GABI, JOHN CHRISTOPER I.

IC2MA-SSC121
REVIEWER

What is Culture?
Culture encompasses religion, food, what we wear, how we wear it, our language,
marriage, music, what we believe is right or wrong, how we sit at the table, how
we greet visitors, how we behave with loved ones, and a million other things. It
also includes both material and non-material he/she possess or acquires

Non-material
Are the norms and values as well as the intangible aspects of
his/her experience; music, dance, poetry, and other form of
expressions that showcase his/her creativity and artistry.
- Material
Tangible aspects such as architectural and engineering wonders,
advancement in medicine and breakthroughs in transportation
and communication.

What is Society?
Society came from French société, from Latin societas, from socius ‘companion’ Mid-16th century which
means in the sense of companionship or friendly association with others. According to sociologists, a
society is a group of people with common territory, interaction, and culture who act together for
collective survival and well-being.

Society possesses the following elements:

1. Likeness:
Likeness is mutuality. Comradeship, intimacy, association of any kind or
degree would be impossible without some understanding of each by the other,
and that understanding depends on the likeness which each apprehends in the
other. ‘Likeness is the one element which must have strongly stimulated the
group feelings in bringing men, women and children together.
2. The Reciprocal Awareness:
Likeness is generative of reciprocity. Once some are aware of the mutual
likeness, they, certainly differentiate against those who are not like them.
Consciousness of this kind alone could make sense of likeness. All social action is
based on reciprocal response. This alone, makes possible, the we-feeling.
3. Differences:
Sense of likeness in not always sufficient. No two individuals are alike in
their nature. They differ from each other in respect of their interests, capacities,
abilities, and tendencies etc. These differences do not imply mutual conflict;
instead; by it, the organization of society is further strengthened. Society to run
smoothly there must be some differences. If people were exactly alike their social
relationship would be very much limited. There would be little reciprocity, little
give and take. They would contribute very little to one another. A society based
exclusively on likeness or uniformity is bound to lose in socialites. Life would be
boring, monotonous, and uninteresting if differences are not present.
4. Interdependence:
Society implies interdependence. It is another essential element to
constitute society. It is not possible for human being to satisfy his desire in
isolation. He cannot live alone. He needs the help of others for his survival.
Society fulfills all the needs of the people. For example, the institution of family
rests on the biological interdependence of sexes. None of the two sexes is
complete by itself and, therefore, each seeks fulfillment by the aid of the other.
This fact of interdependence is very much visible in the present-day society.
Today not only countries but also continents depend upon one another. Likewise,
communities, social groups and nations are also interdependent.
5. Cooperation:
Cooperation is also another essential element to constitute society.
Without cooperation, no society can exist. If the members of the society do not
work together for the common purposes, they cannot lead a happy and
comfortable life.
6. Conflict:
Conflict is an ever-present phenomenon present in every human society.
Not only cooperation, but also conflict in necessary for the formation of society.
They must coexist in a healthy society. Conflict is a process of struggle through
which all things have come into existence. Harmony and disharmony, cooperation
and conflict are needed for the society’s growth

What is Politics?
The word politics comes from the Greek word politiká (Πολιτικά), which means
'affairs of the cities'. Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which
people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live.

Power, as defined in democratic principles, is a status granted to

individuals or institutions to properly run the government and implement the rule
of the law in a society.

Ethnicity
Expression of set of cultural ideas held by a distinct ethnic or indigenous
group. This refers to people who collectively and publicly identify themselves as
distinct and unique based on distinguishable cultural features that set them apart
from others such as language, shared ancestry, common origin, customs, and
tradition.
Religion
Religion is a social-cultural system of designated behaviors and practices,
morals, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations
that relates humanity to supernatural, transcendental, or spiritual elements.
Exceptionality
Refers to the state of being intellectually gifted and/or having physically
or mentally challenged conditions.
The categories of exceptionality are:
1. Behavior
2. Communication including Autism, Deaf and Hard of Hearing,
3.Language Impairment and Learning Disability
4.Intellectual including Giftedness, Mild Intellectual Disability and
Developmental Disability
5. Physical including Physical Disability and Blind and Low Vision
6. Multiple including Multiple Exceptionalities
Nationality
A legal relationship that binds a person and a country. It allows the state
to protect and have jurisdiction over a person. For a people who are legally born
of Filipino parent/s and those naturalized in the country after fulfilling the
requirements of residence are granted the nationality of Filipino citizens or
naturalized Filipino.