Reactions

- 5 Types of Reactions:
- Synthesis (S) → when two or more elements/compounds join into one compound
(bring together)
- Also referred to as a formation reaction
- A + B → AB
- Ex. lithium and chlorine react together
- lithium + chlorine → lithium chloride
- Decomposition (D) → when one compound is broken into two or more
elements/compounds
- AB → A + B
- Ex. a chunk of mercury (||) oxide is heated up and a
reaction occurs
- mercury (||) oxide → mercury + oxygen
- Usually endothermic (commonly “heated up”)
- Combustion (C) → an element or compound rapidly combines with oxygen,
usually giving off large amounts of heat (exothermic) and light creating oxides
- Oxides → a compound consisting of oxygen and at least one other
element
- Hydrocarbons (CxHy) → common reactions with oxygen in a
combustion reaction
- Complete Combustion → products will be carbon dioxide and water
- Ex. methane combusts
- methane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
- Incomplete Combustion → when there isn’t enough oxygen to complete
the reaction, instead of carbon dioxide either just carbon (soot) or carbon
monoxide (very dangerous) is produced in addition to water
- Ex. octane undergoes incomplete combustion forming
carbon monoxide
- octane + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water
- Single Displacement (SD) → a reaction between an ionic compound and an
element
- Activity Series → a ranking of which elements are more reactive. If the
single element is higher on this list, it will displace the element lower on
the list
- Three Possible Reactions:
- AB + C (metal) → CB + A
- Replace metal with metal
 - Happens when C is higher than A on the
activity series
- AB + C (non-metal) → AC + B
- Replace non-metal with non-metal
- Happens when C is higher than B on the
activity series
- AB + C (non-metal or metal) → AB + C
- Everything stays the same
- Happens when C is not greater than A or B on
the activity series
- Double Displacement (DD) → when two aqueous ionic compounds swap anions
- AB + CD → AD + CB
- Ex. magnesium hydroxide and silver nitrate undergo a
double displacement reaction
- magnesium hydroxide + silver nitrate → magnesium
nitrate + silver hydroxide
- Special Types of Reactions:
- Precipitation Reaction → when one of the products in a double
displacement reaction is solid
- Neutralization Reaction → a double displacement reaction
between an acid and a base

- Endothermic vs. Exothermic Reactions

- Endothermic → absorbs heat and cools the surrounding
- Exothermic → releases heat, causing the temperature of the immediate
surrounding to rise

- Diagnostic Tests

Test For… Name of Test Positive Result Negative Result

Acid Bromothymol Yellow (Green) Blue

Blue

Base Phenolphthalein Pink Colourless

Pink

Hydrogen Glowing Splint Popping Noise No Noise

(Pop)

Oxygen Glowing Splint Reignites Match Does Not

Reignite Match
 Carbon dioxide Lime Water Cloudy Clear

Water vapour Cobalt (|||) Pink Blue

Chloride Paper

- Evidence For Chemical Change

- Change in Colour
- Formation of a Gas
- Formation of a Precipitate
- Change in Odour
- Change in Temperature
- Something is Burning
- Light is Being Produced