1.

Step-by-step Process of Triple beam balance

1. Prepare the Pan: Make sure the pan is clean and clear of any particles or foreign items before
using the balance. This makes sure that no other substances have an impact on the object's mass.
2. Align the Zero Mark: Place the three counter masses on the far-left beams and set the pointer
to the zero mark. Use the zero adjustment knob to realign the pointer if it is out of alignment with
the zero mark.
3. Set the Item: Choose an item to be weighed, making sure that it weighs no more than 610
grams. Place the item carefully in the pan's middle.
4. Verify Alignment: As you alter the counter masses, pay attention to where the pointer and zero
mark are located. If they are not in alignment, the mass of the object is either too much or too little.
Adjust the counter masses as necessary. If the pointer rises beyond zero, the object has too much
mass, and the counter mass must be moved to the left. The counter masses must be shifted to the
right if the pointer deviates below zero, indicating that the object does not have enough mass.
5. Repeat for Each Beam: Apply the same technique to the center beam, the rear beam, and the
front beam (if necessary). After each modification, make sure the pointer and zero mark are lined up.
6. Read and Record Measurements: Carefully read and record the values that are aligned with
the counter masses' arrows after all three beams have been properly adjusted for the counter
masses. These numbers represent the object's mass on each beam. To find the object's total mass,
add these measurements together.
7. Take into account the margin of error: It's vital to keep in mind that the equilibrium may not
be perfect and that there might be a small mass change of less than 0.05 grams (plus or minus).
When analyzing the measurements, keep this in mind.

2. Steps to Measure Volume

1. Ensure the device you’re using to transfer liquid is clean and dry.
2. Check the temperature. In most cases, your lab area should be at 20.0°C (68°F).
3. Fill the measuring device to the exact line. The lowest curve of the meniscus should hit the line
when viewed at eye-level.

Instruments for Measuring Volume:

Erlenmeyer Flasks
Florence Flasks
Beakers
Graduated Cylinders
Volumetric Flasks
Burettes
Pipettes

3. TRANSFERING LIQUIDS FROM ONE CONTAINER TO ANOTHER

When transferring liquids larger than 5 mL in volume they can be poured straight into containers.
Graduated beakers and cylinders have an indentation in the mouth that allows for controlled pouring
so long as the two pieces of glass are in contact. A funnel should be used when pouring from an
Erlenmeyer flask or transferring liquid into a container with a narrow mouth (such as a flask with a
circular bottom). A ring clamp can be used to hold funnels firmly, or they can be held with one hand
while being poured from with the other.

The most popular tool for transferring small quantities of liquid (less than 5 mL) is a Pasteur pipette.
Although some institutions might clean and reuse them if they have a way to keep the fragile tips
from breaking, they are generally thought of as disposable. A dropper bulb should be attached to a
pipette before inserting the tip into a liquid. To establish suction, squeeze the bulb, then let go to let
the liquid flow into the pipette. Bring the pipette to the flask where the material needs to be
transferred while maintaining its upright posture. Position the pipette tip below the flask joint without
touching the sides, then depress the bulb to release the material into the flask. The pipette's leftover
liquid can then be "blown out" by repeatedly squeezing the bulb.

With a calibrated plastic pipette, take a normal amount of the liquid to be injected into the bulb.
Once the liquid has drained to the proper volume, press the bulb just enough to keep your position.
Move the pipette to the transfer flask swiftly, keeping the bulb depressed to ensure the liquid still
reads to the desired volume, then further depress the bulb to deliver liquid to the flask.

To use a calibrated glass pipette:

1. Insert the pipette tip into the solution, squeeze the bulb, and attach it to the pipette's top.
2. To create suction, only partially release pressure on the bulb; if you entirely relax your palm,
you risk creating an excessive vacuum that will cause liquid to be yanked rapidly into the pipette
bulb. Apply suction up until the liquid rises just a little bit past the target mark.
3. After removing the pipette bulb and breaking the seal, swiftly place your finger on top of the
pipette to stop the liquid from draining.
4. Allow tiny amounts of air to be let into the top of the pipette in order to gradually and
controllably drain the liquid until the meniscus is at the correct volume. You can do this by
wiggling the pipette slightly or by slightly releasing pressure on your finger.
5. Bring the pipette to the flask where the liquid is to be delivered while firmly holding the top
with one finger. This time, let a small quantity of air to enter the pipette's top to slowly drain the
liquid to the desired mark.
6. To remove the pipette and release any hanging drips, gently touch the pipette tip to the side of
the container.
7. If liquid was drained using a T.C. pipette to the pipette's bottom, blast out the last drop using
pressure from the pipette bulb. Using a T.D. pipette does not require blowing out the leftover
drop.
8. If you're using a volumetric pipette, you should suck the liquid up to the designated line above
the glass bulb. Your finger can be entirely freed from the top and the liquid can be emptied into
the new container. Similar to a T.D. pipette, the tip should be touched to the side of the flask to
remove any remaining drips of liquid after the liquid has stopped draining.

4. FILTRATION PROCESS/METHODS
A. Filtration paper
First, be sure to use filter paper that is the right size. This is especially important for vacuum
filtration, where the paper's diameter should be less than that of the Buchner or Hirsch funnel's base
(although it must completely enclose all of the holes) and should be flat and wrinkle-free on the
funnel's bottom. Fold the filter paper next. Filter paper can be folded in two different ways, the
"conventional" and
"fluted" technique.

B. Gravity or simple filtration

This is the most typical filtration technique used to get rid of an insoluble solid from a solution. The
solid could be an impurity, an additive, or a drying agent in addition to the required product. A filter
paper is placed in a filter funnel, which is then inserted into the neck of an Erlenmeyer flask or
supported by a clamp or ring stand, then folded (conventionally or flutedly). The filtering solution is
then slowly and carefully poured into the funnel, being cautious not to fill it up past the filter paper's
edge.

C. Hot Filtration
During recrystallization, solid impurities are frequently removed using hot gravity filtration. You must
pre-heat your equipment before doing a hot filtration. The Erlenmeyer filter flask should be filled with
a few milliliters of solvent. Put the contraption in the steam bath after attaching the rings to the flask.
The flask should be covered with a stemless funnel or powder funnel with fluted filter paper. Cover it
with a beaker that holds 600 milliliters. The flask is heated in a steam bath until the solvent begins to
softly boil. The heated vapor will maintain the funnel's temperature while also moistening the filter
paper to avoid crystallization in the funnel stem, which could cause the funnel to clog. Pour little by
little into the filter while keeping the majority of the solution hot. Be cautious. Use finger cots or a
technico clamp to help you hold the hot flask while you pour hot solutions to avoid burning your
hands.

D. Vacuum Filtration
1. Choose a piece of coarse or medium porosity filter paper that lies flat on the funnel's perforated
floor and covers every hole.
2. To seal the paper to the funnel floor, moisten it with solvent and apply vacuum.
3. While maintaining suction, add the solid to the funnel, then the supernatant liquid, distributing it
uniformly across the filter paper's surface.
4. Break the vacuum by releasing the pinch clamp to wash the crystals. Just enough wash liquid
should be added to cover the crystals, and crystal clumps should be delicately broken up with a
spatula without tearing the filter paper.
5. Apply the vacuum once more with the pinch clamp to remove the wash liquid.
6. To avoid a water backup into the trap, always break the vacuum before turning off the water flow.
7. Invert the funnel onto a big watch glass to recover the crystals.

5.HEATING PROCESS
Using Burners
- Before lighting a burner, make sure the gas piping is intact, firmly fastened to both the burner and
the gas tap, and made of the right kind of rubber tubing. Avoid using a splint or a piece of burning
paper in case you start a fire in the trash can when disposing of the paper; instead, close the
moveable collar and light the gas with a gas igniter. Adjust the gas flow to create the desired size of
flame after opening the collar to create a hot, blue flame. If your work is stopped, slightly close the
collar to create a bright flame. Finally, after everything has been done, switch off the gas and wait
until the burner has cooled before handling it or storing it in a cabinet.

Hot plates and stirrer hot plates

- A hot plate is a laboratory tool used to evenly heat materials, liquids, and samples at controlled
temperatures without the risk of an open flame.

Application of a Hot Plate

1. Ensure that the workspace is tidy and orderly.
2. Set the hot plate down on a flat, level surface.
3. Make sure the instrument is dust-free and clean.
4. Connect the power cord to the necessary power source.
5. Fill the vessel with the heated solution, set it on the plate, and let it to heat up.
6. When the heat control knob is cranked in a clockwise direction, the heat light turns on.
7. Turn the heat control knob to the appropriate heat setting.
8. Dispense the magnetic stirrer-equipped beaker.
9. Turn the stir control knob in a clockwise direction once the light is on.
10. Turn the stir control knob to your favorite setting to adjust the stirring speed.
11. Turn off the gadget when finished. Cut the power to the supply.
12. Clean up the workspace and equipment.

6. EVAPORATION PROCESS
In a lab, evaporation serves the purpose of removing liquid from preparations that need to be dried
or concentrated. A tiny bowl with a pour spout called a "evaporating dish" can be used to heat the
solution in order to do this. Either a more concentrated solution or the dissolved substance's solid
residue are the outcomes. A frequent pre-processing step for many laboratory tests and industrial
applications is evaporation.