This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Designation: E3160 − 18

Standard Test Method for

Quantitative Evaluation of the Antibacterial Properties of
Porous Antibacterial Treated Articles1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3160; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.

1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents

1.1 To determine the bactericidal or bacteriostatic properties
of porous articles treated with an active biocidal agent, samples
of porous treated materials, such as textiles or paper, are
inoculated with a defined suspension of microorganisms and
then incubated. The changes in numbers of the bacterial
populations on the treated article are compared with untreated
articles either over designated time or they are compared to the
initial bacterial population at “zero time” for the treated article
to measure antibacterial properties.
1.2 This test method is used for measuring the quantitative
antibacterial activity of porous materials that have been treated
with a biocide to inhibit the growth of bacteria on the treated
materials. This method may also be used to measure the ability
of the treated material to inhibit the growth of a microorgan-
ism. It can measure both bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity.
1.3 This test method shall be performed by individuals
experienced and adept in microbiological procedures and in
facilities suitable for the handling of the microorganisms under
test.
1.4 This test method may involve hazardous materials,
operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to
address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its
use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to
establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac-
tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1 4
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
Current edition approved April 1, 2018. Published July 2018. DOI: 10.1520/
E3160–18
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1054 Test Methods for Evaluation of Inactivators of Anti-
microbial Agents
E2180 Test Method for Determining the Activity of Incor-
porated Antimicrobial Agent(s) In Polymeric or Hydro-
phobic Materials
E2149 Test Method for Determining the Antimicrobial Ac-
tivity of Antimicrobial Agents Under Dynamic Contact
Conditions
E2756 Terminology Relating to Antimicrobial and Antiviral
Agents
E2922 Guide for The Use of Standard Test Methods and
Practices for Evaluating Antibacterial Activity on Textiles
2.2 AATCC (American Association of Textile Chemists and
Colorists) Documents:3
AATCC TM100 : Antibacterial Finishes on Textile Materi-
als: Assessment of:
2.3 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
Documents:4
ISO 22196 Plastics – Measurement of Antibacterial Action
on Plastic Surfaces.
ISO 20743 Textiles – Determination of Antibacterial Activ-
ity of Antibacterial Finished Products
2.4 IBRG (International Biodeterioration Research Group)
Documents5
IBRG TEX13/005/1.0 Quantitative Method for Evaluating
Bacterial Activity of Textiles and Porous Material and
Articles
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists
(AATCC), P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709-2215, http://
www.aatcc.org.
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org.
5
Available from IBRG, Pale Lane, Hartley Wintney, Hants, UK RG27 8DH,
http://www.ibrg.org.

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 E3160 − 18
3. Terminology
3.1 Defintions—For definition of terms used in this test
method, refer to, E2756 Standard Terminology Relating to
Antimicrobial and Antiviral Agents.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 A liquid suspension of bacteria is applied to porous
materials both untreated and treated with antimicrobial fin-
ishes.
4.2 Samples of each treated or untreated material are inocu-
lated with a specified concentration of bacteria suspended in a
solution containing a defined concentration of nutrients.
4.3 The inoculated materials are then incubated under con-
ditions of controlled temperature and humidity for a specified
period of time.
4.4 After incubation, the samples are immersed in a neu-
tralizer suitable for deactivating the active substance(s) used to
produce the intended antimicrobial effect, and agitated to
remove surviving organisms.
4.5 The number of colony forming units present in the
resulting suspension is then determined using standard plate
counting techniques.
4.6 Changes in the number of the test organism are then
calculated in relation to the numbers present on the untreated
materials after a specific contact time or in relation to the
numbers applied (inoculum count), or both.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Porous articles (often textiles) are often treated with
antimicrobial agents to reduce the growth of microorganisms
during use, in storage, or while waiting to be laundered, or
both. Additionally, antimicrobial agents are added to reduce or
control the overall microbial growth on porous articles that
may affect the material’s odor, visual, chemical or physical
integrity, or both.
5.2 Antimicrobial textile test methods that measure the
antimicrobial behavior of treated textiles do exist but they are
often specific for one type of antimicrobial agent or are
designed to or may artificially (not expected in real life)
promote the release of some specific antibacterial agents over
others. This test method is designed to be able to measure the
antimicrobial activity from all common antimicrobial agents
used to treat porous articles, including textiles, without giving
either positive or negative bias to one type of chemistry or
product over another.
5.3 In an effort to avoid excessive use or abuse of
antimicrobial agents in the environment, it is important to
understand if untreated porous articles are susceptible to
microbial contamination and growth. In this test method, a
small amount of nutrients is added to each test sample in order
to promote some microbial growth on susceptible test samples
but not enough to overwhelm potential antimicrobial agents
that may be effective in real life situations. Furthermore, low
levels of nutrients allow investigators to add soiling agents that
may be more reflective of a specific treated product’s end use
or expected performance.
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5.4 Very specific parameters are identified within this
method to limit any variability that may be seen between
laboratories. Identifying and clarifying potential variables
found in other guides or methods used in the industry will
allow for better reproducibility and repeatability between and
within laboratories.
5.5 This test method provides the foundation for conducting
tests on porous antibacterial treated articles. Modifications of
this method that simulate intended use, durability and compat-
ibility of the treated article should be outlined to ensure an
accurate assessment of antimicrobial activity with each par-
ticular biocide that substantiates end use claims made for the
article. A list of these typical modifications and current test
methods for textiles can be found in Guide E2922.
5.6 This test method is appropriate for porous materials
such as textiles, paper, or similar porous materials. It is
intended to measure the antibacterial properties of such mate-
rials. In most instances, further studies will be required to
support and substantiate actual claims being made for the
performance of treated materials in practice or as part of a
regulatory process.
5.7 This test method or indicated modifications may be
used to determine antimicrobial activity as indicated in 5.6 or
may be used as a routine bioassay in standard quality control
programs.
6. Apparatus
6.1 analytical balance—with capacity and precision of 0.01
to 10 g 60.001, respectively, to weigh chemicals and to
calibrate inoculum delivery volumes by pipettes.
6.2 biological safety cabinet—suitable for the containment
of the test organisms used.
6.3 Bunsen burner—with a gas source and flame igniter.
6.4 colony counter—(optional.)
6.5 dispensers—for dispensing sterile 10-ml aliquots of
diluent/neutralizer.
6.6 forceps—sterile for handling treated articles.
6.7 freezers—a freezer at -20 62 °C for the storage of media
and additives. A second freezer at -70 °C or lower to store the
stocks of test organisms (optional).
6.8 glass rods—sterile. for use in holding porous samples in
place. Rods should be no more than 40 mm in length.
6.9 gloves—sterile, disposable, for handling test items.
6.10 hot air oven—an oven at 60 6 2 °C to dry clean and
wrapped sterile glassware.
6.11 incubator—an incubator to maintain a temperature of
35 6 2 °C and maintain a relative humidity of not less than
80 %.
6.12 inoculating loops—Sterile plastic or sterilizable metal
inoculating loops (10-µl).
6.13 magnetic stir plate and stir bars—large enough for a
5-L beaker or Erlenmeyer flask for preparing culture media or
other solutions.
 E3160 − 18
6.14 sterile (plastic) or sterilizable petri dishes—100 × 15
mm for microbial growth and recovery media.
6.15 pH meter—having an accuracy of 60.1 pH units to
measure pH of media and suspensions. A puncture electrode or
a flat membrane electrode should be used for measuring the pH
of agar media.
6.16 sterile or sterilizable pipette and tips (electronic or
non-electronic positive displacement)—100 to 1000-µl pipette
and appropriate pipette tips fitted with “plungers” that can
dispense accurately 200-µl.
6.17 refrigerator—4 6 2 °C; for storage of media, culture
plates and reagents.
6.18 sterile or sterilizable serological pipettes—reusable or
single-use pipettes of 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0-ml capacity (optional).
6.19 sterilizer (autoclave)—any steam sterilizer suitable for
processing culture media, reagents and labware; the steam
supplied to the sterilizer should be free from additives toxic to
the test organisms.
6.20 sterile or sterilizable vials or tubes for dilution—
suitable to hold 30-ml easily.
6.21 sterile containers for sample inoculation and
incubation—4 oz, screw-on lid, sterile, disposable and indi-
vidually sealed specimen cups with a bottom surface diameter
of 45 mm have been shown to be suitable.
6.22 vortex mixer—to mix the cell suspensions and neutral-
izer suspensions to ensure efficient recovery of the test organ-
ism(s).
6.23 water bath—capable of reaching and maintaining a
temperature of 45 6 2 ºC to keep agar media from solidifying
when making culture plates.
6.24 incubator shaker—an orbital incubator shaker capable
of agitating broth cultures of bacteria and able to maintain a
temperature of 35 6 2 °C.
6.25 test validity control substrate—a suitable control ma-
terial has been found to be a cellulosic filter paper such as
Whatman #4 or any textile substrate shown to promote at least
1 log CFU/g of bacterial growth under the parameters outlined
below.
NOTE 1—Sterilize all laboratory ware and equipment as appropriate.
Sterilization can be achieved by moist heat in an autoclave, by dry heat in
a hot-air oven or other appropriate, validated sterilization process. Many
of the consumable items used in this guideline can be purchased
pre-sterilized and ready for use. Sterility of all ware and equipment should
be confirmed prior to use.
7. Reagents and Materials6
7.1 Sterile Tryptic Soy Broth, (TSB).
7.2 Sterile Tryptic Soy Agar, (TSA).
6
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
MD.
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7.3 Neutralizing Broth, appropriate for the antimicrobial
compound tested (See Practice E1054).
7.4 Suspension Medium, 1/500 TSB plus wetting agent
(1/500 TSB). Dilute the TSB (7.1) 1:500 with distilled or
deionized water plus 0.05 % v ⁄v Triton X-100 and then adjust
the pH to a value between 6.8 and 7.2 with either sodium
hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. Sterilize by autoclaving at 121
62 ºC. If it is not used immediately after preparation, store it
at 4 6 2 °C.
7.5 Sterile Distilled or Deionized Water.
7.6 Ethyl Alcohol, for forcep sterilization.
8. Test Organism
8.1 Escherichia coli, American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC) No. 25922.
8.1.1 Cultures of the test organism should be maintained
according to good microbiological practice and checked for
purity on a routine basis. Consistent and accurate testing
requires maintenance of a pure, uncontaminated test culture.
Avoid contamination by use of good sterile technique in plating
and transferring. Avoid mutation or reversion by strict adher-
ence to monthly stock transfers. Check culture purity by
making streak plates periodically, observing for colonies char-
acteristic of Escherichia coli, Gram-staining or performing
other forms of microbial identification.
NOTE 2—This method was developed and validated using ATCC No.
25922 as the test organism. If an alternative culture is used, the results
must be reported as having been obtained using a modified test method. E.
coli was chosen for this method due to its proven reproducibility in initial
laboratory ring tests. If the test method is modified in any way, the report
must also include a detailed description of all modifications made,
including, but not limited to: test organisms, media, buffer, bacterial
concentration, etc.
9. Preparation of Bacterial Inoculum
9.1 Grow a fresh overnight (18-24 h) culture of E. coli in
sterile 100 % TSB at 35 62 °C prior to performing the test on
an orbital incubator shaker allowing for maximum aeration of
culture. This culture should originate from an 18-24 h growth
coming from stock culture plates or growth on agar slants.
9.2 The fresh overnight culture is then diluted with suspen-
sion medium (7.4), as appropriate to obtain a bacterial concen-
tration that is between 2.5 × 105 colony forming units
(CFUs)/ml and 1.0 × 106 CFUs/mL, with a target concentration
of 6 × 105 CFUs/mL. This suspension is used as the test
inoculum. The test inoculum shall be used within 2 h of
preparation. The number of colony forming units in the initial
inoculum can be estimated using direct microscopic observa-
tion and a counting chamber or another appropriate method
(for example, spectrophotometrically). Actual viable bacterial
count is verified by standard plate count.
NOTE 3—In some instances, the performance intended might require the
use of elevated concentrations of nutrients (for example, 1/20 TSB in
place of the 1/500 dilution specified) or an alternative suspending medium
(for example, phosphate buffered saline, bovine serum albumin, yeast
extract). The use of these modifications might be required in order to more
closely simulate end use conditions. When any such modifications of the
method are made, the guidance provided in Note 2 applies.
 E3160 − 18
10. Test Specimen Preparation
10.1 For each treated sample, prepare a total of six treated
samples, three untreated samples of identical composition as
treated sample and two test validity control samples (6.25).
10.2 Cut test samples to a mass of 0.40 6 0.05 g and to a
size suitable for the containers used during the exposure phase
of the test (6.21) that will allow for the least number of sample
layers (approximately 45 mm × 45 mm square dimensions).
More than one piece of sample may need to be cut in order to
achieve proper weight but the dimensions of the sample should
be maximized based on the sample container size to keep the
number of layers tested to a minimum. When preparing
samples, care should be taken to avoid contamination with
microorganisms or extraneous organic debris. Similarly, the
test samples should not be allowed to come into contact with
each other. Sterile forceps may be used to manipulate test
samples.
NOTE 4—Sterilization of test samples can cause changes to some
materials and must be avoided. Any prior manipulation of samples (for
example, washing, abrasion, etc), must be indicated on test report.
11. Inoculation and Incubation of Test Samples
11.1 Place each of the test samples prepared as in 10.2 into
separate containers (6.21).
11.2 An aliquot (0.2 mL) of the bacterial inoculum as
prepared in Section 9 is transferred uniformly onto the test
material at several points on each layer (if applicable) using a
sterile pipette taking care to ensure that no inoculum touches
the surface of the container or soaks through the test sample.
After the test samples have been inoculated the containers are
closed.
NOTE 5—If the test material tends to curl easily or if it contains wadding
or down, place a sterile glass rod onto the material in the container.
Alternatively, secure both ends of the test material with thread.
NOTE 6—If the test material is a yarn or fiber, arrange the yarn or fiber
in a bundle and place a sterile glass rod onto the material in the container.
NOTE 7—If the test material is a carpet or of similar construction, cut
the pile off and place a sterile glass rod onto the material in the container.
If carpet pile and backing are both considered treated, the entire carpet
construction will be tested.
11.3 Three of the six treated samples and one of the test
validity control samples are analyzed for the number of colony
forming units present immediately after inoculation (<1 min-
ute) as outlined in Section 12. The remaining three treated,
three untreated samples and single test validity control sample
will be analyzed after incubation.
11.4 Incubate the remaining test samples at a temperature of
35 6 2 °C and a relative humidity of not less than 80 % for 24
h (610 min).
12. Recovery of Bacteria from the Test Samples
12.1 Add 10 mL of the neutralizer (7.3) to the containers
holding the test samples.
12.2 Vortex each specimen container five times with five (5)
s durations to allow bacteria to be released from the test
samples.
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13. Measurement of Colony Forming Units
13.1 The number of colony forming units (CFUs) present in
the suspension produced in 12.2 is determined by plate count
technique. The suspensions are diluted in the neutralizer
solution such that appropriate counts of colonies can be
recovered. Confirm neutralizer effectiveness according to Prac-
tice E1054.
13.2 For the pour plate technique, transfer an aliquot (1 mL)
of each undiluted neutralizer suspension into individual sterile
Petri dishes. Molten (at approximately 45 ºC) TSA (approxi-
mately 15 mL per dish) is then placed into each Petri dish and
swirled gently to disperse the bacteria. Once set, the Petri
dishes are inverted and incubated at 35 6 2 °C for 24 – 48 h.
The same conditions shall be employed for the plates derived
from each serial dilution. Duplicate plates should be prepared
for all dilutions.
13.3 After incubation the number of colonies present on the
plates are counted and recorded. The results shall be expressed
as total colony forming units retrieved per gram of test sample
(CFUs)/g quoted as the geometric mean of the triplicate data.
13.4 The number of colony forming units per gram recov-
ered from individual test sample replicates either immediately
after inoculation or after contact period shall be within 1 log
amongst test sample replicates or the test is not considered
valid and the specimens shall be re-tested.
NOTE 8—Example: 12 000 CFU/mL isolated from neutralized solution
(Section 12) using 0.4 g test sample would equal 300 000 CFU/g sample.
12 000 CFU/ml x 10 ml (Neutralizer solution) / 0.4 g test sample.
14. Calculations of Percent or Log Reduction Values
14.1 Calculate percent or Log10 bacterial reduction based on
geometric mean of the plate counts (CFU/g).
14.1.1 If an identical untreated control sample is used and
found to have greater than 1.2 × 103 CFU/g after incubation for
24, use the following equation to calculate percent and Log10
reduction:
Percent ~ % ! reduction 5 ~ A 2 B ! ⁄A 3 100
(1)
Log10 bacteria reduction 5 Log 10~ A ! 2 Log 10~ B !
where:
A = CFU/g recovered from the untreated sample after speci-
fied contact time (for example, 24 h)
B = CFU/g recovered from the treated sample after specified
contact time (for example, 24 h)
14.1.2 If an identical untreated control sample is
unavailable, biocidal activity can be calculated by measuring
the reduction of the treated sample based off of the CFU/g of
the treated sample immediately after inoculation of test speci-
men as follows:
Percent ~ % ! reduction 5 ~ C 2 B ! ⁄C 3 100
(2)
Log10 bacteria reduction 5 Log 10~ C ! 2 Log 10~ B !
where:
C = CFU/g recovered from the treated sample immediately
after inoculation of test specimen (for example, 0 h)
B = CFU/g recovered from the treated sample after specified
contact time (for example, 24 h)
 E3160 − 18
14.1.3 The number of colony forming units recovered
immediately after inoculation from the test validity control
sample should be within the range 1.25 × 105 CFU/g to 5.0 ×
105 CFU/g or the test is not considered valid and must be
repeated.
14.1.4 The test validity control is added to prove that the test
organism is viable and can grow under specific testing condi-
tions. If the bacteria on the test validity control does not grow
at least 1 log CFU/g during the designated incubation period,
the test is not considered valid and must be repeated.
15. Test Report
15.1 Test report must contain any modification to the
suspension media or nutrient level in addition to any other
modification of media, incubation time, bacterial type and
concentration, pre-sterilization of test samples, sample size and
incubation temperature, etc.
15.2 Test report must include method for calculating percent
or log10 reductions (14.1.1 or 14.1.2, or both).
16. Precision and Bias
16.1 A precision and bias statement has not been developed
for this method at this time. A full Inter-laboratory study (ILS)
will be completed within five (5) years of this test method’s
approval.
APPENDIX
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. PRELIMINARY INTERLABORATORY STUDY TO ESTABLISH REPEATABILITY
X1.1 This Interlaboratory Study (ILS) was conducted to
establish a preliminary repeatability statement for Test Method
E3160.
X1.2 ILS ParticipantX1.2 An International Antimicrobial
Council (IAC) Certified Laboratory Proficiency Program par-
ticipating microbiology laboratory performed this ILS.
X1.3 Description of Samples
X1.3.1 These data were provided by a single laboratory that
participated in an International Antimicrobial Council (IAC)
certified proficiency training program. The IAC provided the
laboratory with three test fabrics that included one untreated
control fabric and two treated fabrics. The laboratory reported
three replicate test results, from three separate analysts, for
each test specimen provided. Each analyst presented results of
colony-forming units per sample determined from serial dilu-
tions and plate counts performed in duplicate.
X1.3.2 The IAC provided three 50/50 Polyester/Cotton
fabrics treated with a commercially available antimicrobial
agent that is properly registered with the EPA to control
microbial odor due to bacterial growth on textiles. These
fabrics included an untreated control (1) and two fabrics treated
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17. Addendum
17.1 The bactericidal and bacteriostatic activity of the
added antibacterial treatment is calculated from the initial
population on the untreated or treated control and the popula-
tion present on the treated material after exposure. Some
materials possess intrinsic antimicrobial properties and the
population exposed to the untreated material will decline
during the exposure phase. On other material the population
exposed to the untreated material will increase significantly
during the exposure phase (this is often observed with textiles)
while only slight increases may be seen on the treated sample.
For measuring the ability to reduce bacterial growth in or on a
treated article, the important difference is between the popula-
tions present on the treated sample versus the untreated sample.
Bacteriostatic activity is calculated from the population of the
untreated control after exposure and the population present on
the treated sample after exposure. Again, the important differ-
ence is between the populations present on the treated versus
the untreated materials and this can be used to describe an
effect related to a reduction in growth such as a reduction of
odor causing bacteria due to an antimicrobial agent.
18. Keywords
18.1 antimicrobial treated surfaces; bactericidal; bacterio-
static; paper; percent bacterial reduction; porous; porous sub-
strates; quantitative antibacterial assay; textile; treated articles
at low (2) and high (3) application levels according to the
manufacturer’s instructions.
X1.3.3 Initial bacterial inoculum levels and the growth
observed on the test validity control sample were within the
validity requirements mentioned above
X1.4 ILS Instructions
X1.4.1 The analysts were instructed to follow protocol as
detailed in 8 through 13.
X1.5 ILS Results and Statistical Summary
X1.5.1 The ILS data are shown in Table X1.1. For sample 3,
the number of CFU/plate used to compute CFU/sample were
<30, the minimum recommended CFU/plate for enumeration
purposes. Table X1.1 clearly shows the impact of <30 CFU/
plate on data variability
Analysis of variance was used to determine repeatability (r).
Neither variation among analysts nor interaction effects were
significant at the 99.5 % confidence level (FCrit > Fobs).
Eq X1.1 was used to compute r.
r 5 @ ~ MSAnalyst 2 MSWithin! ÷n # ÷ $ MSWithin 1 @ ~ MSAnalyst
2 MSWithin! ÷n # % (X1.1)
 E3160 − 18
TABLE X1.1 ILS data (values are in CFU/sample) TABLE X1.2 ILS data analysis of variance summary
Sample Source SS df MS F P-value F crit
Analyst
1 2 3 of
1 945 000 20 45 Variation
1 1 790 000 200 20 Analyst 5.35E+09 2 2.68E+09 2.80 8.71E-02 3.55
1 925 000 255 <10 Sample 2.26E+13 2 1.13E+13 1.18E+04 8.5E-29 3.55
1 980 000 180 <10 Interaction 1.07E+10 4 2.68E+09 2.81 5.69E-02 2.93
2 1 925 000 195 <10 Within 1.72E+10 18 9.55E+08
1 925 000 230 25
2 000 000 185 <10 Total 2.26E+13 26
3 2 005 ,00 190 15
1 965 000 195 10
AVG 1 940 000 190 10
s 64000 37 20
CV% 3% 19 % 200 %
applying the same test method with the same apparatus under
constant operating conditions on identical test material within
From Table X1.2, MSWithin= 9.55 + 08. short intervals of time would in the long run, in the normal and
By computation, @ ~ MSAnalyst 2 MSWithin! ÷n # 5 ~ 2.69 E 1 09 correct operation of the test method, exceed the following
2 9.55 E 1 08! ÷2756.37E107
values only in one case in 20.
Repeatability~ r ! 5 0.6X (X1.2)
X1.6 Preliminary Repeatability Statement
where:
X1.6.1 The difference between repetitive results, from
X = average of triplicate test results
samples, obtained by the same operator in a given laboratory

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