Module 2:

Introduction to

Quantitative Chemistry
 11.2.1

Chemical Reactions and

Stoichiometry

Inquiry question: What happens in chemical reactions?

•
• Students:
• conduct practical investigations to observe and measure the quantitative
relationships of chemical reactions, including but not limited to:
– masses of solids and/or liquids in chemical reactions
– volumes of gases in chemical reactions (ACSCH046)
• relate stoichiometry to the law of conservation of mass in chemical reactions by
investigating:
– balancing chemical equations (ACSCH039)
– solving problems regarding mass changes in chemical reactions (ACSCH046)
• Quantitative means “relating to, measuring, or measured by the
quantity of something rather than its quality”. Numbers are always
involved.

• Quantitative chemistry is a very important branch of chemistry because it

enables chemists to calculate known quantities of materials. For example,
how much product can be made from a known starting material or how
much of a given component is in a sample.
• Stoichiometry The word derives from the Greek words:
stoicheion (meaning "element") and metron (meaning "to measure").
• Stoichiometry is founded on the Law of Conservation of Mass where the:

• total mass of the reactants = the total mass of the products.

• Stoichiometry is the part of chemistry that studies amounts of substances
(reactants and products) that are involved in reactions. You might be
looking at the amounts of reactants before the reaction. You might be
looking at the amount of material that is produced by the reaction.
• Stoichiometry involves the balancing of equations!
• Stoichiometry deals with calculations about the masses (sometimes
volumes) of reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. It is a
very mathematical part of chemistry.
Jeremias Benjaim Richter (1762-1807) was the first to lay down the
principles of stoichiometry. In 1792 he wrote:
• [Stoichiometry is the science of measuring the quantitative proportions or
mass ratios in which chemical elements stand to one another.]
• The most common stoichiometric problem will present you with a certain
amount of a reactant and then ask how much of a product can be formed.
Here is a generic chemical equation:
• 2 A + 2B ---> 3C
• Here is a typically-worded problem (often called a "mass-mass" problem):
• Given 20.0 grams of A and sufficient B, how many grams of C can be
produced?
 Chemical Reactions
• A chemical reaction occurs when reactants break up and reform to make
products:
• REACTANTS  PRODUCTS
• The arrow,  in a reaction means:
– forms, makes, produces or yields

• When a chemical reaction occurs, atoms are rearranged.

• Energy is absorbed by reactants to BREAK bonds

• 

• Energy is released by products when bonds FORM

 Chemical Reactions
• If more energy is absorbed by reactants than what is released by products,

• 

• ……the reaction is endothermic (heat absorbed or heat in)

• If more energy is released by products than what is absorbed by reactants

• 

• …….the reaction is exothermic ( heat out)

 Chemical Reactions
• What are the signs?

1. colour change

2. Production of a gas

3. Formation of a precipitate

4. Heat gain or loss

 Physical versus chemical changes
• When a physical change occurs: • When a chemical change occurs:

• Atoms are NOT rearranged • Atoms are rearranged

• They are usually a change of • There is an energy change (e.g.

state, e.g. melting or evaporating heat is released, or electricity is
• A new product is NOT created absorbed)

• The reaction is easy to reverse • A new product is created

• The reaction is difficult to reverse

• e.g. water evaporating • e.g. electrolysing water

• H2O(l)  + H2O(g) • 2H2O(l)  + 2H2(g) + O2(g)

• On the stove, boiling water, using heat • In the voltameter, using electricity
 Law of conservation of mass
• Matter cannot be created or destroyed. Particles are merely rearranged.

Mass of the
Mass of the equals products
reactants

In a chemical reaction, the atoms merely get rearranged

What Is The Law of Conservation of Mass _ Chemistry for All _ FuseSchool.mp4

Law of conservation of mass

What Is The Law of Conservation of Mass _ Chemistry for All _ FuseSchool.mp4

Video: The Law of Conservation of mass
 Law of conservation of mass
• The mass of the reactants = the mass of the products
Law of conservation of mass
 Types of Chemical Reactions
• Types of chemical reactions
1. Synthesis (combination) reactions
These involve (smaller) elements or compounds combining to form one larger
compound

• e.g. iron + sulfur  iron sulfide

• Fe + S  FeS

• Also oxidation reactions:

• magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide
• hydrogen + oxygen  water
 Types of chemical reactions
• The synthesis of iron sulfide
 Types of Chemical Reactions
2. Decomposition reactions
• These involve a large compound decomposing into smaller elements or
compounds

• e.g water  hydrogen and oxygen

• 2 H 2O  2 H2 + O2

Electrolysis of Water.mp4

ys is of Water_ Pencils + 9 Volt Batter y.m

 Types of chemical reactions
• Decomposition reactions (cont)

• Decomposition Copper Carbonate.mp4

• copper (II)carbonate  copper(II) oxide and carbon dioxide

CuCO3  CuO + CO 2

The copper oxide can be further decomposed

• Copper oxide  copper and oxygen
• 2CuO  2Cu + O2

CuO Reduction CH4.mp4

 Types of chemical reactions
3. Displacement reactions
• These reactions (usually) involve a more reactive metal displacing less
reactive metal ions in solution.

• CuSO4 + Fe  FeSO4 + Cu
• . copper sulfate + iron  iron sulfate + copper
 Types of chemical reactions
4. Precipitation reaction
These involve pairs of solutions reacting to produce a solid in solution

• e.g. sodium chloride + silver nitrate  sodium nitrate + silver chloride (s)
• NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq)  NaNO3 (aq) + AgCl(s)

• Lead nitrate + potassium iodide  potassium nitrate + lead iodide (s)

• Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + 2KI(aq)  2KNO3 (aq) + PbI2(s)
 Types of chemical reactions
5. Neutralisation reactions: acid + base  salt + water

• e.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium chloride + water

• HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2O

6. Neutralisation reaction: acid +metal carbonate  salt + water + CO2(g)

e.g
sulfuric acid + sodium carbonate sodium sulfate + water + carbon dioxide
• H2SO4(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq)  Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
 Balancing equations
• The rules:
• The mass of the reactants = the mass of the products
• The number of atoms of each element is the same on either side.
• Reactions can only be balanced by adding number coefficients before
formulae

• e.g. carbon + oxygen  carbon dioxide

• C + O2  CO2
• carbon 1 : 1
• oxygen 2 : 2

• e.g. sulfur + iron  iron sulfide

• S + Fe  FeS
• sulfur 1 : 1
• Iron 1 : 1
 Balancing equations
• 1. hydrogen + oxygen  water
• 2 H2 + O2  2 H 2O

• Oxygen 2 : 1
• add a ‘2’ in front of the H2O
• oxygen is now 2 : 2
• But, hydrogen is now 2 : 4
• Now add a ‘2’ in front of H2
• The reaction is now balanced 4 : 4

How to Balance a Chemical Equation EASY.mp4

 Balancing equations
• hydrogen + nitrogen  ammonia
• 3 H2 + N2  2 NH3
• nitrogen 2 : 1
• add a ‘2’ in front of the NH3

• nitrogen is now 2 : 2
• But, hydrogen is now 2 : 6
• Now add a ‘3’ in front of H2

• The reaction is now balanced 6 : 6

Balancing Chemical Equations for beginners.mp4

 Balancing equations
• Write chemical equations and add coefficients to balance them:

• zinc+ oxygen  zinc(II)oxide

• 2 Zn + O2  2 ZnO

• sulfuric acid + sodium hydroxide  sodium sulfate + water

2 2
• H2SO4 + NaOH  Na 2SO4 + H2O

• calcium + water  calcium hydroxide + hydrogen

2
• Ca H2O  Ca(OH)2 + H2

• Lead(II)nitrate +2 potassium chloride  lead(II)chloride

2 + potassium nitrate
• Pb(NO3)2 + KCl  PbCl2 + KNO3
 Balancing equations
• Balancing combustion chemical equations, involving hydrocarbons:
• Rules:
• Balance carbon first,
• hydrogen next, and
• oxygen last
• C 3 H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O

• Now, balance these:

• C 4 H8 + O2  CO2 + H2 O
• C 5 H8 + O2  CO2 + H2 O
• C6H12 + O2  CO2 + H2 O
• C7H12 + O2  CO2 + H2 O
• C 2 H2 + O2  CO2 + H2 O
 Video: How to balance equations

•
 Video: How to balance equations

•
 Acids and bases formulae
• Acids can be either mineral (inorganic) or organic.
• Formulae for mineral acids starts with an ‘H’
Bases
• HCl – hydrochloric acid
NaOH sodium hydroxide
• H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
KOH potassium hydroxide
– H2SO3 - sulfurous acid
Ca(OH)2 calcium hydroxide
• HNO3 – nitric acid
Ba(OH)2 barium hydroxide
– HNO2 – nitrous acid
Al(OH)3 aluminium hydroxide
• H2CO3 - carbonic acid
NH4OH ammonium hydroxide
• H3PO4 – phosphoric acid
NH3 ammonia
– H3PO3– phosphorous acid

• Formulae for organic acids ends with an ‘H’

• CH3COOH - acetic (ethanoic) acid
 Balancing Equations
• Balancing acid base chemical equations
• Rules:
• The H in the acid must be balanced by the OH in the base

• HCl + NaOH  NaCl + H 2O

• The H in the acid = the OH is the base. These make one water
• Now, balance these:

• H2SO4 + NaOH  Na2 SO4 + H 2O

• H2CO3 + KOH  K2 CO3 + H 2O
• HNO3 + Ca(OH)2  Ca (NO3)2 + H 2O
• CH3COOH + Al(OH)3  Al(CH3COO)3 + H 2O
• H2SO4 + Al(OH)3  Al 2(CH3COO)3 + H 2O
• Balancing
• equation
• worksheets
Balancing equations
Balancing equations
• Revision:
• 1. What does ‘quantitative’ mean?
2. When a reaction occurs:
• a. where are bonds broken?
b. where are bonds made?
• c. where is energy absorbed?
• d. where is energy released?
• 3. Explain what happens when an endothermic reaction occurs
• 4. Explain what happens when an exothermic reaction occurs?
• 5. Identify 4 signs that a chemical reaction has occurred.
6. Compare physical changes with chemical changes
• 7. State the detail of the Law of Conservation of Mass
• 8. Define ‘synthesis reaction’ and give one example
9. Define ‘decomposition’ reaction’ and give one example
• 10 Define ‘displacement reaction’ and give one example
11. Describe what happens in a precipitation reaction
12. Describe an acid base neutralization reaction
13. Describe an acid/metal carbonate reaction
14. Outline the rules involved in balancing equations
15. Write the formulae for the 9 acids and the 7 bases on page 11
16. How are combustion reactions balanced?
17. How are acid/base reactions balanced?