Matrices

Definitions
A Matrix is a set of numbers arranged in rows and columns so as to form a rectangular array.

The numbers are called the elements, or entries, of the matrix.

If there are m rows and n columns in a matrix, the order of the matrix is said to be an “m by n”
matrix, written “ m  n ”.

p q r
 s t u
 1 3 1 3 8
Example: (i)   , (ii)   , (iii)   .
 −2 6 22  2 −4 5 23 v w z
 
 2 5 8  43

Addition and Subtraction Matrices

In addition of matrices, the matrices must be in the same order.

5 9  3 4
Example: If A =   and B =   , find A + B, B + A, B − A and A − B.
 2 1  −2 1 

Multiplication with a Constant

When a matrix is multiplied by a constant number, all the entries in the matrix must be
multiplied by that constant number.

5 9 1
Example: If a matrix A =   , find 3 A, −6 A and A.
 2 1 2

Transpose of Matirces
The transpose of a matrix A is changing the entries of the row to the column and m  n matrix
A becomes n  m matrix AT or A.
Example: Find the transpose of each matrices:

p q r
 s t u
 1 3 1 3 8
(i)   , (ii)   , (iii)   .
 −2 6 22  2 −4 5 23 v w z
 
 2 5 8  43

Multiplication of Matrices
When the two matrices are multiplying, the number of columns in the first matrix must be equal
to the number of rows in the second matrix and multiply the correspondence entries of nth row
from the 1st matrix by the correspondence entries of nth column from the 2nd matrix.

 2 −3 1
 2 4 2 3 1  1 2 4 
Example: If A =   ,B =   , C =  −1 1 1 and D = 
3 1 −2
, check
5 1  1 −2 −3  4 2 1 

the following that there is a multiplication exist or not.

(i) AB (ii) BA (iii) AD (iv) DA (iv) CB (v) CB (vi) AA (v) CD (vi) DC
Identities Matrix (I)

1 0 
The identities matrix is I =   and it has the following properties:
 0 1 
(i) AI = IA = A

(ii) AA−1 = A−1 A = I

2 4 5 9
Example: Prove the above (i) and (ii) when (a) A =   (b) B =  
5 1   2 1

Inverse of a 2 × 2 Matrix

a b 
The inverse of a matrix A =   is defined as
c d 

1  d −b 
A−1 =
det A  −c a 
,

1  d −b 
det A = ad − bc  A−1 =
ad − bc  −c a 
.

Example: Find the inverse of the following matrices:

2 4 5 9  1 3
(i) A =   (ii) B =   (iii)  
5 1   2 1  −2 6 

Solving Simultaneous Equations

When the two simultaneous equations are: ax + by = r , px + qy = t

 a b   x  r 
The matrices equation form as    =  
 p q  y  t 

 a b  x r 
By letting A =   , X =   , B =   , the equation becomes
 p q  y t 
 AX = B
AA−1 X = A−1B
IX = A−1B
X = A −1 B

Exercises
Solve the following by changing matrix form:
(i) 2 x + 3 y = 7,3 x + 4 y = 10.
(ii) 2 x + 3 y = 9, x + y = 4
(iii) 2m − 4n = −20,3n − 3m = 12
(iv) 6 g + 5h = 40,3 g − 2h = 11