PHYSICAL SCIENCE

LIST OF COMMON IONS

FORMAL CHARGE
General Rules:
- kulang v.e. = positive
- sobra v.e. = negative

Resonance Structure
- one formula with multiple structures

HOW TO IDENTIFY THE BEST LEWIS DOT

STRUCTURE
• Best
- all charges = 0
• Better
- charges are +1/-1
• Good
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL CHANGE
- element with the higher
electronegativity = contains the -1 PHYSICAL CHEMICAL
- formation of new
REACTANTS – original substances - rearranges
chemical
PRODUCTS – resulting substances molecules
substances
NAMING COMPOUNDS - affects external - affects internal
§ Binary structures structures
- contains two different elements - matter is the same - matter is different
- follow the naming for ionic & covalent & original matter & lost matter can no
compound can be recovered longer be recovered
§ Ternary - change can be - change cannot be
- contains three different elements undone undone
1. ACID (oxy-acid)
- Ex. Ice melting Ex. Nail rustling
• Lower no. of O atoms
- central element + “-ous” CHEMICAL REACTION
• Higher no. of O atoms - process when on or more substances
- central element + “ic” change to produce another substance
ex. - happens at different rates
HNO2 – nitrous acid - represented by a chemical equation
HNO3 – nitric acid
2. BASES (hydroxides) Types of Chemical Reaction
- has OH • Combination Reaction
ex. - aka synthesis reaction
NaOH – sodium hydroxide - 2 or more substances combine to
Fe(OH)3 – Iron (III) hydroxide form a new compound
Sn(OH)4 – Tin (IV) hydroxide A + B à AB
3. SALTS • Decomposition Reaction
- oxy-acids resulting from metal - breaking down of a single compound
replacement to produce 2 or more simpler
ex. substances
HNO3 + Na+ à NaNO3 + H+ BC à B + C
Nitric acid sodium nitrate

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 • Single Replacement Reaction MOLAR MASS
- aka substitution reaction - atomic mass of an element in grams
- 1 element replaces another element - sum of the atomic masses of all its atoms
in a compound (metal-metal; - contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms of the element
nonmetal-nonmetal)
- may take place in aqueous solution sum of (atomic weight x no. of atoms)
AB + C à A + BC of each element
• Double Replacement Reaction
- aka metathesis or double LIMITING
decomposition - amount present is insufficient to react with
- ions of 2 compounds exchange the amounts of other reactants
places in an aqueous solution = 2 new - limits the amount of product that can be
compounds formed
- more reactive element replaces the - less value
less reactive - basis for the problem
- products: precipitate & soluble EXCESS
compound - higher value
AB + CD à CB + AD
To solve for the limiting:
ACTIVITY SERIES: Mass to mole ratio
1. Li 13. Fe
2. Rb 14. Cd FORMULAS:
3. K 15. Ni
4. Ba 16. Sn
5. Sr 17. Pb
6. Ca 18. H
7. Na 19. Sb
8. Mg 20. Bi
9. Al 21. Cu
10. Mn 22. Hg
11. Zn 23. Pt RATE OF REACTION
12. Cr 24. Au - speed by which reactants are converted to
• Combustion Reaction products
- C and H reacts with O2 à water - governed by the collision theory
vapor, CO2 and heat COLLISION THEORY
- goal is to have O2 on the product - reactant particles require sufficient kinetic
COMPLETE energy to initiate successful collisions
CH + O2 à CO2 + H2O - collisions = lead to formation of products
INCOMPLETE ACTIVATION ENERGY
CH + O2 à CO + H2O - minimum energy required to initiate reaction
Conditions:
STOICHIOMETRY • REACTION OCCURS
- involves balanced equation & limiting and - sufficient energy & proper
excess reagents orientation of colliding particles
• NO REACTION
MOLE (mol) - either there’s no enough energy or
- serves as a bridge between the atomic & the colliding particles are not in the
macroscopic worlds proper orientation
- latin = huge pile
- amount of a substance that contains as
many particles as there are atoms

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FACTORS AFFECTING REACTION MOLECULAR GEOMETRY
RATES
• Concentration
- high concentration = high collision &
reaction rates
- gas = high pressure & collision, low
volume
• Particle Size
- reactants with same phase = easy
collision & reaction
- solid to gas/liquid = low particle size
of soli, high surface area, high reaction
rate
• Temperature
- high temperature = high kinetic
energy = high collisions
• Catalyst
- substances that hasten reaction
without themselves being consumed in
the reaction
- example: biological system –
enzymes (catalyst)

ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

• Exothermic Reactions
- releases more energy than it absorbs
- products = lower bond energy than
reactants
- excess energy = often given off as
heat or light
reactants à products + energy

• Endothermic Reactions
- absorbs more energy than it releases
- products = higher bond energy than
reactants
- energy must be absorbed to make up
for this energy difference
reactants + energy à products

BOND ENERGY
- energy associated with bond
breaking/formation

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