) on ping hy te ovat ce
sib
9 ped” exlaye
ela +ibe-+ bd
od
(ae + bd) +e)
ca
‘Students should practise until they become familiar with the process, instead of trying to memor
these results It should be noted that this process is similar to that ofthe operations on suds.
[Example 3.3] ‘Chapter3:Complexaunbers 13
@e
()G4940-2)=04) 40-224
(od +29@+9
124 _ 4204 aoa
OTT Gena at
Find the two square roots of 3+ 4 in the form a +i, where @ and b ae real
Let a-+ib=V34+4T, where a,b ae real
@ 0 + 2abi=3+4i, on squaring both sides.
uatng the el pas, «?-6 =3. i
Equatng the imaginary pas, 2ab 4 °
From 2), 6
Substituting into (1) gives a? 4.3,
Since a and bare eal, we accept a? =4,-.4=12.
‘Substituting a= 42 into (2) gives 6= +1
‘Ths, the two square rots of 344i are +(2+0)
However, if and b ae rational numbers or square :oots of rational numbers, the process of finding
the two square roots of a complex number may be done mentally by this slernative neta
rom (a16)’ =a" ~0? +2abi taking the square root both sides gives
Va Fe 2abi =2(041b)
‘Therefore, to find YI+47, we basically find two numbers @ and b such that a? ~B* =3 and 4 =2ab,’
First, begin withthe imaginary par 4i, split 4 into 252%, then find wo numbers whose product is 2;
‘hey are 2 and I. This is what shouldbe written at ths stage:
Vivdi= {$25 2xDei
Now, tohave a? ~B?=3, weusea=2 and 6
Viva =P Pox ddd
4040,
So, fll inthe blank space:
Notices:
1) V3 =22-9, VS = 401+ 29, Val 2-20),
2) The square roots ofa complex number always have two answers, #(a-+ib), where abe R.
» Recall what you dot fctorise 2° ~3x—4, Which number do you consier fist ~3 or 4? Usually, it would be
casero begin with (the produ), then find pair of wo numbers when multiplied equal 4, insted of
finding two numbers that fer by 3 104. Newadvancsd Matematiss
Find the square roots of
(a) +244, (b) 5 ~ 122. (e) 14 2V3i
(4-3: (si. (96-8
(0) aR AEF DTH oH,
(0) VS=1ai = V3? -2? -2x3x2xi = 43-29.
(o) Vie 2 = V2y P+ 2x V2 x1xi 462 +0.
(0 HE, uy anti chan iy toe,
VP-P
at pe
Be
31
ag
(0 i= B03) BFP aed 049)
00 NER VINA NFP aa = 8-9
Exercise 3.2
4 Simplify
oF OF Of @F OF. OF. wih wm
2 Simplify
(0) (#29 + =A). ()-29+A43H (B+D-2-39. (CB4+D-C +9.
(QING =2. (HG+HI=29.—— (OY AHINA=3.— (hy) C14 365429.
Em Seat Ls
O39 Og Os
3 Mf w=, inthe forma + where aan rere
ow ww ow.
ow ow. wt
4 Repeat question 3 for w=1+V3i
5 If w=2+Mand 2=1-21, express each ofthe following in the form a + ib, where a and b are real
(wee wz (owe: wr
wow or (ray (hywx2?
6 Repeat question § for w= 14 2/and z= 2-1
7 a=. +, where a and b are real, find the following. (0) ReG. (0) Ime) core(!)
Co) Retz"), (9 te?) wore(4)
8 z= a+b, where aand bare real, simplify - -
a. (ete. worse. w2-@.
‘9 Find the values of «and b inthe following
()2a-b=1421, (24 (G-Na+iby=i. (o\(asiby =21.
40 Form an equation with roots
(0)3+V5,3-V5.— (by 2424,2—24 (0) 24VBi,2-VBI. (a) 4340,
(9) 434V2,3-02. (9-14 N34, I-VI. (0) 1+ 1-03. (0) atid id,
411 Find the square roots of
(a) $4 124, (0) 24+ 104, (2-si (9-401.
()2- V5. (od iH (@é (h) 7-638
(15 ~ 8%. (8-151 (i) NE 4107, 1) 604634
12 Consider the equation (a +ib)* = 42 +2i, where a,b > 0,a,be R. Show that a® ~B* =4V2 and
4° +6? =6. Hence, find the two square roots of 4V2 +21 in the form x+y, where x,y ¢ R.
43 Solve the following equations, express the soluions inthe form a +ib, where a and b ae real.
(z'42-€+39=0.—(b) (4*=2-1 (©) P+Q+2+Q-2)=0.
(@) (402 42-4 (9) 22-20-39 () F-28274
44 Express the following in the forma + ib, wherea and b ae real,
6. et 1 e080 +
Teeosd +isind
3.3 The Conjugate Theorems
1 The conjugate of a sum
3.3.2 The conjugate of a product
Iz and wate the roots ofthe equation x7 + (2—i)x-+(4-+) =, without solving the equation, find
ih, Ore OG. @t4 106 NewAduansd Mathematss
From the equation x" +2—i)x-+ (4+) =0, we nave +
ot
3.3.3 The conjugate root theorem
1f2-+is. root ofthe equation x’ —10x" + Ax +B=0, where A and B ae rea, find the other roots
and the values of 4 and.
‘Since the coefficients of the equation are all real, 2~/ is also a root.
Let the third root be a,
Using the sum ofthe roots, Za
12+D+2—)+ a= 10, «
“The roots are2-+i,2—F and 6
Using the sum ofthe products in pairs, Dai =£, A= (2-42) + 6(24i)+62-1)=29.
Using the product ofthe roots, Ta =~ 4,0 =-62+ (2-9) =-20
Exercise 3.3
4 Prove the following, given 2,=3, +i.23 = +s
(@RrRARtR. 0) AH
E-R. Rem-ay. (2
(0 BRR a & Chapier3:Complexaumbers 7
2 Ifzisa complex number a + ib, where a and bare real, show that
(0) 242 ispurely real, (b) 22 ispurely imaginary, _(c) zz isalways postive,
(0) 2 4G iepusiyrea 6) 2-(2)epey imaginary. (0 4 spy eat
3. Ifzand w are the roots of the equation 3x" + (3+i)x-1+2i
values of
( 240, (0) 2xw, (0 Ff +f wpe
}, without finding = and w, find the
4. (9) Prove that 3+ is aroot of x? ~Sx? 419425 = 0, hence, find al other roots.
(b) Prove that 3 —2/ isa zero of x’ —Rx? + 28x26, hence, find all other zeros.
5 (a)IF1~2Fisaroot of 2° + Ax+B=0, where 4 and B ate real, find the values of A and B.
(0) If 1 24isa root of x ~ Ax? + Bx-25=0, where A and B are real, find the other roots and the
values of d and B.
(0) If2-+1isa oot of x? ~7x' + Ae+ B= 0, where A and B are ral, find the values of A and B.
6 (a) FL + Fis aroot of 24 —6x" +15, 182-410 =0, find the other roots.
(0) 24 fisaroot of x* 8x’ +24x* —32x +150, find the other roots,
7 lip +g, where p and q are non-zero real values, i root of s' ~x+6 =0, prove that
6- pp? ~3pq'=Oand 1-3p! +4= 0, Hence, prove that pig i a root.
8 Ifa, where isa non-real complex number, is root ofthe equation as! ++
4b and c are real, prove that its conjugate @
9 Prove by Mathematical Induction forall integers n 22
(b) xR Re, HRA,
also a root.
(0) Rts,
3.4 Argand diagram
3.44 Argand diagram
‘We can define a complex number as an ordered pair that a complex number can be represented by a
point inthe Cartesian diagram,
‘This representation of complex numbers ina plane was first published by JR. Argand in 1806,
therefore we call the plane that is used to graph the complex numbers the Argand diagram, Its also
called the complex number plane to distinguish witk the real number line.
‘The xaxisis also called the real axis, or R(2), the axis the imaginary axis, or Im(),
im)
Re(z)
fig. 3.1 108 Newsdvanss atime
Plot the points representing the following complex numbers onthe Argand diagram, where 2=2+ i,
43%,
(ez (6)
(z+ @z-™
twa QeeCl+M=1+4i
zow=Q+i)-(Cl+M=3-21
ig. 32
3.4.2 Exponential form and polar form
A complex numbers + iy can be represented by its rectangular coordinates (x, ) in the complex
number plane, as we have seen above. This form x-Fiy, where x,y € R is ealled the Cartesian form,
“However, point inthe number plane can also be represented by its polar coordinate (r, 0), where
the distance from the origin and @ is the angle the ray OA (Qs the origin) makes with the
Ime)
A esa)
> Rete
fig. 33,
From fig 33 above, x= 1 e0s0 and y= sind thus, 2 r(cos6 +i sind).
‘This form r(cos0 +isin0),r> 0,-m
reer
Exercise 3.5
4° Simply
3eis™ 2eis% x3eis™
oF cis. cis x3cis=, (0) 2s
(oreinSEascisS®. y2cisk seis’ at oa
2
6 sesh?
(c) Beist25°x 2cist
2. (1) Bein 27 Seis 58°. (0) ,
Sensex 2s
a ar
2 Simplify
(0) (€80)Qcis38). (6) @reiso)(reisz0). c) 7% of
eis-0)" Sr cis
‘3 Express each ofthe following inthe modultsangumeat form first, then simplify them,
)(U0r cis30)
(od 6F +9890 A-045--29. © avin +9. « B-p0e0
ati iena+) CS+o0-H
=
os . @ x00),
iy OB OO a
4 e-asvinn+n,
(c) Expres inthe form +, where x andar real
(0) By expressing 1+-JSiand+1 in the medals argument form, show that z= Vis
(c) Hence, find the exact values: otoos and sin 7 ‘Chapter 3: Complex numbers 1 13
5 ie
Tei
(«) Express inthe form. + iy, where x and y are real
(b) By expressing 1+ V3/ and 1+ in the modulus argument form, show that:
Fi
2
6) Hence, iad the exact values of cos and sin
©: e, Of 2 id 12
6 itz=ciso prove the following expesions.
(0) O-penVBei(o
(ME esl 0)
al)
om
o(+4}, () 149 +0;
7 ()IFO,4, Pand Q represent the complex numbers 0,1, 2 and 2, respectively,
‘number 7 represented by point R so that AOAP]Il AORQ (where 2A = ZR and 2P-
{b) Refer to part (a, find the complex number represented by R if O, 4, P and Q respectively
represent the complex numbers 0,1, %
8 Given 0, 4, P,Q represent the complex numbers 0, 1,2 + Si and 4+ respectively, find
(0) the complex number r, represented by point Ro that AOAP || AOOR (2A = 20, 2P= ZR)
(0) the complex numbers, presented by pont S 0 that SOAP | AOSO (A = ZS, Ral)
a fig. 3.10 116 NewAdanced Mathematics
Given p = 3 + 4, find the complex number q so hat AOPO is an isosceles right-angled triangle, where
(0, Pand Q represent the complex numbers 0, p and q respectively.
‘In 3.6.2 we leamt that RP can be used to describe the complex number p~r, We will apply this
result ere
Let 0, P and Q be points onthe complex number plane that represent the complex numbers 0, pang
Irthe right angle i at O, J
OF rotated 90" about O = OG.
@-0=@-9 x
a=%p. °
Given p= 344i, g 18-44) =-4 43. fig 3.110
IFthe right angle is at P,
PO rotated -90 about P= PO.
(0-9 = @-P). >
og=p ip
3441+ G4 Ai=-1 +7 ol = fig 3.11b
IF the right angle isat Q,
26 rwrated 90" about Q= OF. )
0-91-09.
a-ai=p.
P
_ Bedi Gea) _-1471
Tt 2 2
fig. 3.116
Rotation through an angle «
then 2 x cisa =r cis@ cisa=rcis(@+ a).
-Multplying by cist corresponds to rotation of an angle cin an anticlockwise direction about the
origin,
1
“Multiplying by is a special ease where a= (aecause cis:
Exercise 3.6
4 Using the polygon rule, illustate oa an Argand diagram the complex numbers w+ v-+ wand w+ ¥
=w,wherew=3-+ivo-1-4+4¥ and w=-5~ 3h
2 Using the parallelogram method, explain why [+ ,|<12,1#12,
nd |2,~2, 212,112
3 IfP represents the complex number p =2 +3, Gnd the complex number g, represented by point
‘on an Argan diagram 30 that the points O,?, Oat in the clockwise onder (Othe origin) and it
Satis the following additional conditions. ‘Chapisr 3. Complex numbers J 7
(a) AOPQ is isosceles rightangled with £0
{()) AOPO is isosceles right-angled with P= 90°.
{(c) AOPQis isosceles right-angled with 20 = 50”,
(©) AOPO is right-angled with 20 = 90°, side 0 =2x0P.
(©) AOPOis tightangled with 2? = 90%, side
(1) AOPO is equilateral
p ° ° > e P
DON eS IS NA
fig. 3.12
4_ IfP and Q represen the complex numbers p =3+ and q=~1 + 2i respectively, find the complex
hhumber r, represented by point Ron an Argand diagram So that their vertices P,Q, Rare in the
‘clockwise order and it satisfies the following additional conditions.
(0) APOR is isosceles rightangled with ZP =99",
(©) APQR is isosceles right-angled with 20 = 90°,
(©) APOR is isosceles rightangled with ZR =99".
(©) APOR is right-angled with ZP = 90°, side length PR=2xPQ.
(Snoring nih 22905 slegh P= 1 Ok
(Daron cmtacl,
Qe lp 2 ® 2
P R R “Oo P R DS PoP R
fig. 3.13
5 If P represents the complex number p =3-+2/ or an Argand diagram,
(0) Find complex numbers q and r, represented by points Q and R respectively, so that POR is an
equilateral triangle whose entre is atthe orig,
() Find complex numbers grands, represent by points Q, Rand $ respectively, so that PORS.
{sa square whose centre is atthe origi.
TT.
fig. 3.14
6 IF, O, represent the complex numbers p= 14 i,q=2+ 6i,r=—1 + Thtespectvely, find the
complex number 5 represented by a point Son an Argand diagram so that these four points form,
the vertices ofa parallelogram (There are three enswers, each of which corresponds to each of|
these parallelograms PORS,,PS,OR and PQS,R, as shown in fg. 3.15). 118 New Advanced Mathematics
si
5
fig. 3.15
7 (0) IEP represents the complex number p = 2+, ind the complex numbers q and r, represented by
points Q and R respectively onan Argand diagram so that OPOR is a square as shown in fig 3.16,
"You mst use at least 3 methods forthe secend complex number.
(b) IA, B represent the complex numbers 2+ and —1 + 3, Find the complex numbers c and d,
represented by points Cand D respectively ca an Argand diagram so that ABCD is a square as
shown in fig. 3.16, You must use at least 3 methods forthe second complex number.
qj
e D
fig. 3.16
{8 (9) lustrate on an Argand diagram the vectrs representing complex numbers z+ w and z—W, for
any complex numbers and w.
(b) If = ol what ean be said about (e+ | and Je ~ wand (i) ar
pew
(c) If + w{ = fz ~ | what can be said about (i) | and bw and Gi aa =?
‘what can be suid about (+ w{ and fw) and Gi) ag:
=F what canbe said about and jo and i ang?
({) I 2" + w= 0 what can be sid about () Hand wh (i) arg, i) e+ and few) and Cv) arg
(oy 2-2, =34+4i and , +2, =4—37 what can be said about the quadilteral with vertices
representing the complex numbers 0,2). +2, and 2,
9 (0) Prove thatthe points onan Argand diagram which represent the complex numbers
242, and act where isa real number, form the vertices of aright angled triangle. You may
assume the right angle is athe point =A,
(©) For what values of kis the sbove triangle an isosceles rght-angled tangle? Chapter: Complex numbers 119
10 () EP, Q represent he complex number sand, expectively prove tha the complex number
spresrte by pit Ronan Aran ara that vides Pint ato mn is ME,
(b) Given that P, Q represent the complex numbers z; = 4 + 3i and z) = -3 + i respectively, find the
complex nsmber representing the pit Pon an Aran gram so tht Vevey PO he
mo
14 (a) Ifrr=p + Kg —p), where p, q and r are represented by the points P,Q, Ron an Argand
ingra,show that, Oana ae coins.
(0) Prove that 5-3-4 andthe postive square rot of -3 +4 arc
42 (9) O48 xa thombus, where O, A and Crete the somplex mbes 0,3 +Thand 7+ 3
‘eapestively Fig th gts ofthe diagonals, Fn, the are ofthe rhombus
(5) Balan why 4B//CD, whete 4,2, D reeset te complex numbers 21, 5~t, 8-3 and
“2 Shrespectvely onan Argan dagtm. Is «DL BC?
43 (0) Prove that [
(0) Prove the Apollo's theorem: “The su the sure of wo sides of rage equal o
the sum teeth aque ofthe median and vie he sare fal he th ie
[ne tthe origin Oe th midpoint of AC, sy ads, be complex miner represented by
Points C, B and A respectively, prove that AB’ + AC? = 240" + 20C*.]
4144, B a Care points on he Aran dara reesening the complex number, and
(©) Show that if ABC emitter ten 232 = 2-4,
Boa a
(b) Show that if 43—#2 = 21—=1 then AABC is equilateral.
15 The points 0, A,B represent complex number (2, and 2, respectively inthe complex number
plane.
(0) fs? +27 =0, prove that 043 isan isosceles rightanged triangle
(§) IFO4B is an equilateral triangle, prove that 3? +2, = 2,2,
solve the equation 2? =i(2+1)
2 +1)are collinear.
46 () By writing —/
(b) Prove thatthe roots ofthe equation 2
1 1 and are collinear.
47 Ifthe complex numbers 0, x, 2 and zs are eoneylic, prove t
3.7 Locus problems
usta the regions ofthe complex number plan tht are satisfied by each ofthe following
equations:
@pl=2. (E- 152.
@b-2=—-2+4, ()0sare+2)55
(€)-1 5 Re) $3 and 05 Im(e) 52. (k-3+|243)=12. 120 NewAdvanced Mathamatics
(0) Geometically e~ ws the distance of poirtz fom the pont w, s,s the distance of rom
the origin
{c:[1=2) therefore isthe locus of point 2 such that its distance fom the origin is equal 2. «The
Joous of isa ice of ene 0, radius 2
(0) fe~ 1152 geometrically means the distance of point: from the pois 1 i ess than or equal o 2.
“The locus of isthe region inside the citeeisludng the cre, of entre | and radi 2.
(6) e-2/=[e-@ ~ 9) geometccally means the distance from 2 to 2s equal to the distance from 2 —
Itoz. The locus ofthe perpendicular bisedor ofthe line segunent joining 2 and 2— i.
(@) Geometrically ar(e+ 2) ithe angle the rads vector fom ~2 to z makes wih the horizontal. As
this angle es between O° and 60th locus of zs the epion bounded by the ray starting from ~2 that,
rakes an angle of 60" with the horizontal andthe a-axis. However, when 2 =-2,ag(z* 2) = arg).
‘Asag(0) cannot be defined, we represent this with an open ice at ~2.
(@)Letz=r+ iy, Re(@)=x, l(a) =. The reuired region is1
(Disa
(oF 4x Faredas (ery Hee),
co + AYee 1)
(e+e 200-29,
esha
() 8482-67 4290 —D,
x=tLavii.
(09) Let P(x) =2x4 72? +822 24-4, and PQ)
“xD and (2)
are factors, But (2x-+1)(x—2)=2x" ~3x~2.
2: Plu) =x? ~3~2)(¢4 -2242),
PO2)=0 gives r= ~
LL
4
(0) From question 3, part (), 4.042
= (+e =142)
conf hLDA)
() From question 3, pat), 2° +283
= (-e +x43)
“fel 8)
(c) From question 3, part (k), 4.08 44044
+1)? +4) = (r+ Or + 21x21).
(d) From question 3, part (I), x* +2? -2
P4271)
=(#+V3i)(x—Vi)ox 960—,
5
gy
(aczeahi, — (-42enti
Latfi (yt eNi
a a
(0) P45 $11 H15= (4360 42045)
1421.
wr 2x? —3y-10=(x- 2)? +4445)
;
(@) 3x) +12x-16= (4 4x? -3x+4),
seaer2mane 2,
(b) x8 42° -6x" -15x-9
= (8 2x30" +34 +3).
31. V5
e-The other 2 roots are
2
(6) 2a 60 438 452-6
Chapter 3
139
=(¢ -x-2)2x' 4x43)
“The other 2 roots are x=
+ V2
2
Exercise 3.2
(0) 2 =F
(ate
fo) 1245
(ye
(ot+ai
(6-1
si
c
o%
oy 8+6, (18 +264
8-6,
3
ty 3
‘
(a) 24 2N%,
@) 2-2 ?
LV avi
ote ott
5
3+, IFS | BHA
oA sem aa
616 qyosten
6
3th WF WASH
ide (gata (93-4
ts) 7424, (hy 7-424
7
waa. (wo.
For (@) and (@),
1 140. New Advanced Mathemais
oi
ae
« >
Oe ORF
For (e) and (),
Pad’ —b + 2abi
jae
For (g) and (),
(ab.
—2ab
ey
(oy ae (6)2a
(o) Aabi.
Las
2s
14392-),
3
i+)
10
(0) The Sum of roots = 6, Product of roots = 4,
x" ~6x+4=0, using the formula
2 -Se+P =O, where S~ sum, P= product.
(b) 2 -4248=0,
(c) #454720,
(a) 7 -B+Sixe+ 4-143)
(c) (DG? 6x +7) = 2° - Tx? +132 ~
(1) QD? +2x44)=27 427 + 2x
(a) (3x? -2x+2) =x? -Sx? +8x-6=0,
(h) x7 ~2ax+(a? +67)=0.
"
Using Vo Pan = ati,
oo Saat
[32-27 +2x3x21
= (3421)
(0) VHHOI = NFP DSH
sot
=25pf, rom)
(=i
FFD uSHa
= WS «li
$2xdxli (0) T= 60i = f¥? (V2) 231
=+(3-v2i),
() SSB =P Deal
=4(1-4i).
6308
a
NF AF 253
(Ea pee
so
a
(oN ANS 10 = VB 2
= 45? -(W5)' +21.
oes
=N65(16 8).
0 arr =
SPF TH
i NB
Fr
2
(a+ ib)’ =a" ~B? + abi
a2 + 2,
cal a o
and
a bale 0) +acaby
=a
Q)
(i) +2) gives 20? =6 4403,
Vie
iy +P 2x1
+1, as Va" +6" + 2ab =a+b,
haven
a el
- a 2i =( vB +16 1( 8-1)
act Comlexountes 141
13
(yee S03)
aes
2
=18429
2
ath 2-1
(yeep
a+)
laa
20+)
10429,
20+),
£0+200-)
4
dp2G49
4
2
(ent
2
a2aHeQ43),
2
sia2i
a1eVTI
240+)
+ (S+2H)
+A
+5 + 20-1)
ToL 4 Lot
Cro e(7-3)
4
Stat
aT
4
(we:
Bi
wz
_1(4430,
4
-2ei
=14i, 142. NowAdvanced Mathmats
3-)+Vi5-8
B-) (4)
21-1.
“cos O+sin"@
=008' 9 —sin' @—/2cosOsind
00820 —isin22
I+ cosd ~isind
Tecoroy +n" 2(-+e080)
14 sind
©
Alternatively,
20088
om)
(14-0080 +isind\(—cos0 + sind)
i (16088) sin?
100s? @-sin’ 9 +/2sing
2(1- e088)
isin
Teosd)
8 cog
‘asin cos
20
asin?
2
ot
Alternatively,
28s rsin% cos
2e0s?S + iasin$cos8
Exercise 3.3
1
(0) LHS = Gy +19) 4 +172)
GRIHO FH)
= G.+m)=10) +5)
Go) +)
= RH.
(+b) TDD
=) +10, - 92)
= G-m)-i0,- 99)
= (9) -9,),
RIS.
(x, +i a +i¥2)
= Gao ie FER)
2-2) HO HHI)
i -)
(Hy HH)- GR) a)
ty
G3 +994) + Hg =H)
at
=D)
ah a ty
_ Gan ty) tir, 9),
aye
RHS~
= LHS=RHS,
ait) +(a-)
2a, which is real,
(a+1b)-(a-id)
2b, whichis imaginary,
(a+ ibXa~ib)
? +68, whichis positive.
6 + i2ab) (a —8 —i2ab)
(2-6), whichis purely rea,
6 +i2ab) (a? ~6? —i2ab)
dab, which is purely imaginary,
ae
2a
PS, which is purely real,
mE purely eal
|) Put 3 + i in the equation gives
G+4iy’ -58+40) +190 +49 +25
(IIT +441) —5(-7 +248) + 37--761425,
(-117 +35+57+25)+i(44—120+ 76),
= 0410-0,
23 +41 isa root
Since all the coefficients are real, 3 ~ 4 is also a
root, let erbe the third root.
The sum of roots = 3-+4i) + (3-40) +
“6 ta~S,
“Roots are 3+ 41,3 ~ Av and =1
(0) Put 3 ~2/ in the equation gives 1.4.4, New Advanced Mathematics
(3-29 -86-21) + 250-2 -26
(946i) -8(5~ 121) +75 ~ $01 -26
(9 40+75 26) +i(-46 +9650)
= 0+10=0,,
3 — 2 isa root.
Since all the coefficients are real, 3+ 2f is also a
ot, let eebe the third root,
‘The sum of roots = (3 +2) +(3-2) + a= 8,
6+ank,
a~2,
: Roots are 3+2/,3~ 2/and 2.
5
(0) Asall the coefficients are eal, the oots ofthis
‘equation are 1 ~2i and 1 +2, hence, the sum of
19018 = 2 and the product of roots = 5.
Equation x —2x+
2A=-2,BS,
(5) As all the coefficients are ral, 1 +2/is also
‘root. Let the third root be a.
‘The product of roots= (1 2(1 + 2)a~ 25,
Sa~25,
5
42H) +(-2)+5=7.
Lap = (1+ 2iNL-2) 4501421) + 50-2=15,
A=1,B=18.
(c) Asall the coefficients are real,2— fis a root
Let the third root bea, the sum of roots = (2+ 1+
Q-NFa=7,
Zap =(2+90-9+32+9+30-
15
(6) Since all the coefficients are real,1— Fis a
root, lt the other two roots be cand A,
Za =(+)+(l-) +a,
aip-4
Ta = (1+ 9(1~Dap= 10,
ap=$
‘and flare the roots ofthe equation x* —4x+5
=o.
#281
(b) Since al the coefTicients are real, 2~ Tis @
00, let the other two roots be a and 8,
La=Q+)+Q-)+a+p-8,
Substitute +i into the equation gives
(p? +83p'¢—3pq? —Ia!)-(p +g) +6=9.
(Sp ~ p+ 6) gp" a"
po -Spq? —p +6=0.and 3p?
Substituting x by pig,
(P? ~p°q-3pa" +ig?)—(p—ig) +6
(p? —3pq* — p+ 6)-1g@3p* —4" =I)
- pig isa root
root, act? + ba +e=0.
0, taking conjugates both sides,
since the conjugate of a sum is
ofthe conjugates,
since the conjugate ofa product
isthe producto the conjugates,
aia’ +ba+¢=0, noting thatthe conjugate of a
real umber sitet
@ iaroot
9
() Forn=2, lta,
5a HAR HH)
C+) +I, +)
=O, 45)-101 49)
=) +)
The statement i tue for
Assume 3ne 222,43, Fo2,
AD
RIP 342, Foz, Fe
Let Z=2, 42; tots, then Tan
Z + yy (by step I)
B+ 3 +t, +g (by sumption)
= RUS.
) Val cist28°40" = V4e™™",
‘c) 52 cists" = Sy2e™*.
1) VB cis(-146°19") = Vie"
1c) 1B eis(-67°23")= 132".
1) Vi0 cist-71°34") = VI0e""™
ie) VB cis(-125°16) = Vae™™"
1h) vBcists3-26" = VB"
5
(a) ~14W3, (b) 2
Air) — (5-1.
ore (9-305 +0.
wins, Vt
) Bai co (1-8). 146. NowAdnsd abou
eres). 0 30544)
Exercise 3.5
4
an ae
co 108a(-2). oan.
gt Bgl
cote, Sei(-4)
(06135, SBS
3 3
to Zeu2mr, oy Leitso
2
(a) 2cis48, (b) 2r? cis38.
7 °) i838. (@) 2rcis36.
os (st (2 “ve aye shiciok.
(Vien)
ofessless)-
ree’),
~via }
Beis
“Tatas sea
2eis-=
pamfaany oe)
(wales)
r
ca
3
(1evaa+9
=(1-v8)+i(i+¥8).
0) 2=(2965][ ul)
=Nicis
seni Hpes)
con AB ine
7 a”
aS
evi
bi Iti
Ae o)
(os)
7 2
dois
" Bas™
wvicis™,
© eis L851
oo nh an Ba
08 ED OE
6
je -(oe i) ~ea(20-2)
(0+ 65 +2 =cism xv
(so)
and ZAOP = £ROQ = arg(z,) =arg(z,) ~arg(2)
“ara(2) = ar(,)~arg(e))
Alternatively,
Rotate AOAP an angle @ = ZAOR about O to
Qanir3-Comiccountss 147
tb) rob
wheat
“ae
_(442002-9
Also, ZAOP = ZOOR,
sara(p)~ara(a) = arg(r)—are(q),
ara(r) =ang(p)-+arg(q)—arg(a)
+5149
i
+2240)
2
194254
2
Alternatively,
Rotate ACAP an angle @ = ZAOQ to AOA'P',
» 148 New Advanced Mathematics
ll
lel
‘Also, ZAOP = £800,
--ara(p)~arata) =ars(q) ae),
<-arg(s)=arg@)~ar( + area)
a up
?
(o) SUG _, 04 00 g
‘OTP OT OR™
Hl,
Mat
etl
‘a o
hsleibaserie
--ang(g) ~ang(a) = arg(p)—arg(t)
ara(p)~ara(a) + areca)
2304-1)
“a
_3issi
17
Alternatively,
Rotate AOAO an angle @ = ZAOT to AO4'O',
slat et
le.1 =e
The statement olds tru for = 2.
Assume 3n € N:|22,04,|=[a zl
RTP | 250-F ul =F Ell
Let Z:
eu
ll
Zsa ftom step 1
lle-4éuIénals by sumption
=RHS.
«The statement holds true for +1 ifit holds
true form
By the pit
holds trae fora
() Forn=2, tet
‘of Mathematical Induction, it
(6080, 050, -sin8, sind,
sin8, cos®, +6080, sind, )
=r (cos(@, + 8,) +isin(@, + 0,)).
ara.) =0, +0,
= arate) +arB().
