Book - CO2 Storage ATLAS - Chapter 6

6.
The Barents Sea
Eva K. Halland (Project Leader), Andreas Bjørnestad, Ine Tørneng Gjeldvik, Maren Bjørheim, Christian Magnus, Ida Margrete Meling, Jasminka Mujezinović, Fridtjof Riis, Rita Sande Rød, Van T. H. Pham, Inge Tappel
107
6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea
2z°EwEME 5E°EwEME 5z°EwEME 1E°EwEME 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E
Stappen-High !
!
Hoop-Fault-Complex
!
Fingerdjupet-Sub°basin
!
Mercurius-High !
Bjarmeland-Platform 73°0'0"N
Svalis-Dome !
!
! !!
Bjørnøya-Basin Maud-Basin
I1°EwEMN
!
Norvarg-Dome
!
! ! ! !
Nordkapp-Basin
!
!
! !
! !
!
Swaen-Graben ! !
! !
Bjørnøyrenna-Fault-Complex Loppa-High 72°0'0"N !

!
!
Sørvestsnaget-Basin Norsel-High !
! !
Samson-Dome
! !
!!
Veslemøy-High Polhem-Sub°platform
!
Nysleppen-Fault-Complex
!! !
!
A'
! ! ! !
!
I5°EwEMN
!
! ! !
! ! ! ! ! !
!
!
! !
! ! ! !
! !
! ! ! !
!
! ! !
Nysleppen-Fault-Complex
!!
!
! ! !!
! !
Hammerfest-Basin Måsøy-Fault-Complex 71°0'0"N

!
! !
!
!
!!
!
Senja-Ridge Tromsø-Basin Finnmark-Platform

A
!
!
Ringvassøy°Loppa-Fault-Complex Cretaceous-High
Deep-Cretaceous-Basin
I2°EwEMN Marginal-Volcanic-High Hammerfest

#
Palaeozoic-High-in-Platform
Troms°Finnmark-Fault-Complex Platform
Pre°Jurassic-Basin-in-Platform 70°0'0"N
Harstad-Basin Shallow-Cretaceous-Basin-in-Platform
Terraces-and-Intra°Basinal-Elevations
Hammerfest
# Volcanics Hammerfest Basin well panel
Structural elements of the Southern Barents Sea.

Transect from the Harstad Basin to the Måsøy Fault
Complex (AA`).
A AI
HEKKINGEN FM
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
FRUHOLMEN FM
SNADD FM
Well section panels (AA`) showing gamma and neutron/density logs reflecting thickness variations of the different formations.
co2storageATLAS
norwegian continental shelf
108
BARENTS SEA
Kong
N
Sentralbanken High
Karl
Barents Sea Hammerfest Basin Nordkapp Basin Gardarbanken High Platform
Margin Loppa High Finnmark Platform Bjarmeland Platform Olga Basin
CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY GROUP SUBGROUP FORMATION

QUATERNARY
PLIOCENE
PALEOGENE NEOGENE
NORDLAND
MIOCENE
OLIGOCENE
EOCENE
SOTBAKKEN
Torsk
PALEOCENE
LATE CEN MAA NYGRUNNEN Kveite Kolmule Kviting
CRET.
APT - ALB Kolje

EARLY BRM ADVENT- Knurr
RYA
DALEN Hekkingen
LATE OXF VOL Fuglen
JURAS-
AAL CLV
SIC
MIDDLE Stø
EARLY HET TOA Nordmela
RHÆTIAN REALGRUNNEN Tubåen
NORIAN KAPP Fruholmen
LATE
TOSCANA
CARNIAN
STORFJORDEN
TRIASSIC
LADINIAN Snadd
MIDDLE Kobbe
ANISIAN Steinkobbe
SASSEN-
EARLY
SPATHIAN
SMITHIAN DALEN
INGØYDJUPET Klappmyss
Shallow shelf
DIENERIAN
GRIESBACHIAN
TATARIAN TEMPEL-
Havert
Fluvial/tidal delta
LATE
Delta plain
UFIMIAN - KAZANIAN
FJORDEN
CARBON PERMIAN
KUNGURIAN
ARTINSKIAN
EKVIVALENTER *
EARLY SAKMARIAN
GIPSDALEN
Deep shelf
ASSELIAN
GZE
PENNSYLVANIAN
BSH
SPK
MISSISSIPPIAN
TOU BILLEFJORDEN
FAMMENIAN
DEVONIAN
Carbonates
Shale and siltstone Sandstone Evaporites Spiculite
Carbonate build-ups
**Lithostratigraphic
Lithostratigraphic nomenclature
nomenclature for
for The Barents SeaThe Barents
Paleozoic Sea Paleozoic (NPD).
is in preparation
Lithostratigraphic nomenclature
The lithostratigraphic nomenclature for the post-Caledonian successions of the
southern Barents Sea has been a matter of discussion since the southern Barents
Sea was opened for hydrocarbon exploration and the first well was drilled in
1980. N
In NPD Bulletin No 4 (Dalland et.al. 1988) a lithostratigraphic scheme was
defined for the Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions offshore mid- and northern
Norway.
Dallmann et.al (1999) suggested a revised lithostratigraphic scheme for the
Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic successions from the Svalbard area
including the southern Barents Sea. Conceptual sketch of an early stage in the development of the Stø formation
NPD Bulletin No 9 (Larssen et.al 2002) presented a formalized Upper Paleozoic in the southern parts of the Barents Sea.
lithostratigraphy for the southern Norwegian Barents Sea.
The official stratigraphic nomenclature for the Barents Sea is as follows:
The CO2 Storage Atlas for the Norwegian Continental Shelf has followed the
definitions from Dallmann et.al (1999) and suggested a revised lithostratigraph-
ic scheme for the Mesozoic. For the Upper Paleozoic successions, the official
nomenclature from NPD Bulletin No 9 (Larssen et.al 2002) has been used. For the
Cenozoic, we follow NPD Bulletin No 4.
109
The Barents Sea is located in an intracratonic setting The area evaluated for CO2 storage is defined to Finnmark Fault Complex); to the north against
between the Norwegian mainland and Svalbard. It the west by the N-S to NNE-SSW trending Ringvassøy- the Loppa High (Asterias Fault Complex) and the
has been affected by several tectonic episodes after Loppa and Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complexes, to the Bjarmeland Platform. Internally E-W to WNW-ESE
the Caledonian orogeny ended in Late Silurian/Early south/southeast by the Troms-Finnmark Fault Complex trending faults dominates.
Devonian. and the Finnmark Platform, to the north by an east- The basin was probably established by Early to Late
There is a marked difference, both in time, trend west line approximately along the 73o N parallel, and Carboniferous rifting. Two wells have penetrated the
and magnitude, between the tectonic and stratigraphic to the east by a north-south line running approximately Upper Paleozoic succession. Well 7120/12-2, drilled on
development in the western and eastern parts of the along the 28oE meridian. the southern margin, penetrated a 1000m thick Upper
southern Barents Sea. This boundary is defined by The southern Barents Sea shelf is divided into sev- Permian sequence overlying Lower Permian dolomites
the dominantly N-S to NNE-SSW trending Ringvassøy- eral main structural elements. The most important and Red beds resting on Precambrian/Caledonian
Loppa and Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complexes. The area to ones are: The Hammerfest and Nordkapp Basins, the basement. Well 7120/9-2 in the central part of the
the west of this boundary was tectonically very active Finnmark and Bjarmeland Platforms and the Loppa basin reached TD 117m into the Upper Permian Røye
throughout Late Mesozoic and Cenozoic times, with High. There are also several smaller structural elements, Formation.
deposition of enormous thicknesses of Cretaceous, like the Polheim Sub-platform, Senja Ridge, Veslemøy, Major subsidence occurred in the Triassic, Jurassic
Paleogene and Neogene sediments in the Harstad, Norsel High. Bordering and partly defining the main and Early Cretaceous, overlain by a thin, highly
Tromsø and Bjørnøya Basins. NNE-SSW, NE-SW and structural elements are a series of complex fault zones: condensed sequence of Late Cretaceous and Early
locally N-S trending faults dominate in this western Troms-Finnmark, Ringvassøy-Loppa, Bjørnøyrenna, Paleocene shale. There is no evidence for diapirism
part. In contrast, the southeastern Barents Sea is domi- Måsøy, Nysleppen and Asterias Fault Complexes. of Upper Paleozoic evaporites as seen in the Tromsø
nated by thick Upper Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequenc- The Hammerfest Basin is fault-controlled: To the Basin to the west and the Nordkapp Basin to the east.
es, where E-W, WNW-ESE to ENE-SSW fault trends domi- west against the Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault Complex; Internally the basin is characterized by a central E-W
nate. to the south against the Finnmark Platform (Troms– trending faulted dome-structure, related to the Late
A A
I
j7j Polheim
j j j j j j
jj Sub7 j Nysleppen
jj
Complex platform j
TA° TQ° TU° Tc° Tw° W4° WT° WW° W(° W)° WA° WQ° WU° Wc° Ww° (4° (T° (W°
Quaternary Triassic
Neogene j
A
Paleogene j
j Carboniferous
j Basement
j Salt
Q
Jurassic
co2storageATLAS
j°s1 UWT4j7jUUA UW4U(4j7jc) UWT4j7jUQ UWT4j7jUw
j UWT4j7jUQ

4 T4 W4 (4 )4 A4j
110
16°2R2AE 02°2R2AE 06°2R2AE 32°2R2AE

Jurassic tectonic episode. western part of the platform was transgressed. V
VV VV
The Nordkapp Basin is fault-controlled and Late Permian and Late Jurassic movements fol- "6°2R2AN
V V
V
located along a SW-NE trending Upper Paleozoic lowed by Cenozoic tectonism, and uplift result-
V
rift. It is bounded by the Bjarmeland Platform ed in a gentle northward tilt of the Finnmark
to the northwest and the Finnmark Platform to Platform. In the northeastern part of the
V
V
"5°2R2AN
the southeast. The northwestern boundary is Platform, thick sequences of Mesozoic, mainly V
defined by the Nysleppen Fault Complex, and Triassic rocks have been drilled. VV
VEbasin
VV
V
the southeastern boundary is defined by the The Bjarmeland Platform is part of an exten- V
V
V
Måsøy Fault Complex. sive platform area east of the Loppa High and
"3°2R2AN
V
V
During the Late Paleozoic (Late north of the Nordkapp Basin. The platform
VV
V
AR
V V
Carboniferous to Early Permian), thick sequences was established in the Late Carboniferous and A
VV"012
V
V
of halite were deposited (Gipsdalen Gp) giving Permian, but subsequent Paleogenetectonism "0°2R2AN BR
VV012302VEV026°
ssøyEVV
VV
VV
rise to pronounced salt diapirism, beginning tilted the Paleozoic and Mesozoic sequences V
V
V
in the Early Triassic. The basin is dominated by towards the south, so that presently unconsoli-
thick Mesozoic, mainly Triassic successions, with dated Pleistocene sediments overlie successively "1°2R2AN V
Ringva
B
a significant thickness of Upper Paleozoic rocks. older rocks to the north. Towards the south and V
Description
The Troms-Finnmark Platform is bounded west, the platform is divided into minor highs V
Hammerfest #
Deep Cretaceous Basin
Marginal Volcanic High
by the Norwegian mainland to the south, to and sub-basins mainly formed by salt tectonics "2°2R2AN Palaeozoic High in Platform
Platform
the west by the southwestern extension of the (Samson Dome). V

PreEJurassic Basin in Platform
Shallow Cretaceous Basin in Platform
Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault Complex and by the The Bjarmeland Platform is characterized by Terraces and IntraEBasinal Elevations
Volcanics
Hammerfest and Nordkapp Basins to the north. a thick Triassic succession of the Ingøydjupet °9°2R2AN
Cretaceous High
The central part of the Troms-Finnmark Subgroup, with a maximum drilled thickness of
Transects of the geosections from the western part of the
Platform in the Norwegian sector shows a 2862m on the Nordvarg Dome (well 7225/3-1). Sørvestsnaget Basin to the eastern part of the Finmark
rift topography with half-grabens containing The thickness of the Realgrunnen Subgroup Platform (AA`) and from the Finmark Platform across the
siliciclastic rocks of Early Carboniferous age varies between 100 and 200m. Hammerfest Basin to the Loppa High (BB`).
(Billefjorden Gp). During the Permian, the stable Gabrielsen et al. 1990.
I
B B
S N
1 1 1
78° 72°
TromsFFinnmark 1
1 Complex
Quaternary
Paleogene
1
4
1
1
Jurassic
Triassic
5 1
1
1
2863261F1 261F1
1kSH 6 86 261
111
20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 35°0'0"E 40°0'0"E
The Loppa High is a marked (N-S) trend- Loppa and Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complexes. 75°0'0"N
ing structural feature, separated from the To the east it grades into the Bjarmeland
Hammerfest Basin in the south by the Platform. The Loppa High has a complex
E-W trending Asterias Fault Complex. To geological history with several phases 74°0'0"N
the west it is separated from the Tromsø of uplift/subsidence followed by tilt-

and Bjørnøya Basins by the Ringvassøy- ing and erosion. Late Carboniferous rift
73°0'0"N
20°0'0 E 25°0'0 E 30°0'0 E 72°0'0"N
71°0'0"N
Hammerfest
#
74°0'0 N
70°0'0"N
Bathymetry
0m
Murmansk
#
1000 m
Contour interval 100 m
69°0'0"N
Bathymetri of the southwestern Barents Sea. Based on

73°0'0 N
#
Jakobsson et al. 2012.

20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E
Loppa High
2000 m
1750 m
74°0'0"N
72°0'0 N
1500 m
1250 m
73°0'0"N
71°0'0 N
Depth'to'the'BCU
72°0'0"N
282 m
5341 m
Salt
Hammerfest
#
Erosional boundary
1000 m
71°0'0"N
Depth to the Base Cretaceous Unconformity. To the west the surface is deeper Net uplift
3886 m
than 3000m. The red line outlines areas where the Jurassic section is eroded. 86 m
Outline of BCU map
Hammerfest
#
Map showing Cenozoic and Quaternary erosion of the

Barents Sea. Modified from Henriksen et al. 2011.
co2storageATLAS
112
topography was filled and overlain by Upper sequence of Paleogene shale (Sotbakken Gp) Bjørnøya/Stappen High (calculated to be up
Paleozoic siliciclastics, evaporites and car- is overlying Middle Triassic claystones. to 3000m), and is less towards the east and
bonate. During the Late Permian to Early An important geological factor for the south. The Paleogene tectonism is suggest-
Triassic the Loppa Ridge was uplifted and Barents Sea region is the major Paleogene ed to be partly related to the plate tectonic
tilted. This was followed by a gradual onlap tectonism and uplift and the following movements in relation to the opening of the
during the Early and Middle Triassic, before Paleogene and Neogene erosion. Generally Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. An important part
deposition of a thick Upper Triassic succes- the net uplift, defined as the difference of the erosion took place in the Quaternary,
sion (Snadd Fm). On the southern crest of between maximum and present burial, is when erosion rates increased due to the gla-
the Loppa High, the eroded remnants of a greatest in the northwestern part towards cial conditions.
20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E
73°0'0"N
73°0'0"N
72°0'0"N
72°0'0"N
71°0'0"N
71°0'0"N
#
Hammerfest Thickness of the Quaternary
< 50 m
50 - 100 m
70°0'0"N 100 - 150 m

150 - 200 m
Hammerfest
# 200 - 250 m
250 - 300 m
Thickness of the Quaternary
> 300 m
< 50 m
70°0'0"N 50 - 100 m
Base Upper Pliocene
100 - 150 m
Base Paleocene
150 - 200 m 69°0'0"N
BCU
200 - 250 m
Top Permian
250 - 300 m
Top Basement
> 300 m
Thickness map of Quaternary in the Barents sea. During Thickness map of Quaternary sediments including subcrop lines
the last 2.5 m years glaciers and cold climate dominated in of basement, top Permian, BCU, base Paleocene and base upper
the region, eroding the remnant highs offshore Finnmark Pliocene
and Northern Troms.
113
6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea The Sassendalen Group
Triassic shelf evolution in the Barents Sea
Lower and Middle Triassic 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° E 5°
(Induan to Anisian) 80° N 80° N
Anisian 80° N
The Sassendalen Group on the Barents
Sea shelf is divided into the Ingøydjupet
Subgroup which consists of three forma- Nordaustlandet
tions: Havert, Klappmyss and Kobbe. The
lower boundary is defined towards the
Spitsbergen Kong Karls Land
Upper Paleozoic by mixed siliciclastic and
carbonate sequences, while the upper bound-
Barentsøya
ary is marked by a shale interval at the base
of the Fruholmen Formation (Realgrunnen
Subgroup). This represents an important Edgeøya
transgressive event which formed a traceable
sequence boundary throughout most of the
Arctic from the Barents Sea to the Sverdrup
Basin. The type and reference area for the
Hopen
Ingøydjupet Subgroup is represented in blocks Olga Basin
7120/12 and 7120/9 in the western part of Ingøydjupet SUB GP

the Hammerfest Basin. In the type area the Well log 7120/12-2 High
n
thickness is approximately 1700m, thickening 75° ke 75°
b an 75°
northwards towards the reference area to Gardarbanken
r al
High nt
2400m (well 7120/9-2). The subgroup is thick Se
throughout the Hammerfest Basin, where the

B j øSea
Triassic shelf evolution in the Barents rnøya F. Riis et al.
lower part is onlapping the Loppa High to the
north. Thick sequences are also found to the 80° N
5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30° 35° 40° 45° E
Anisian 80° N
Bjarmeland
80° N
5° 10° 15° Platform
20° 25° 30° 35° 40°
Late Ladinian
45° E
80° N
east on the Bjarmeland Platform, Norsel High

and along the southeastern margin of the Nordaustlandet Nordaustlandet
Svalis
Nordkapp Basin. The dominant lithology of
Spitsbergen Kong Karls Land Spitsbergen Kong Karls Land
Dome Barentsøya
Barentsøya
the Ingøydjupet Subgroup is black shale and Edgeøya Bas

in
Edgeøya
Loppa
claystone with thin grey silt- and sandstones,
p
p
High
occurring particularly in the upper parts. Minor
ka
Hopen Hopen Olga Basin
Olga Basin
rd
carbonate and coal interbeds are also present.
o
High High
N
n n
75° ke 75° ke
an 75° an 75°
Marine environments encountered by wells in

Gardarbanken lb Gardarbanken lb
ra ra
High nt High nt
Se Se
the lower parts of the subgroup, together with Bjørnøya Bjørnøya
Finnmark Platform
Bjarmeland Platform
Goliath
Bjarmeland Platform
seismic data, show evidence for coastlines to Svalis Svalis
the south and southeast of the Hammerfest

Dome Dome
in in
Bas Bas
Loppa Loppa
p
p
Basin, and progressive onlap of the submerged
p
p
High High
ka
ka
INGØYDJUPET SUBGP
rd
rd
o
o
N
N
Loppa High to the north. The upper parts of 70° Goliath Finnmark Platform Goliath Finnmark Platform
70°
70°
the subgroup reflect northwestward outbuild-

ing of deltaic sequences over an extensive, low
70°
?
? (a)
70°
70°
(a) (b)
70°
relief depositional basin. Palaeogeographic map showingCarnian

80° N
the prograda- Depositional environments 80° N
Structural elements
80° N tion of sediments into the Middle Triassic marine Delta plain Clinoforms
embayment, and
Nordaustlandet
Deltaic / Fluvial Carnian High (recent) 80° N
D
? the development of a paralic
Spitsbergen Kong Karls Land
Prodelta Basin (recent)
platform in?the Late Triassic. In the map, the

Barentsøya Shallow shelf Palaeohigh
?
detailed boundaries between depositional areas
Edgeøya
Deep shelf Field / discovery
Salt diapir Kobbe sand

are simpliﬁed, and the positions of the rivers
N o r d a u s t l a n d e t
are conceptual. The Kobbe aquifer in the Goliat Hopen Olga Basin
Panthalassa
?
Siberia
area is indicated.
S p i t s(Riis
b e ret
g eal.
n 2008)
High
Deep ocean n
75°
Kong Karls Land
Gardarbanken
r al
b an
ke 75°
Severnaya
?
High t Zemlya
S en
Bjørnøya Franz Joseph

Land
Bjarmeland Platform
Barentsøya
Svalis Nordaust-
?
Dome landet
co2storageATLAS
in
Bas Svalbard
Loppa
p
Novaya
p
High
ka
Edgeøya Zemlya
rd

o
N
114
Goliath Finnmark Platform Green-
land
Shelf
70° 70° Timan
(c) (d) Norway

Pechora
20° 25° 30° 35° E

6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea The Sassendalen Group
The Havert Formation (Induan) claystone with subordinate sandstone consists of medium to dark grey shale gins of the Hammerfest Basin. In well
In the type well (7120/12-2) in the lithologies. On the Finnmark Platform a passing upwards into siltstones and logs the lower boundary is defined
Hammerfest Basin, the formation con- thickness of more than 600m has been sandstones. The reference well (7120/9- at the top of the underlying Havert
sists of medium to dark grey shale with drilled. In well logs the lower boundary 2) shows a similar trend, but with Formation, interpreted to represent a
minor grey siltstone and thin sand- is defined at the top of the underlying higher content of shale. The thickness sequence boundary. This boundary can
stone layers, comprising two generally Upper Paleozoic mixed siliciclastic and is 457m in the type well and 561m in be correlated across the southwestern
coarsening upwards sequences. The carbonate rocks. The formation was the reference well. Thicknesses as high Barents Sea shelf indicating a lower
thickness in the type well is 105m. deposited in a shallow to open marine as 600m have been reported from the Triassic transgression. The Klappmyss
Further to the north, the reference setting with coastal environments to Bjarmeland Platform (well 7226/2-1) Formation was deposited in a shallow
well (7120/9-2) has a thickness of 150m the south and southeast and the Norsel High (well 7226/11-1). to open marine environment, with
with a more monotonous silt and shale On the central Finnmark Platform (well renewed north- to northwestward
sequence. Further to the east, on the The Klappmyss Formation 7128/4-1 and 6-1), thicknesses around coastal progradation.
Bjarmeland Platform and Norsel High, (Olenekian) 260m have been drilled. Generally the
thicknesses in the order of 1000m have In the type well (7120/12-2) in the formation thickens and becomes finer
been reported, dominated by silt and Hammerfest Basin, the formation northwards from the southern mar-
Well log 7120/12-2 7226/11-1 - HAVERT, 3057-3062 m Well log 7120/12-2 7228/7-1A - KLAPPMYSS, 2852-2857 m
INGØYDJUPET SUBGP
INGØYDJUPET SUBGP
115
6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea The Kapp Toscana Group
Lower Triassic and Middle Jurassic In the reference wells (7120/12-1 and occurred throughout the area with little
(Ladinian-Bathonian) 7120/9-2) the thickness is 944m and differentiation between negative and
1410m respectively, while in the type well positive elements. The Ladinian sequence
The Kapp Toscana Group on the Barents (7120/12-2) the thickness is only 573m due represents relatively distal marine envi-
Sea shelf is divided into two subgroups: to faulting 400m of the middle and upper ronments, following a major transgression
the Storfjorden (Ladinian to Norian) and part of the unit. On the Loppa High, thick- which submerged all structural highs and
Realgrunnen (Early Norian to Bathonian). nesses are in the order of 1300-1400m. platform areas. The Carnian is marked by a
On the Nysleppen and Måsøy Fault the large scale progradation of deltaic systems
The Storfjorden Subgroup thickness is between 200 and 550m. The derived from the south-southeast over
(Ladinian to Norian) Bjarmeland Platform has thicknesses in the entire region. The upper part of the
the order of 600 to 850m. The basal grey Storfjorden Subgroup has been eroded on
The Storfjorden Subgroup consists of shale coarsens up into shale interbedded the Finnmark Platform, but still more than
the Snadd Formation and is defined at with grey siltstones and sandstones. In 1000m have been drilled in the central
the base of a 60m shale interval above the the middle and lower parts of the unit, parts (wells 7128/4-1 and 7128/6-1).
mixed lithologies of the Kobbe Formation. calcareous layers are relatively common,
The upper boundary is defined at the with thin coaly lenses occurring in the
basal shales of the Fruholmen Formation. upper part. High rates of deposition
Well log 7120/12-2 7120/12-1 Well log 7120/12-2 7121/5-1 - SNADD, 3088-3094 m
KOBBE, 3521-3524 m
20°0'0'E 25°0'0'E 30°0'0'E
75°0'0'N
74°0'0'N
73°0'0'N
Loppa0High
INGØYDJUPET SUBGP
STORFJORDEN SUBGP
72°0'0'N
71°0'0'N
Depth to the BCU

2820m
Hammerfest 53410m
#
Havert,0Klappmyss0and0Kobbe0fms
Snadd0Fm
Salt
70°0'0'N
co2storageATLAS
116
6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea The Kapp Toscana Group - Realgrunnen Subgroup
Early Norian to Bathonian the Bjarmeland Platform, and the definition of vari- up through the Triassic. In the early Jurassic, coastal
ous formations is therefore unclear. The subgroup is marine environments developed, grading into a variety
The Realgrunnen Subgroup was originally defined in mostly eroded on the Troms-Finnmark Platform. The of shoreface, barrier and tidal environments from the
the west central Hammerfest Basin with its type area dominant lithology is pale grey sandstone, especially Toarcian to the Bajocian. Sediments of the Realgrunnen
in block 7121/5. It is subdivided into four formations; in the middle and upper parts, while shale and thin Subgroup have been deposited in general near-shore
Fruholmen, Tubåen, Nordmela and Stø. The thickness coal are more common in the lower parts. The lower deltaic environments, characterized by shallow marine
in the type well (7121/5-1) is 424m, and 488m in well boundary is defined by the lower Norian basal shales and coastal reworking of deltaic and fluviodeltaic
7120/12-1. Thicknesses of up to 871m have been drilled of the Fruholmen Formation. Following the transgres- deposits.
in the southern part of the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex sion in the early Norian, deltaic systems developed
(well 7219/9-1). The subgroup is thinly developed on over the southern parts of the Hammerfest Basin
REALGRUNNEN
Well log 7121/5-1
20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E
74°0'0"N
74°0'0"N
73°0'0"N
73°0'0"N
Loppa High
Loppa High
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
Thickness of the Realgrunnen Subgp

< 100 m
100 - 200 m
200 - 300 m
300 - 400 m
400 - 500 m
71°0'0"N
Depth to the BCU 500 - 600 m
282 m 600 - 700 m
71°0'0"N
700 - 800 m
800 - 900 m
5341 m
Western boundary of the undifferentiated 900 - 1 000 m
Hammerfest Realgrunnen Subgroup > 1 000 m
#
Salt
117
The Fruholmen Formation Member which in turn is overlain by the more plain deposition, with more marine environ-
(Norian to Rhaetian) consists of grey to dark shale-rich Krabbe Member. Depositionally ments to the north (Krabbe Member). In the
shale passing upwards into interbedded this has been interpreted in terms of open type well (7121/5-1) the thickness of the forma-
sandstone, shale and coals. Sandstone dom- marine shales (Akkar Mb) passing into coast- tion is 221m and 262m in the reference well
inates in the middle part of the formation, al and fluvial-dominated sandstones of the (7120/9-2). The thickest sequence drilled
while the upper part is dominated by shales. Reke Formation. These represent northward so far (572m, well 7219/9-1) is within the
This lithological development has resulted fluviodeltaic progradation with a depocentre Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex.
in a threefold subdivision of the formation to the south. As the main deltaic input shifted
with the shale-dominated Akkar Member at laterally, most of the central and southern
the base, overlain by the more sandy Reke parts of the basin became the site of flood-
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Well log 7121/5-1 7120/1-2 - FRUHOLMEN, 2581-2585 m
72°0'0"N
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
71°30'0"N
71°0'0"N
Depth to the Fruholmen Fm

1462 m
4100 m
co2storageATLAS
118
The Tubåen Formation (Late Rhaetian to increases towards the northwest, where series of fluviodeltaic deposits (tidal inlet
early Hettangian,locally Sinemurian) is dom- the Tubåen Formation may interfinger with and/or estuarine). Marine shales reflect
inated by sandstones with subordinate shale a lateral shale equivalent. In the type well more distal environments to the northwest,
and coals. Coals are most abundant near the (7121/5-1) the thickness of the Tubåen Fm is while coals in the southeast were deposited
southeastern basinal margins and fade out 65m, and in the reference well in protected backbarrier lagoonal environ-
towards the northwest. Generally the for- (7120/12-1) it is 85m with a maximum ments.
mation can be divided into three parts with thickness of 261m (well 7120/6-1) in the
a lower and upper sand-rich unit separated Snøhvit Field. The sandstones of the Tubåen
by a more shaly interval. The shale content Formation are thought to represent stacked
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Well log 7121/5-1 7121/5-1 - tubåen, 2519-2524 m
Thickness of the Tubåen Fm

< 40 m
40 - 80 m
80 - 120 m
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
120 - 160 m
> 160 m
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Depth to the Tubåen Fm

Low : 1438 m
High : 3954 m
119
The Nordmela Formation (Sinemurian-Late formation represents deposits in a tidal flat to all the three Lower and Middle Jurassic formations
Pliensbachian) consists of interbedded siltstones, flood-plain environment. Individual sandstones and may be the result of early Kimmerian subsid-
sandstones, shale and mudstones with minor represent estuarine and tidal channels. In the type ence and tilting towards the Tromsø and Bjørnøya
coals. Sandstones become more common towards well (7121/5-1) the thickness is 62m, and in the Basins.
the top. In the Hammerfest Basin the formation reference well (7119/12-2) it is 202m. This thickness
seems to form a west-southwest thickening wedge, variation between the type well and reference well
similar to the underlying Tubåen Fm. It may be clearly illustrates a southwest oriented thickening
diachronous, becoming younger eastwards. The wedge. Westward thickening is characteristic for
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Well log 7121/5-1 7121/5-1 - nordmela,
2503-2506 m
Thickness of the Nordmela Fm
< 50 m
50 - 100 m
100 - 150 m
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
150 - 200 m
200 - 250 m
> 250 m
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Depth to the Nordmela Fm

1421 m
3782 m
co2storageATLAS
120
The Stø Formation (Late Pliensbachian to (7121/5-1) the thickness is 77m, and in the refer- gression in the area. The uppermost (Bajocian) unit
Bajocian) is defined with the incoming of sandy ence well (7119/12-2) it is 145m. In general the is highly variable owing to syndepositional uplift
sequences above the shale-dominated sediments Stø Fm thickens westwards in consistence with and winnowing as well as later differential erosion.
of the Nordmela Formation. The dominant litholo- the underlying Nordmela Formation. The unit The sands in the Stø Formation were deposited in
gy of the Stø Formation is mineralogically mature may be subdivided into three depositional epi- prograding coastal regimes, and a variety of linear
and well sorted sandstone. Thin units of shale and sodes with bases defined by transgressions. The clastic coast lithofacies are represented. Marked
siltstone represent regional markers. Especially in basal unit is only present in the western parts of shale and siltstone intervals represent regional
the upper part of the Stø Fm, phosphatic lag con- the Hammerfest Basin. The middle part (Upper transgressive pulses in the late Toarcian and late
glomerates can be found. In the type well Toarcian–Aalenian) represents the maximum trans- Aalenian.
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E Well log 7121/5-1 7121/5-1 - STØ, 2400-2405 m
Thickness of the Stø Fm
< 30 m
30 - 60 m
60 - 90 m
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N 90 - 120 m
120 - 150 m
> 150 m
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
REALGRUNNEN SUBGP
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Depth to the Stø Fm

1392 m
3652 m
121
6.1 Geology of the Barents Sea The Adventdalen Group
Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous Fault Complex (7219/8-1S) to 300m The Hekkingen Formation is an
(Bathonian to Cenomanian) north of the Troms-Finnmark Fault important hydrocarbon source rock.
Complex. Nevertheless, the thickness Both the Fuglen and Hekkingen for-
The Adventdalen Group is subdivided decreases to approximately 60m or mations constitute good cap rocks.
into the Fuglen, Hekkingen, Knurr, less on structural highs in the centre of The Hekkingen Fm (Upper Oxfordian–
Kolje and Kolmule formations, with the Hammerfest Basin, reflecting the Tithonian) has been drilled in the
its type area in the northern part of effect of Upper Jurassic tectonic move- Hammerfest Basin, the eastern part of
block 7120/12 in the Hammerfest ments. The group is dominated by dark the Bjørnøya Basin (Fingerdjupet Sub-
Basin and in 7119/12 in the eastern marine mudstones, locally including basin) and the Bjarmeland Platform.
part of the Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault deltaic and shelf sandstones as well as The lower boundary is defined by the
Complex. The thickness varies from carbonate. transition from carbonate cemented
more than 900m in the Bjørnøyrenna and pyritic mudstone to poorly con-
20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E Well log 7120/12-1 7120/12-1 - fuglen, 2044-2047 m
73°0'0"N
ADVENTDALEN GP
Loppa High
72°0'0"N
71°0'0"N Thickness of Base Quaternary - BCU

< 500 m
500 - 1 000 m
1 000 - 1 500 m
1 500 - 2 000 m
2 000 - 2 500 m
2 500 - 3 000 m
Hammerfest 3 000 - 3 500 m
#
3 500 - 4 000 m
4 000 - 4 500 m
> 4 500 m
70°0'0"N Salt
Thickness of the secondary seal, defined as the thickness between the BCU and
the base Quaternary
co2storageATLAS
122
solidated shale in the Fuglen Formation. Very high thicknesses are interpreted sandstone. The amount of sandstone
The upper boundary in the reference along the eastern margins of the Harstad increases towards the basin margins. The
well (7120/12-1) is defined towards Basin and Bjørnøya Basin, as seen in formation was deposited in a deep shelf
the thin sandy limestone of the Knurr well 7219/8-1S in the southern part of with partly anoxic conditions.
Formation. The thickness in the type well the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex (856m
(7120/12-1) is 359m, and in the reference thickness). Thin sequences are found on
well (7119/12-1) the thickness is 113m. the Bjarmeland Platform. The dominant
Within the Hammerfest Basin the thick- lithology in the formation is shale and
est sequence is found in the type well, mudstone with occasional thin interbeds
thinning northwards to less than 100m. of limestone, dolomite, siltstone and
Well log 7120/12-1 7120/12-1 - hekkingen, 1702-1705 m 20°0'0oE 25°0'0oE 30°0'0oE
74°0'0oN
73°0'0oN
ADVENTDALEN GP
LoppaNHigh
72°0'0oN
71°0'0oN
Depth to the BCU

282Nm
5341Nm
Salt
Hammerfest
#
Knurr/HekkingenNfmsNsand
Areas where Knurr and/or Hekkingen sandy deposits occur are outlined.
123
Createceous the Hammerfest Basin. In our study we have focused sandy limestone overlying the Hekkingen Formation,
Berriasian to Cenomanian on the Knurr Formation, as this may represent thief and the upper boundary is defined with a presence
sands in relation to the main Mesozoic aquifers. The of dark brown to grey shale in the Kolje Formation.
The Cretaceous sucsession is subdivided into Knurr Formation (Berriasian/Valanginian to lower Although the formation shows similar litholo-
three formations: The Knurr, Kolje, and Kolmule Barremian) is distributed over the southwestern gy in most wells, the sand content is higher close
Formations. The dominant lithology of the Knurr, part of the Barents shelf, mainly in the Hammerfest to the Troms-Finnmark Fault Complex and in the
Kolje and Kolmule formations is dark to grey-brown Basin, the Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault Complex and the Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault Complex. The sandstones
shale with thin interbeds of siltstone, limestone, Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex. A thin Knurr section are located in the lower part of the formation, pinch-
dolomite and local sandstone. The thickness is in the is also found locally on the Bjarmeland Platform. ing out laterally into the Hammerfest Basin and
order of 1000-1400m in the type area (blocks 7119/12 The thickness of the Knurr Formation is 56m in the Bjørnøya Basin. The formation was deposited in an
and 7120/12). Thicknesses within the Hammerfest type well (7119/12-1) and 285m in the reference well open and generally distal marine environment with
Basin are closely related to Upper Jurassic structural (7120/12-1). The thickest drilled section so far is 978m local restricted bottom conditions.
development. The formations are thickest along (well 7219/8-1S) in the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex
basin margins and thin towards the central part of east of Veslemøy High. The base is defined by a thin
ADVENTDALEN
Well log 7119/12-1 Well log 7120-12-1 7019-1-1 - KNURR, 2225-2230 m 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 26°0'0"E 27°0'0"E
72°30'0"N
72°0'0"N
ADVENTDALEN GP
ADVENTDALEN GP
71°30'0"N
71°0'0"N
Depth to the Knurr Fm

70°30'0"N 927 m
Hammerfest
#
3367 m
co2storageATLAS
124
The Triassic succession in the southern Barents Sea continues to the north and the outcrops of Svalbard are very good analogs. The photo shows the Triassic section at Blanknuten, Edgeøya, with
the distal Lower Triassic Vikinghøgda Formation, the distinct Middle Triassic Botneheia and Tschermakfjellet shales and the overlying channelized Upper Triassic reservoir sandstones in the de
Geerdalen Formation. The cliff-forming Botneheia shale is analogous to the Steinkobbe shale and the de Geerdalen Formation is analogous to the Snadd Formation. Photo: NPD.
125
6.2 Storage options of the Barents Sea Introduction
The parts of northern Fennoscandia adjacent to the towards the sea floor. The area selected for detailed hydrocarbons have been found in several aquifers,
Norwegian sector of the Barents Sea are sparsely evaluation of storage capacity is shown in the map. and at the present stage in exploration, it is thought
populated, and the industrial activity generates only The petroleum systems of the Barents Sea are that most of the area selected for evaluation of
small amounts of CO2 emissions. CO2 associated with more complex than in the North Sea and Norwegian CO2 storage will also be subject to further explo-
the production of natural gas in the Snøhvit Field Sea. Important source rocks occur in the Upper ration and exploitation by the petroleum industry.
is extracted at Melkøya, Hammerfest, and injected Jurassic, Middle Triassic and Late Paleozoic sections. Consequently, storage of CO2 in the southern Barents
in the aquifer of the field. CO2 associated with gas Because of Cenozoic tectonism and Quaternary Sea must take place in accordance with the interests
production is believed to be the main source for CO2 glacial erosion, the maximum burial of these source of the petroleum industry. The main storage options
storage and EOR in the near future. In a more distant rocks in the evaluated area occurred in the past. The considered in this study are limited to structurally
future, storage of anthropogenic CO2 from industrial reservoir porosity and permeability are related to the defined traps, and to depleted and abandoned gas
activity may become an option. temperature and pressure at maximum burial. Due to fields. In areas where the pressure exceeds the mis-
For detailed evaluation of storage capacity, extensive erosion, good reservoir quality is encoun- cibility pressure of CO2 and oil, one might consider
large areas in the north and east were eliminated. tered only at shallower depth than what is found in using CO2 injection to recover some of these oil
The areas north of 74° were excluded because they the North Sea and Norwegian Sea. Below 3000 m resources (CCUS).
were considered too remote and because the good the porosity and permeability is generally too low for The main aquifer system in the study area
Jurassic aquifers are generally thin and poorly sealed large scale injection. consists of Lower and Middle Jurassic sandstones
due to a shallow overburden. The Finnmark Platform The Cenozoic history has also affected the belonging to the Realgrunnen Subgroup. This aquifer
east of 29° was eliminated because there is limited distribution of hydrocarbons in the evaluated system can be defined in three distinct geographical
infrastructure and industrial activity in this area, and area. Residual oil is very commonly found, both areas which are described in the following section.
the main aquifers of interest are poorly structured in water-bearing traps and below the gas cap in Hydrocarbons have been encountered in several
and generally dipping with only a Quaternary seal gas-bearing traps. Hydrocarbons and traces of reservoir levels pre-dating the Jurassic, notably in the
Kobbe Fm
Stø Fm
Fruholmen Fm
Tempelfjorden Gp
Knurr Fm
Nordmela Fm
Snadd Fm
Tubåen Fm
Klappmyss Fm
Conceptual sketch showing the depositional environments of the different aquifers.
co2storageATLAS
126
6.2 Storage options of the Barents Sea Introduction
Late Triassic Fruholmen and Snadd Formations, the Middle discussed. Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous sand-
Triassic Kobbe Formation and in Permian carbonates and stones are limited to the flanks of active highs and do not
spiculites, thus proving there is a reservoir and seal poten- form major aquifers. Eocene reservoir sandstones have
tial for these formations. Their storage potential is not as been encountered in two wells in the western margin of
promising as for the Jurassic aquifer and is only briefly the Barents Sea, but they are not considered for this study.
Age Formations Evaluated Aquifers
Norwegian North Sea Aquifers
5 Pliocene Piacenzian
Neogene
Zanclean
Messinian
Tortonian
°2°5-5cE 05°5-5cE 02°5-5cE '5°5-5cE '2°5-5cE Miocene
Serravallian
Langhian
Burdigalian
C CC Aquitanian
23
CC
Chattian
Oligocene
C C
C Rupelian
34
Priabonian
Paleogene
72°5-5cN Bartonian
Eocene Lutetian
Ypresian
CC
56
C Thanetian
Selandian
C Paleocene
Danian
66
Maastrichtian
72
7"°5-5cN C
Campanian
CC Late
84 Santonian
CC 86
Coniacian
CEbasin 90
C Turonian
94
Cenomanian
Cretaceous
C 100
C C
Albian
7'°5-5cN
C 113
C
Aptian
C Early
CC 125
CC
C Barremian
C 129
Hauterivian
C C 133
C
C CEplatform Valanginian
Knurr Fm.
140
CC Berriasian
70°5-5cN 145
Tithonian
Hekkingen sand
152
Late Kimmeridgian
157
C C Oxfordian
CC
C 164
Callovian
RingvassøyECC 166
Jurassic
168 Bathonian
Middle Bajocian
170
C Aalenian
174
7°°5-5cN Toarcian Stø Fm. Stø Fm.

183
Early Pliensbachian
191
Sinemurian Nordmela Fm. Nordmela Fm.

199
C Hammerfest 201 Hettangian
Tubåen Fm. Tubåen Fm.
#
TromsECC Rhaetian
209
75°5-5cN
CC Late Norian Fruholmen Fm. Fruholmen Fm.
Triassic
CC
CCC 227
C Carnian Snadd Fm. Snadd Fm.

237
Ladinian
The evaluated area (red outline). The Jurassic aquifers are eroded in the Loppa High. 242 Middle
Anisian
Kobbe Fm. Kobbe Fm.
247
Lower Olenekian Klappmys Fm. Klappmys Fm.
Induan Havert Fm. Havert Fm.
252
Evaluated geological formations, and aquifers.
127
6.2 Storage options of the Barents Sea
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Hammerfest Basin
In the Hammerfest Basin, the Jurassic Tubåen, have good reservoir properties while they may be was contained within the Tubåen Formation with
Nordmela and Stø Formations increase in thickness poorly connected to other parts of the reservoir. no upwards migration into the Nordmela and Stø
towards the west. The western part of the basin For the evaluation of storage potential, it was Formations.
is bounded by large faults to the north and south decided to define the Stø, Nordmela and Tubåen The calculations of storage capacity in struc-
which juxtapose the Jurassic aquifer towards tight Formations as one single aquifer system. The geo- tures are based on injection and storage in the
Triassic formations. Towards the northeast, the logical data show that the Stø Formation is very well Stø Formation. For the aquifer volume, the stor-
Jurassic aquifers subcrop against the sea floor with a connected laterally. The underlying, heterolithic for- age capacity includes the Nordmela and Tubåen
thin Quaternary cover, while in the eastern part there mations are believed to contribute to the aquifer at a Formations. Experience from Snøhvit CO2 injection
is a gradual transition to thinner formations in the regional scale. At a smaller scale, in an injection site, shows that many injection wells may be needed to
Bjarmeland Platform aquifer. Faults within the basin stratigraphic barriers may allow gas to accumulate realize a large storage potential in these heterolithic
commonly juxtapose Stø towards the Nordmela and at different stratigraphic levels within a structural formations. The formation water in the aquifer is
Tubåen Formations. Paleofluid contacts indicate that closure. This is shown by local small oil and gas accu- strongly saline, with salinities generally exceeding
the faults are open where there is sand-sand contact. mulations below the main contacts of the Snøhvit 100 000 ppm. The water density at standard condi-
Pressure data from exploration wells show that and Albatross accumulations. The experience from tions in the Snøhvit Field is around 1.1 g/cm3.
the Jurassic formations are hydrostatically pressured CO2 injection in the Snøhvit Field showed that CO2
at depths shallower than 2600 m. The data indicates
that the pore pressure has equilibrated between the Por
three formations. The most important regional strati- 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4
graphic barrier in the succession is considered to 0
be the shaly lower part of the Nordmela Formation. -500
Pressure data indicate that the thin shaly continuous -1000
layers in the middle part of the Stø Formation can -1500
create baffles for vertical flow during production. In -2000
(m) depth
Hammerfest Basin aquifer Summary

general, the Tubåen and Nordmela Formations are -2500
heterogeneous reservoirs where individual channels Storage system Half open
-3000
-3500 Rock Volume 1200 Gm3
Por/depth Stø, Tubåen
-4000 Net volume 790 Gm3
Por/depth Nordmela
-4500 Pore volume 120 Gm3
-5000 Average depth 2400 m
Average net/gross 0,65
10000
Por/perm Stø, Tubåen Average porosity 0,15
Por/perm Nordmela Average permeability 1-500 mD
1000
Storage effeciency 3%
100 Storage capacity aquifer 2500 Mt
(mD) perm
Reservoir quality
10 capacity 3
injectivity 3
1 Seal quality
seal 2
0.1 fractured seal 2
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
wells 2
Por
Data quality
W–E cross section through the Hammerfest Basin 3D geological Porosity / depth and porosity / permeability Maturation
model, showing the Stø, Nordmela and Tubåen aquifers in blue, plots based on core and log data from the
yellow and orange respectively. Hammerfest Basin.
co2storageATLAS
128
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Hammerfest Basin
N/G POR PERM

Somewhat lower salinity is indicated in the 7125/4-1 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
discovery and in some wells in the southwestern

part. High salinity may cause problems for CO2 72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
injection due to salt precipitation near the wells.

Another effect of salinity is that CO2 is less soluble
in high salinity brines than in sea water. The amount
of CO2 trapped by dissolution can then be relatively
small.
STØ
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
Residual oil is widely distributed in the Jurassic

Hammerfest Basin aquifer. Apparently, the
mega-structures in the central part of the basin
were filled with oil and gas at the time of maximum 71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
burial. Large volumes of gas have seeped out, Stø Fm
whereas the oil is still remaining. The oil saturation

Stø Fm Stø Fm
Net to gross Porosity Permeability

High : 1 High : 0.25 1636 mD
is believed to be small. Theoretically, residual oil will Low : 0.3 Low : 0.05 7 mD
reduce the effective permeability of the aquifer due 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
to relative permeability effects.

72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
NORDMELA
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
72°0'0"N
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Nordmela Fm Nordmela Fm
Nordmela Fm
Net to gross Porosity Permeability
High : 1 High : 0.25 1500 mD
Low : 0.3
Low : 0.05 0.02 mD
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
71°30'0"N
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
TUBÅEN
71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N 71°30'0"N
71°0'0"N

1392 m
3652 m
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Tubåen Fm Tubåen Fm Tubåen Fm

Permeability
Depth and property maps of the Stø Fm in the Hammerfest
Net to gross Porosity
High : 1 High : 0.25 1480 mD
Basin. Low : 0.3 Low : 0.05 5 mD
129
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Bjarmeland Platform
The Bjarmeland Platform is located north of the north. The sedimentary facies are similar the Svalis Dome in the west, the Jurassic strata
72°N and extends beyond 74°N, north of the to the Tubåen, Nordmela and Stø Formations are eroded and Triassic sedimentary rocks out-
Nordkapp Basin. Ten exploration wells and in the Hammerfest Basin. The boundary crop at the seabed. The Quaternary thickness
some shallow stratigraphic wells are drilled between the Hammerfest Basin aquifer and the is generally less than 100 m along the subcrop
(by 2013) in the larger area of the Bjarmeland Bjarmeland Platform aquifer is transitional. lines.
Platform including the western part towards According to well data, the best quality The pore pressure is hydrostatic. It is like-
the Loppa High. aquifer in the Bjarmeland Platform is found in ly that the degree of communication within
A condensed Lower and Middle Jurassic the saddle area between the Nordkapp and the regional Bjarmeland Platform aquifer is
section is developed in large areas in the Hammerfest Basins. The structuring of the not as good as within the upper part of the
central Barents Sea and Svalbard. In the Bjarmeland Platform is mainly related to salt Hammerfest Basin aquifer (Stø Formation), due
Bjarmeland Platform the thickness of the tectonics which has resulted in domes, rim syn- to reduced thickness and more heterolithic
Realgrunnen Subgroup decreases from around clines and normal faults. In the northern part of facies.
100 m in the south to a few tens of metres in the platform and towards the Loppa High and
25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E
Bjarmeland Platform aquifer Summary

Storage system Half open
74°0'0"N 74°0'0"N
Rock Volume 1500 Gm3
74°0'0"N 74°0'0"N
Net volume 1100 Gm3
Pore volume 250 Gm3
Average depth 1100 m
Average porosity 0,23
73°0'0"N 73°0'0"N
Average permeability, mD 5-1000 mD

73°0'0"N 73°0'0"N
Storage capacity aquifer 4800 Mt
Reservoir quality
capacity 3
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N injectivity 3
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
Seal quality
seal 2
Thickness of the Bjarmeland aquifer
< 30 m fractured seal 2
30 - 60 m
Depth to the BCU 60 - 90 m

90 - 120 m
wells 3
2185 m
459 m
120 - 150 m
> 150 m
Data quality
71°0'0"N 71°0'0"N
Contour interval 200 m Contour interval 30 m
Maturation
25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E
Depth map and thickness map of the Bjarmeland Platform aquifer which consists of the Realgrunnen Subgroup.
co2storageATLAS
130
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Additional aquifers and Seal Capacity
Fruholmen Formation Sealing properties

The sandy parts of the Fruholmen Formation were
deposited in large parts of the evaluated area in a
The Jurassic reservoirs in the Methane seepage is commonly capacity for CO2 compared to meth-
fluvio-deltaic environment. The channelized sand-
Hammerfest Basin and Bjarmeland observed on seismic data and on the ane, the case of well 7019/1-1 shows
stones have good reservoir properties along the
Platform have thick zones with residual seabed at the NCS, in particular in that the Upper Jurassic seal in this
basin margins where they are not too deeply bur-
oil and oil shows. The distribution of areas of active hydrocarbon genera- well is capable of maintaining a 30 bar
ied. In the 7125/4-1 discovery of the Goliat field,
oil in the Hammerfest Basin indicates tion. In the studied area, gas chimneys pressure difference between the 50%
these sandstones have trapped oil. The Fruholmen that the main structural closures in the and shallow gas are seen on seismic CO2/methane mixture in the Jurassic
Formation is not evaluated as an aquifer with large central part of the basin were filled data in the Bjørnøya Basin and the reservoir and the methane with 10-15%
injection potential, since the lateral connectivity is with oil and gas to spill point in the western part of the Hammerfest Basin. CO2 in the Cretaceous reservoir. Our
uncertain. On a regional scale, the formation may past. The gas has seeped or leaked out In the Bjørnøya Basin, gas chimneys are interpretation is that in this well, the
contribute to the aquifer volume of the overlying of the structures, while most of the oil commonly capped by gas hydrates and rate of seepage of CO2 is significantly
Realgrunnen Subgroup aquifer. may be preserved as residual oil down associated with gas flares (Chand et al. lower than for methane. These obser-
to the paleo oil-water contact. This 2012). This shows that gas seepage is vations and interpretations are used
Snadd Formation setting is important for the evaluation active today. The most active seepage in the characterization of the sealing
The sandstones in the Snadd Formation are separat- of the properties of the sealing rocks. takes place in the Bjørnøya Basin and rocks. The conclusion is that one
ed from the sandy part of the Fruholmen Formation There are two important questions: the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex. Here, can use the same guidelines for the
by a shale section (Akkar Member) which acts as a the source rocks generate hydrocar- Barents Sea as for the North Sea and
regional seal. Channelized sandy systems are widely 1. What is the typical rate of bons, and several traps are filled to spill the Norwegian Sea. There is, however,
distributed in the Snadd Formation, and can be methane seepage from gas filled point. This indicates that the rate of gas a concern that some types of cap rocks
mapped on 3D seismic data. Gas accumulations structures in the Barents Sea ? seepage is slower than, or in equilib- and some structural settings could
have been encountered in a few wells. The Snadd 2. What will be the rate of seepage rium with, the rate of gas generation. have been influenced by the unload-
formation has not been evaluated for large scale from a plume of CO2 in Consequently, this is interpreted as a ing and cooling processes to become
CO2 injection, due to poor lateral connectivity and dense phase compared with a slow process related to a time scale of more fractured, and consequently have
because several of the undrilled channel sand- methane seepage ? hundreds or thousands of years, which a reduced sealing capacity.
stones may have a potential for hydrocarbons. is the time scale of interest for CO2
sequestration. Concerning the sealing
Kobbe Formation
The Kobbe Formation consists of marine shales, silts
and deltaic sands, mainly fine to medium grained.
The formation is developed as reservoir sandstones
along the Troms-Finnmark fault zone as described
in section 6.1. The Kobbe Formation constitutes the Level of erosion
main reservoir in the Goliat Field. It has not been
evaluated for large scale CO2 injection because only Residual oil
a limited volume of the aquifer is buried at suffi-
3a. No migration, gas leakage
ciently shallow depth to maintain high porosity and
permeability.
Late Paleozoic reservoirs

Late Paleozoic sandstones and carbonates and
Early Triassic sandstones outcrop along the coast of 2. Cooling and pressure decrease
1. Maximum burial /temperature
Troms and Finnmark south of the evaluated area. due to erosion
Reservoir properties have been proved by a few
exploration wells and stratigraphic cores. Because
of limited seismic and well data coverage close to Conceptual
Conceptual model
model for development
for development of residualofoilresidual
zone oil zone
the coast, no attempt was made to map potential following
following deep
deep erosion.
erosion Red colour
. Red colour is gas,
is gas, green green is oil.
is oil 3b. Active migration, gas leakage
prospects for CO2 storage.
131
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Seal capacity
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
7019/1-1 discovery
! !
!
18°0'0"E 19°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E
! ! !
The 7019/1-1 well was drilled by ENI in 2000 on a
! ! !
! !
!
!
! !
rotated, down-faulted block facing the Harstad
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
Basin. The well encountered gas in two reservoir

!
!
!
! ! !
horizons, the Middle Jurassic Stø Formation
!
!
!
! ! !
!
!
!
and the Lower Cretaceous Knurr Formation. It
!
!
!
!
! !
was reported that the Jurassic Stø Formation
!
!
!
!
! !
!
contained at least 50% CO2. The gas would not
!
! !
! !
! !
! !
ignite during a short test. The CO2 content in
!
! !
!
!
!
!
!
the Lower Cretaceous is less, roughly 15%. The
!
!
! ! !
!
permeability was low in the Stø Formation due
!
!
! ! !
!
to diagenesis and stylolitization at that depth,
! ! !
! !
72°0'0"N
while some of the sandstone layers in the Lower
! ! !
!
!
!
Cretaceous 300 m shallower had good permea-

! !
!
!
! !
!
! !
!
! !
bility and porosity.
!
! ! !
!!
!
! ! ! !
!
! ! ! !
!
!
!
! !
! !
A test was performed in the interval 2526 to

!
!
!
! ! !
! ! !
!
!
2563 m in the Stø Formation. The well flowed

606,000 m3 gas per day (no liquid) from a 40/64
choke. Gas gravity was 1,133 (air = 1), CO2 con-
tent 60 - 70%, and H2S content 6 - 13 PPM. The
test was stopped during the clean-up phase due
to the high CO2 content.
A plot of the pore pressures shows that the
difference in pressure between the Cretaceous
and Jurassic gas gradients is almost 3 MPa
(30 bar). There are no pressure data from the
water zone in the Knurr Formation. Assuming 71°0'0"N
a contact of 2250 m based on the log data, the

pressure difference between the water zones
is 0.5 MPa (5 bar). The Cretaceous gas gradient 7019/1-1
from the pressure plot is similar or slightly lower
than the gas gradient in the Snøhvit field (0.018
bar/m), while the Jurassic gradient indicates
Structural elements
a considerably heavier gas (more than 0.03 Cretaceous High
bar/m). These gradients seem to be consistent Deep Cretaceous Basin
with a high CO2 content in the Jurassic reservoir Marginal Volcanic High
#
reported from the well test, while the propor- Palaeozoic High in Platform
Platform
tion of CO2 in the Cretaceous reservoir is inter- Pre-Jurassic Basin in Platform
preted to be similar to the Snøhvit area. Shallow Cretaceous Basin in Platform
The pressure data show that the Upper Terraces and Intra-Basinal Elevations
Jurassic shale between the two reservoirs has 70°0'0"N

Volcanics
good sealing properties. A large difference in

CO2 concentration between the two reservoirs Cretaceous High
implies that the Upper Jurassic seal is capable Deep Cretaceous Basin
Platform
Terraces and Intra-Basinal Elevations
Wells with high CO2 content
co2storageATLAS
132
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Seal capacity
of containing CO2 for a long period (geological than net uplift are also considered important
time scale). The sealing capacity of the Upper for the evaluation of seal capacity.
Jurassic cap rock in the Barents Sea has been The pressure plot also shows that the pore
debated, because many wells in areas with pressure in the water zone is lower in
net uplift show evidence that methane gas 7019/1-1 than in the Snøhvit area. Similarly,
has leaked from the reservoirs. The amount slightly lowered water pressures are observed
of erosion of the overburden in the typical in block 7120/12. One possible explanation for
Hammerfest Basin wells is estimated to be less this is that the salinity of the aquifer brine is
than in 7019/1-1. Consequently, other factors lower in these areas.
7019/1-1 240 250 260 270 280 bar

Plot of measured pore pressure in the
7019/1-1 well compared with 7121/4-1
2200 in Snøhvit. Upper blue line: Average
water gradient in the Snøhvit area.
K
Knurr Fm
Lower blue line: Interpreted water

gradient in the Cretaceous section
2250 of 7019/1-1. Red lines: gas gradients.
Color bars show the formation
depth in each well. K – Knurr, H –
Hekkingen, S- Stø, N – Nordmela,
2300 T- Tubåen Formations.
Vertical scale: Depth below sea level.
H
2350
S
2400
N
2450
Stø Fm
T
2500
S
2550
m Pressure points 7019/1-1
Pressure points 7121/4-1
7019/1-1 7121/4-1
Gammalog Density - neutron log
133
6.2.1 Saline aquifers Storage capacity Snøhvit area
The Snøhvit Field is located in the cen- as 20% and permeability at 700 mD in the Tubåen Fm, which is dominated site. However, a new injection well for
tral part of the Hammerfest Basin in the have been interpreted on logs in the by fluvial sandstone. After a while the CO2 is considered in segment G (SW-
Barents Sea. The water depth is best zones of the Stø Formation. The pressure built up faster than expected, SE profile) to prevent future migration
330 m, and the reservoirs are found in Snøhvit field developments include and an intervention was performed to of injected CO2 into the natural gas of
the Stø and Nordmela Formations (Early the Askeladd and Albatross structures. avoid fracturing of the seal. In 2011, the the main Snøhvit Field. This segment
and Middle Jurassic age), at depths of These structures have reservoirs in the injection in the Tubåen formation was is located between the Snøhvit main
approximately 2300 m. The hydrocar- same formations. In addition the stopped, and the shallower Stø forma- structure and Snøhvit North.
bon phase in the Snøhvit main field is 7121/4-2 Snøhvit North discovery con- tion was perforated as the new storage The new well will inject into the
largely gas with minor condensate with tains gas and condensate which is still formation for CO2. Stø Formation. In order to investigate
a 10-15 m thick oil leg. not in production. After the intervention in 2011, all the storage potential for the new well,
The Stø Fm is mainly shallow The natural gas produced from the CO2 from the Snøhvit Field has been the minimum and maximum pore
marine, while the Nordmela Fm was fields contains about 5-8% CO2. CO2 is injected in the water zone of the Stø volumes with good communication to
deposited in a coastal environment. separated from the gas at Melkøya in Formation. Until 2013 a total of 1.1 Mton the planned well area have been esti-
Maximum burial of the reservoirs was an amine process. Compressed CO2 in CO2 has been injected in the Tubåen mated. The maximum connected pore
approximately 1000 m deeper than liquid phase is returned to the field in a Fm and 0.8 Mton in the Stø Formation. volume, “Snøhvit 2800”, represents the
the present depth, resulting in massive 153 km long pipeline, to be stored 2500 In contrast to the Tubåen Formation, pore volume of the water zone in the
quartz cementation of the sandstones m below sea level. the Stø Formation is in pressure com- Stø, Nordmela and Tubåen Formations
and a poorer reservoir quality below CO2 storage at the Snøhvit Field munication with the gas producers on in the Snøhvit and Snøhvit north area
2900-3000 m. The reservoir quality in started in 2008, and CO2 was until Snøhvit, and no significant pressure down to 2800 m.
the fields is fairly good. Porosity as high April 2011 injected in well 7121/4F-2H build-up is expected in the injection
N
Planned injector, G-segment 7121/4F-2H 7121/4-1
A A’
SW SE
ms
1600
A
A’
1700
Kolje Fm
1800
1900
Knurr Fm
2000
Hekkingen Fm
2100
Stø Fm
Map showing the location of the Snøhvit Field, the pipeline and Nordmela Fm
the Melkøya terminal. Blue circle indicates main study area for 2200 Tubåen Fm
the CO2 storage aquifer.

Fruholmen Fm
2300
2.5 km
SW-SE profile showing the geometry and thickness –variations in the Snøhvit area.
Location of CO2 injection is illustrated. Sealing formations indicated in green color.
7121/4F-2H is the current CO2 injector.
co2storageATLAS
134
2800 m was selected because permeability tion to the new injection site is very likely. The calculation of maximum and mini-
deteriorates below this depth. The mini- Communication through major faults is not mum pore volumes resulted in 6400 Mm3
mum pore volume, “Snøhvit central Stø”, expected where the throw is larger than for the “Snøhvit 2800” case and 680 Mm3 for
was calculated as the pore volume of the the thickness of the Stø Formation, but in Snøhvit central Stø. These pore volumes indi-
Stø Formation in the areas surrounding the this minimum case, structural ramps create cate that there are sufficient aquifer volumes
G segment. This is interpreted to represent corridors of communication within the Stø available to support the planned CO2 injec-
a water volume where good communica- Formation. tion in the Stø Formation at Snøhvit.
Stø depth map where blue
arrows illustrate a possible CO2
migration after injection in the
3 km
3 km G segment. Black solid lines illus-
A` trate faults with big throw, while
black dotted lines indicate where
the throw dies out.grey polygons
Snøhvit Nord
shows location of shallow gas.
G-segment
CO2
F-segment
A Snøhvit
Stø Fm thickness map. Grey areas indicate shallow gas. AA' shows
the location of the log correlation profile.
A A’
Snøhvit Central Stø Summary
Rock Volume 6.1 Gm3
Net volume 4.8 Gm3
Pore volume 680 Gm3
Average depth 2320-2400m
Average permeability 300 mD
Reservoir quality
capacity 3
injectivity 2
Seal quality
seal 3
fractured seal 3
wells 2
Data quality
Maturation
Log correlation panel with gamma and neutron/density, flattened on the Stø Fm. Location of profile is shown in the Stø Fm
thickness map.
135
The expected flow direction for the injected CO2 geological history and is analogous to the Greater
will be towards the west. As seen in the well sec- Albatross and the Greater Askeladd areas. The
tion profile, thick packages of shale seal the Stø results show a pore volume of 4100 Mm3.
Formation and are expected to prevent vertical All parameters used in the calculations and
leakage of CO2. Seepage of gas along the faults is presented in the table, are based on well informa-
regarded as a risk, in particular in the areas with tion. Key wells are 7121/4-1, 7121/4-2, 7120/6-1 and
shallow gas clouds. Monitoring of the injection 7121/4F-2H. Porosity and permeability trends and
(section 9) will be important to control the injec- input to depth conversion were derived from sev-
tion and the movement of the CO2 through time. eral wells in the area. The reservoir quality varies
Data quality in the area is good, except in the areas in the different formations in the “Snøhvit 2800”
with gas clouds. There is sufficient experience with case. The best quality is seen in the lowermost part
injection in the Stø Formation to conclude that the of the Stø Fm, but more shaly zones in the middle
area has been matured as a storage site. part of the formation most likely act as an internal
In addition to the CO2 storage potential related barrier or baffle for injected CO2.
to the ongoing injection in the Stø Fm, interpreta- Data quality is good, as indicated in the table.
tion and calculations were performed to evaluate Due to possible conflicts with the petroleum
the storage potential in the Snøhvit Jurassic aqui- activity, maturation is shown in blue colour. This Depth map of the Stø Fm, where the pink surface at 2800 m represent the
fer consisting of the Stø, Nordmela and Tubåen represents a theoretical volume of the CO2 storage base of the Jurassic aquifer.
Formations above the spill point for the main potential calculated for the Jurassic aquifer.
Snøhvit Field. This pore volume case is called the Uncertainty in the calculation is mostly related to
Greater Snøhvit area. It may represent the pore interpretation, depth conversion and a simplified
volume which has been filled with hydrocarbons in approach to the distribution of the aquifer.
Snøhvit 2800m
Rock Volume 89 Gm3
Net volume 54 Gm3
Pore volume 6.4 Gm3
Average depth 2404-2800m
Storage in depleted and abandoned fields Reservoir quality
capacity 3
The Snøhvit development includes several gas discoveries within the greater injectivity 2
Snøhvit, Askeladd and Albatross structures. The potential of CO2 storage after aban- Seal quality
donment of the smaller of these discoveries was calculated from the pore volume
seal 2
of their gas zones. It was assumed that after production there will remain residual
gas and minor amounts of free gas and that injected CO2 can occupy 40 % of the fractured seal 2
initial pore volume. Based on this assumption, which is regarded as conservative, wells 2
the storage capacity of the abandoned field is 200 Mtons. Data quality
Maturation
co2storageATLAS
136
6.2.2 Prospects Introduction
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 25°0'0"E

The preferred locations for CO2 seques- thickness of the primary seal (the
tration in the Barents Sea are structural Hekkingen and Fuglen Formations) and
traps which have been proved to contain the faulting intensity of the reservoir.
brine and no moveable hydrocarbons. In Seismic anomalies indicating shallow gas
the future, depleted and abandoned gas were also taken into account. Leak-off
fields can also be developed as storage tests indicate that the typical fracturing
sites. pressures in the Barents Sea are some- 72°30'0"N
Nine structures (named prospects what lower than in the North Sea and the
A to I) within the aquifer systems of Norwegian Sea. A prospect simulation
i
the Realgrunnen Subgroup have been was run with a maximum pressure build-
mapped and characterized by their up of 30 bar. Maturation of prospects
storage capacity, injectivity and seal which may be of interest for petroleum
quality. The storage capacity of a struc- exploration is considered to be low (blue
tural trap can be limited by the pore colour). Prospects which have been 72°0'0"N
volume of the structural closure and by drilled and that proved only brine or
the pore volume and permeability of brine and residual oil, are considered a
the connected aquifer. The evaluation more mature (green colour). The yellow
of Prospect A is based on a simulation colour is applied to prospects which are c
model that takes these factors into approaching a development plan, such d
account. Evaluation of the other pros- as in the Snøhvit area. These prospects G Snø b
pects is based on pore volumes of the require more in-depth studies than what
71°30'0"N e
structural closures and a storage efficien- was possible in this study. In addition
G Alb f
cy factor based on the geological condi- to the prospects, the Greater Snøhvit,
G Ask
tions for each prospect. Pore volumes are Greater Askeladd and Greater Albatross
calculated based on mapped surfaces, areas are defined. These areas represent
porosity and net/gross maps. For the res- structural closures with several culmi- g
ervoirs in the Hammerfest Basin, average nations. Some of the culminations are
permeability is indicated in the tables for hydrocarbon-filled, and some of them
the Nordmela Formation (low values) and have only residual hydrocarbons. There 71°0'0"N h
Stø Formation (high values). Provided are indications in the wells that these Depth to the BCU Prospects a-i
282 m
that the CO2 will be injected in the Stø greater structural closures have been Greater
Structures
Formation, injectivity is considered to be filled with hydrocarbons at the time of 5341 m
Snøhvit
Askeladd
medium to high in most prospects. The maximum burial. CO2 injected in these is Albatross
seal quality is characterized by the not likely to migrate out.

Location of evaluated prospects (red) and large structural closures (yellow).
137
6.2.2 Prospects Bjarmeland Platform prospects
Prospect A is defined as a closed structure Subgroup. No shallow gas indications have

located east of the Loppa High in the south- been observed along the boundary faults to
ernmost part of the Bjarmeland Platform, west the south. However, the residual oil observed
of the Nysleppen Fault Complex. The structure in the exploration well 7125/1-1 indicates
GEOSECTION 1
is drilled by the7125/1-1 well. 1 m oil satura- that leakage or seepage has taken place. As ms
0
Bjarmeland
modell
tion was encountered in the top of the main discussed in section 6.2.1, this seepage is 250
SW NE
reservoir, with a residual oil zone below. The believed to be a slow process, and the seal 500
Seabed
Quarternary
main reservoir zone evaluated for CO2 storage risk is characterized as relatively low. The geo- 750
Paleogene
is the Stø Formation with a thickness of 130 model of the Realgrunnen Subgroup is based 1000
Bjarmeland modell
m in well 7125/1-1. The Stø Formation is part on interpretation of 3D seismic data and data 1250
Cretaceous
of the Realgrunnen Subgroup, which thick- from the exploration well. The geomodel is 1500
ens westwards into the Hammerfest Basin. developed into a reservoir simulation model 1750
Depth to top of the interpreted structure is in order to study the behaviour of CO2 injec- 2000
Knurr Fm
Hekkingen
StøFm
Fm
about 1400 m. The Stø Formation overlies a tion in this reservoir with brine and residual 2250
thick Triassic succession of the Ingøydjupet oil. 2500

Upp er/middle Triassic
2750
24°0'0"E 24°30'0"E 25°0'0"E
3000
Lower Triassic
Swan graben
3250
3500
Permian
3750
4000
.
Hammerfest Cretaceous High
Deep Cretaceous Basin
4250
80 km
Marginal Volcanic High
Palaeozoic High in Platform
Platform
Pre-Jurassic Basin in Platform
Terraces and Intra-Basinal Elevations
Structural setting of prospect A.

Volcanics
72°0'0"N
7125/1-1
7125/1-1 GEOSECTION 2
SW NE
ms Seabed
400
Neogene
7125/1-1
600
71°50'0"N Paleogene
800
1000 Cretaceous
1200 Knurr
Hekkingen
Stø
gen Fm
Stø Fm Hekkin
Fruholmen
1400 Snadd
Trias
Depth to
Depth to the
the Stø
Stø Fm
Fm 1600
71°40'0"N Depth map of the Top Stø Formation in the area 1269: m
High 2047 16,5 km
Kobbe
of Prospect A. The location is shown in red on 1800

the inset map. The outline of the simulation 2047: 1269
Low m
model is shown by a dashed line. The Realgrunnen aquifer is shown as a thin yellow layer below the green primary seal of
the Hekkingen formation.
co2storageATLAS
138

The simulated CO2 injection well is located down dip lower, and the effects of a maximum Subgroup is thinning, but good porosity tion was stopped when the plume
with plume migration towards south-southeast, but pressure of 30 bar were also investigat- and permeability is developed in a large reached the eastern boundary of the
alternative locations with different injection rates ed. The pressure build-up depends on area. model. This boundary was regarded as
have been simulated. the volume and connectivity of the sur- The volume of the active aquifer the spill point of the structure. East of
The injection period is 50 years, and simulation rounding aquifer. The aquifer used for system is conservatively estimated to be this boundary there is only seismic cov-
continues for 1000 years to follow the long term modelling covers the area of the thick 25 times the volume of the geological erage by 2D lines, and the spill point is
CO2 migration effects. CO2 will continue to migrate Stø Formation and has excellent res- model, and this volume is added to the regarded as conservative.
upwards as long as it is in a free, movable state. ervoir properties. Further north in the simulation model volume.
Migration stops when CO2 is permanently trapped, Bjarmeland Platform, the Realgrunnen In the simulation model, CO2 injec-
by going into a solution with the formation water or
by being residually or structurally trapped (mineral-
24°30'0"E 25°0'0"E 24°30'0"E 25°0'0"E 24°30'0"E 25°0'0"E
ogical trapping is not considered here). ± ± ±

Confinement of CO2 requires prevention of
migration of the CO2 plume to potential leakage
72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N 72°0'0"N
areas. For Prospect A, the fault/graben system to the

west and south will seal the structure in that direc- !
7125/1-1
!
7125/1-1
!
7125/1-1
tion. The structurally highest point on the Bjarmeland

structure is located along this fault.
Stø Fm Stø Fm
Stø Fm
Porosity Permeability
Net to gross
71°50'0"N 0.23 71°50'0"N 1150 mD
71°50'0"N 0.98
To obtain confinement of CO2, the injection pres- 0.18 76 mD

0.91
sure must not exceed fracturing pressure. The fractur- Net/Gross values from 0,97-0,92 Porosity varies from 20-24 % Permeability is 1000 mD in the well
ing pressure increases with depth. The depth of the
maximum acceptable pressure increase was calculat-
ed for the shallowest point of CO2 plume migration
during the period of injection (1400m). The structure
is hydrostatically pressured. Fracture gradients estab-
lished from the North Sea and Norwegian Sea indi-
cate that a maximum acceptable pressure increase
of 75 bar could be applied at that depth. However,
as discussed in section 6.2.1, the fracture gradients
in the eroded regions of the Barents Sea could be
Prospect A
Storage system Open N N
Rock Volume 55 Gm3
Net volume 52 Gm3
Pore volume 10 Gm3 Distribution of injected gas (green) after end of injection (50 years), and after 1000 years of storage.
North to the right.
Storage effeciency 2.5 %
Reservoir quality
capacity 3
injectivity 3
Seal quality
seal 2
N N N
fractured seal 2
wells 3
Data quality Distribution of injected gas (green) after 1000 years of storage, depending on location of injector well.
Maturation
139

A 7124/4-1S A’
NNW SSE A
Prospect B is located in the transition rich Stø Formation. The faults cutting ms Seabed Nordland GP
zone between the Hammerfest and the through the Stø Formation seem to 400
Neogene
Nordkapp Basins, about 70 km north- terminate in the Hekkingen shale, hence 500 Sotbakken GP
east of the Goliat Field. It is defined at the seal risk is considered to be relatively 600 Palaeogene A’
a NW-SE trending fault block with a low. Nygrunnen GP
700 Kolmule
structural closure. The main reservoir The structure consists of two main
is in the Stø Formation (Realgrunnen segments. If a CO2 injector is placed in 800
Subgroup). The structure has been the northern segment, the CO2 plume 900
drilled by the well 7124/4-1 S, where can migrate and spill into the structur-
Cretaceous
1000
the Stø Formation was encountered at ally higher segment to the south. The
a depth between 1259 and 1312m. The calculated CO2 storage capacity for both
1100
To p H e k k in g e n
formation consists of a 52m thick homo- segments is 19 Mt based on a constant 1200 To p Stø
To p Fr uh o lm e n
geneous unit of mainly fine to medium thickness of the Stø Formation. 1300
grained sandstone with good reservoir 1400

Realgrunnen
properties. The well was water-bearing

and there are no indications of hydrocar-
1500
Upper Triassic
bons. Interpretation of the prospect is 1600
based on good 3D seismic data and data 1700
from the 7124/4-1S well. The 3D seismic

12 km
Middle Triassic
1800
data set does not cover the spill point SE

of the structure, which means that the NNW-SSE profile showing the geometry of aquifers (yellow) and sealing
formations (green) in the simulation model.
calculated volume is conservative.
The geosection illustrates the geom-
etry of aquifers (yellow) and sealing 24°0'0"E 24°30'0"E
formations (green). The primary seal

is the Hekkingen Formation, and thick Prospect B
Cretaceous shaly sediments act as a sec- Storage system Half open
ondary sealing layer. Rock Volume 4.0 Gm3
The reservoir quality and storage Net volume 3.9 Gm3
capacity is summarized and illustrated in Pore volume 900 Mm3
the table below. The reservoir properties Average depth 1260 m
used in the evaluation are based on the Average net/gross 0,98
7124/4-1S well. Prospect B is defined as a Average porosity 0,23
half open structure, where the boundary Average permeability 500 mD 71°40'0"N
towards the west is structurally closed Storage effeciency 3%

by a major fault and a graben structure.
The structure is segmented by several
Reservoir quality 7124-4-1S
smaller WSW-ENE trending faults.
capacity 3
Approximately 50 metres of
injectivity 3
Hekkingen shale overlie the sand-
Seal quality
seal 2
fractured seal 2
wells 3
71°30'0"N
Data quality Depth to the Stø Fm

1273 m
Maturation 1914 m
co2storageATLAS
140
6.2.2 Prospects Hammerfest Basin prospects
The Hammerfest Basin aquifer is classified as than the volume of separate prospects, and and no signs of gas leakage were observed.
a half open aquifer, comprising the Tubåen, the lateral connectivity in the Stø Formation The interpretation is based on 2D seismic
Nordmela and Stø Formations. The aquifer is good. Consequently, the calculation of data with poor coverage; consequently the
is bounded by the Troms-Finnmark and storage capacity in the Stø Formation in geometry and size of the structural closures
Ringvassøy-Loppa Fault Complexes in the the prospects is in most cases based on the are uncertain. Prospect C has several minor
south and west, and by the Asterias Fault assumption that the pore volume of the trap faults cutting through the reservoir. The
Complex towards the Loppa High. The per- is the limiting factor. faults are not believed to offset the primary
meability is highest in the Stø Formation seal completely, but a lower fractured seal
and lowest in the Nordmela Fm, as reflected Prospects C and D quality is indicated. Well 7122/4-1 was drilled
in the permeability range in the table. The Prospects C and D are structurally defined on prospect C and proved a brine filled struc-
total aquifer volume is significantly higher traps with 4-way closures. No major faults ture with hydrocarbon shows.
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E
72°0'0"N
Prospect C Prospect D
Storage system Open Storage system Open
c Rock Volume 1.94 Gm3 Rock Volume 1.18 Gm3
d
Net volume 1.79 Gm3 Net volume 1.25 Gm3
Pore volume 280 Mm3 Pore volume 180 Mm3
Average depth 2400 m Average depth 2400 m
71°30'0"N e Average net/gross 0,92 Average net/gross 0,97
Average porosity 0,15 Average porosity 0,15
f
Average permeability 1-170 mD Average permeability 1-150 mD
Storage effeciency 10 % Storage effeciency 10 %
Storage capacity aquifer 19 Mt Storage capacity aquifer 12 Mt
g Reservoir quality Reservoir quality
capacity 1 capacity 1
injectivity 3 injectivity 3
h Seal quality Seal quality
71°0'0"N
seal 3 seal 3
Depth to the Stø Fm fractured seal 2 fractured seal 3
1392 m
wells 3 wells 3
3652 m
Data quality
Data quality
Prospects c-h
Maturation Maturation
141
6.2.2 Prospects Hammerfest Basin prospects
Prospects E and F drilled and is regarded as a hydrocarbon Prospect G Prospect H

Prospects E and F are interpreted as 4-way prospect. The closure is partly bounded Prospect G is defined as a large Prospect H is a complex structure
closures within the greater Albatross area. by faults with small throws. No gas clouds structural closure with several culmi- with many fault blocks, bounded to
The closure of prospect E is fault-bound- or other signs of gas leakage have been nations. The structure is bounded by the south by the Troms-Finnmark
ed to the north. The throw of the fault is observed in the seismic data. Prospect the Troms-Finnmark Fault Complex, Fault Complex. The volume of the
larger than the thickness of the primary F can be an interesting candidate for and a deep spill point depends on a structure is calculated based on a
seal; hence the seal quality is rated lower CO2 storage if water-filled. The storage fault seal towards the Triassic rocks deep spill point which depends on
than the neighbouring structure, pros- capacities are based on the volume above in the Troms-Finnmark Platform. Two fault seal. The prospect is covered by
pect F. Prospect E was drilled by well spill point. Prospects E and F are located wells have been drilled within the 3D seismic data, but the seismic data
7221/5-3, which encountered brine with between Snøhvit and Melkøya, only a few structural closure, 7120/12-5 was dry, quality is low in large areas due to
hydrocarbon shows in the Stø and Tubåen km away from the pipeline. 7120/12-3 was a gas discovery in the gas clouds and shallow gas. Within
Formations. Prospect F has not been Stø Formation. South of the structure, the structure, three wells have been
7120/12-1 encountered brine with drilled without encountering mov-
N
Prospect E Prospect F
S
hydrocarbon shows, and 7120/12-2 able hydrocarbons. 7119/12-4 and
ms
1250
proved gas/condensate. The capacity 7120/10-1 were dry, while shows were
of the trap is based on the volume observed in 7119/12-2 throughout the
above the spill point, but with a low Middle Jurassic to Upper Triassic.
Lower Cretaceous
1500
storage efficiency because injected

1750
CO2 plumes must not interfere with
2000
Knurr Fm
the accumulations of natural gas.
Hekkingen Fm
2250
mela,
St ø, N o r d q u i f e r
Tu b å e n a
5 km
2500 Triassic
Prospect E Prospect F Prospect G Prospect H

Storage system Open Storage system Open Storage system Half open Storage system Half open
Rock Volume 1.9 Gm3 Rock Volume 2.3 Gm3 17 Gm3
Rock Volume Rock Volume 58 Gm3
Net volume 1.7 Gm3 Net volume 1.9 Gm3 9.9 Gm3
Net volume Net volume 29 Gm3
Pore volume 290 Mm3 Pore volume 350 Mm3 16 Gm3
Pore volume Pore volume 5.2 Gm3
Average depth 1900 m Average depth 1900 m Average depth 2200 m Average depth 2100 m
Average net/gross 0,86 Average net/gross 0,79 Average net/gross 0,57 Average net/gross 0,5
Average porosity 0,18 Average porosity 0,19 Average porosity 0,17 Average porosity 0,18
Average permeability 2-500 mD Average permeability 2-550 mD Average permeability 1-300 mD Average permeability 1-600 mD
Storage effeciency 10 % Storage effeciency 10 % Storage effeciency 5% Storage effeciency 5%
Storage capacity aquifer 20 Mt Storage capacity aquifer 24 Mt Storage capacity aquifer 57 Mt Storage capacity aquifer 180 Mt
Reservoir quality Reservoir quality Reservoir quality Reservoir quality
capacity 2 capacity 2 capacity 2 capacity 2
injectivity 3 injectivity 3 injectivity 2 injectivity 2
Seal quality Seal quality Seal quality Seal quality
seal 2 seal 3 seal 2 seal 2
fractured seal 2 fractured seal 3 fractured seal 2 fractured seal 2
wells 3 wells 3 wells 2
2 wells
Data quality
Data quality Data quality Data quality
Maturation Maturation Maturation Maturation
co2storageATLAS
142
6.2.2 Prospects Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex prospect
The Jurassic aquifer in the Bjørnøyrenna Fault known. Lower Cretaceous sands have devel- filled. Shows of residual oil in the well are
Complex is separated from the Hammerfest oped in some of the fault blocks and commu- interpreted as remnants of oil resulting from
Basin by the eroded Loppa High and faults nication between segments is possible. One natural leakage or the water sweep of a hydro-
with large throws south of the high. The lith- water-bearing closure has been selected as a carbon accumulation. There are indications
ologies and the properties of the formations candidate for CO2 storage. of gas brightening in the fault zone above
are similar to the Hammerfest Basin. The area Prospect I is located at a closed structure the crest of the structure. The Fuglen and
west of the Loppa High is an active petroleum drilled by well 7219/9-1. The geometry of the Hekkingen Formations are eroded at the top of
province with several gas clouds, seeps to the trap is mapped using 3D seismic data of good the structure. The main risk for this prospect is
sea floor, gas hydrates and recent discoveries quality. The prospect belongs to a fault seg- considered to be the sealing properties of the
of oil and gas. The area is strongly segmented ment within the Bjørnøyrenna Fault Complex. cap rock, including the fault and the overlying
by large faults, and the degree of communi- The Jurassic aquifer formations proved to have Lower Cretaceous sedimentary rocks.
cation between the rotated fault blocks is not good reservoir properties and were water-
20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 25°0'0"E
19°40'0"E 19°50'0"E 20°0'0"E
72°30'0"N
72°0'0"N
c
d
G Snø b
71°30'0"N e
G Alb f
G Ask
72°24'0"N
Prospect I
71°0'0"N
Depth to the BCU Prospects a-i

282 m
Greater
Structures
Snøhvit
Storage system closed

5341 m Askeladd
Albatross
Rock Volume 7.7 Gm3

Net volume 6.9 Gm3
Pore volume 1.3 Gm3
Storage effeciency 1% 72°20'0"N

Reservoir quality
capacity 2
injectivity 3
Seal quality
seal 2
fractured seal 2 1751 m
wells 3
2775 m
Data quality Contour interval 100 m
Maturation
The location of prospect I is shown by the black arrow in the inset map.
143
6.2.3 Summary
The main results of this study are displayed tion, the storage potential in the aquifer is production. The main uncertainties relate dedicated to oil recovery from residual oil
in the table below and illustrated by the classified as immature. to the quality of the seal and to the possi- and thin oil zones. Analysis of this poten-
maturation pyramid. The aquifers in the In the near future, the CO2 available bility of encountering hydrocarbons in the tial is beyond the scope of this atlas.
Jurassic Realgrunnen Subgroup are well for injection in the Barents Sea is likely to traps. Gas production started in the southern
suited for sequestration, and their storage come from natural sources such as CO2 CO2 injection can be used to mobi- Barents Sea in 2007. In the future, when
potential has been quantified. Additional associated with methane in the gas fields. lize residual oil, which is abundant in the gas-bearing structures are depleted and
storage in other aquifers is possible. A The evaluation indicates that there is a Realgrunnen Subgroup. The potential for abandoned, they will have a potential for
theoretical storage potential of 7.2 Gt is potential for safe storage of more than 500 such utilization of CO2 is shown by a sim- development as storage sites. A simple
identified in the regional aquifers. Since Mt CO2 in structural traps in the southern ulation study of prospect A. The results calculation revealed a potential of around
some of these areas may have a potential Barents Sea. Some of these traps are close indicate that large amounts of CO2 which 200 Mt in four of these structures.
for petroleum exploration and exploita- to the areas of field development and can be safely stored in prospects could be
Prospects in structural traps

Avg Bulk Pore Avg K Open/closed Storage CO2 density Storage Maturity
depth volume volume eff in reservoir capacity
Unit m Gm³ Gm³ mD % kg/m³ Mt
BP Aquifer
A 1525 55 10 500 open 2.50 650 176
B 1260 4 0.9 500 half open 3 650 19
HB Aquifer Based on injection history
C 2400 1.9 0.28 1-170 open 10 700 19
D 2400 1.2 0.18 1-150 open 10 700 12
E 1900 1.9 0.29 2-500 open 10 700 20 Development of injection site
F 1900 2.3 0.35 2-550 open 10 700 24

G 2200 17 1.6 1-300 half open 5 700 57
H 2100 58 5.2 1-600 open 5 700 183 Injection Suitable for long term storage
BFC Prospect
I 2100 7.7 1.3 400 closed 1 700 9 Exploration
Gt )
Effec tiv
e and sa .0 02 elds
Storage in abandoned fields fe storage t(fi Theoretical volume
Fields in production 200 Cut off c 0. 2G

r iteria on +
volume
/c onflict o 7 Gt
Aquifer volumes
Volume
f intere
st 0.0 Gt
BP Aquifer 1100 1480 245 5-1000 half open 3 650 4800 c alculate
d on avera 7.2 Increased technical
HB Aquifer 2400 1230 120 1-500 half open 3 700 2500 ge poro maturity
sit y and th
Greater Snøhvit 4.1 ickness
Greater Askeladd 2.3
Greater Albatross 5.4
Snøhvit CO2 injection

Snøhvit aquifer 2800 2404- 89 6.4 150 half open 2 700 90
2800
Snøhvit central Stø 2404- 6.1 0.68 24
2800
co2storageATLAS
144
The UNIS CO2 well site in Longyearbyen, Svalbard. Photo: Sebastian Sikora.
145

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6.

The Barents Sea

2z°EwEME 5E°EwEME 5z°EwEME 1E°EwEME 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E

Bjørnøyrenna-Fault-Complex Loppa-High 72°0'0"N !

Hammerfest-Basin Måsøy-Fault-Complex 71°0'0"N

Senja-Ridge Tromsø-Basin Finnmark-Platform

I2°EwEMN Marginal-Volcanic-High Hammerfest

Structural elements of the Southern Barents Sea.

CHRONOSTRATIGRAPHY GROUP SUBGROUP FORMATION

APT - ALB Kolje

norwegian continental shelf

16°2R2AE 02°2R2AE 06°2R2AE 32°2R2AE

the west by the southwestern extension of the (Samson Dome). V

the west it is separated from the Tromsø of uplift/subsidence followed by tilt-

20°0'0 E 25°0'0 E 30°0'0 E 72°0'0"N

Bathymetri of the southwestern Barents Sea. Based on

Jakobsson et al. 2012.

Map showing Cenozoic and Quaternary erosion of the

20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 30°0'0"E

70°0'0"N 100 - 150 m

7120/12 and 7120/9 in the western part of Ingøydjupet SUB GP

throughout the Hammerfest Basin, where the

east on the Bjarmeland Platform, Norsel High

the Ingøydjupet Subgroup is black shale and Edgeøya Bas

Marine environments encountered by wells in

the lower parts of the subgroup, together with Bjørnøya Bjørnøya

seismic data, show evidence for coastlines to Svalis Svalis

the south and southeast of the Hammerfest

the subgroup reflect northwestward outbuild-

relief depositional basin. Palaeogeographic map showingCarnian

platform in?the Late Triassic. In the map, the

Salt diapir Kobbe sand

Bjørnøya Franz Joseph

norwegian continental shelf

70° 70° Timan

(c) (d) Norway

20° 25° 30° 35° E

Depth to the BCU

Thickness of the Realgrunnen Subgp

20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Depth to the Fruholmen Fm

20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Thickness of the Tubåen Fm

Depth to the Tubåen Fm

20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E

Depth to the Nordmela Fm

Depth to the Stø Fm

20°0'0"E 25°0'0"E Well log 7120/12-1 7120/12-1 - fuglen, 2044-2047 m

71°0'0"N Thickness of Base Quaternary - BCU

Well log 7120/12-1 7120/12-1 - hekkingen, 1702-1705 m 20°0'0oE 25°0'0oE 30°0'0oE

Depth to the BCU

Depth to the Knurr Fm

Conceptual sketch showing the depositional environments of the different aquifers.

7°°5-5cN Toarcian Stø Fm. Stø Fm.

Sinemurian Nordmela Fm. Nordmela Fm.

C Carnian Snadd Fm. Snadd Fm.

Evaluated geological formations, and aquifers.

6.2.1 Saline aquifers Hammerfest Basin

Hammerfest Basin aquifer Summary

N/G POR PERM

discovery and in some wells in the southwestern

injection due to salt precipitation near the wells.

Residual oil is widely distributed in the Jurassic

burial. Large volumes of gas have seeped out, Stø Fm