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Subsidence
Analysis and
Visualization
For Sedimentary
Basin Analysis and
Modelling
SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience &
Engineering
Series editors
Dorrik Stow, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
Mark Bentley, AGR TRACS Intern. Ltd, Aberdeen, UK
Jebraeel Gholinezhad, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
Lateef Akanji, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
Khalik Mohamad Sabil, Heriot-Watt University, Putrajaya, Malaysia
Susan Agar, ARAMCO, Houston, USA
Kenichi Soga, University of California, Berkeley, USA
A. A. Sulaimon, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Seri Iskandar, Malaysia
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
The SpringerBriefs series in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering promotes and
expedites the dissemination of substantive new research results, state-of-the-art
subject reviews and tutorial overviews in the field of petroleum exploration,
petroleum engineering and production technology. The subject focus is on upstream
exploration and production, subsurface geoscience and engineering. These concise
summaries (50–125 pages) will include cutting-edge research, analytical methods,
advanced modelling techniques and practical applications. Coverage will extend to
all theoretical and applied aspects of the field, including traditional drilling,
shale-gas fracking, deepwater sedimentology, seismic exploration, pore-flow
modelling and petroleum economics. Topics include but are not limited to:
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Eun Young Lee Johannes Novotny
•
Michael Wagreich
Subsidence Analysis
and Visualization
For Sedimentary Basin Analysis
and Modelling
123
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Eun Young Lee Michael Wagreich
Faculty of Earth System Department of Geodynamics
and Environmental Sciences and Sedimentology
Chonnam National University University of Vienna
Gwangju Vienna
Korea (Republic of) Austria
Johannes Novotny
Department of Computer Science
Brown University
Providence, RI
USA
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG
part of Springer Nature
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Preface
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues for fruitful discussions on data collection, quantitative data
analysis and numerical visualization. Special thanks go to Michelle Kominz who
inspired Eun Young Lee to gain better and deeper insights to subsidence analysis
and to Erik Wolfgring who helps to understand quantitative paleo-bathymetry
analysis and apply it to subsidence analysis. We also thank David H. Laidlaw for
his advice and feedback on visualization techniques. Michael Wagreich thanks
Peter Faupl, who inspired him to step into the vast field of basin analysis, and
Hanns Peter Schmid and Monika Hölzel for cooperations in related projects. This
work was supported by the Korea Research Fellowship program funded by the
Ministry of Science and ICT through the National Research Foundation of Korea
(2017H1D3A1A01054745) and by a part of the project titled ‘International Ocean
Discovery Program’, funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries, Korea.
vii
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Sedimentary Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Basin Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Subsidence Mechanisms and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Total Subsidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Total Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 Compaction Trend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.3 Dip-Slip Fault Backstripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.4 Example Study of Total Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 Tectonic Subsidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Tectonic Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.2 Paleo-Bathymetry and Sea-Level Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3 Flexural Backstripping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4 Tectonic Subsidence Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2.5 Example Study of Tectonic Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . 24
2.3 Post-Rift Thermal Subsidence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.1 Post-Rift Thermal Subsidence Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2 Example Study of Post-Rift Thermal Subsidence
Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 29
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... 31
3 Subsidence Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2 Interpolation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3 Example Study of Subsidence Visualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3.1 Background of Case Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3.2 Visualization of Sedimentary Infill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ix
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
x Contents
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
About the Authors
Eun Young Lee has conducted multiple research projects in the field of ‘basin
analysis and modelling’ in Korea, Austria and Australia. The projects have applied
various research techniques including subsidence analysis to understand basin
architecture and evolution. She was a shipboard scientist of International Ocean
Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 356 and Expedition 369, and is currently
conducting projects to understand sedimentary basins, offshore Western Australia.
xi
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
Chapter 1
Introduction
Abstract Sedimentary basins are regions formed due to tectonically induced long-
term subsidence of the Earth’s surface in which sediments accumulate to consider-
able thickness and be preserved for relatively long geological time periods. Many
basins have been intensively explored not only for the academic research, but also
for commercial interest (e.g. hydrocarbon) found in sedimentary basins. A sedimen-
tary basin can be understood fully with consideration of all factors influencing on
basin evolution. Therefore the basin analysis is a field to investigate synthetically
basin formation and evolution, and modelling techniques are needed to integrate the
results dimensionally in time and space. Basin architecture results mainly from the
interplay between sediment supply and accommodation, and the generation and spa-
tial distribution of accommodation are controlled mainly by subsidence. Subsidence
analysis of a sedimentary basin is very important to restore basin evolution through
geologic time and investigate basin forming mechanisms. There are three types of
subsidence analysis according to what causes the subsidence; total subsidence, tec-
tonic subsidence and thermal subsidence.
Sediments and sedimentary rocks provide not only one of the critical interface of
the geosphere with the biosphere and the anthroposphere but also provide large
parts of major natural resources like groundwater and hydrocarbon. Sediments are
covering a considerable range of the continental and oceanic crusts, and the major
accumulations occur in sedimentary basins and on continental shelves. Sedimentary
basins are regions formed due to tectonically induced long-term subsidence of the
Earth’s surface in which sediments accumulate to considerable thickness and be
preserved for relatively long geological time periods (Einsele 2000; Miall 2000;
Leeder 2011; Allen and Allen 2013). Geographically, ‘basin’ is used for a depression
or lowland area in the land surface or seafloor and sediment infilling is not necessarily
counted, however, in this book, ‘basin’ is refers sedimentary basin.
© The Author(s) 2019 1
E. Y. Lee et al., Subsidence Analysis and Visualization,
SpringerBriefs in Petroleum Geoscience & Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76424-5_1
eun.lee@univie.ac.at
2 1 Introduction
sediment
supply
accommodation
ts
in fil lin g se di m en
Subsidence
Fig. 1.1 Concept of sedimentary basin
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