May 26, 2021

SPECTROSCOPIC
IDENTIFICATION OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS 3
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=qNPNJUqNc80&feature=emb_logo
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE (NMR)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=gWBXbjp5Nmk&feature=emb_logo

The nuclei of atoms with an odd number of protons such as

1
H, 13C, 19F, and 31P, spin and behave like tiny bar magnets.
For proton, there are two spin states + 1/2 and - 1/2.
The proton has a + charge and since it is spinning it will
create a magnetic field so the proton is like a tiny magnet.

In the absence of externally applied magnetic field, all the

protons with spin +1/2 and - 1/2 are randomly oriented
and have the same energy.

In the presence of externally applied magnetic field, all the

protons are aligned. Now there is the possibility of two
different energy states.
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(1) The low energy state - the magnetic moment is aligned

with the magnetic field (2) a higher energy state in which the
magnetic moment is opposed to the external magnetic field.

This difference in
energy, between the
two levels corresponds
to the radiowave
region of EMS.
As the applied
magnetic field is
increased, ∆E will
increase.
The energy difference
depends on the
different chemical
environments of
hydrogen atoms.
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simplified diagram of a NMR spectrometer

The energy absorbed
can be detected and
from this information
about the location
(environment) of the
nucleus can be
deduced.

nuclei in different chemical

environments produce
different signals.
Example: In CH3CH2OH
there are three different
environments for the
hydrogen atoms:
Therefore there will be three discrete
CH3 - three hydrogen
signals in the NMR spectrum of CH3CH2OH.
atoms in the same
environment
CH2 - two hydrogen
atoms in the same
environment
OH - One hydrogen atom
in a unique environment
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Example:
The low-resolution NMR spectrum of propanal
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E0ZcRuxnXSc&feature=emb_logo

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

1
H NMR
1
In H NMR spectroscopy , the signals are measured against
the standard signal produced by the 12 hydrogen nuclei in
tetramethylsilane (TMS).

TMS produces a single strong signal as

it has 12 hydrogens in identical chemical
environment.

The position of the NMR signal relative to this standard is

called the chemical shift, (δ), expressed in parts per million
(ppm) of the proton. (δ) for TMS is assigned as 0 ppm.
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Hydrogen nuclei in particular environments have

characteristic chemical shifts.
DATA BOOKLET TABLE 27
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Example:
The NMR spectrum for pentan-3-one
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Examples:

Butanal

2-methylpropan-2-ol

Propan-2-ol
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Examples:
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Working with chemical shift values:

NMR spectrum of propanal

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Example: The 1H NMR Spectrum of ETHANAL

The spectrum has two peaks

There are two different

hydrogen environments in the spectrum trace has a peak at 9.7 : CHO
the molecule. proton and a peak at 2.1 : CH3 group

The integrated trace indicates

the relative number of
hydrogen atoms in the two
environments.
The area under the CH3 peak is three
times larger than that under the CHO
peak as it indicates the relative number
of protons in each environment.
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Exercise:
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COMBINING INFORMATION
Exercise:
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