POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS INSTITUTE OF DiEreaye 5 ‘TECHNOLOGY a ee egyeaet ea @ 2.1 Introduction to Veetor Spaces Chapter 2. Veetor Spaces @ 22 Subepaces @ 2.3 Linear Independence and Linesr Dependence ALGEBRA Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Fundamental © 24 Rank of » Set of Vectors Science 1 @ 25 Basis and Dimension of a Vector Space Hanoi - 2022 ene ra saad eae sir see TAT (pee ars aR cnn ese pe Chapter 2. Vector Spaces 2.1.1 Definition @ 21 Introduction ta Vector Spaces Tet V be a nonempty set on which two operation (wetor sedition and scalee molcplestion) are defined. Then V is called a vector space and the elements in V are called vectors if the following ten exioms aze satisfied.1) Irao € V, then the sum of u and v, denoted by a+ isin V. utv=vtavuged. 3) (ure + ‘The vector — i alld the nesilive of Example 1. Bea (r= (e1,22,---)20)] 24 €RE=],.--yn} is w vector space with ut (otu) Maw, 41) There ia 2eo vector in V auch that w+ 5) For each w in V there isa vector ~u in V such that ut) =Cutuno. ‘the operations defined as follows: Te = (@as20,e0ey2uh0= (tsdas---stn) ER" and a-€ R, then ety (ar = (a21,025,--+, 20) 1 The sao vector is + The negative of = 0=(0,0,...,0) (21.221 2q) €R (etme tite tua) 6) If we V, then the scalar product of w by a, denoted as au, isin Vivace. 1) alu t-2) =aut av, Var eR, Yun € V. 8) (@+ fu=avt Su,Va,f eR Yue V. 9) (aB)u= a(u),¥a,B €R,Yu EV. 10) tu=uvue vs eS Example 2. Given nN? lot P, denote the st of all polynomials of degree at most n, together with the 2eo polynomial, that is Py = ple) = a9 bays +... +an2"| a ER, oe Pz isa veetor space with the usual operations of polynomial adéition and scalar multiplication. 1 The zero veetor isthe zero polynomial © The negative of p(2) = a9 + 012+... -+aqa" € Py is —vte) 09 — a2 =. — Oya2.1.2 Properties Example 3. FR? ie nota vector space with the operations defined as follows: if 2=(ey2),9 = (ym) € Rand ER, then sty=Gitmmte ez = (a22, 021) 1) The zero vetor i unigue For each w € V, the negative of wis unique, 2) Cancella w. Example 4. ) ‘The set Fja,8] of ll functions defied on the interval [a0] sa vector 2) For all we V,Ou= 0 (— spuoe with the operations defined as fll: i fg Fla.) andaeR, 4) Forall eR, a0=0. then 5) Ifaw (Ft ae) = fe) + ofe), Vee [a8 Gof\(2) = afte), We € ft} en asta ee mina cere 2. vest Sin Chapter 2. Vector Spaces +0) © 22 Subspace Remark: ¥i,u,u¢Vato=weru=w—w2.2.1 Definition ‘A nonempty subset W of a wector space Vis called a subspace of V if {is tel a vector space tsing the addition and sealar multiplication of V. ‘A nonempty subset WV of a vector space V ise subspace of Vif and ‘only if t satisfies the following conditions: Iu eW, then w+ ve W. 2. Wee Rand ue W, then ove W. 2.2.2 The Subspace Spanned by a Set of Vectors ‘A vector v ia a vector space V is called linear conibinaton of the vectors o,t2,->oy 0 0 V AF enn be weitten in the form wean tet. bean where 61,61 are cals Example 6. Let vs = (1)~8,2), v2 = (2,-1.1) and v= (1,7,-4) Wiite » ag a linear Example 5. Which ofthe following are subspaces of R? 9) Wi = ((a.uya)|~ 2 +3y +22 =0) 1b) Wa = {(0,4,)| 4,¢ are real numbers) ©) Ws = {(e,6)] e= 20 43+ 2} If (Waker sa ester of subspaces of vector space V. then (Ms is leo a subspace of V. ais Let S = {0y¥,---ya} bo a set of vectors in a vector space Vi ‘The spar of $, denoted by span S, is the set ofall linear combinations of the vectors in $, | 1aeR} span $= {ea tam t...+ qn] 6,02, ‘+ ICV = span S, then S is called a spanning st of V. In such case it is sad that Vis spanned by S, oF that $ spans V Example 7. Consider the vectors py =1 + +424 and pa=145z +2! in Ps, Determine whether p, and yz le in span{l +22 —2,8-+ 52+ 22").(s07s--ost4) bea st of vectors in & vector space V. Then 1) span $s a subspace of V. 1) span $ is the smallest subspace of V that contains 5, in the sense any subspace of V thet contains $ must contain span S. ‘Let Wi, Wa be two subspaces of V. Then the sum of Wi and We is 8 direct sum if end only if Wi0 Wa = (0). Example 8. Let W;, Ws be two subspaces of R° defined by % We (2,8,0)| 4,5 €R} (0,b.¢)|e€ BY Show thet RS =Wy + We Is Wa +13 a direct sum? 2.2.3, Sum and Direct Sum of Subspaces Tet 1, Way... a be subspaces ofa vector space V. 4 The pm of the subspaces Wiyeees Way waitlen Wi +. Wpy fs the set defined by Wyte Wa {ta beet tal we EWM 7} 4 The sum of the subspaces Wiy.--,'n i called inet si, denoted by W, @...@ Wy, ifevery ue W, +... +Wa can be ‘uniquely written 25 tet, whore 4; € Wi ‘Remark: Wi + Wa ...+Wq is also # subspace of ee Example 9. Let If, W; be two subspaces of R° defined by Wi ={(aa.0}] 0 RY We = (0591 bee RY Show that B? = 17, @W2Chapter 2. Vector Spaces @ 25 Linear Independence and Linear Dependence Example 10. Which of the following subsets of B® are linoeriy Independent? 8) {(1,2,3),00.1.2)-2,0,1)) ») {0,1.2),(2,2,2), (8,-2.5) ‘Example 11, Show thet {14 2,S2-+22,2+2— 24} is lincerly independent in Ps, '¢ A sot of vectors $= {o1,0,...,14} in weetor space Vis called linesely ndependeat If satisfies the following condition: anton + tam =054 =. a= 1 Ie there exist real numbers 6,02, that 164 , Bot all of them 0, such amtamt..tou=0 then is ealled linearly dependent oreo ena VANE 1) Wa act of vectors is nearly independent, then any nonempty | subset of $ is linearly independent. 2) Any set of vectors containing the zero vector is lineasly dependent. 8) A set $= {o1,05,..-,0a}, 2 2s Hneatly dependent if and only if at least one of the vectors 1 can be writen as a linear combination of the other vectors in S. 4) If {a1,¥2,...0e} is linearly independent and um qm tet +... + cyte, then this representation is unique. 15) Let {r,02,-.»,p} be a linearly independent set of vectors. Then the vector set (v1, t2..--,0hst} is linearly dependent if and only if | ‘wis a linear combination of u,035.0 2% J seemed Sn eacr RINEChapter 2. Vector Spaces © 24 Rank ofa Set of Vectors Let 5 be a finite st of vectors ina vector space V. Then any linearly independent cubset of $ ean be enlarged to a maximal linearly Independent subset of 5. ‘Example 12. Fiod # maximal linary independent subset ofthe ect Sm (uisuayuasta} In RY, where t= (8,14), t= (2,-3.5), wp = (5,-2.9), w= 4-1) 2.4.1 Maximal Linearly Independent Sets ‘Lat § ba a set of vector in a vector space V. A subset 5" of $ is called ‘a maximal linearly independent subset of $I it saisies the tno following conditions: 1) i linens independent. 2) IFS! C TCS, then T is linearly dependent. ‘Remark: If Sis maximal linarly independent subset of every vector in 5 can be expressd in a unique way a s linest ‘combination ofthe vectors in S" 2.4.2 Rank of a Finite Set of Vectors Tet R bo a sot off vector ina vector space V. If Sis lincarly independent set of n vectors in V and every vetor in $ is linear ‘combinetion of the vetoes in , then n < ‘Let 5 be @ finite set of vectors in a vector apaoe V. Thon every masianal linearly independent subset of $ bas the same number of vectors. veess mi cn. te es«Let § be a nite set of vectors in a vector space V. The rak of S, denoted by r(S), ie the number of vectors in a maximal linearly independent subset of. «The rank of {0} is defined as 0, Example 18, Find the rank of the set of vectors $ where (uy asi) 4 = 8.14), m= 0, 5), 19 2,9), 4 (1,4,-1) 2.5.1 Basis of a Vector Space ‘A st S of vectors in a vector space V is called a bass of Vif it ‘atlas the following two conditions: 1) Sis a spanning set of V. 2) $ is linearly independeat. Example 14. Show that the st of vectors B = {61 enh. where 4,0, 0, (0,0,...,1) Is a Dats of BY B is called the stan bscis of RP Chapter 2. Vector Spaces @ 2.5 Basis aud Dimension ofa Vector Space Tat (01.0050 are equivalent: 1) {102-4} is 8 basis of Ve | 2) {o1s02;--s5th) is a maximal nearly independent eubsot of V- 2) Every vector in V can be expressed in unique way as linear combination ofthe vectors 1112445: ‘a be a set of vectors in V. The following propositions“Let V be a vector space with a finite spanning set, Then any independent subset of V ean be enlarged toa basis of V. Corollary. Every vector space with « fnit spanning sot as a basi. [fa vector space V has one bass with n vectors, then every basis of V bas n vector Example 16. Let U = {(a,0+3,a—,0)| a,b €R} be « subspace of Find a bass of U end ealeulate dim U. ‘Let V be a finite dimensional vector space and $: cof m vectors ia V. Then 2) HS ie linoorly independent, then m < dim V. 2) IFS isa spanning ect of V, then m > dim V. 2) If m= dim ¥ then $ 5 linearly independent if and oaly if S isa spanning set of V. 23 2 Dimension of a Vector Space LV be. vevtor space. The number of vectors in a basis of V is called the insonsiou of V, denoted by dim V. + By convention dim {0} =0 46 A vector space V is called finite dimonsioual itis spanned by & fale set of vectors. Otherwise, V Is called in f Remarks dimR" =n Example 15. Show that {1,2,2%,...,2"} ie basis of P, called the ‘the standard bass of Py, and that dimP,, =n-+1 Tet Wis; be finite dimensional subspaces of a vector space V. Then 1W, + W has finite dimension snd ima W, + Wa) = di Wi + dim Wa — dim (7, Wa), | dim 7, @ We) = dim Ws + dim ewes aS ciate sess2.5.3 The Coordinates of a Vector “Let 5 be a ite set of vectors in a vertor space V, and suppose that ‘Sy isa subset of S. Then 1) Sis ¢ maxdmal nearly independent subset of $ if and only if So {s'e bess of span § and therefore r(S) = dim(span 5) 2) Let $" be a sot of weetos obtained from $ ky performing the ‘ellowing elementary operations on S: « Tnerchange tro vectors in $. 1 Mutiny «vector im by « nonzero number 1 Ade multiple of ome vector im to a difrat vostr in $ ‘Then span $= span 5 and therefore r(S) = r(S}. Tet B = {01,02,...,t} be an ordered bass fora vector space V. Then cach uv € V has the unique representation: wero epee tb Gata Cas6Ds- sen ER. wes of w in the basis B. Example 17. ‘8) Show that $= fo? 42,2 + 1,2} is a bas of Po by) Find the coordinates of p(2) = 2° +-2z +3 in the bass 5.