Nagham

mohamed
12 D
BIOLOGY
Ecology

 Population:a community of animals, plants, or humans among whose

members interbreeding occurs.
 Community :a group of people living in the same place or having a
particular characteristic in common.
 Ecosystem: a biological community of interacting organismsand their
physical environment.
 Biosphere: the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the earth or
another planet occupied by living organisms
Nutrition

 Autotrophs
 Primary producers
 Produce their own food by
photosynthesis
 Ex: plants , diatoms , plankton
 Heterotrophs
 Consumers
 Feed on other organisms
 Herbivores: feed on plants
 Carnivores: feed on animals
 Omnivore: feed on both plants
and animals
 Scavengers: feed on preys
remains or dead bodies
 Saprophyte: decomposers
 Detritivores: feed on detritus
particles
Population interaction
 Competition: Competition is an
interaction between organisms or
species in which both require a resource
that is in limited supply. Competition
lowers the fitness of both organisms
involved since the presence of one of
the organisms always reduces the
amount of the resource available to the
other.
 Predation: In predation, one organism
kills and consumes another. Predation
provides energy to prolong the life and
promote the reproduction of the
organism that does the killing, the
predator, to the detriment of the
organism being consumed, the prey.
 Mutualism: Mutualism describes the
ecological interaction between two or
more species where each species has a
net benefit. Mutualism is a common
type of ecological interaction, one that
can come from a parasitic interaction.
 Commensalism: commensalism, in
biology, a relationship between individuals
of two species in which one species obtains
food or other benefits from the other
without either harming or benefiting the
latter
 Parasitism: Parasitism is generally defined
as a relationship between the two living
species in which one organism is benefitted
at the expense of the other.
Food chain and food web
 A food chain is a linear sequence of
organisms through which nutrients and
energy pass as one organism eats
another. In a food chain, each organism
occupies a different trophic level, defined
by how many energy transfers separate it
from the basic input of the chain.
 A food web is all of the food chains in an
ecosystem. Each organism in an
ecosystem occupies a specific trophic
level or position in the food chain or web.
Producers, who make their own food
using photosynthesis or chemosynthesis,
make up the bottom of the trophic
pyramid.
Ecological pyramids
Trophic levels