(i.
) Survey Experiment
 Carried out on fields
 Questionnaires may be used as
instruments
 Procedures are often designed
researchers
(iii) Quantitative Data
 Expressed in figures
 May require rigorous computations to
arrive at a conclusion
(i) Primary Data
 Generated from same
research
 Not yet published or
documented
(iv) Validity Test
 Deals with accuracy of a method/result
 Valid research requires a carefully
designed study under controlled
conditions.
Interpretations: what do the results mean?
Implications: why do the results matter?
Limitations: what can’t the results tell us?
Recommendations: what practical actions or scientific studies should follow?
 Carried out in the labs
 Equipment are used as instruments
by  Laid down procedures are often used
Qualitative Data
 Expressed in words
 Often require simple observation and
common sense to reach a conclusion.
Secondary Data
 Sourced from other researches
 Already published or documented
Reliability Test
 Deals with consistency of a
method/result.
 Reliable research requires that a study
be capable of being replicated by other
researchers.