Title: Reactivity

Date: March 17, 2024

LO: Describe the reactions of metals with

water, dilute acids and air and explain
how metals are placed in the reactivity
series – Textbook, pg. 76

STARTER: Which metal is more reactive,

potassium or gold?
Potassium in water.... Gold in water...
INTRODUCTION

Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2i5Lm7BMtpo&t=5s until

about 3:14
Demonstration

Observe as teacher reacts different metals with water and acid.

no reaction

fizzing
burns vigorously
slow or partial reaction

reacts quickly
The reactions:

Metals react with water:

Metals react with dilute acids:

Metals react with oxygen:

Oxidation reaction: e.g. rusting of iron

PLENAR
Y
HOMEWORK

Name the metal(s) that:

(a) reacts with water and dilute acids
(b) reacts with oxygen but not water
(c) does not react with dilute acids or water, but reacts slowly with
oxygen.
ANSWERS

a potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium or magnesium (accept

aluminium, zinc, iron, tin, lead)
b copper (accept mercury, silver)
c mercury or silver
Oxidation.
LO. To recall and explain what oxidation is and its
effects.
Date: March 17, 2024

Starter A. Starter B.
What has happened What chemicals must
to the objects in the be present for this
pictures and why to happen?
this has happened?
Oxidation and reduction
is in a r
id a t io n e a c t
Ox m i c al io n
r o m a c h e
v e d f
remo in a reaction
o x y g e n i s
wh e n when o
x yg e n
i o n i s a d d e i s
d u c t d to a
Re c hem
ical
• Make two sentences.
• One of them will give you the first
key definition for today’s lesson.
Oxidation and reduction

Oxidation is when oxygen is added

Oxidation is ...
to a chemical in a reaction.

Reduction is when oxygen is removed

Reduction is ...
from a chemical in a reaction.
What happens when metals 17/03/2024
react with oxygen?
• Predict the products formed in
oxidation reactions. (Level 6)

• Explain what happens to the mass of a

metal when it is oxidised. (Level 5)

• Describe what oxidation is. (Level 4)

• Metals react with the oxygen to form metal
oxides.
• When a metal is oxidised it increases in mass.
• Oxides are formed in oxidation reactions.
Oxidation reactions.
?
Hydrogen reacts with oxygen to make water.

H H H O H
+ O O 
H H H O H

Hydrogen + oxygen  water

2 H2 + O2  2 H2O
The same atoms are present at the start
and finish, they have just been rearranged.
Oxidation reactions.
Hydrocarbons reacts with oxygen to make
water
? and carbon ?dioxide.
O O
H O O H H
H C H +  + C
O O H O H O
H
Methane + oxygen  water + carbon
dioxide
CH4 + 2 O2  2 H2O + CO2
Same atoms at the start and at the finish!
Oxidation of metals.
Word equation for heating metals:
“metal” + oxygen → “metal” oxide

coppercopper + oxygen → copper oxide

iron iron + oxygen → iron oxide

magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide

magnesium
magnesium + oxygen  magnesium
oxide
Mg + O O  Mg O
Mg
O Mg

2 Mg + O2  2MgO
What happens to the number of atoms overall?
What happens to the mass of the magnesium?
 magnesium magnesium
+ oxygen oxide

• The reactants have the same type and number

of atoms as the products do.
• The oxygen atoms have bonded to the
magnesium atoms.
Mg O
• Magnesium oxide is heavier than magnesium.
 copper + oxygen  copper oxide

Cu + Cu O
O O 
Cu
Cu O

2 Cu + O2  2CuO
Answer in your books.
L4. What is being oxidised in the image above?
L5. How and why does the mass of copper change?
L6. Write a word equation to show this reaction.
L7. Write a balanced symbol equation as well!
Summarise in depth.

When a bike rusts it becomes heavier.

Discuss in your groups and use scientific

ideas to explain why this is true.
Title: Energy and reactions (9Fc)
LO: What factors affect rate of reactions?
Date: March 17, 2024
STARTER:
1. What does the word “rate” mean?
2. What would affect the rate of reaction? What
would speed up a reaction?
REACTION RATE – WHAT
DOES IT MEAN?
The speed of a chemical reaction can vary greatly.
Some reactions are very fast and others are very
slow.
 The speed of a reaction is called the rate of the
reaction.
 What is the rate of these reactions?

Very slow Fast Very fast

 Terminology – try to match 'em up!

•Rate of reaction smallest amount of energy

needed to start a reaction
•Collision Theory
•Activation Energy
how fast, how many moles are
produced or consumed in a unit of
time

rate of reaction depends on how often

collisions occur and how many of them
are effective
 Terminology – 5 min

• Rate of reaction- how fast, how many moles are

produced or consumed in a unit of time
• Collision Theory- rate of reaction depends on how
often collisions occur and how many of them are
effective
• Activation Energy- smallest amount of energy needed
to start a reaction
Learning Outcomes

• I know how what reaction rate is.

• I know the factors that affect reaction rate.

• I know how surface area, concentration and temperature affect

reaction rates.
Collision Theory

For a reaction to happen, the particles must have

effective collision; particles must have enough energy
and collide at the correct angles. The collision theory
explains the factors that affect the rate of reactions.
REACTION RATE
 Reactions do not occur at a consistent rate. They begin fast and slow down over
time.
 As the reaction progresses, the concentration of reactants decreases.
 This reduces the frequency of collisions between particles and so the reaction
slows down.

0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

reactants
percentage completion of reaction
product
GRAPHING REACTION RATE – COMPLETE THE A
GRAPH

B
3
1
2
C

Extension – describe what is happening at each

point on the graph
GRAPHING REACTION RATE
TEMPERATURE
 The higher the temperature, the faster the rate of a reaction. In many reactions, a
rise in temperature of 10 °C causes the rate of reaction to approximately double.
 At a higher temperature, particles have more energy, so they move faster and are
more likely to collide with other particles.
SURFACE AREA
 Any reaction involving a solid can only take place at the surface of the solid.
 If the solid is split into several pieces, the surface area increases. What effect will this have on
rate of reaction?

low surface area high surface area

 This means that there is an increased area for the reactant particles to collide with.
 The smaller the pieces, the larger the surface area. This means more collisions and a greater
chance of reaction.
CONCENTRATION
The higher the concentration of a reactant, the faster the
rate of a reaction.

At a higher concentration, there are more particles in the

same amount of space. This means that the particles are
more likely to collide and therefore more likely to react.

lower concentration higher concentration

Summary

More concentration
Faster rate More pressure (gas)
of reaction High Temperature
More Surface Area
 PLENARY – Quick Quiz for marks
1. Consider the following reaction.
Mg(s) + 2H2O (l) --> Mg(OH)2 + H2(g)
For the reaction to occur at the fastest rate, 1g of Mg (s) should be added in
the form of
1) large chunks 3) a ribbon
2) small chunks 4) a powder
2. Raising the temperature speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by
increasing
1) the effectiveness of the collisions only
2) the frequency of the collisions only
3) both the effectiveness and frequency of the collisions
4) neither the effectiveness nor frequency of the collisions

Write only the answer in your books!

3. Consider the following equation.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) --> Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
The Fe reacts more rapidly when it is powdered because the increased surface
due to powdering permits (1)
1) increased reactant contact
2) decreased reactant contact
3) pressure to affect reaction rate
4) warmer solution to be used
4. If the pressure on gaseous reactants is increased the rate of the reaction is
increased because there is an increase in the (1)
1) temperature
2) volume
3) concentration
4) heat of reaction
5. The rate of a reaction increases as temperature__________________. (1)
1) decreases
2) increases
3) stays the same

6. Gaining oxygen is an example of... (1)

1) oxidation
2) reduction
3) oxygen gaining
4) oxidisation
7. In this chemical reaction, which is the product/s? (1)
Magnesium + Oxygen --> Magnesium oxide
1) magnesium
2) magnesium oxide
3) oxygen
4) magnesium and oxygen

8. Which of the following is the product of the reaction of aluminium and

oxygen? (1)
1) aluminum oxide
2) aluminum oxygen
3) aluminum ore
4) metal oxide
9. Reduction is when (1)
1) you add an oxygen to a metal
2) you have less of an element
3) oxygen is removed from a chemical in a reaction.
4) you reduce the amount of metal used in a reaction.

10. The rusting of iron is an example of (1)

1) a reduction reaction.
2) an oxidation reaction
3) a reaction of iron with water
4) a reaction that dissolves iron

Swap and mark!

1. Consider the following reaction.
Mg(s) + 2H2O (l) --> Mg(OH)2 + H2(g)
For the reaction to occur at the fastest rate, 1g of Mg (s) should be added in
the form of
1) large chunks 3) a ribbon
2) small chunks 4) a powder
2. Raising the temperature speeds up the rate of chemical reaction by
increasing
1) the effectiveness of the collisions only
2) the frequency of the collisions only
3) both the effectiveness and frequency of the collisions
4) neither the effectiveness nor frequency of the collisions
3. Consider the following equation.
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) --> Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
The Fe reacts more rapidly when it is powdered because the increased surface
due to powdering permits
1) increased reactant contact
2) decreased reactant contact
3) pressure to affect reaction rate
4) warmer solution to be used
4. If the pressure on gaseous reactants is increased the rate of the reaction is
increased because there is an increase in the
1) temperature
2) volume
3) concentration
4) heat of reaction
5. The rate of a reaction increases as temperature__________________.
1) decreases
2) increases
3) stays the same

6. Gaining oxygen is an example of...

1) oxidation
2) reduction
3) oxygen gaining
4) oxidisation
7. In this chemical reaction, which is the product/s?
Magnesium + Oxygen --> Magnesium oxide
1) magnesium
2) magnesium oxide
3) oxygen
4) magnesium and oxygen

8. Which of the following is the product of the reaction of aluminium and

oxygen?
1) aluminum oxide
2) aluminum oxygen
3) aluminum ore
4) metal oxide
9. Reduction is when
1) you add an oxygen to a metal
2) you have less of an element
3) oxygen is removed from a chemical in a reaction.
4) you reduce the amount of metal used in a reaction.

10. The rusting of iron is an example of

1) a reduction reaction.
2) an oxidation reaction
3) a reaction of iron with water
4) a reaction that dissolves iron
Exothermic and Endothermic
Reactions
LO. Recall the difference between exothermic and
endothermic reactions.
Date: March 17, 2024
 Let's Observe!
Follow instructions
1. Mix baking soda and vinegar in a container,
and observe the temperature change.
2. Dissolve salt in water, and measure the
decrease in temperature using a thermometer.

What do you notice?

Energy and Chemical Reactions
• Chemical Energy – Energy stored in the
chemical bonds of a substance.

• Chemical reactions always involve energy

changes.

• Making bonds and breaking bonds

involve energy changes
 Activation Energy
• The energy required to break the bonds
in the reactants for a chemical reaction
to occur.
 Endothermic and Exothermic reactions
Step 1: Energy must be
SUPPLIED to break
chemical bonds of
reactants:

Step 2: Energy is RELEASED

when new chemical bonds are
made in the products:

A reaction is EXOTHERMIC if more energy is RELEASED

than SUPPLIED. If more energy is SUPPLIED than is
RELEASED then the reaction is ENDOTHERMIC
© Teachable . Some rights reserved. http://teachable.net/res.asp?r=1910
 Energy of Chemical Reactions
• Based on the type of energy (heat) change
involved, chemical reactions are classified
as either exothermic or endothermic.
– Exothermic: energy is released
• Exo- = “exit”
• Burning of gasoline

– Endothermic: energy is absorbed

• Endo- = “into”
• Cooking of pancakes
Write this in your own way to help you remember!
 Endothermic
• Heat (energy) taken in
• Temperature of the substance
drops
• Products feel COLD

reaction
 Exothermic
• Heat (energy) given off
• Temperature of the substance
rises
• Products feel HOT

reaction
 ENDOTHERMIC OR
EXOTHERMIC?
All: write the equations for photosynthesis
and respiration.
Some: Are these exothermic or endothermic
reactions, explain why.

Can you refer to the experiment at the start of

the lesson and explain which was
endothermic and which was exothermic?
 ENDOTHERMIC OR
EXOTHERMIC?
6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2

ENDOTHERMIC!

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O + Energy

EXOTHERMIC!
Is it exothermic or endothermic?
 How confident are you?
• I know what exothermic means.
• I know what endothermic means.
• I can recall examples of exothermic reactions
and endothermic reactions.
• I understand the difference between bond
breaking and forming bonds.
Write down three ways by which you will
improve your knowledge.
 Homework
• Write the key words from this lesson along
with their definitions.
• Refer to slides on Teams!