c.
Replicable: The study could be repeated that gives a high
Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VIII
Schools Division of Tacloban City
SAGKAHAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Senior High School Department
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
ST
1 QUARTER LECTURE NOTES
SY 2022-2023
What is Quantitative Research?
Quantitative Research is a systematic empirical investigation of
occurrences that is observable using statistical, mathematical or
computational techniques. The objective of this kind of research is to
employ theories, models and hypothesis to test the phenomena.
Quantitative research is numerical in nature. Meanings and results are
expressed using numerals that shows the specificity of something.
Quantitative research directs you to focus on things through statistics
which denotes the collection and interpretation of numerical data
gathered through examining facts and information about person, thing,
place or events.
What are the Characteristics of Quantitative Research?
a. Structured Research Instrument: Data used in Quantitative
Research are gathered using structured research instruments.
This helps in collecting in-depth and actionable data based on
results.
b. Sample Size: Quantitative research is conducted on
significant sample size that represents the population to
assure the reliability of results. Appropriate sampling
methods are used as well to fortify the objective.
reliability of results.
d. Clearly Defined Questions: The researcher has clearly defined
research questions to which objective answers are sought.
e. Numerical: Data are in the form of numbers and statistics
that are arranged in tables, charts and figures or in other
textual forms. This makes it easy to understand and proves
the validity of the research.
f. Objective: Quantitative research seeks accurate
measurement and analysis of target concepts.
g. Generalization of Results: Results of this research method
can be generalized to take appropriate actions for
improvement.
What are the strengths and weaknesses of Quantitative Research?
A. Strengths of Quantitative Research
1. Quantitative Research allows you to reach a higher
sample size. This leads to an easier way to reach an accurate
generalized conclusion. The additional data gives you greater
creditability because it has more depth to review.
2. You can collect more information quickly when using
quantitative research. Experiments, surveys and interviews
provide immediate answers that become useful from a data-
centered approach.
3. Quantitative Research uses randomized samples in
collecting information. This excludes bias from appearing in
most situations. It provides an advantage in the fact that the
data can then get the rest of the demographic being studied.
4. Results duplication is possible. Quantitative research
only focuses on the actual data. The work validates itself
because the results always points towards the same data even
 though randomized conditions exist. overall strategy that is being integrated in the different components of
the study in a coherent and logical way.
5. Quantitative research can focus on facts or a series of
information. Researchers can use quantitative approach to The function of the research design is to assure that evidence obtained
focus on a specific fact that they want to study in a given enables the researcher to effectively address the problem as
population. unambiguously as possible. The problem that will be answered in the
research determines the kind of research that should be used in the
6. Quantitative approach does not require direct study.
observation. Study can be done without the need of someone.
This advantage creates a better response rate because people Quantitative Research
have more time and less pressure to complete the work.
B. Weakness of Quantitative Research
1. This method does not consider the meaning behind Experimental Non-Experimental
social phenomenon. It does not care about the motives that
people have when sharing an opinion or making decisions. Descriptive
Pre-Experimental
2. Quantitative research studies can be very expensive.
The money that could be spent is a significant barrier to
consider in conducting quantitative research. True Experimental Correlational

3. There is no access to specific feedback in quantitative

research. The statistics that researchers gather are useful for Quasi- Experimental Developmental
generalization but could not produce specific feedback incidents
that allows positive refinement.
Epidemiological
4. Some efforts at randomization will not create usable
information. Quantitative approach doesn’t look for the reason
why variables exist in specific environments.
5. Quantitative research requires a large sample that
makes it difficult to gather data and makes this kind of research
costly. What is Experimental Research?
Experimental Research is a quantitative research dealing with the object
or subject of a research in an exact manner and look into the extent of
What are the kinds of quantitative research designs?
the effects or influence of the treatment on the subject, then discovers
Research design is considered as the framework of research. It is the cause of such effect. There are two groups involved in any
termed as the “GLUE” that holds each of the elements of research as experimental research; the experimental group, the one in which the
one. In other words, it is the plan of the proposed research work. It is the treatment is applied and the control group, which does not receive any
treatment.
a. Pre-Experimental Research Design: A group or various groups are kept
under observation after implementing factors of cause and effect. This
research is done to understand whether further investigations are
necessary for particular groups.
b. True Experimental Research Design: This type of research design relies
on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a hypothesis, making it the
most accurate type of research. This type of research can establish a
cause-effect relationship with-in a group. In a true experiment, there are
factors need to be considered:
1. There is a control group which won’t be subjected to changes
and an experimental group which will experience the changed
variables
2. A variable that could be manipulated by the researcher
3. Random Distribution
c. Quasi- Experimental Research Design: The word “quasi” indicates
similarity. In this research, an independent variable is manipulated but
the participants of the group are not randomly assigned. Quasi-research
is used in field settings where random assignment is either irrelevant or
not required.
What is Non-Experimental Research Design?
Non-Experimental research design is one of the broad categories of
research designs in which the researcher observes the phenomena as
they occur naturally and no external variables are introduced.
It is a research design in which variables are not deliberately
manipulated nor is the setting is controlled. Data is collected without
introducing changes and making treatments.
a. Descriptive Research Design
The purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and
document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes
to serve as a starting point for hypothesis generation or theory
development.
It is used in observing, documenting and describing a phenomenon
occurring in natural setting without any manipulation or control. It is
designed to gain more information about characteristics within a
particular field in real world.
b. Correlational Design
In a correlational design, the researcher examines the relationship
between two or more variables in a natural setting without manipulation
of the control. In other words, it is a study conducted to determine the
relationship of two or more variables without any intervention.
c. Developmental Research Design
In a developmental research design, the researcher examines the
phenomenon with reference to time. It is generally used as aide
research design with other designs.
d. Epidemiological Research Design
A study done to investigate the distribution and causes of the disease in
a population. Generally, it is conducted to investigate causes of different
diseases in either prospective approach or retrospective design.
IMPORTANCE OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
ANTHROPOLOGY
 Organize reactions/opinions about critical topics veridical
among a society such as religious or political affiliations
 Enable studying people such as the effect of an intervention in
ethnic behavior of a group (Bernard, 2004)
 establish methods that helps in finding the bigger picture
 creation of demographic characterization helpful in
understanding how society is organized
  Exploring connections amidst cultural differences, alternatives,
and Identity
EDUCATION
 Action researches addressing challenges met in the teaching-
learning process.
 Innovative teaching strategies catering students’ diverse
backgrounds
 Mainly to improve the educational practices leading to better
quality learning of students
 Validation of existing educational practices for contextualization
and localization.
ACCOUNTING BUSINESS AND MANAGEMENT
 Determining costumer’s preferences and feasibility of business
 Development of new products and strategy of distribution
meeting clients’ needs
 Utilization of statistical analysis to stay competitive in the
market.
 determine whether now is the proper time to open another
branch or whether it needs to apply for a new loan.
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ENGINEERING AND MATHEMATICS
 Obtaining significant information about disease, trends and risk
factors, results of various interventions etc.
 Determining effectiveness of drugs and its side effects (e.g.
COVID vaccines)
 Focused on the advancement of society and longevity of life.
 Designing infrastructures, materials and procedures that are
efficient, convenient, and can withstand to various calamities
HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL SCIENCES
 Understanding of social interactions leading to new theories and
practices contributing to societal development and welfare
 Societal behavior and social issues (e.g. stress, work ethics,
organizational commitment, leadership style, child labor,
teenage pregnancy, human trafficking, drug addiction etc.)
 Aims to provide solution to the social problems felt by people.
VARIABLE
is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies
Independent Variable - a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by
the other variables you are trying to measure. The one that causes
change to other variables and can be manipulated/controlled.
Dependent Variable - the variable that is being measured or tested in an
experiment/study. The receiver of effect done by the independent
variable, hence, cannot be manipulated/controlled. Measured value is
reliant on other variables.
Extraneous Variable - any variable that you're not investigating that can
potentially affect the outcomes of your research study. If left
uncontrolled, extraneous variables can lead to inaccurate conclusions
about the relationship between independent and dependent variables.
Confounding Variable - is an unmeasured third variable that influences,
or “confounds,” the relationship between an independent and a
dependent variable by suggesting the presence of a false correlation. An
extraneous variable that has not been properly controlled and interferes
with the dependent variable.
I. Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables are the type of
variables used in quantitative research because they are numeric and
can be measured. Under this category are discrete and continuous
variables.
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take
negative values or values between fixed points. For example: number of
students in a class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that
can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences
between consecutive values are equal and meaningful but the numbers
are arbitrary. For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37
degrees is the same as between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The
zero point does not suggest the absence of a property being measured.
Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point of ice.
Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score.
B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the
presence of a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the
absence of the quantity being measured. Examples are age, height,
weight and distance.
II. Qualitative Variables are also referred to as Categorical Variables are
not expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be
further divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.
C. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or
values. For example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.
D. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you
may have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For
example, a basketball player’s number is used to distinguish him
from other players. It certainly does not follow that player 10 is better
than player 8. Other examples are blood type, hair color and mode of
transportation.
E. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is
ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or
quantitative attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have
a numerical rating as choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly
(5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating like strongly agree, agree,
neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other examples or ordinal
variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify Top 20 hits,
academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).
IDENTIFICATION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM
1. Interest in the Subject Matter
Search for a problem in your everyday life. Problems suitable for
research exist everywhere (in your community, farm, school, city, body
of water, environment, at home, etc.). Make a habit of asking yourself
questions about what you see and hear. Why does suchand-such
happen? Think about what interests you.
2. Availability of information
Read or search more about your field of interest because reading also
gives you theoretical base for your study. So, look through professional
journals and magazines, textbooks and thesis/dissertations to find out
more about these topics. This will give you a clear idea about what is
already known in your area of interest - and what is still unknown.
3. Timeliness and relevance of the topic
The topic of your choice should be significant, important, and relevant
to the present time and situation and or current interest. It is original,
vital, and practical for use of the public. It must contribute to the
national goals and development for the improvement of the quality of
human life and it must contribute to the fund of human knowledge.
4. Limitation on the subject
It can be completed within a reasonable period of time. The
equipment and instruments for the research are available and can give
reliable results. The results are implementable/doable or repeatable.
5. Personal resources
It must be within the competence of the researcher to tackle. It must be
within the capability of the researcher to finance.
Distinguishing among Topic, Research Problem, Purpose, and Research
Questions
TOPIC RESEARCH PURPOSE RESEARCH
PROBLEM STATEMENT QUESTION
 broad subject a general the major narrows the purpose 3. Is the title grammatically correct and not verbose?
matter educational intent or into specific questions  Correct spelling, usage of punctuation marks, catchy
addressed by issue, objective of that the researcher but formal language
the study. concern, or the study used would like answered or
controversy to address the addressed in the study.  Not too wordy
addressed in problem
4. Does the title contain not more than 12 substantive words?
research that
narrows the  Substantive words – meaningful words excluding
topic. connecting words, prepositions etc.
SHS Low grades of To improve Can peer tutoring
Mathematics SHS students the grades of improve the grades of
in SHS students SHS students in
General in General
Mathematics General Mathematics?
Mathematics Consolidated by:

Good Resources of Researchable Problems MARISOL T. ALBERCA

o Theories to be validated, extended, or modified Special Science Teacher 1

o Other studies, particularly through research recommendations o

National or international trends or situations to be described or
improved
o Real-life problems, issues, experiences, or situations of SHS students
Questions to Answer in Evaluating a Research Title
1. Does the title describe what the study is all about?
 Key problems that the researchers want to solve are
clearly reflected in the title
2. Does the title contain high specificity level?
 Respondents of the study, key variables (IV & DV if
applicable) must be identifiable
 Gives a hint of the research methodology used