• Struktur dan Fungsi DNA & RNA

• Alur informasi genetik DNA-RNA-Protein

The Brief History of DNA
1869, Friedrich Miescher
Discovered a substance containing both phosphorus and nitrogen
in the nuclei of white blood cells found in pus  ‘nuclein’

Joachim Hammerling (1930’s)

Experiments with the green algae Acetabularia showed that the regeneration of
appendages required the nucleus which was located in the footSuggested that genetic
information is stored in the nucleus

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)

Their experiments showed that DNA tagged with radioactive phosphorus (32P) was
found inside infected bacterial cells and directed the synthesis of new viral DNA and
new viral protein coats. Protein coats tagged with radioactive sulfur (35S) did not enter
bacterial cells. Suggested that DNA is the hereditary material
Nucleus
 Chromatin: DNA and proteins
 Nucleolus: region of intensive
ribosomal RNA synthesis
 Nuclear envelope: Double
membrane with pores.
Nuclear pores  protein
gatekeepers. Usually proteins
going in and RNA going out
 Nucleoplasm: semifluid
medium inside the nucleus.
Nucleus and nucleoid are the areas which separate the genetic
material from other cellular components of the cell.
Discovery of the DNA double helix

Frederick Griffith 1928 – Discovers that a

factor in diseased bacteria can transform
harmless bacteria into deadly bacteria

Rosalind Franklin 1952 - X-ray photo of DNA

X-ray diffraction showed that DNA was in the shape
of a double helix

Watson and Crick 1953 described the DNA molecule

from Franklin’s X-ray.
DNA
D N A
(Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)

(Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)

DNA Structure and
Functions
How DNA is able to store hereditary information?

DNA eukaryotic is packaged into a set of chromosomes.

e.g. Human chromosome
Human genome 3.2 x 109 nucleotides
Chromosome Structure
HISTONES are proteins with a high proportion of
positively charged amino acids (lysine and arginin),
Which enable them to bind firmly to the negatively
Charged DNA double helix.

There are 5 types of histone molecules: H1, H2A,

H2B, H3, and H4.
Except for H1, they occur in exactly equal numbers.
In less condensed chromatin fibers, it becomes apparent
that DNA between nucleosomes is bound to H1
histones.

DNA in metaphase chromosomes must be shortened

10,000-fold by very efficient packing.
This occurs in discrete units, the NUCLEOSOMES,
consisting of DNA and histones.

Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
DNA (Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid)
• DNA adalah asam nukleat beruntai ganda yang menyimpan atau
membawa informasi genetik. DNA umumnya terdapat pada inti
sel (nukleus) dan terletak pada kromosom, namun demikian DNA
dapat pula dijumpai pada mitokondria (tumbuhan dan hewan)
dan kloroplas (tumbuhan).

• Pada sel eukariotik, sebagian besar DNA berada dalam nukleus

yang dibatasi oleh membran ganda.

• Pada sel prokariotik, DNA terkonsentrasi pada nukleoid (tidak ada

membran yang membatasi nukleoid dengan bagian sel lainnya).
DNA STRUCTURE
 DNA’s 3-D shape Helix
 Width = 2 nm  probably two strands
(DOUBLE HELIX)
 Nitrogenous bases = 0.34 nM apart

 One turn every 3.4 nM (10 base pairs

per turn)
 Watson & Crick Model
• DNA is composed of 2 chains of nucleotides that form a double
helix shape.
• The two strands are antiparallel.
• The backbone of the DNA molecule is composed of alternating
phosphate groups and sugars.
• The complimentary nitrogenous bases form hydrogen bonds
between the strands.
• A is complimentary to T and G is complimentary to C.
The structure of DNA was
worked out by James Watson
and Francis Crick in 1953. They
were awarded the Nobel Prize in
1962 for this work.
DNA contains only four types of
nucleotides, which are the
building blocks of nucleic acids.
Each nucleotide in DNA is
made of:
• a five carbon sugar •Deoxyribose

• a phosphate group
• and one of four possible
nitrogen bases
Figure 6-4a Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)
Basa Penyusun DNA/RNA
 DNA and its building blocks

Figure 1-2 Molecular Biology of the Cell, Fifth Edition (© Garland Science 2008)
• Antiparallel nature:
• Sometimes called
complementary”
sugar/phosphate backbone
runs in opposite directions
(Crick);

• one strand runs 5’ to 3’, while

the other runs 3’ to 5’;

•The nucleotides connect at the

hydroxyl group of the 5 carbon
sugar (at the 3’ end)
The DNA double helix

Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

 Complementary base pairs in the DNA double helix

• Gula deoksiribosa (pentosa)

• Fosfat (PO4)
• Basa nitrogen
a. Purin (adenin=A dan guanin=G)
b. Pirimidin (timin=T dan citosin=C).

Basa A berpasangan dengan T yang

dihubungkan oleh ikatan 2 atom H,
sedangkan basa C berpasangan
dengan G yang dihubungkan dengan
ikatan 3 atom H. Basa nitrogen A, T, C,
G disebut juga dengan nukleotida.

Figure 4-4 Molecular Biology of the Cell (© Garland Science 2008)

DNA FUNCTIONS:

1. Storage of genetic information

2. Self-duplication & inheritance.
3. Expression of the genetic message.

DNA’s major function is to code for proteins.

Information is encoded in the order of the nitrogenous bases.

RNA
(Ribonucleic Acid)
RNA
 A ribonucleic acid or RNA molecule is a nucleic acid
similar to DNA, but
 single-stranded
 having a ribose sugar rather than a deoxyribose sugar;
 and uracil (U) rather than thymine (T) as one of the bases.
 RNA plays an important role in protein synthesis and
other chemical activities of the cell.
 Several classes of RNA molecules, including
messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA),
ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and other small RNAs.
Komponen penyusun RNA
RNA merupakan polimer asam nukleotida dari empat ribonukleotida
a. Gula ribosa (pentosa)
b. Fosfat (PO4-)
c. Basa organik/basa nitrogen
- Purin (adenin=A dan guanin=G)
- Pirimidin (urasil = U sebagai pengganti dari Timin dan
citosin=C).

Basa A berpasangan dengan U yang dihubungkan oleh ikatan 2 atom H,

sedangkan basa C berpasangan dengan G yang dihubungkan dengan
ikatan 3 atom H. Basa nitrogen A, U, C, G disebut juga dengan
nukleotida.
Macam RNA berdasarkan tempat dan fungsinya

1. MessengerRNA atau mRNA: Terdapat

di dalam nukleus dari proses transkripsi;
membawa informasi genetik keluar
nukleus.
2. TransferRNA atau tRNA: Terdapat di
dalam sitoplasma; menterjemahkan
informasi genetik dari m-RNA pada
proses translasi yang berlangsung di
ribosom.
3. RibosomalRNA atau rRNA: Terdapat di
ribosom; berperan dalam proses
sintesis protein, yaitu menyusun unit
kecil dan unit besar ribosom dan
berperan pada proses translasi
 mRNA (messenger RNA)
mRNA merupakan penghubung DNA dengan protein dan
membawa pesan genetik dari DNA ke RNA

mRNA merupakan rangkaian kodon yang dapat

diterjemahkan menjadi urutan asam amino.

Paling sedikit terdapat dalam sel (2%), sebab tidak

dibutuhkan secara permanen dalam sel

Berbentuk pita tunggal, terdapat dalam nukleus, dibuat

dalam transkripsi. Setelah dicetak mRNA keluar melalui
pori-pori dinding nukleus menuju ribosom.
 tRNA (transfer RNA)

Berfungsi menterjemahkan kodon yang terdapat pada mRNA menjadi

satu jenis asam amino. Juga berfungsi sebagai pengangkut asam amino
ke permukaan ribosom saat terjadi translasi,

berbentuk pita tunggal yang melipat seperti membentuk daun

semanggi, dibuat di nukleus, kemudian keluar darri nukleus ke
sitoplasma.
 rRNA (ribosomal RNA)

 merupakan bagian terbanyak dari RNA sel (83% dari RNA total),
berbentuk pita tunggal ada yang bercabang dan yang tidak
bercabang, dibuat di nukleolus, kemudian ditempatkan di
ribosom.

 Sel-sel eukariot mempunyai 3 jenis rRNA yaitu 28 S, 18S dan 5

S. Sedangkan sel prokariot juga mempunyai 3 jenis rRNA yaitu:
23S, 16S dan 5S