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O L O R A DAerospace

O
S T E M M A G A Z i N E

The STEM of Meteorology


An ever changing
Colorado STEM Career

Apollopalooza

The Heart of STEM Careers


April 2019
\\019v
“An Experience for Everyone”
Colorado Aerospace STEM Magazine
believes that the key to success in seeing
higher graduation rates, improved test-
ing results, student inspiration, creativity, Meteorology
excitement and career satisfaction rests in By Meredith Garofalo
the hands of the teacher. The example and
inspiration of individual educators carries
tremendous weight on a daily basis, great-
ly impacting the quality and effectiveness
of the classroom environment. What Does a
Meteorologist Do?
Our mission: Encourage curiosity,
investigation, inspiration, creativity, and
Patricia Perkins
innovation; the foundations of every
career passion and career in the Colorado
workforce.
The Heart of STEM
Wayne Carley
Publisher Wayne Carley

Unlimited distribution is permitted to


everyone receiving Colorado Aerospace
STEM Magazine. Please feel free to share
with educators, students, parents and in- Orthopedics
terested individuals or organizations. Abraham Collins
Colorado Aerospace STEM Magazine
strives to encourage the educator to better
understand the importance of STEM skills,
their use in every school subject, the need
and ease of integration into curriculum
and the urgency for students to embrace Apollopalooza
STEM.

To find out more, please send your E-mail


request to:
COAEROSTEMMAG@oak-aero.com
Abovethe Storm to Succeed in a STEM Career
Rising

By Meredith Garofalo
Certified Broadcast Meteorologist (CBM)

I’m your friendly neighborhood meteo-


rologist on a national weather network.
It was a dream I had as a little girl and
that I’m proud to say is now my career!
I get to forecast the weather from coast
to coast into a tiny camera that gets
sent out to millions of people every
single day across numerous platforms,
yet I promise, we probably have more
in common than you might think!

I do my own hair and make-up every


morning for work, shop for the best
bargains on clothes, and start rocking
out to my favorite songs the minute my
car leaves the garage. The coolest part
of all? I’m a scientist!
I chose to go into a STEM career when I’ll never forget how I was referred to
I was just three years old! My Mom as “four eyes” because I wore glasses,
told me her story of surviving the F-5 or as one girl put “the scum between
tornado that wiped out Xenia, Ohio my toes.” It was quite depressing,
during the Super Outbreak of 1974. and I spent many nights crying my-
self to sleep and wondering what was
The tornado formed across the street wrong with me because of what others
from where she was and touched down thought. I was the victim of verbal and
in the backyard. My Mom worked with emotional abuse, and so many times I
the Red Cross to help victims and it found my safe place at the library or at
was at that moment I felt it was my home writing in my journal.
calling to study severe weather and
storms to help keep people informed It was a very painful time but because I
and safe. I think I was the first to make had such strong mentors and teachers
a “Facebook Live” weather report using that believed in me, as well as being
my Fischer Price tape recorder! I con- a Girl Scout, I kept focused on what I
tinued to study weather, how the local wanted to do with my life and never
meteorologists covered it, and then allowed myself to give up. When you
got into the morning news in Middle find the positive moments in life, even
School doing weather reports. I love when many times you feel like you
what I do every single day and how I are stuck in the dark, it will always be
can make a difference in the lives of the guiding light to move onward and
people, storm or sunshine. upward. As any teenager knows, high
school can be one of the most difficult
As much as I’d love to say the jour- or exciting times of his or her life. I
ney to success had been easy, there wasn’t part of the popular crowd, but I
have been a lot of storms I had to get was very active in sports, music, and of
through to get where I am today. I course continuing to pursue my dream
struggled as a child as a victim of bul- as a meteorologist.
lying, and recently opened up in a blog
to share my experience about how I Because of my experiences in elemen-
was able to overcome adversity to suc- tary and middle school, I was reserved
ceed. My self-esteem was very low as about who I was and opening up to
other kids would make fun of the way people. I made friends and had many
I looked and dressed, and that I had wonderful experiences those four
such a love for science and weather. years, but still, was taunted and teased
because I was so passionate about
weather and still was on the course to I even had one freshman year profes-
becoming a meteorologist. I excelled sor tell me to reconsider my career
at all my classes as well as in band and because she didn’t think I could make
track & field, but I was still deep-down it through the program. It was a low
battling with low self esteem and a blow, but because it was a life long
constant need to be accepted by the dream and all of the support I had
“popular girls” even if it meant being over the years, I decided I would push
someone I was not. myself harder than ever to continue to
prove all the doubters wrong. There
Thankfully, I had made an amazing were nights in the library I wanted to
group of friends and had such strong give up and tests that I failed, but by
support from my teachers and coach- staying focused and believing in my-
es that I was able to overcome many self, I was able to graduate and within
obstacles and graduated with honors, just weeks get my first on-air meteorol-
ready to head to college to get the ogist job.
degree I had wanted for so long. If I
could go back and tell my high school Looking back, I am truly grateful that
self any advice, it would be to love who I did not throw in the towel when it
I was no matter what anyone said, and got tough or decided to change courses
stay focused on the things that made because others thought that was best
me happy and that I excelled at. It’s for me. Once you’ve decided your path,
not about being “popular” or trying to stay focused on where you are going.
make everyone like you…high school There will be moments you are point-
is about discovering more about who ed in a different direction, and people
you are, and shining bright at what you who will try to set you off course, but
are passionate about! when you find that shining light within
yourself and keep strong faith and con-
As I soon learned, getting a degree in fidence, you will get to where you need
meteorology is not an easy one. I had to be. Even if some times it takes you
four years of college including a heavy much longer than you might imagine,
emphasis of math and science, which I you WILL get there!
found out was not my strongest side. It
was easier for me to get up in front of a I consider what I do a privilege and
camera and ad-lib than it was for me to opportunity to help change this world
remember formulas and calculate the in the most positive way...especially for
answers to word problems. all those kids out there with the same
passion of knowing what they want to
do as a child and encouraging them to support that. Sing every day the song
rise above adversity and struggles to do in your heart -- every single note and
whatever they want. beat defines you and no matter what
anyone says it will be the greatest hit
My journey is far from being com- for the rest of your life! It just takes
plete, and if I could offer final words one girl, with a big dream, with the
of advice to anyone reading this, let support of peers, and a passion to reach
me share this. Embrace being unique the stars, to make a difference forever.
and different – people who are mean to Shine and lead the way, because no one
you and that make fun of you because can ever take away your light and legacy.
you think outside the box only do it
because they are weak and are trying ________________________
to steal the wind from your sails. Be Meredith Garofalo is an on-air
morning meteorologist for Weather-
strong – you have the entire ocean in Nation, based in Denver, CO. She is a
front of you to explore and so many Certified Broadcast Meteorologist as
more exciting adventures to embark designated by the American Mete-
on! orological Society and sits on the
Station Scientist Committee, which
focuses on raising greater awareness
The reason others choose not to like & outreach when it comes to science
you or to be mean to you is simply education for viewers.
because there’s something in you that
In 2018, she was awarded the Val-
they want to be like or have…so be paraiso University Alumni Asso-
flattered! Some of the most amazing ciation First Decade Achievement
colors out there are far from the ordi- Award and in 2017, was honored with
the Community Partner of the Year
nary, but they hold their own because for her volunteer work with Make-A-
they are bold, beautiful, and different Wish Tri-Counties in Santa Barbara,
than any other. Do not be afraid to CA. Meredith loves educating and
stand up for yourself or a friend to bul- inspiring our youth (especially about
STEM careers!) by setting a positive
lies, hold your ground but also spread role model and speaking to them
positivity and never hate. at career days and giving classroom
talks. She also is very passionate
If you want something bad enough, the about giving back to the community
and donating her time and talents
ONLY person who can tell you it can- helping organizations such as the Girl
not be done is YOU. YOUR opinions Scouts, Make-A-Wish, Big Broth-
and YOUR dreams should be the only ers Big Sisters, Boys and Girls Club,
ones that matter, and choose to only the American Cancer Society, the
American Heart Association, and the
surround yourself with people who American Red Cross.
What STEM Does a Meteorologist Do?

Meteorologists may work on daily Atmospheric Researchers


weather forecasting, conduct atmo-
spheric research for the government, Atmospheric researchers study the
private corporations or universities. workings of the atmosphere (Science)
They also teach, broadcast the weather, to better understand how it works,
and provided valuable information on and how it’s interconnected with our
potential weather formations for their planet’s waters. This connection often
area. leads atmospheric researchers to work
in tandem with oceanographers, hy-
Weather Forecasters drologists, environmental scientists,
physicists, and mathematicians to col-
Using sophisticated computer models lect and interpret data and study atmo-
(Technology) and data collected from spheric phenomena.
around the world they tailor forecasts
to their own local areas. While we often For example, different types of scien-
think of broadcasters, there are many tists work together to study globally-
more meteorologists who work behind connected, complex issues like climate
the scenes, often for government agen- change, and to predict its effects on
cies. There’s also a growing number of human beings and other species.
private sector meteorologists working
for companies that specialize in pro-
viding highly specific information on
challenging weather events. (Engineer-
ing)

Clients may include power provid-


ers concerned about demand during
a heat spell, importers of agricultural
products, and sporting associations
concerned about weather during the
big game. Some airlines even have
their own meteorology departments.
They may also advise companies and
governments on the best locations for
wind farms. (Engineering)
Climatologists

Climatologists study historical climate graduate, graduate and Ph.D. pro-


patterns to understand long-term grams, perform research, and direct
weather patterns and predict future cli- the research of graduate students, or
matic shifts. Most climatologists study they may teach atmospheric science
global warming. They may use histor- classes that supplement the offerings
ical records in the form of written ac- of related science programs. Studying
counts, or shifts “recorded” in ancient meteorology is also good training for
ice or sediments. Paleoclimatologists becoming a general science teacher at
who study prehistoric climate con- the high school level.
ditions often do fieldwork to retrieve
such physical evidence. Forensic Meteorologists

Meteorologists may become faculty Forensic Meteorologists investigate and


and teach at colleges or universities. provide information on weather condi-
They may work for in-depth under- tions at specific moments in the recent
past. Their work provides insight into me·te·or·ol·o·gy
how weather may have played a role in /,mēdēә’rälәjē/
a traffic accident, fire, or other event noun
having monetary or legal ramifications. noun: meteorology
Forensic meteorologists may testify in - the branch of science concerned with
court. the processes and phenomena of the at-
mosphere, especially as a means of fore-
Meteorologists may also work on im- casting the weather.
proving weather-related technology,
- “an induction course to learn basic me-
such as data collection instruments teorology”
and computer models. They may also
work design informative digital weather - the climate and weather of a region.
displays.
- “overwintering would allow the team to
investigate the island’s meteorology”
The Human Heart stripped of all fat
and muscle with just the angel veins exposed.

Amazing
Every day your heart beats about
100,000 times, sending 2,000 gallons
of blood surging through your body.
Although it’s no bigger than your fist,
your heart has the mighty job of keep-
ing blood flowing through the 60,000
miles of blood vessels that feed your
organs and tissues. Any damage to
the heart or its valves can reduce that
pumping power, forcing the heart to
work harder just to keep up with the
body’s demand for blood.

When it comes to matters of the heart,


men and women definitely aren’t
created equal. For instance, a man’s
heart weighs about 10 ounces, while a
woman’s heart weighs approximately 8
ounces.

Health experts now have proof that


laughter is good medicine. A good
belly laugh can send 20% more blood
flowing through your entire body. One
study found that when people watched
a funny movie, their blood flow in-
creased. That’s why laughter might just
be the perfect antidote to stress.
When you laugh, the lining of your The heart, vessels and entire circulation
blood vessel walls relaxes and expands, system in your body is called the
so have a good giggle. Your heart will Cardiovascular System. We all know
thank you. how important it is for life, and a
healthy Cardiovascular System leads to
a long and healthy life.

Let’s consider possible careers that deal


with the Cardiovascular System and
how they are STEM careers. From a
student nurse to a heart surgeon, the
choices are vast and the amount of
education required is vast also, but very
interesting and challenging.

Cardiovascular System
Cardiologists (heart doctors) play a
leading role in combating diseases and
conditions of the cardiovascular
system. They monitor, diagnose and
treat heart conditions through a variety
of non-surgical means, including med-
ications and management of lifestyle
factors. Some cardiologists also per-
form non-surgical procedures such as
angioplasties and stent insertion (tubes
and small balloons to open up the
blood vessel), using tiny instruments
inserted through a catheter into the pa-
tient’s blood vessels and then threaded
through the body to the trouble area.
Stent: a small, expandable tube used for inserting in a blocked vessel or other part.
(science, technology, engineering and math; all necessary for the Stent)

Although medication and other treat- attended a special school, from 1 year
ments can slow the progress of heart to 4 years to learn the operation of the
disease, some patients require surgery Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
to repair or limit damage to the heart and ultrasound technology that both
and its supporting network of blood provide useful images of the heart in
vessels. This is the work of cardiac and operation, and ultrasound can help
vascular surgeons. They perform diagnose blockages in the veins and
bypasses and open-heart surgery, as arteries by measuring blood flow.
well as valve repairs, and other
less-invasive (non-cutting) forms of Radiologists, who are doctors, review
therapy. these images and advise their fellow
physicians on their importance when
Imaging Professionals it comes to deciding (engineering) the
best treatment based on the pictures of
Cardiologists and cardiac surgeons the heart.
often rely on the work of imaging tech-
nologists to provide them with diag-
nostic insights. These are not doctors,
but high school graduates who have
One type of MRI machine
(Magnetic resonance. Taking photos inside you using magnetism)

Education extensive hands-on training in a


variety of clinical settings. Newly hired
At minimum, becoming an MRI tech technicians complete a period of
requires completion of an associate’s on-the-job training during which they
degree in radiologic technology or a shadow an experienced mentor.
related field, followed by 1-2 years of
additional study in an MRI technology Interested?
certificate program.
This 13 Ton MRI Machine has a
Training magnetic field 30,000 times stronger
than earth’s.
MRI certificate programs include
Inside workings of an MRI machine
Someone has to design and build this!
indication of a problem. Stabilizing
There are about 25 different STEM jobs patients and getting them to the hospi-
required to build what you see. Does tal for treatment is the work of emer-
anything look interesting? gency medical technicians and para-
medics. They’re trained to administer
Not all heart care is provided through medications, monitor the patient’s
scheduled appointments and office condition, and, if necessary, to restore
visits. Often, a heart attack or other a heartbeat with a controlled electrical
critical event is the patient’s first shock, or defibrillation.
Eating healthy is always good for the The STEM of heart careers
heart, but many believe that exercise
is the key. The heart is one of the most The science of heart careers (research,
important organs in your body. This study, jobs that directly help heart
powerful, compact muscle can fit in the health), the technology of heart
palm of your hand but controls many careers such as using the MRI, X-Ray
of your body’s vital functions, so good and heart monitoring equipment to
heart health is essential for a long, name a few electronic devices. The
independent life. heart engineering jobs (the engineer-
ing method that helps make important
It’s important at every age to be pro- decisions about how to treat the heart
active and pay attention to your heart. or replace it), and the math of the heart
Making a commitment to regular exer- that determines amounts of medica-
cise or playing hard, especially as you tion, stress levels, your correct weight
get older, can bring positive benefits for your height, how fast your heart
that last well into your life. Regular should beat per minute of exercise and
physical activity can help you build so much more.
strength and endurance, lower harm-
ful ingredients in your blood, like too The world needs you in the cardiovas-
much fat (triglycerides) and keep the cular field. It is great demand and offers
blood pressure of your heart within a dozens of fascinating career paths with
healthy range. Vigorous exercise can a wide variety of salaries and levels of
also increase good ingredients in your education. Check it out and give it your
blood, fight diabetes and keep you whole HEART!
body weight down to normal.
Orthopedics
Your students will invent it.
....a Colorado STEM Career
Surgical Innovations and Robotics

Exciting STEM Careers

or·tho·pe·dics [awr-thuh-pee-diks] noun

( used with a singular verb ) the medical specialty concerned with correction of defor-
mities or functional impairments of the skeletal system, especially the extremities and
the spine, and associated structures, as muscles and ligaments.
There are about 350 joints in the • Rotator Cuff Tendinitis - Shoulder
human body. A joint is best defined as Athletes playing sports that require
the point where 2 bones meet. Damage extending the arm over the head
to joint can occur for many reasons, commonly develop rotator cuff ten-
but we can relate to sports related dinitis. This is why the condition may
injuries easily. also be referred to as swimmer’s shoulder,
pitcher’s shoulder, or tennis shoulder.
Most athletes that participate in athletic
activities will experience injuries from • Chondromalacia Patella - Knee
time to time. We are going to discuss The cartilage under your kneecap is a
the most common types of athletic natural shock absorber. Overuse, injury
injuries, the areas the injuries affect, or other factors may lead to a condi-
symptoms of these injuries, and the tion known as chondromalacia patella
treatment and prevention of the most (kon-droh-muh-LAY-shuh puh-TEL-
frequent injuries experienced by uh) — a general term indicating dam-
athletes. age to the cartilage under your knee-
cap.
Here is a list of the most common types
of athletic injuries athletes may expe- • Illiotibial Band Friction (ITBF)
rience and the area of the body that Syndrome - Knee
will be affected. Notice that most of the Iliotibial band friction syndrome
injuries athletes will experience will be (ITBFS) is an overuse injury. It
to the extremities of the body. happens in the soft tissues in the lower
thigh near the outside of the knee. The
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome - Wrist iliotibial band (ITB) is a thick band
A condition characterized by pain and of fibrous tissue. It runs from the hip
tingling in the fingers, caused by pres- down the outside of the thigh and
sure on a nerve as it passes under the attaches to the tibia. The tibia is the
ligament situated across the front of large bone of the lower leg.
the wrist
• Shin Splints - Front of lower leg,
• Tennis Elbow - Outside of the Elbow along tibia bone
A painful inflammation of the tissue A painful condition of the front lower
surrounding the elbow, caused by leg, associated with tendinitis, stress
strain from playing tennis and other fractures, or muscle strain, often
sports. occurring as a result of running or oth-
er strenuous athletic activity, especially
on a non-resilient surface.
Many sports requires excessive run-
ning.

• Plantar Fasciitis - Heel, bottom of


foot.
Plantar fasciitis causes pain in the
bottom of the heel. The plantar fascia
is a thin ligament that connects your
heel to the front of your foot. It supports
the arch in your foot and is important
in helping you walk. Plantar fasciitis is
one of the most common orthopedic
complaints.

• Achilles Tendinitis - Heel and calves


An Achilles tendon injury affects
professional and amateur athletes alike.
The Achilles tendon is one of the lon-
ger tendons in your body, stretching
from the bones of your heel to your
calf muscles. You can feel it -- a springy
band of tissue at the back of your ankle
and above your heel. It allows you to
extend your foot and point your toes to
the floor.

Unfortunately, it’s a commonly injured


tendon. Many Achilles tendon injuries
are caused by tendinitis, in which the
tendon becomes swollen and painful.
In a severe Achilles tendon injury, too
much force on the tendon can cause it
to tear partially or rupture completely.
Careers in medical technology are
changing by the day. New innovations
in surgical procedures that seem like
science fiction now will be antiques by
the time you graduate and create the
latest approaches to treating and heal-
ing patients.

Not all of these opportunities require


college degrees, but you have to have
the interest and curiosity to explore
the possibilities. That starts NOW.
Concussions are becoming more and Many physicians working within this
more of a problem but do not fall field choose to become orthopedic
under the realm of Orthopedics. surgeons who specialize in performing
surgeries to correct these problems.
With so many joints and so many peo-
ple injuring them, orthopedic jobs Other specialties relevant to orthopedic
will always be in demand. Having to jobs for physicians include working
cut into the human body to get to the with elderly adults in geriatric ortho-
joints presents a long list of problems pedics and working with children in
for infections, healing times, damage to pediatric orthopedics.
nerves, blood vessels and more. Here
is where new technologies can really Orthopedic specialties in podiatry are
make a difference. also commonly pursued by physicians
and others interested in corrective
Orthopedic jobs encompass an array medicine. Podiatrists may work in
of specialties including surgery, podia- general practice and many frequently
try (foot doctor), chiropractic care and work with orthopedic physicians and
veterinarian care. While each of these surgeons when necessary. Some podi-
pinpoints a specific orthopedic special- atrists, however, also specialize in or-
ty, other careers that do not require a thopedics. Individuals working in these
medical degree may also be classified types of orthopedic jobs are commonly
as orthopedic jobs. found to work in sports medicine or in
pediatric orthopedics.
A few of these include an occupational
therapist, an orthopedic nurse or an Some occupational therapists also
orthopedic physician’s assistant. All specialize in orthopedics. Many work
jobs within the scope of orthopedics, in hospital settings or in clinics. Indi-
however, require varying degrees of viduals working within these particular
medical training emphasizing muscu- orthopedic jobs frequently work with
loskeletal care. athletes, as well as aging populations.
As a sub-specialty, occupational
One of the most common types of therapists specializing in orthopedics
orthopedic specialties is the orthope- help patients regain strength, balance
dic physician. These are doctors who and coordination, while also working
specialize in the care and treatment of with doctors to correct other musculo-
musculoskeletal injuries or damage to skeletal dysfunctions.
the muscles, tendons and tissue sur-
rounding the joint.
additional training or experience in
orthopedics.

Not all orthopedic jobs focus on the


human musculoskeletal system, how-
ever. An orthopedic vet, for instance,
is a veterinarian who specializes in the
care and rehabilitation of animals with
congenital birth defects, diseases or
those that have sustained injury due to
an accident. As with doctors who work
with humans, vets specializing in this
genre of medicine must also undergo
extensive orthopedic training before
being able to work in this particular
field.
Chiropractors frequently specialize in
orthopedic jobs. Many work in ortho- The main advantages of robot-assisted
pedic hospitals and in rehabilitation orthopedic surgery over conventional
facilities. While all legitimate chiro- orthopedic techniques are improved
practors are trained in elements of accuracy and precision in the prepara-
orthopedic medicine, some decide to tion of bone surfaces, more reliable and
solely focus on this specialty in post- reproducible outcomes, and greater
doctoral education before receiving spatial accuracy. Orthopedic surgery is
specialist certification in this area. ideally suited for the application of
robotic systems. Robotic systems can
Besides doctors, other types of ortho- be categorized as either passive or ac-
pedic jobs include orthopedic nurse tive devices, or can be categorized as
positions and physician’s assistants. positioning or milling/cutting devices.
Beyond the general training needed for
either of these professions, individuals Computer assisted orthopedic surgery
must also be trained in aspects of or- is a related area of technological
thopedic medicine so as to assist other development in orthopedics; however,
orthopedic specialists. robot-assisted orthopedic surgery can
achieve levels of accuracy, precision,
Many begin working in a general prac- and safety not capable with computer
tice setting before deciding to pursue assisted orthopedic surgery.
Over 210,000 patients die yearly due to hospital
mistakes….human error. Not all of these are surgical
mistakes, but how can we ignore numbers like these in
light of possible technology solutions?

Applications of robot-assisted orthope-


dic surgery currently under investiga-
tion include total hip and knee replace-
ment, tunnel placement for reconstruc-
tion of knee ligaments, and trauma and
spinal procedures.

Robot-assisted orthopedic surgery is


quickly becoming common place
and has the potential to transform the
way orthopedic procedures are done in
the future.
As the technology advances, compa-
Precise. nies have gone from developing facili-
These robots are doing what could not tating technology to enabling technolo-
be done as well before by surgeons. gy. “Now, we are starting to see more
Currently, there are only a few programs that are enabling, which
orthopedic procedures, such as partial means making it possible to do surgeries
knee and hip replacements that have that surgeons couldn’t do before.”
robotic or computer-assisted technolo-
gy to help facilitate the surgeries.
The robot is only able to follow the
surgeons’ plans and guide them. “Some
surgeons think that a robot will make Students.....either be a better doctor or
a bad surgeon good. If you don’t un- build us a better robot.
derstand the indications, biomechanics
and musculoskeletal anatomy, it doesn’t Does this interest you?
matter what tools you have in your
hand, you won’t do a good job.”
O L O R A DAerospace
O
S T E M M A G A Z i N E

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