a

See also: दे व, दे व ृ and दै व

Contents
1 Translingual
1.1 Ligature
2 Sanskrit
2.1 Alternative scripts
2.2 Etymology
2.3 Pronunciation
2.4 Numeral
2.4.1 Descendants
2.5 References
Translingual

Ligature
द्व (dva)

Irregular ligature of द and व

Sanskrit
Sanskrit numbers (edit)
20
← 1 २
2 3 →
Cardinal: द्व (dva)
Ordinal: द्वितीय (dvitīya)
Adverbial: द्विस ् (dvis)
Multiplier: द्विधा (dvidhā)
Distributive: द्विशस ् (dviśas)
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *dwáH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *dwáH, from Proto-Indo-European
*dwóh₁. Cognate with Avestan 𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬛‎(duua), Ancient Greek δύο (dúo), Latin duo, Old English
twā (whence English two), Serbo-Croatian, Slovene, Czech, Slovak dva, Russian два (dva),
Polish dwa.

Pronunciation
(Vedic) IPA(key): /dʋɐ́/
(Classical) IPA(key): /d̪ʋɐ/
Numeral
द्व • (dvá)

two, both
Masculine declension
Nom. sg. —
Gen. sg. —
Neuter-Feminine
declension

Nom. sg. —
Gen. sg. —
Descendants
Descendants
Dardic:
Dameli: [script needed] (dū)
Gawar-Bati: [script needed] (dū)
Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (dū)
Kalami: [script needed] (dū)
Khowar: ُ‫ݮ‬‎(ǰu)
Kalasha: [script needed] (dū̆)
Kashmiri: ‫ز‬‎(zụ)
ٕ
Grangali: [script needed] (dū)
Phalura: [script needed] (dō), [script needed] (dū)
Savi: [script needed] (dū)
Shina: ‫ ُدو‬‎(du)
Kohistani Shina: ‫( ُدو‬dū)
Ushojo: ‫ ُدو‬‎(dū)
Shumashti: [script needed] (dū)
Tirahi: [script needed] (dū)
Torwali: [script needed] (dū)
Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dū)
Eastern:
Magadhi Prakrit:
Assamese: দুই (dui)
Bengali: দুই (dui)
Rohingya: dui
Bihari:
Maithili: दइु (duɨ)
Bhojpuri: दइ ु (dui)
→ Fiji Hindi: dui
Western:
Marwari: दइ ु (dui)
Sindhi: ‫ٻه‬‎(ḇa)
Kachchi: ‫ٻه‬‎(ḇa)
Southern:
Helu Prakrit:
Dhivehi: ެ‫ދ‬‎(de)
Sinhalese: දෙක (deka)
Marathi: दोन (don), बे (be)
Konkani: दोनि (doni)
Northern:
Nepali: दइु (dui)
Garhwali: द्वि (dvi)
Central:
Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑁄 (do)
Awadhi: दइ ु (dui)
Hindustani:
Hindi: दो (do)
Urdu: ‫دو‬‎(do)
Punjabi: ਦੋ (do), ਦੁਇ (dui)
Domaaki: [script needed] (dui)
Romani: duj
Kalo Finnish Romani: dui
Traveller Norwegian: dy
Pali: dve, duve
→ Thai: โท (too)
→ Malay: dwi
→ Telugu: ద్వయము (dvayamu)
References
Monier Williams (1899), “द्व”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the
Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0503.
Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dva”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan
Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 380
Categories: Translingual lemmas
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Ga
The importance of evolution to the study of biology was stated best by Theodosius
Dobszhansky, who said, "Nothing in biology makes any sense except in the light of
evolution." While most of biology attempts to describe what the natural world is like,
evolution explains how and why it became that way. The forces that drive changes in
species are vital to an understanding of life itself.
Evolution, it is often grinningly said, is an evolving science. Ideas about evolution have
changed dramatically throughout history. Many cultures have ancient creation myths that
explain the origin of the earth and the forms of life found on it. Many of these stories
include explanations of how plants of animals gained the forms they have today. In
Western cultures, ideas about evolution were originally based on the Bible. The book of
Genesis relates how God created all life on earth about 6000 years ago in a mass creation
event. Proponents of creationism support the Genesis account and state that species
were created in the forms they hold today. This oldest formal conception of the origin of
life is still supported by some today.
The importance of evolution to the study of biology was stated best by Theodosius
Dobszhansky, who said, "Nothing in biology makes any sense except in the light of
evolution." While most of biology attempts to describe what the natural world is like,
evolution explains how and why it became that way. The forces that drive changes in
species are vital to an understanding of life itself.

Evolution, it is often grinningly said, is an evolving science. Ideas about evolution have
changed dramatically throughout history. Many cultures have ancient creation myths that
explain the origin of the earth and the forms of life found on it. Many of these stories
include explanations of how plants of animals gained the forms they have today. In
Western cultures, ideas about evolution were originally based on the Bible. The book of
Genesis relates how God created all life on earth about 6000 years ago in a mass creation
event. Proponents of creationism support the Genesis account and state that species
were created in the forms they hold today. This oldest formal conception of the origin of
life is still supported by some today.
The importance of evolution to the study of biology was stated best by Theodosius
Dobszhansky, who said, "Nothing in biology makes any sense except in the light of
evolution." While most of biology attempts to describe what the natural world is like,
evolution explains how and why it became that way. The forces that drive changes in
species are vital to an understanding of life itself.

Evolution, it is often grinningly said, is an evolving science. Ideas about evolution have
changed dramatically throughout history. Many cultures have ancient creation myths that
explain the origin of the earth and the forms of life found on it. Many of these stories
include explanations of how plants of animals gained the forms they have today. In
Western cultures, ideas about evolution were originally based on the Bible. The book of
Genesis relates how God created all life on earth about 6000 years ago in a mass creation
event. Proponents of creationism support the Genesis account and state that species
were created in the forms they hold today. This oldest formal conception of the origin of
life is still supported by some today.
However, about 200 years ago, evidence began to surface that cast doubt on creationism.
As we will discuss in Evidence of evolution, fossilized remains of plants and animals,
observation of natural population, and other lines of evidence suggested that species
have not always held the forms they do today. The evidence lead to an increased interest
in the idea of evolution. That species might change over time was first suggested by
Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon. It was later popularized by his student,
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who added a possible mechanism by which this change might
take place. However, it was not until 1859, when Charles Darwin wrote his book, On the
Origin of Species, that the modern study of evolution began to take shape.

Charles Darwin is considered the father of modern evolution. In On the Origin of Species,
he outlined his view that species not only changed over time, but had been doing so for a
very long time. Darwin proposed these changes occurred through time according to a
mechanism called "survival of the fittest" or natural selection. Unfortunately, Darwin
could not explain how natural selection caused the change in species he observed
because the field of genetics had not yet been discovered, much less studied. In the early
1900's, however, genetics became widely studied, and Darwin's theory found support in
the evidence uncovered in this and other fields. In the 1940's, scientists from the fields of
experimental genetics, population genetics, natural history, and paleontology pooled the
evidence from their fields to create a modern theory of evolution that included a genetic
explanation for Darwin's mechanism of natural selection. Th
However, about 200 years ago, evidence began to surface that cast doubt on creationism.
As we will discuss in Evidence of evolution, fossilized remains of plants and animals,
observation of natural population, and other lines of evidence suggested that species
have not always held the forms they do today. The evidence lead to an increased interest
in the idea of evolution. That species might change over time was first suggested by
Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon. It was later popularized by his student,
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who added a possible mechanism by which this change might
take place. However, it was not until 1859, when Charles Darwin wrote his book, On the
Origin of Species, that the modern study of evolution began to take shape.

Charles Darwin is considered the father of modern evolution. In On the Origin of Species,
he outlined his view that species not only changed over time, but had been doing so for a
very long time. Darwin proposed these changes occurred through time according to a
mechanism called "survival of the fittest" or natural selection. Unfortunately, Darwin
could not explain how natural selection caused the change in species he observed
because the field of genetics had not yet been discovered, much less studied. In the early
1900's, however, genetics became widely studied, and Darwin's theory found support in
the evidence uncovered in this and other fields. In the 1940's, scientists from the fields of
experimental genetics, population genetics, natural history, and paleontology pooled the
evidence from their fields to create a modern theory of evolution that included a genetic
explanation for Darwin's mechanism of natural selection. Th
However, about 200 years ago, evidence began to surface that cast doubt on creationism.
As we will discuss in Evidence of evolution, fossilized remains of plants and animals,
observation of natural population, and other lines of evidence suggested that species
have not always held the forms they do today. The evidence lead to an increased interest
in the idea of evolution. That species might change over time was first suggested by
Count George-Louis Leclerc de Buffon. It was later popularized by his student,
Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, who added a possible mechanism by which this change might
take place. However, it was not until 1859, when Charles Darwin wrote his book, On the
Origin of Species, that the modern study of evolution began to take shape.

Charles Darwin is considered the father of modern evolution. In On the Origin of Species,
he outlined his view that species not only changed over time, but had been doing so for a
very long time. Darwin proposed these changes occurred through time according to a
mechanism called "survival of the fittest" or natural selection. Unfortunately, Darwin
could not explain how natural selection caused the change in species he observed
because the field of genetics had not yet been discovered, much less studied. In the early
1900's, however, genetics became widely studied, and Darwin's theory found support in
the evidence uncovered in this and other fields. In the 1940's, scientists from the fields of
experimental genetics, population genetics, natural history, and paleontology pooled the
evidence from their fields to create a modern theory of evolution that included a genetic
explanation for Darwin's mechanism of natural selection. Th
After that we will take a look at what the modern study of evolution has taught us so far.
We will examine the different forms natural selection can take and how it can result in the
formation of new species. Next we will investigate populations. We will see how
populations can experience reproductive isolation and we will learn a mathematical
model for studying population genetics.

Finally, we will take a look at larger patterns in evolutionary history. We will see the types
of evolution that can occur and how those types have shaped the history of life on earth.
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From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.[1][2][3]

Noun
աստղ • (astł)

star
աստղ գիշերոյ ― astł gišeroy ― star of night, the moon
աստղ տուընջեան ― astł tuənǰean ― star of day, the sun
աստղ առաւօտին ― astł aṙawōtin ― morning-star, Venus, Lucifer
աստղ սլացեալ, թռիչ ― astł slacʿeal, tʿṙičʿ ― shooting, flying star
բեւեռային, հաստատուն աստղ ― beweṙayin, hastatun astł ― polar, fixed star
starfish
(post-Classical) asterisk
Usage notes
The word has two combining forms: աստեղ- (asteł-) and աստղ- (astł-).

Declension
r/ł-type
Derived terms
այգաստղ (aygastł)
անաստղ (anastł)
անկաստեղ (ankasteł)
աստեղահաջ (astełahaǰ)
աստեղաձեւ (astełajew)
աստեղաձիգք (astełajigkʿ)
աստղակերպ (astłakerp)
աստղահար (astłahar)
աստղահրաւէր (astłahrawēr)

Descendants
Armenian: աստղ (astġ)
References
^ Ačaṙyan, Hračʿya (1940) Hayocʿ lezvi patmutʿyun [History of the Armenian Language]
(in Armenian), volume I, Yerevan: University Press, pages 38–39
^ Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1971–1979), “աստղ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian
Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935
seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press
^ Martirosyan, Hrach (2010), “astɫ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited
Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston:
Brill, page 120
Further reading
Petrosean, Matatʿeay (1879), “աստղ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʿ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary
Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
Awetikʿean, G.; Siwrmēlean, X.; Awgerean, M. (1836–1837), “աստղ”, in Nor baṙgirkʿ
haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S.
Lazarus Armenian Academy

աստղ

Contents
1 Armenian
1.1 Alternative forms
1.2 Etymology
1.3 Pronunciation
1.4 Noun
1.4.1 Declension
1.4.2 Derived terms
2 Old Armenian
2.1 Etymology
2.2 Noun
2.2.1 Usage notes
2.2.2 Declension
2.2.3 Derived terms
2.2.4 Descendants
2.3 References
2.4 Further reading
Armenian
Alternative forms
ասղ (asġ) — dialectal
Etymology
From Old Armenian աստղ (astł).

Pronunciation
(Eastern Armenian, standard) IPA(key): [ˈɑstəʁ]
(Western Armenian, standard) IPA(key): [ˈɑstəʁ], [ɑstχ]
(Western Armenian, colloquial) IPA(key): [ɑsχ]
Audio (Eastern Armenian)
0:01
Noun
աստղ • (astġ)

star
celebrity, star
Declension
i-type, inanimate (Eastern Armenian)
Derived terms
աստղադիտակ (astġaditak)
աստղանիշ (astġaniš)
աստղաֆիզիկա (astġafizika)
գիսաստղ (gisastġ)
համաստեղություն (hamasteġutʿyun)
Old Armenian
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *h₂stḗr.[1][2][3]

Noun
աստղ • (astł)

star
աստղ գիշերոյ ― astł gišeroy ― star of night, the moon
աստղ տուընջեան ― astł tuənǰean ― star of day, the sun
աստղ առաւօտին ― astł aṙawōtin ― morning-star, Venus, Lucifer
աստղ սլացեալ, թռիչ ― astł slacʿeal, tʿṙičʿ ― shooting, flying star
բեւեռային, հաստատուն աստղ ― beweṙayin, hastatun astł ― polar, fixed star
starfish
(post-Classical) asterisk
Usage notes
The word has two combining forms: աստեղ- (asteł-) and աստղ- (astł-).
Declension
r/ł-type
Derived terms
այգաստղ (aygastł)
անաստղ (anastł)
անկաստեղ (ankasteł)
աստեղահաջ (astełahaǰ)
աստեղաձեւ (astełajew)
աստեղաձիգք (astełajigkʿ)
աստղակերպ (astłakerp)
աստղահար (astłahar)
աստղահրաւէր (astłahrawēr)

Descendants