Chemical

Chemical Reactions
Reactions
TYPES OF SIMPLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
3 COMBINATION REACTIONS

• Combination reactions occur when two or more substances

combine to form a compound.
• There are three basic types of combination reactions.
1. Two elements react to form a new compound
2. An element and a compound react to form one new compound
3. Two compounds react to form one compound
4 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

A. Metal + Nonmetal  Binary Ionic Compound

2 Na s   Cl 2g   2 NaCls 
5 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

A. Metal + Nonmetal  Binary Ionic Compound

2 Mg s   O 2g   2 MgO s 
6 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

A. Metal + Nonmetal  Binary Ionic Compound

2 Als   3 Br2   2 AlBr3s 

7 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal  Covalent Binary Compound

P4 s   5 O2 g   P4O10s 
8 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal  Covalent Binary Compound

P4 s   6 Cl2 g   4 PCl3
9 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal  Covalent Binary Compound
• Can control which product is made with the reaction conditions.

2 Ass   3 Cl2g   2 AsCl3s  2 Ass   5 Cl2g   2 AsCl5s 

in limited chlorine in excess chlorine
10 COMBINATION REACTIONS

1. Element + Element  Compound

B. Nonmetal + Nonmetal  Covalent Binary Compound
• Can control which product is made with the reaction conditions.

Se s   2 F2g   SeF4s  Se s   3 F2g   SeF6g 

in limited fluorine in excess fluorine
11 COMBINATION REACTIONS

2. Compound + Element  Compound

AsCl 3s   Cl2 g   AsCl 5s 

SF4 s   F2 g   SF6 g 
12 COMBINATION REACTIONS

The reaction of oxygen with oxides of nonmetals is an

example of this type of combination reaction.
COg   O 2 g   CO2 g 
catalyst & 
2 SO2 g   O2 g    2 SO3g 
P4O6  2 O 2  P4O10
13 COMBINATION REACTIONS

3. Compound + Compound  Compound

• gaseous ammonia and hydrogen chloride

NH 3g   HClg   NH 4Cls 

• lithium oxide and sulfur dioxide

Li2O  SO2  Li2SO3

14 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

• Decomposition reactions occur when one

compound decomposes to form:
1. Two elements
2. One or more elements and one or more
compounds
3. Two or more compounds
15 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

1. Compound  Element + Element

• decomposition of dinitrogen oxide • decomposition of calcium chloride
2 N 2 O g   
 2 N 2 g   O 2 g  CaC l 2 ( ℓ ) elect C a ( ℓ ) + Cl 2( g )
→

 decomposition of silver halides

h
2 AgBrs   2 Ags   Br2 
16 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

2. Compound  One Element + Compound(s)

• decomposition of hydrogen peroxide

3+¿ or Mn
2 H 2 O 2 (aq ) u ν or F e 2 H 2 O ( ℓ ) +O 2 ( g ) ¿
→
17 DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS

3. Compound  Compound + Compound

• decomposition of ammonium hydrogen carbonate

NH 4 HCO3s  
 NH 3g   H 2Og   CO2 g 
18 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• Displacement reactions occur when one element

displaces another element from a compound.
• These are redox reactions in which the more active
metal displaces the less active metal of hydrogen
from a compound in aqueous solution.
ACTIVCITY SERIES OF METALS
20 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

1. [More Active Metal + Salt of Less Active Metal] 

[Less Active Metal + Salt of More Active Metal]
• molecular equation
AgNO3aq  + Cu (s)  CuNO3aq   Ag(s)
21 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• Total ionic equation

You do it!
 
Ag aq  + NO -
3aq  + Cu s   Cu aq  + NO -
3aq   Ag(s)

• Net ionic equation

You do it!
 
Ag aq  + Cu (s)  Cu aq   Ag(s)
22 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

2. [Active Metal + Nonoxidizing Acid]  [Hydrogen + Salt of Acid]

• Common method for preparing hydrogen in the laboratory.
• HNO3 is an oxidizing acid.

• Molecular equation

2 Al(s) + 3H 2SO 4aq   Al2 (SO 4 ) 3aq  + 3 H 2g 

23 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• Total ionic equation

You do it!
2 Al(s) + 6 H aq  + 3 SO 24-aq   2 Al3aq  + 3 SO 24-aq  + 3 H 2g 

• Net ionic equation

You do it!
 3
2 Al(s) + 6 H aq   2 Al aq  + 3 H 2g 
24 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• The following metals are active enough to displace

hydrogen
• K, Ca, Na, Mg, Al, Zn, Fe, Sn, & Pb
• Notice how the reaction changes with an oxidizing acid.
• Reaction of Cu with HNO3.
• H2 is no longer produced.
25 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

3. [Active Nonmetal + Salt of Less Active Nonmetal]  [Less Active

Nonmetal + Salt of More Active
Nonmetal]
• Molecular equation
Cl2g  + 2 NaIaq   I 2s   2 NaCl(aq)
Total ionic equation
 
Cl2g  + 2 Na aq  + 2 I aq   I 2s   2 Na
-
aq 
-
+ 2 Claq 
26 DISPLACEMENT REACTIONS

• Net ionic equation

You do it!

Cl2g  + 2 I aq   I 2s   2 Claq 

- -
27 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Metathesis reactions occur when two ionic aqueous

solutions are mixed and the ions switch partners.
AX + BY  AY + BX
• Metathesis reactions remove ions from solution in two ways:
1. form predominantly unionized molecules like H2O
2. form an insoluble solid
• Ion removal is the driving force of metathesis reactions.
28 METATHESIS REACTIONS

1. Acid-Base (neutralization) Reactions

• Formation of the nonelectrolyte H2O
• acid + base  salt + water
29 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Molecular equation

HBr(aq) + KOH(aq)  KBr(aq) + H 2 O ( )

Total ionic equation
You do it!
  
H aq  + Br -
aq  +K aq  + OHaq   K
-
aq  + Br-
aq  + H 2 O ( )
Net ionic equation
You do it!

H aq  + OHaq   H 2 O ( )
-
30 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Molecular equation
Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2 HNO3(aq)  Ca(NO3 ) 2 ( aq) + 2 H 2 O ( )
Total ionic equation
You do it!
Ca 2aq  + 2 OH-aq  + 2 H aq  + 2 NO3- aq   Ca 2aq  + 2 NO3- aq  + 2 H 2 O ( )
Net ionic equation
You do it!
2 OH -aq  + 2 H aq   2 H 2 O ( )
or better
OH -aq  + H aq   H 2 O ( )
31 METATHESIS REACTIONS

2. Precipitation reactions are metathesis reactions in which an insoluble

compound is formed.
• The solid precipitates out of the solution much like rain or snow
precipitates out of the air.
32 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Precipitation Reactions
• Molecular equation

Ca(NO3 ) 2 (aq) + K 2 CO3( aq)  2 KNO3( aq ) + CaCO3(s)

Total ionic reaction
You do it!
2 
Ca aq   2 NO -
3aq  2K aq   CO 2-
3aq  

2K aq   2 NO -
3aq   CaCO3s 
33 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Net ionic reaction

You do it!

2
Ca aq  + CO 2-
3aq   CaCO3(s)
34 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Molecular equation

3 CaCl2 (aq) + 2 Na 3PO4 ( aq)  6 NaCl( aq ) + Ca 3 PO4 2(s)

Total ionic reaction
You do it!
3 Ca 2aq   6 Cl1aq-  + 6 Na1aq   2 PO34-aq  
6 Na 1
aq   6 Cl
1-
aq  + Ca 3 PO 4 2 s 
35 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Net ionic reaction

You do it!

3 Ca 2
aq   2 PO 3-
4 aq   Ca 3 PO 4 2 s 
36 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Molecular equation

2 HCl(aq) + Na 2SO3( aq)  2 NaCl( aq ) + H 2O  SO2 g 

Total ionic reaction
You do it!
1 1
2H aq   2 Cl
1-
aq  + 2 Na aq   SO 2-
3aq  
1
2 Naaq   2 Cl 1-
aq  + H 2 O   SO 2g 
37 METATHESIS REACTIONS

• Net ionic reaction

You do it!

1
2H aq   SO 2-
3aq   H 2O  SO2 g 
38 SYNTHESIS QUESTION

• Barium sulfate is a commonly used imaging agent for

gastrointestinal X-rays. This compound can be prepared by
some of the simple reactions described in this chapter. Write a
balanced aqueous reaction for the production of barium sulfate.
You can choose any aqueous starting materials that will form
barium sulfate!
39 SYNTHESIS QUESTION

• Find two aqueous soluble compounds that have Ba in one compound and SO 42- in the second. When
they are mixed, the barium sulfate will precipitate out. One possibility is:

BaCl 2(aq) + Na 2SO 4( aq )  2 NaCl(aq) + BaSO 4 (s )

40 GROUP ACTIVITY

• Pretend that you are one of our lab TA’s and that you have been
given the assignment to prepare unknowns for a qualitative
analysis experiment. In a single solution you must have the
following ions: Bi3+, Cd2+, and Cu2+. You must make this
solution using three different anions. What three compounds
would you choose to make this solution so that no precipitate
forms?
REDOX REACTIONS
OXIDIZED AND REDUCED
REDUCING AGENTS AND OXIDIZING AGENTS
45 END OF CHAPTER 4