Soran University

Faculty of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

L4: Concrete reinforcement details

M. Abdulqadir Bayz
Reinforcement
size (Steel Bar)
A standard range of bars and sizes is
available for use in reinforced concrete.
They may be hot-rolled (mild steel, high
yield steel) or cold worked (high yield
steel). Bars are made in a range of
diameters from 8 to 40 mm. Special sizes
of 6 and 50 mm are seldom available.
The specification for the steel covers
chemical composition, tensile strength ,
ductility, bond strength, weldability and
cross-sectional area .
Reinforced size

Bars
Britain, Europe,
Japan, Russia
Bar Types (mm) 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40

USA, Canada, S.
America:
Bar types (mm) 3# 4# 5# 6# #7 8# #9 # 10 #11 #14 #18
denoted by # or (22 (29 (35mm) (43 (57
no mm) mm mm) mm)

Area (mm2) 50 78 113 201 314 387 491 645 804 1006 1257 1452 2581
 The three golden rules for pouring concrete on site

RULE No.1
CONCRETE MUST BE CAST INTO ITS
FINAL POSITION ACROSS AN
ESSENTIALLY VERTICAL PATH
Horizontal paths must be avoided. This must be taken into
consideration in the design drawings for reinforcing bar
arrangements.
Figure (a) depicts the right way to reinforce a beam to ensure that
the forms are filled speedily and satisfactorily.
If the bars are arranged as depicted in Figure (b), the coarse
aggregate will not pass readily between them. As a result, the
concrete will have to flow horizontally, inducing segregation and
lengthening the time needed to fill the formwork. Moreover, such
arrangements leave insufficient space for the vibrator.
Concrete should not be dumped in a pile for subsequent spreading
with vibrators. Rather, it should be poured in each and every spot
where it is needed
RULE No. 2
THE VIBRATOR MUST BE ABLE TO
REACH THE BOTTOM
REINFORCEMENT

Figure (c) shows the right way to

reinforce a beam. With 65-mm spacing
(somewhat smaller on site due to the
height of the ribs), a standard 50-mm
vibrator will be able to reach the
bottom reinforcement. The solution
depicted in Figure (d) is wrong, for it
leaves insufficient room for the vibrator.
Figures (e) and (f) show two further cases in which the vibrator is able, or unable, to
reach the bottom reinforcement.
Vibrating the reinforced concrete
RULE No. 3
Unless the reinforcement is arranged very openly and
CONCRETE CONSISTENCY spaciously or powerful vibration methods are used, overly
MUST BE IN KEEPING WITH dry concrete is characterized by the following.
THE REINFORCEMENT • The required strength can be reached in test specimens
ARRANGEMENT. AS A (but not on site) with a lower proportion of cement.
GENERAL RULE THE CONCRETE The real strength of concrete can be lower.
SLUMP SHOULD BE NO • Since the control specimens can be compacted with no
SMALLER THAN 60 mm difficulty, the laboratory trials will furnish good
information.
• In situ placement and a good surrounding of the
reinforcement will be difficult to achieve and the loose
consistency will lower actual on-site strength.
Concrete Slump Test
Shape Codes
for the Cutting
& Bending of
Steel Bar
Reinforcement
to BS
8666:2005
Shape Codes for
the Cutting &
Bending of Steel
Bar
Reinforcement
to BS
8666:2005
Shape Codes for
the Cutting &
Bending of Steel
Bar
Reinforcement
to BS
8666:2005
Shape Codes for
the Cutting &
Bending of Steel
Bar
Reinforcement
to BS
8666:2005
Shape Codes for
the Cutting &
Bending of Steel
Bar
Reinforcement
to BS
8666:2005
1. Bar lengths
• Placing drawings and bar lists
must show all bar dimensions
as out-to-out with bar lengths
as the sum of all detailed
dimensions, including hooks A
and G
Table 1- Standard hooks: all specific sizes recommended meet
minimum requirement of ACI 318
Table 1 (cont.)-Standard hooks: All sizes
recommended meet minimum requirements of
ACI 318
3. Beams and girders
3.1 Beam widths—
To permit satisfactory placing of concrete and to
furnish adequate concrete protection, the A/E
must provide for adequate clear distance
between parallel bars and between bars and
forms.
The A/E must specify the required concrete
protection for the reinforcing steel. The A/E must
also specify the distance between bars for
development and concrete placing. For buildings,
the clear space is the larger of one bar diameter,
1-1/3 the maximum size of coarse aggregate to
be used, and 1 in. (25 mm). For cast-in-place
bridges, required clear space is the larger of 1.5
bar diameters, 1.5 maximum size aggregate, and
1.5 in. (40 mm).
 3.2. Stirrup anchorage

The A/E shall show or specify by

notes the sizes, spacings,
location, and types of all stirrups.
These types include open stirrups
and closed stirrups (or stirrup-
ties)(Fig.2, Fig.3). Stirrups are
most often fabricated from
reinforcing bars but may also be
fabricated from welded-wire
fabric.

Fig.2 ACI requirements

for anchorage of open
stirrups-Note: Section
numbers refer to ACI
318 [318 M]
 There are various permissible methods
of anchorage, but the most common is
to use one of the standard stirrup-tie
types as shown in Fig. 1. Types S1
through S6, T1, T2, and T6 through T9
standard tie and stirrup hooks are
shown in Table 1. Where stirrup support
bars are required, they must be
specified by the A/E. In designing the
anchorage, allowance must be made to
ensure that the ends of the stirrup hook
are fully encased in concrete, as when
hooks turn outward into shallow slabs.

Fig. 3- Recommended two-piece closed single and

multiple U-stirrups.
• Where the design requires closed
stirrup-ties for shear, the closure
may consist of overlapped, standard
90 degree end hooks of one- or
two-piece stirrups, or properly
spliced pairs of U-stirrups. Where
the design requires closed ties for
torsion, the closure may consist of
overlapped, standard 135 degree
hooks of one- or two-piece ties
enclosing a longitudinal bar.
 Spacing and
arrangement of bars

• Bars are spaced on the basis

of a number of factors which
include beam size, aggregate
sizes, spacers, concrete cover
and many others including
requirements imposed by
other services.
SUMMARY OF CODES
AND STANDARDS ON
CONSTRUCTION
DETAILSDWE1w
• the minimum diameter to which a bar
may be bent shall be defined as the
smallest diameter at which no bending
cracks appear in the bar and which
ensures the integrity of the concrete
inside the bend of the bar;
• in order to avoid damage to the
reinforcement, the diameter to which the
bar is bent (mandrel diameter) should not
be less than <P m,min'
Thanks for your
Attention