SOCIAL STUDIES REVIEWER

EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 442 (LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

● ART. 3. Declaration of basic policy. The State shall afford protection to labor, promote full
employment, ensure equal work opportunities regardless of sex, race or creed and regulate
the relations between workers and employers.
● THE LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES stands as the law governing employment
practices and labor relations in the Philippines. It was enacted on LABOR DAY OF 1974 BY
PRESIDENT FERDINAND MARCOS, in the exercise of his then extant legislative powers.

THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND EMPLOYMENT (DOLE)

● is the primary government agency mandated to:

● A.) promote gainful employment opportunities
● B.) develop human resources,
● C.) protect workers and
● D.) promote their welfare, and maintain industrial peace.

NATIONAL WAGES AND PRODUCTIVITY COMMISSION (NWPC)

● Is a government agency attached to DOLE.
● The agency was created in 1989 as a result of RA No. 6727 or the

“WAGE RATIONALIZATION ACT” which aims to develop a mechanism to determine the

MINIMUM WAGE in all the regions in the country and provide just compensation to the Filipino
workforce

THE LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

ARTICLE 281 OF THE LABOR CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

● Probationary employment shall not exceed six (6) months from the date the employee started
working, unless it is covered by an apprenticeship agreement stipulating a longer period.
● Through the endo scheme, they avoid regularizing workers, and therefore avoid the act of
granting benefits like 13th month pay, annual leaves, health benefits, social security benefits.

QUALITIES OF A FILIPINO WORKER

● COMPETENT
● TEAM PLAYER
● ADAPTABLE
● FAST LEARNERS
● INDUSTRIOUS

ENDO: Endo is a colloquial term coined from shortening the phrase, “end-of-
contract.”
THE GOVERNMENT PROVIDES FILIPINOS SOCIAL WELFARE SERVICES
THROUGH THE FOLLOWING:

1. SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM (SSS)

● Is basically insurance for things that can happen to you through the course of
life, like illness or pregnancy. It guarantees that you’ll have enough to get by
 in case you are currently or no longer able to work. These benefits can come
in the form of allowance or pension; with computations depending on the
gravity of the situation or how many days you are incapacitated.
2. GOVERNMENT SERVICE INSURANCE SYSTEM (GSIS)
● Created by Commonwealth Act No. 186 and Republic Act No. 8291 (GSIS Act
of 1997), a social insurance institution that provides a defined benefit scheme
under the law. It insures its members against the occurrence of certain
contingencies in exchange for their monthly premium contributions. GSIS
members are entitled to an array of social security benefits, such as life
insurance benefits, separation or retirement benefits, and disability benefits.
3. HOME DEVELOPMENT MUTUAL FUND (PAG-IBIG)
● Also known as the Home Development Mutual Fund. If you want to buy a
house but can’t afford the full sum, you can take out a loan from the PAG-IBIG
Fund. Think of it as a nationwide paluwagan. But it’s not just for housing; it
provides other sorts of loans for education and livelihood, financial assistance
programs during calamities and medical emergencies, as well as savings
programs.
4. PHILIPPINE HEALTH INSURANCE CORPORATION (PHILHEALTH)
● As its name implies, is health insurance and healthcare coverage meant to
subsidize (and in some cases pay for) your medical bills. Many barangay
health centers and hospitals will give services for free if you have a PhilHealth
card. It is a huge help for settling all the minor and major bills just to get in or
out of the hospital. They also cover certain outpatient procedures such as
dialysis and cancer treatments.

(+)

● Creation of job opportunities for the unemployed.

● Fills the gap in a field where experience is required.
● May open a door for regularization.
● It creates room for staffing flexibilities for organizations.

(-)

● It slows down the economy due to the termination of workers every five to six
months, making them jobless.
● No employee benefits.
● Low pay and employee manipulation.
● It creates a disruptive workplace environment.
● Low morale from the side of workers.
● Productivity may be low.

Migration

- It means the movement of a person from one country or locality to another for
valid reasons.

- Came from the Latin word “migrationem” meaning “change of abode”

Key Terms:

o Temporary migrants – people who work abroad and are expected to return.

o Undocumented labour migrants – also known as “irregular migrants”. They are the
people who work abroad without required permits.

Brief History of Philippine Migration

➢ 1656 to 1810 – earliest migration of Filipinos.

➢ 1906 – beginning of the migration of Filipinos to United States. Filipinos worked in

sugarcane farms in Hawaii.

➢ 1906 to 1934 – brought an estimated 120k to 150k migrant Filipinos to the US.

➢ 1930s – emergence of the Depression, dispersion of Filipinos all throughout the US

➢ 1934 – Tydings-McDuffie Law was passed.

➢ 1940s to 1950s – many Filipinos migrated to the US as a result of WW II.

➢ 1970s – 20k Filipinos worked in the US Navy.

➢ Mid-1960s – Filipinos migrated to other Southeast Asian countries.

➢ Mid-1980s: The Philippines economical instability, an increase of Filipino migrants

working at the Middle East

General Profile of Migrants

- In the 1980s, most migrants were between the ages of 20 and early 30s and most
were males. However, this changed back in 2015 wherein most of the migrants are
females aged 14 and below.

Causes and Implications of Migration

o Government, Poverty, Lack of opportunities, Increase in population, Congestion,

Unemployment, Poor government service

What migration implies:

a. Social Impact

- Absence puts a strain on family, relationships, and marriage.

- Many migrants go through loneliness and homesickness.

- Affects children, families, and community lives.

b. Political Impact

- Establishment of various institutions that recruit Filipino workers

- establishment of private agencies that manage migration

- Families become more independent financially.

c. Economical Impact

- Increased employment

- Higher income

- Higher savings

Problems faced by migrants are:

- The feeling of loneliness, which is the most challenging for most.

- Another challenge is culture adjustment or culture shock.

- Filipino migrants also face crises such as war. Repatriation efforts by the
government suffer from lack of funding, which delays the process of transporting
Filipino migrants and securing their safety.

- Another concern is the availability of opportunities once they return to their

countries.

Globalization
- The process of interaction and integration among people, companies, and
governments worldwide.

- The word used to describe the growing interdependence of the world’s economies,
cultures, and populations.

Stages of Globalization

1. Globalization 1.0

- Early years of globalization

- Lasted from 1492 to 1800

- The founding of the continents, like America and Asia led to the growth of colonies
under the empires.

2. Globalization 2.0

- Described as the world starting to feel smaller due to advancements in the

transportation system, communication, commerce, and science.

- Trade was easier.

- Global market was developed.

- Lasted until 2000

- Saw the birth of transnational organizations advocating humanitarian ideals.

3. Globalization 3.0

- Currently the present times.

- Development of the global fibre-optic network that enables people to collaborate

and compete globally.

- Economy isn’t driven by governments, but by individuals.

Dimensions of Globalizations

1. Economic Dimension
- Economic interaction of the world market which allows international trade and the
free market economy.

2. Ethical Dimension

- Supposed to uplift the lives of the majority of the people, if not all.

3. Cultural Dimension

- Homogeneity and multiculturalism.

- Interconnectedness of different people representing varied cultures encourages

understanding and respect, no matter how “extreme” one culture may be.

4. Political dimension

- Speaks of the minimal intervention of the state in economic activities.

Role of International Organizations

1. The World Trade Organizations (WTO)

- Founded on January 1, 1995, in Geneva, Switzerland

- An intergovernmental organization that regulates International Trade.

2. The International Labor Organization (ILO)

- Founded 1919, in Geneva, Switzerland

- Takes care of the creation of international ruling on labor while the different
countries monitor their implementation.

3. The International Monetary Fund (IMF)

- First conceived in July 1944 and formally created in 1945.

- It fosters global growth and economic stability. It provides policy advice and
financing to members in economic difficulties
4. The World Bank Group (WBG)

- Founded on July 1994

- assisting the development of its member nations, territories, promoting and

supplementing private foreign investments and promoting long – range balance
growth in international trade.

Migration & Human Trafficking

- instance of movement of one person from a country, locality, or place of residence

to settle in another.

- modern-day slavery

- transportation or the transfer of people through force, fraud, or deception

- people who "recruit" them exploit the victims for profit afterwards

Expanded Anti-Trafficking in Persons Act of 2012 (R.A. 10364)

- to protect and support trafficked people

Pre Departure Education Program & Comprehensive Pre Departure Education

Program

- programs which help to prepare migrants for the country they’re going to.

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crimes (UNODC)

- formed to fight against illicit drugs and international crime

- member of the United Nations development Group

Guidelines for Filipino Migrants

- made to protect and arm the Filipino migrants with knowledge to protect
themselves from the moment they plan to work in a foreign land until they leave the
job.

Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA)

- they created the guidelines

- to encourage Filipinos to be more cautious in looking for employment abroad.

UNODC Report on Human Trafficking:

✓ Sexual exploitation: 79%

✓ Forced Labor: 18%

✓ Common criminals and victims are females

✓ Characteristics: poverty, lack of education, weak family ties etc.

Overseas Workers Welfare Administration

- Created for the protection and the benefits of Filipinos going overseas.

- Creates programs to prepare going overseas more manageable and more in favour
for the person.

OWWA Programs:

▪ Disability and Dismemberment Benefits

▪ Death Benefit

▪ PreDeparture Education Program

▪ Comprehensive PreDeparture Education Program

▪ Seafarer Upgrading Program

▪ Education for Development Program

▪ OFW Dependent Scholarship Program

▪ Educational Livelihood Assistance Program

▪ Repatriation Assistance Program

▪ Reintegration Program

Inter-Agency Council Against Trafficking (IACAT)

- serves as the coordinating and monitoring mechanism on all anti-human trafficking

efforts of the government

Sustainable Development

- came from the Latin word “sustinere”, which means “to hold up”

- to achieve economic growth, adequate protection of the country’s resources and

diversity, and overall environmental quality

Ancient Virtues as a Practice of Sustainability

- Environmental, human, and economic health and vitality are all aided By
sustainable practices.

- Assumes that resources are finite and should be used sparingly and wisely.

Practices of Sustainability:

a. Development of efficient technologies and markets for meeting human needs,

which is generally the purview of engineering, physical science, biotechnology,
economics, and business.

b. Understanding the state and nature of ecosystems, which is generally the purview
of ecology and environmental science.

c. Understanding how exploitation affects ecosystems, which is generally the

purview of applied ecology and environmental science.

d. Understanding how exploitation affects human cultures, which is generally the

purview of sociology, political science, policy, law, anthropology, and the arts and
humanities

e. Understanding the meaning of normative concepts such as human needs, socially

just, depriving, and ecosystem health, which is generally the purview of ethics and
philosophy.

Components of the Approach to Sustainable Development

a. Economic Perspective

- Generating the highest possible flow of income through consumption of products

and services.

b. Ecological Perspective

- Preserves and stabilizes the ecosystem, as well as preparing for any natural
disasters.

c. Sociocultural Perspective

- Making better use of indigenous groups’ community-based organizations.

Timeline of International Efforts on Sustainable Development

➢ 1945 – The US started creating a system that are founded on economic development based
on peace and security.

➢ 1972 – The UN agreed to establish the creation of the United Nations Environment
Programme (UNEP)

➢ 1980 – Publication of the “World Conservation Strategy: Living Resource Conservation

for Sustainable Development”

➢ 1983 – creation of the World Commission on Environment and Development by the UN.

➢ 1992 – The UN Conference on Environment and Development for the Earth.

Memorandum Order No. 399

- Issued on September 26, 1996

- Issued by Fidel V. Ramos

- Describes the responsibility of the Philippine Council for Sustainable Development

(PCSD) in monitoring and implementing the program.

Indicators for Sustainable Development in PH

a. Socioeconomic Welfare
b. Ecosystems

c. Critical Resources

d. Other Domestic Issues

e. Global Climate Change

Key Actors of Sustainable Development in the PH

o Civil Society

o Government

o Business

- The actors can be considered as the moving force that will mobilize the execution
of the agenda set by the international Sustainable Development organizations.

POLITICS AND GOVERNMENT

POLITICAL SCIENCE
- Scientific study of politics using 2 scientific methods.
1. Quantitative research - numbers
2. Qualitative research- themes

GOVERNANCE
- Method of guiding or leading a society and process of decision making.
GOVERNMENT
- group of people who lead.

2 TYPES OF ELECTION EVERY 6 YEARS

1. Midterm election - 3 yrs after the regular election
2. Regular election - election every 6 years

CITIZENSHIP
- Means we are registered in the country, opposite is alien (political term)
and has 2 types:
1. Natural born - Jus Soli (born by soil) & Jus Sanguinis (born by blood)
2. Naturalized - Applies citizenship in another country.

POLITICS
- Formulated by Greeks, “Polis” means “city-state” (small villages communities).
 - Existence of rules or authority within the state. Exercise power, making
political decisions, practices of deception.

CONCEPTS OF POLITICS BY PILATO AND ARISTOTLE

(“We are political animals”, “Individuals are naturally social” -Aristotle)
1. Justice - what and who is morally and politically right
2. Power - source of authority
3. Right types of constitutions and governments - different types of governments
and states
4. Political structures - different ideologies in a state
5. Right and virtuous leadership - who should lead in a political system

IMPORTANCE OF POLITICS
1. Helps to know your rights
2. Clarifies what you yourself believe
3. A living, breathing subject
4. Helps to understand our nation’s parties
5. Prepares you for adult life

ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS:
IDIOTIES
- People who are unaware of what is going on in society and do not involve
themselves in government affairs.
STATE
- Political term for country (it is not equal to a nation) and has 5 elements:
1. People
2. Territory
3. Government
4. Sovereignty (independence)
5. Recognition
NATION
- People who share the same style for a living.
DEBATE VS RHETORIC
- (D) with facts (RH) more personal/influencing
SCIENCE
- A body of knowledge and has 2 types
1. Natural science - physical world
2. Social science - study of man and their interaction
SOCIETY
- From a french term “Société” which means company.
MAN
- Main agent of society.

POLITICAL DYNASTY (DEFINITION, CONCEPT, CASES AND LAW)

POLITICAL DYNASTY
- The positions on elections are made of the same bloodline/family.
- Family units that run in the government or involved in government activities.

THE 1987 CONSTITUTION, ARTICLE 2, SECTION 26

“The State shall guarantee equal access to opportunities for public service, and prohibit
political dynasties as may be defined by law.”

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7160 THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT CODE, BOOK 1, TITLE 2,
CHAPTER 1, SECTION 43
- No local elective shall serve for more than 3 consecutive terms in the same positions.

TERM
- Number of years a person hold office
TENURE
- Number of years an official SERVED

Note:* The anti-political dynasty act (senate bill 2649) was made by the late senator Miriam
Defensor Santiago.
- No spouse, or person related within the second degree of consanguinity or affinity
whether legitimate or illegitimate, to an incumbent electric official seeking reelection
shall be allowed to hold or run for any elective office in the same province in the
same election.
- Has 2 relationships in politics:
1. Consanguinity - relationship by blood
2. Affinity - relationship by marriage

CAUSES OF POLITICAL DYNASTY

- Absence of anti-dynasty law
- Vote buying
- Government programs that can be used by local governments to obtain money.

HOUSE BILL 172

- Filed on July 1, 2013 by representatives under the Bayan Muna

HOUSE BILL 837

- Filed on July 2, 2013 by Representative Erlinda Santiago

HOUSE BILL 2911

- Filed on September 18, 2013 by Representative Oscar Rodriguez

ADVANTAGES:
- Dynastic politicians are more likely to pursue long-term development oriented
strategies
- Political dynasties are also responsible for the increase in women’s political
participation in politics.
 - Political dynasties can use this continuity by promoting and enacting laws and
ordinances that are long term in nature; with only a slim chance of the dynasty
interfering with the plans.

DISADVANTAGES:
- Political dynasties tend to be for the status quo and develop interests largely
separate from the people they were supposed to be serving.
- Prevent challengers with potentially effective policy ideas from being able to take
office, which limits the capacity for bureaucratic responsiveness and administrative
effectiveness and adaptation to new ideas.

INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE ELECTORAL PROCESS (CONCEPTS AND

ISSUES)
RA. NO. 881 OMNIBUS ELECTION CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

ARTICLE I: GENERAL PROVISIONS

> Section 1. Title - This Act shall be known and cited as the "Omnibus Election
Code of the Philippines”
> Section 2. Applicability - This Code shall govern all election of public officers
and, to the extent appropriate, all rulings.
> Section 3. Election and campaign periods - Unless otherwise fixed in special
cases by the Commission on Elections, the election period shall commence ninety
days before the day of the election and shall end thirty days thereafter. The period of
campaign shall be as follows:
1. Presidential and Vice-Presidential Election - 90
2. Election of Members of the Batasang Pambansa and Local Election - 45
3. Barangay Election - 15
Note:* The campaign periods shall not include the day before and the day of the
election.
In Case of special elections under Article VIII, Section 5, Subsection (5) of the
Constitution, the campaign period shall be forty-five days.
> Section 4. Obligation to register and vote - It shall be the obligation of every
citizen qualified to vote to register and cast his vote.
> Section 5. Postponement of election - When for any serious cause, shall
postpone the election therein to a date which should be reasonably close to the date
of the election not held, suspended or which resulted in a failure to elect but not later
than thirty days after the cessation of the cause for such postponement or
suspension of the election or failure to elect.
> Section 6. Failure of election - If, on account of analogous causes the election in
any polling place has not been held on the date fixed.
> Section 7. Call of special election - (1) In case a vacancy arises in the Batasang
Pambansa eighteen months or more before a regular election, the Commission shall
call a special election to be held within sixty days after the vacancy occurs to elect
the Member to serve the unexpired term. (2) In case of the dissolution of the
Batasang Pambansa, the President shall call an election which shall not be held
earlier than forty-five nor later than sixty days from the date of such dissolution.
> Section 8. Election Code to be available in polling places - A printed copy of
this Code in English or in the national language shall be provided and be made
available by the Commission in every polling place, in order that it may be readily
consulted by any person in need.
> Section 9. Official mail and telegram relative to elections - Papers connected
with the election and required by this Code to be sent by public officers in the
performance of their election duties shall be free of postage and sent by registered
special delivery mail or telegram.
> Section 10. Election expenses - Except in barangay elections, such expenses as
may be necessary and reasonable in connection with the elections shall be paid by
the Commission.
> Section 11. Failure to assume office - The office of any official elected who fails
to take his oath of office within six months from his proclamation shall be considered
vacant, unless said failure is for a cause or beyond his control.
> Section 12. Disqualifications - Any person who has been declared by
competent authority incompetent, or has been sentenced by final judgment for any
offense for which he has been sentenced to a penalty of more than eighteen months
or for a crime involving moral turpitude, shall be disqualified to be a candidate unless
he has been given plenary pardon or granted amnesty.

ARTICLE II: ELECTION OF PRESIDENT AND VICE-PRESIDENT

> Section 13. Regular election for President and Vice-President - The regular
election for President and Vice-President of the Philippines shall be held on the first
Monday of May Nineteen hundred eighty seven (1987) and on the same day every
six years thereafter. The President-elect and the Vice-President-elect shall assume
office at twelve o'clock noon on the thirtieth day of June, following the election and
shall end at noon of the same date, six years thereafter when the term of his
successor shall begin.
> Section 14. Special election for President and Vice-President - In case a
vacancy occurs for the Office of the President and Vice-President, the Batasang
Pambansa shall, at ten o'clock in the morning of the third day after the vacancy
occurs, convene in accordance with its rules without need of a call and within seven
days enact a law calling for a special election to elect a President and a Vice-
President to be held not earlier than forty-five days nor later than sixty days from the
time of such call.
> Section 15. Canvass of votes for President and Vice-President by the
provincial or city board of canvassers - The provincial, city, or district boards of
canvassers in Metropolitan Manila, as the case may be, shall meet not later than six
o'clock in the evening on election day to canvass the election returns that may have
already been received by them, respectively.

GENDER ISSUES
SEX - biological trait
- Innate (by birth/acquire from)
- Identifier as a person
- Tangible basis - genitalia

SECONDARY IDENTIFIERS:
- Physical characteristics of a person

GENDER - psychosocial trait of a person character

- Psychosexual trait
Psyche = mind
Society = interaction
- Personal choice - not innate/ can be a choice/ controlled/ directed
- More ignorant than discrimination.

#1. Uneven access to education

#2. Lack of employment equality
#3. Job segregation
#4. Lack of legal protections
#5. Lack of bodily autonomy
#6. Poor medical care
#7. Lack of religious freedom
#8. Lack of political representation
#9. Racism
#10. Societal mindsets