FYP

Project Proposal
FCSIT, UNIMAS
Project Proposal
an organized written presentation of a
proposed activity/ies aimed at achieving a
defined goal and objectives

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Types of Project Proposals
Research
an inquiry or investigation directed at acquiring new or additional
knowledge/information about a certain topic.

Development
systematic work, drawing on existing knowledge gained from
research and/or practical experience directed towards producing
- System/Software development
- new materials, product or device,
- installing new processes, systems and services

• innovative work that aims to confirm and demonstrate the

feasibility of using a technology, modality or approach,
introduction of improved technologies 3
 Why need a proposal ?

• Project proposal is a very important instrument for

you to do the project and to guide the researchers
during project implementation
• Research reliability and validility
• You need to convince your reader that you have an exciting
research idea, and that you have a good review of the
relevant literature, the major issues involve d, and the
appropriate methodologies
• To enable the proponent to thoroughly analyze and
understand the research problem and determine the
feasibility of the proposed activity.
Proposal

 Proposal Must Contains (Limit To 8 Pages)

 Project Title
 Introduction/Background
 Problem Statement/Research Problem
 Scope
 Objectives
 Brief Methodology
 Significance Of Project
 Project Schedule
 Expected Outcome
Project/ResearchTitle

• It should be concise and descriptive.

• Consideration:
•Is there are recognized need for the research in the area?
•Is the research achievable within allocated time?
• Does the topic match the student’s capabilities
and interest?
•Are project facilities and/or data available to the student
to undertake all necessary research in the topic area?
 Tips on coming up with a good research title

• List the most important factors to be studied, as

well as methodology/treatments to be used

 Categorize the words that can be grouped (e.g. bipartite

matching, traveling salesman, quick sort and binary
search can be grouped as algorithms)

 Compose the words to form a clear, eye-catching

title

 Review for grammar and improve some of the words

without changing its meaning/message
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INTRODUCTION
◦ In an introduction, the writer should
create reader interest in the topic,
lay the broad foundation for the problem that leads to
the study,
place the study within the larger context of the scholarly
literature, and
reach out to a specific audience.
Parts of a Research Proposal

Introduction: four-element organization

1. A general statement introducing the broad research

area of the particular topic being investigated.
2. An explanation of the specific problem (difficulty,
obstacle, challenge) to be solved.
3. A brief review of existing or standard solutions to this
problem and their limitations.
4. An outline of the proposed new solution.

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Questions to address (in INTRO) How to address them
What is the problem? Describe the problem investigated.
•Summarize relevant research to
provide context, key terms, and
concepts so your reader can
understand the experiment.

Why is it important? Review relevant research to provide

rationale. (What conflict or
unanswered question, untested
population, untried method in
existing research does your
experiment address? What findings
of others are you challenging or
extending?)

What solution (or step toward a Briefly describe your experiment:

solution) do you propose? hypothesis(es), research question(s);
general experimental design or
method; justification of method if
Problem Statement
 The background of the problem.
 It should set the stage or provide the
context of the research problem.
 It should provide both the historical
background and the contemporary
scene, encompassing all the key players
and their major publications.
Objectives
• must also state clearly and completely the
specific objectives of your project -- in
some detail
State what you expect to accomplish

 The words survey, examine, quantify, and investigate tell

what the researcher intends to do
 The words evaluate, compare, characterize, determine,
or recommend tell what the researcher will do with the
data to come up with conclusions and recommendations
Objectives

• state the specific purposes to address the problem

areas of the project
• should be clear as to what the proposal intends to
achieve
• must be attainable within the timeframe and
resources required.

Formulating the Objectives

 Statements of the goals of the study

 Set the limit by which the problem will be studied
 Should be attainable under reasonable conditions
 Simple, specific, narrow enough to permit definite
answers 14
The OBJECTIVES of a research project summaries what is to
be achieved by the study.

Objectives should be closely related to the statement of the

problem.

The general objective of a study states what researchers

expect to achieve by the study in general terms.

It is possible (and advisable) to break down a general

objective into smaller, logically connected parts. These are
normally referred to as specific objectives.

Specific objectives should systematically address the various

aspects of the problem as defined under ‘Statement of the
Problem’ and the key factors that are assumed to influence or
cause the problem. They should specify what you will do in
your study, where and for what purpose.
 Research Questions
Questions are relevant to normative or census type
research (How many of them are there? Is there a
relationship between them?).
They are most often used in qualitative inquiry,
although their use in quantitative inquiry is
becoming more prominent.
A research question poses a relationship between
two or more variables but phrases the relationship
as a question;
Examples of research questions
What is the impact of a study skills
program on student achievement?
What is the effect of teaching
keyboarding skills to sixth grade students
on word processing skills and quality of
writing?
· How does an elimination of number and
letter grades throughout the year (with
the exception of quarter and semester
grades
METHODOLODY
Procedure/Methodology
•"Procedure" should emphasize how your
research will allow you to complete your
project successfully.

•Or emphasize how the particular

interactions between science, technology,
and society will be analyzed.
Procedure/Methodology
The procedure or the methodology is the
heart of the proposal because it must tell
the reader how you propose to carry out
your project.
It must convince your advisor (or in industry
your manager or potential client) that you
clearly understand your task,
have a logical time plan for solving your
problems,
and have identified all the resources you
need.
Content of Research Methodology
Describes the design of the proposed study.

 Describes your population and sampling

procedure and benhmarking.
Describes the measuring instrument to be
used.
 Describes the procedure and the time frame
of data collection.
 Describes how you will analyze the data.
 Content of Research
Methodology

 You need to demonstrate your knowledge of

alternative methods and make the case that
your approach is most appropriate for your
research question.

You also need to explain why you choose a

particular sample of subjects.
 Some of the other questions the
reader will expect you to answer
 What are in
thethis
tasks and sub-tasks
section are identified to achieve
your objectives ?

 What materials will you need to carry out your project:

equipment? computer support? typing? graphics? o
thers?

 What data are needed for the project and how will the y
be collected? If the project requires a survey or interviews,
the design of this instrument (especially the selection of
participants) must be explained and justified.

 Benhmarking
 Some of the other questions the
reader will expect you to
 What method
answerorin this section
process will beare
used to analyze
this data and where else (if anywhere) has this
method or process been used?

 What time frame do you think you will need to

accomplish identified tasks or subtasks? Should
schedules be presented in standard forms like
Gantt or Task Charts?

 If you are working on a team, which teammates will

accomplish which sections?
Scope
Boundary of your project.
 Don’t be too ambitious – entering research with
hope of achieving something dramatic
significance
 Identify easily achieved outcome… then move
on to more challenging goals
Significant of the project

 Why the project is worth doing

Why your project is a good topic for

fulfilling the objectives of the degree
requirement.
Significance of the Study
Indicate how your research will refine, revise,
or extend existing knowledge in the area
under investigation. Note that such
refinements, revisions, or extensions mayhave
either substantive, theoretical, or
methodological significance.Think
pragmatically (i.e., cash value).
This can be a difficult section to write.Think
about implications—how results of the study
may affect scholarly research, theory, practice,
educational interventions, curricula,
counseling, policy.
Contd…
When thinking about the significance of your study, ask yourself the
following questions.
• What will results mean to the theoretical framework that
framed the study?
• What suggestions for subsequent research arise from the
findings?
• What will the results mean to the practicing educator?
• Will results influence programs, methods, and/orinterventions?
• Will results contribute to the solution of educational
problems?
• Will results influence educational policy decisions?
• What will be improved or changed as a result of the proposed
research?
• How will results of the study be implemented, and what
innovations will come about?
Project schedule

Do a planning until FYP2, the completed of the

project (2 semester).

Use Gantt Chart to represent your

timeline activities.
Expected outcome
Normally the output will be a system or a
prototype.
Literature Review/Background
Study
 An organized and synthesized presentation of
previous works - answers the question “what has
been done relative to the problem at hand?”

 Shows the state of knowledge about a subject

matter -indicates the finding on which the proposal
is building on

 Ensures that there will be no duplication of work,

and all the researchable areas will be covered

 Indicate related researches/activities which have

been conducted for the last 5-10 years.

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 The state of the art of current technology/information from
which the project proposal will take off should likewise be
discussed.
 The results of the prior art search conducted during the
capsule stage of the proposal should be included in this
section (include any related technology which is protected by
any of the intellectual property rights scheme e.g. patent,
trademark, copyright, etc).

● Which Literature to Review?

- Books and reviews but use them with caution - data may not
be original
- Technical journal
- Internet

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Organizing the Review

• Make an outline of the topics to be presented

• Classify the pertinent abstract of the reviewed literature into
topics; interrelate or group similar findings;
• Compare or contrast findings where appropriate
• Use the review of literature to clarify, augment, support or
contradict the idea
• Present one idea per paragraph
• Do not include a literature not relevant to the problem

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Organizing the Review
- Provide smooth transitions by using such words as “on the
other hand”, “nevertheless”, “in addition”, “in contrast”, etc.
- Avoid so many reviewed articles on the same subject
- Limit and avoid complementary papers by the same author
- Cite results but not tabulated data
- State research findings in your own words
- Citing word for word requires enclosing them in quotation
marks
- Acknowledge sources of sentences or sections lifted from text
or articles, and other vividly striking expressions

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METHODOLOGY
Methodology – this consist of the following:

 Conceptual or Analytical Framework

 Research design/Experimental layout
 Sample size & sampling procedure/# of
replications
 List of data to be collected & method of
collection
 Methods of data analysis

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Methodology

• The methodology should be geared towards providing

answers to the research objectives
• The measurable outputs that the project will produce and
their set of indicators and expected values should be
included
• The methodology should also show the appropriate, sound
treatments, experimental layout, and appropriate
statistical analysis
• There should be a discussion on how the data required
based on the set of indicators will be obtained, by whom,
what sources, how frequent the data collection and how
the collected data will be processed and reported. 38
Sampling procedure

 Sampling is done in most researches for

economy of time, money and effort

 Sampling is a selection of a part of a population

in such a way that the sample is representative
of the population

 Depending on the degree of homogeneity or

heterogeneity of the population, the degree of
accuracy required, and the objectives, the
sample size is determined

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Methods of data collection/Benhmarking

 What information will be collected?

 How does the researcher propose to gather the data –

 from secondary or primary sources?

 If data will come from primary sources, how will they be

collected – through personal interviews or mailed
questionnaires, laboratory or experimental observation
or field survey?

 Processing of the research proposal will be facilitated if a

questionnaire is appended to it. Otherwise,
a list of needed information has to be incorporated in the
procedure. 40
Project Duration:

• Presenting the timetable of planned activities

(work plan) typically involves the use of a Gantt
chart to illustrate activity duration.

• Enumerate in chronological order the activities

to be undertaken. The activities should answer
the expected outputs. The expected outputs on
the other hand should be anchored on the
proposed objectives.
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Literature Cited - list alphabetically all materials used, quoted, rates,
or referred to. Use standard system for citation.

Books

Author(s)/Editor(s)/Corporate Author(s). Year of Publication. Title of

publication. Place of publication: Publisher, year. Pagination.

Hnannesy J and Patterson D. 1996. Computer Architecture: A

Quantitative Approach. San Francisco, California: Morgan
Kauffman Publishers, Inc., 1996. 521-522pp.

Technical Journal:

Author(s). Year of Publication. Title of article. Name of Journal, Vol

and Issue No. Pagination.

Tabada, LI and Tagle, PU. 2009. Reliability Analysis of Fault Tolerant

Buffered Switch. Proceedings of International Conference on
Computer Engineering and Applications. 319-325pp.
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Internet
Author(s)/Editor(s)/Corporate Author(s). Year of Publication.
Title of publication. Available at: <URL>. Access Date:
<date>.

International Engineering Consortium. 2007. Internet Model

for Control of Converged Networks. Available at:
http://www.iec.org/online/tutorials/emerg-
multi/topic01.html. Access Date: March 7, 2008.

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Abstract
Find out maximum length (may vary from
50 to 300+ words).
Process: Extract key points from each
section. Condense in successive
revisions.
What to avoid:
Do not include references to figures,tables,
or sources.
Do not include information not in report.
Question to
address in How to address it:
ABSTRACT
What is the report •State main objectives.
about, in miniature (What did you investigate?
and without specific Why?)
details? •Describe methods. (What
did you do?)
•Summarize the most
important results. (What did
you find out?)
•State major conclusions
and significance. (What do
your results mean? So what?)
Questions to address: How to address them:
How did you study the Briefly explain the general type of
problem? scientific procedure you used

What did you use? Describe what materials, subjects,

(May be subheaded as and equipment (chemicals,
Materials) experimental animals, apparatus,
etc.) you used.
(These may be subheaded Animals,
Reagents, etc.)

How did you proceed? Explain the steps you took in your
(May be subheaded as experiment.
Methods or Procedures) (These may be subheaded by
experiment, types of assay, etc.)
 Additional Tips:Methodology

Provide enough detail for replication.For

a journal article, include, for example, genus,
species, strain of organisms; their source,living
conditions, and care; and sources
(manufacturer, location) of chemicals and
apparatus.
Order procedures chronologically or by type
of procedure (subheaded) and chronologically
within type.
 Additional Tips:Methodology

Use past tense to describe what you did.

Quantify when possible: concentrations,

measurements, amounts (all metric); times
(24-hour clock); temperatures (centigrade)