WEEK 2 – HW 1.

ANSWER PROCESS:
1. Theodosius Dobzhansky wrote “Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of
evolution.” What did he mean by this? How does evolution unify the biological sciences?
What other principles might do so?

Theodosius Dobzhansky outspreads that only the “Light of Evolution” makes

sense which means that the transformation of evolution had brought a big impact in our
lives. As century passed by, it made us believed and realized that the power of evolution
changes our way of living through this modern transformation which aims to authenticate
corporate patterns of evolution to be able to reach the various characteristics of
organisms.

It also helps us recognized how do evolution happened and who were the great
scientist discover it. It is the evolution that became our light in discovering new
information and ideas to seek answers for our questions about the origins of humans,
plants and animals and an idea that both living and non-living things developed and
evolve through the transmission of genes. In order for us to have an in-depth knowledge
about evolution of genetic facts, evolutionary biology explains it all.

2. Joseph Dalton Hooker and Charles Lyell convinced Darwin that the concept of natural
selection should be presented to the Linnean Society and read an excerpt from his
abstract along with Alfred Russel Wallace’s 1858 manuscript. Since Wallace was still in
the Malay Archipelago, he did not take part in the decision to make this joint
presentation. Critics later pointed out that this was unfair to Wallace (and some even
accused Darwin of stealing some of Wallace’s ideas). Do some additional background
reading and discuss whether the arrangement was fair, how the concept of natural
selection would have been received if Darwin had not been involved, and how Wallace’s
1858 manuscript influenced Darwin’s subsequent publication of On the Origin of
Species.

In my opinion, Darwin did not steal a book of Alfred Russel Wallace who are in
Malay Archipelago that time to gather samplings. The book which entitled “The Origin
of Species” while also in that moment Darwin also have incompletely finished his book
entitled “Natural Selection” and right away got a manuscript from a young naturalist and
immediately established an abstract about it and take a courage to own and published it
on November 24, 1859 where Darwin finally entitled “On the Origin of Species by
Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for
Life”.

Darwin did not steal from Wallace. Wallace certainly stimulated Darwin to get
moving, but that was it. And incidentally, if you study Wallace’s essay carefully, you see
differences from Darwin. Wallace, for instance, denied the pertinence of artificial
selection. Wallace never had the term “natural selection.” Wallace had inclinations to
 group selection in a way absent from the Origin or earlier writings. Therefore, the
arrangement between Wallace and Darwin is not fair, but both of them gets benefit from
each other because Wallace elaborated Darwin’s book but never owned it or maybe it’s
their great deal but turned out stealing to everyone.

3. The two revolutionary hypotheses proposed by Darwin in On the Origin of Species were
descent with modification and natural selection as the main mechanism of evolution.
How did Darwin’s ideas contrast with the prevailing notions of the origins of species at
the time?

Regardless with Darwin’s two evolutionary hypothesis in the revision of the book
entitled “On the Origin of Species” leaders began to illuminate and evolve in order to
sustain the evolutionary hypothesis of Natural Selection virtually. Natural selection
fallouts to be diverse amid distinct individual when it comes to reproduction and survival.

The agreement that an anti-Darwinian counterfeit was the evolutionary or modern

synthesis where it’s main principle came to undertake adaptive evolution as a
fundamental in modern evolutionary biology. First, he argued analogically from artificial
selection to which the work and triumphs of the animal and plant breeders to natural
selection, from something known and seen to something not known and seen. Then he
turned around, and showed how evolution through selection throws light on topics across
biology, instinct, paleontology, biogeography, systematics, anatomy, embryology, and
more. As evolution through selection explains, so conversely the explained areas justify
our faith in evolution through selection.

4. Some scientists vigorously rejected Darwin’s ideas when On the Origin of Species was
published. Richard Owen (1860), perhaps the most respected biologist in England, wrote
(among many other objections): “Are all the recognized organic forms of the present
date, so differentiated, so complex, so superior to conceivable primordial simplicity of
form and structure, as to testify to the effects of Natural Selection continuously operating
through untold time? Unquestionably not. The most numerous living beings … are
precisely those which offer such simplicity of form and structure, as best agrees… with
that ideal prototype from which…vegetable and animal life might have diverged.” How
might Darwin, or you, argue against Owen’s logic?

I think Darwin’s theory is more conceivable than Owen because evolution

signifies about human’s lives and how it precisely offers easiness that both plants and
animals might get lost. With regards to Darwin’s book, for he who extended the living
things including human species and began the trend to see humans as part of the natural
world.

Darwin proposed that species can change over time, that new species come from
pre-existing species, and that all species share a common ancestor. It must be appreciated
that apart from those who reject the naturalistic program in itself there are those who
 argue that natural selection is not the appropriate tool to analyze human nature. Clearly a
lot of social scientists think this, but so also do prominent biologists.

5. During the evolutionary synthesis, biologists conclusively identified natural selection,

gene flow, genetic drift, and mutation as the major causes of evolution within species.
Using the scientific definition of evolution, explain how these forces cause populations,
species, and higher taxa to evolve.

Before Darwin, there were several people who had thoughts of natural selection
and we know that we read some of them. For instance, there is an explicit reference to the
force of natural selection, a reference that stimulated Darwin to underline the words and
make a comment in the margin. There was an argument at that moment about its relative
significance to each other that’s why during the evolutionary change caused by the
evolution of population, species and higher taxa, the capability of these forces hooked on
doing their role based on the extent of the inherent variation which derives from arbitrary
mutations.

Some in the population are better able to survive and reproduce given a particular
set of environmental conditions. These individuals generally survive and produce more
offspring, thus passing their advantageous traits on to the next generation. But there is no
real question that these people sparked full evolutionary thoughts in Darwin, and
generally the last thing they wanted to do was use natural selection to promote evolution.
with whom Darwin was to have very pleasant and helpful correspondence where he
actually drew Darwin’s attention to an important earlier essay by Wallace explicitly
denied that his thinking had evolutionary implications. And as far as others were
concerned, pre-Darwinian that is pre-Origin evolutionists in particular, they certainly had
effects on general opinion.

6. Drawing (to acquire) on your available sources, discuss how the “Darwinian revolution”
affected one of the following fields: philosophy, literature, psychology, or economics.

With Darwin's discovery of natural selection, the origin and adaptations of

organisms were brought into the realm of science. Darwin had also settled with an
argument to some philosopher’s years ago. Darwin influence literature in pervades late
Victorian and Edwardian fiction of all kinds, from fantasies to realist novels and became
an inspiration because of his contributions in the field of psychology in terms of studying
human’s behavior. In the decades that Darwin followed the publication of The Origin of
Species, it was often suggested that Darwin's work had implications for the economic
order.