Biology

Chapter 9 : Ecosystem

Ecological Pyramids & Types of

interaction among biotic COmponents

by : izzat , zaid and amin

 n t ro d u c t io n
I Ecological Pyramids
Food chains and food webs show the feeding
relationships among organisms. Energy transfer
occurs when an organism feeds on another organism.
In a feeding interaction, when a trophic level
increases, the number of individuals, biomass and
total energy contained in each individual for each
trophic level will change. All these factors can be
described in the form of ecological pyramids.
 TYPES
Pyramid of Numbers

Ecological Pyramids Pyramids of Biomass

Pyramid of Energy
 Pyramid of Number
Pyramids of Number is a diagram shows the number
of organisms at every trophic level in a food chain.
Producers : Plants [crops & paddy]
Primary consumer : Herbivore
Secondary consumer : Omnivore
Tertiary consumer : Carnivore

Ascending the pyramid

Number of organism decrease
Size of organism become bigger
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS
Pyramids of Biomass is a diagram which shows 400 kg/km 2
the total biomass per unit area of all organisms in
every trophic level. Biomass is measured using
2100 kg/km2
dry mass.
The total mass of organism at each trophic
level is considered instead of the number of
organisms 21000 kg/km2
Ascending the pyramid
Total amount of biomass per
unit area decreases 2.1 x 107 kg/km 2
 PYRAMID OF ENERGY
It is a pyramid diagram that shows the total energy in the Energy
organism for each trophic level in the food chain. released as
Only about 10% of energy at heat
Trophic level is transferred to 0.1 %
the next Trophic level Energy
transferred
90% of the energy is dissipated 1.0 %
into the environment through heat,
living processes and excretion.

Energy source in an ecosystem is light energy

10 %
from the sun which is absorbed by green plants
to carry out photosynthesis and convert it into
chemical energy.

The total energy in the organisms at

100 %
each level decreases from producer
to top consumer
 s o f i n t er a ct
ype ion
T among biotic components
 n t ro d u c t io n
I
interaction among biotic COmponents
As humans, we live in a community. Every member in that
community needs one another. It is similar for animals and
plants which interact with each other in an ecosystem in
various ways. There are a few types of main interactions,
which are saprophytism, symbiosis, predation and
competition. There are two types of competitions, which
are intraspecific competition and interspecific competition.
Intraspecific competition happens among organisms of the
same species. Interspecific competition happens among
organisms of different species.
 pes of interactio
Ty n
among biotic
Components

Symbiosis Saprophytism

Predation Competition

" Saya pergi cari singa "

 Occurs when different species
Symbiosis
interact with each other

Mutualism Parasitisme
Commensalism
Interaction that gives Interaction provides benefit
benefits to both Interaction provides benefit to only one organism but
to only one organism harm other organism
organisms
without harming others
Ex : Tapeworm
Ex : Myna with
Ex : Shark and in intestine
buffalo &
remora fish
crocodile
 Saprophytism
Interaction where an Predation
organism gets food from
Interaction involving an
dead organic materials
organism (predator) eats
other organism (prey)
Ex : Mushroom
Ex : Owl
live on the
dead tree catches
trunk and eats
rat
 Occurs when organisms in habitat
Competition
compete in order to get basic needs

Intraspecific competition Interspecific competition

Competition that occurs Competition that occurs among
among organism of the same organism of the different species
species
Ex : Different species of plants
Ex : Animal of same species compete with
compete other plant
to get to get sunlight
mates
 Question
Please join the quizizz given in the chatbox
Thank you!
THAT'S ALL FROM US.