Jim 106 Webex 2 07012023 Chapter 3

CHAPTER 3
DATA DESCRIPTION
WEBEX 2
We lead | Kami Memimpin
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CHAPTER 3: OVERVIEW
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LEARNING
OUTCOMES
1. Summarize data using measures of central

tendency.
2. Describe data using measures of
variation.
3. Identify the position of a data value in a data set.
4. Use boxplots and five-number summaries to
discover various aspects of data.
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Introduction
Traditional Statistics:
 Average
 Variation
 Position
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 Mean
3–1  Median
Measures of  Mode
Central Tendency  Midrange

 Weighted Mean
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Measures of Central Tendency
 A statistic is a characteristic or measure obtained by using the data
values from a sample.
 A parameter is a characteristic or measure obtained by using all the
data values for a specific population.
General Rounding Rule
• The basic rounding rule is that rounding should not be done

until the final answer is calculated.
• The use of parentheses on calculators or use of
spreadsheets help to avoid early rounding error.
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What Do We Mean By Average?
 Mean
 Median
 Mode
 Midrange
 Weighted Mean
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The Mean
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Rounding Rule: The Mean
The mean should be rounded to one more decimal place
than occurs in the raw data.
The mean, in most cases, is not an actual data value.
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The Mean for Grouped Data
The mean for grouped data is calculated

by multiplying the frequencies and
midpoints of the classes.
X  f X m
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Below is a frequency distribution of miles run per week.
Find the mean.
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The Median
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The Mode
 It is sometimes said to be the most

typical case.
 There may be no mode, one mode
(unimodal), two modes (bimodal), or
many modes (multimodal).
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The Midrange
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The Weighted Mean
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Properties of the Mean
 Uses all data values.
 Varies less than the median or mode.
 Used in computing other statistics, such as
the variance.
 Unique, usually not one of the data values.
 Cannot be used with open-ended classes.
 Affected by extremely high or low values,
called outliers.
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Properties of the Median
 Gives the midpoint

 It is used when it is necessary to determine
whether the data values fall into the
distribution's upper or lower half.
 Can be used for an open-ended distribution.
 Affected less than the mean by extremely
high or extremely low values.
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Properties of the Mode
 Used when the most typical

case is desired.
 Easiest average to compute.
 Can be used with nominal data.
 Not always unique or may not
exist.
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Properties of the Midrange
 Easy to compute.
 Gives the midpoint.
 Affected by extremely high or
low values in a data set.
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Types of Distributions
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 Range
3–2  Variance
Measures of  Standard Deviation
Variation  Coefficient of Variation
 Chebyshev’s Theorem
 Empirical Rule (Normal)
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How Can We Measure Variability?
 Range
 Variance
 Standard Deviation
 Coefficient of Variation
 Chebyshev’s Theorem
 Empirical Rule (Normal)
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Range
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Variance & Standard Deviation
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Uses of Variance & Standard Deviation
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(Population Theoretical Model)
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(Sample Theoretical Model)
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(Sample Computational Model)
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(Sample Computational Model)
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s2 1.28
s 1.13
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Coefficient of Variation
A statistic that allows you to compare standard deviations
when the units are different is called the coefficient of
variation.
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Range Rule of Thumb
The range can be used to approximate the standard

deviation. The approximation is called the range rule of
thumb.
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Chebyshev’s Theorem
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Chebyshev’s Theorem
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Empirical Rule (Normal)
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Empirical Rule (Normal)
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 Z-score
3–3  Percentile
Measures of  Quartile
Position  Outlier
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How Can We Measure the
Position of Data?
 Z-score
 Percentile
 Quartile
 Outlier
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Z-score
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She has a higher relative position in the Calculus class.
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Percentiles
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Percentiles
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The value 5 corresponds to the 25th percentile.
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Quartiles and Deciles
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Quartiles and Deciles
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Find Q1, Q2, and Q3 for the data set.
15, 13, 6, 5, 12, 50, 22, 18
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Outliers
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3–4
Exploratory
Data Analysis
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The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots
 The Five-Number Summary is

composed of the following numbers:
Min, Q1, MD, Q3, Max
 The Five-Number Summary can be
graphically represented using a
Boxplot.
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Procedure for Constructing Boxplots
1. Find the five-number summary.
2. Draw a horizontal axis with a scale that includes the
maximum and minimum data values.
3. Draw a box with vertical sides through Q1 and Q3, and
draw a vertical line through the median.
4. Draw a line from the minimum data value to the left side of
the box and a line from the maximum data value to the
right side of the box.
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The number of meteorites found in 10 U.S. states is shown.
Construct a boxplot for the data.
89, 47, 164, 296, 30, 215, 138, 78, 48, 39
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Jim 106 Webex 2 07012023 Chapter 3

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CHAPTER 3

We lead | Kami Memimpin

1. Summarize data using measures of central

Central Tendency  Midrange

General Rounding Rule

• The basic rounding rule is that rounding should not be done

The mean for grouped data is calculated

 It is sometimes said to be the most

 Gives the midpoint

 Used when the most typical

Measures of  Standard Deviation

Variation  Coefficient of Variation

 Empirical Rule (Normal)

The range can be used to approximate the standard

 The Five-Number Summary is

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