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Sequoia National Park

Coordinates: 36°33′50″N 118°46′23″W

Sequoia National Park is an American national park in the southern Sierra

Nevada east of Visalia, California. The park was established on September 25, Sequoia National Park
1890, and today protects 404,064 acres (631 sq mi; 163,519 ha; 1,635 km2)[2] of IUCN category II (national park)[1]
forested mountainous terrain. Encompassing a vertical relief of nearly 13,000
feet (4,000 m), the park contains the highest point in the contiguous United
States, Mount Whitney, at 14,505 feet (4,421 m) above sea level. The park is south
of, and contiguous with, Kings Canyon National Park; both parks are
administered by the National Park Service together as the Sequoia and Kings
Canyon National Parks. UNESCO designated the areas as Sequoia-Kings Canyon
Biosphere Reserve in 1976.[4]

The park is notable for its giant sequoia trees, including the General Sherman
tree, the largest tree on Earth by volume. The General Sherman tree grows in the
Giant Forest, which contains five of the ten largest trees in the world. The Giant
Forest is connected by the Generals Highway to Kings Canyon National Park's
General Grant Grove, home of the General Grant tree among other giant
sequoias. The park's giant sequoia forests are part of 202,430 acres (316 sq mi;
81,921 ha; 819 km2) of old-growth forests shared by Sequoia and Kings Canyon
National Parks.[5] The parks preserve a landscape that was first cultivated by the
The General Sherman Tree, the
Monachee tribe, the southern Sierra Nevada before Euro-American settlement.[6]
largest tree in the world (measured
by volume), in 2022
Front country
Many park visitors enter Sequoia National Park through its southern entrance
near the town of Three Rivers at Ash Mountain at 1,700 ft (520 m) elevation. The
lower elevations around Ash Mountain contain the only National Park Service-
protected California Foothills ecosystem, consisting of blue oak woodlands,
foothills chaparral, grasslands, yucca plants, and steep, mild river valleys.
Seasonal weather results in a changing landscape throughout the foothills with
hot summer yielding an arid landscape while spring and winter rains result in
blossoming wildflowers and lush greens.[7] The region is also home to abundant
wildlife: bobcats, foxes, ground squirrels, rattlesnakes, and mule deer are
commonly seen in this area, and more rarely, reclusive mountain lions and the
Pacific fisher are seen as well. The last California grizzly was killed in this park in
1922 (at Horse Corral Meadow).[8] The California Black Oak is a key transition
species between the chaparral and higher elevation conifer forest.[9] Location in California
Show map of California
At higher elevations in the front country, between 5,500 and 9,000 feet (1,700 Show map of the United States
and 2,700 m) in elevation, the landscape becomes montane forest-dominated Show all
coniferous belt. Found here are Ponderosa, Jeffrey, sugar, and lodgepole pine
trees, as well as abundant white and red fir. Found here too are the giant sequoia Location Tulare County,
trees, the most massive living single-stem trees on earth. Between the trees, California, United
spring and summer snowmelts sometimes fan out to form lush, though delicate, States
meadows. In this region, visitors often see mule deer, Douglas squirrels, and Nearest city Visalia, California
Coordinates 36°33′50″N
118°46′23″W
Area 404,064 acres
(1,635.19 km2)[2]

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American black bears, which sometimes break into unattended cars to eat food Established September 25,
left by careless visitors. There are plans to reintroduce the bighorn sheep to this 1890
park.[10]
Visitors 1,153,198
(in 2022)[3]
Back country Governing body National Park
Service
The vast majority of the park is roadless wilderness; no road crosses the Sierra
Nevada within the park's boundaries. 84 percent of Sequoia and Kings Canyon Website www.nps.gov
National Parks is designated wilderness[11] and is accessible only by foot or by /seki (https://ww
horseback. The majority was designated Sequoia-Kings Canyon Wilderness in w.nps.gov/seki)
1984[12] and the southwest portion was protected as John Krebs Wilderness in
2009.[13]

History
The area which now is Sequoia National Park shows evidence of Native American
settlement as early as 1000 A.D.[14] The area was first home to "Monachee"
(Western Mono) Native Americans, who resided mainly in the Kaweah River
drainage in the Foothills region of what is now the park, though evidence of The High Sierra Trail above
seasonal habitation exists as high as the Giant Forest. Members of this tribe were Hamilton Lake passes over the
permanent residents of the park, with a population estimate of around 2,000.[14] Great Western Divide
In the summertime the Tubatulabal Native Americans used the eastern part of the
area (the Kern River drainage) as their summer hunting grounds.[15] During this
time, the Western Mono tribe would travel over the high mountain passes to trade
with tribes to the East. To this day, pictographs can be found at several sites
within the park, notably at Hospital Rock and Potwisha, as well as bedrock
mortars used to process acorns, a staple food for the Monachee people.

The first European settler to homestead in the area was Hale Tharp, who famously
built a home out of a hollowed-out fallen giant sequoia log in the Giant Forest next
to Log Meadow. Tharp arrived in 1858 to the region and encountered several
groups of Native Americans, the largest being around 600 with several other
smaller groups found at higher elevations.[14] After becoming friendly with the
Western Mono tribe, Tharp was shown the Giant Forest Sequoia Grove. After his Mount Whitney
settlement, more settlers came around 1860. Shortly thereafter - between 1860
and 1863, epidemics of smallpox, measles, and scarlet fever killed the majority of
the Native Americans living in the area. After this, the rest of the Native
Americans left with the largest campsite (Hospital Rock) abandoned by 1865.[14]
During their time in the area, the Monachee used periodic fire burning to aid in
hunting and agriculture. This technique played an important role in the ecology of
the region and allowed for a "natural" vegetation cover development.[14] After they
left, Tharp and other settlers allowed sheep and cattle to graze the meadow, while
at the same time maintaining a respect for the grandeur of the forest and led early
battles against logging in the area. From time to time, Tharp received visits from
John Muir, who would stay at Tharp's log cabin. Tharp's Log can still be visited Tharp's Log, a cabin formed out of a
today in its original location in the Giant Forest. hollowed-out giant sequoia log

However, Tharp's attempts to conserve the giant sequoias were at first met with
only limited success. In the 1880s, white settlers seeking to create a utopian society founded the Kaweah Colony,
which sought economic success in trading Sequoia timber. However, Giant Sequoia trees, unlike their coast redwood
relatives, were later discovered to splinter easily and therefore were ill-suited to timber harvesting, though thousands
of trees were felled before logging operations finally ceased. Benjamin Harrison ultimately signed legislation that
established the Sequoia National Park on 25 September 1890, ending logging in the area.[16]

Another consequence of the Giant Forest becoming Sequoia National Park was the shift in park employment. Prior to
the incorporation by the National Park Service, the park was managed by US army troops of the 24th Regiment of
Infantry and the 9th Regiment of Cavalry, better known as the Buffalo Soldiers.[17] These segregated troops, founded
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in 1866, were African-American men from the South, an invaluable demographic

to the military with the lowest rates of desertion. The Buffalo Soldiers completed
park infrastructure projects as well as park management duties, helping to shape
the role of the modern-day park ranger. The Buffalo Soldiers rose to this position
due to a lack of funding for the park which led to an inability to hire civilians.[18]
The third African American West Point graduate, Captain Charles Young led the
cavalries of Buffalo Soldiers in the Sequoia and General Grant Parks. Young
landed this post as a result of the segregation rampant throughout the Army: as a
black man, he was not permitted to head any combat units.[19] He did, however, A boulder found in Sequoia National
demonstrate his leadership capability through his initiatives in the National Park Park honoring Captain Charles
delegating park infrastructure projects, hosting tourists and politicians, and Young.
setting a standard of a strong work ethic into his men. Young was also a
prominent figure regarding the early conservation of Sequoia National Park. He
greenlighted the dedication of trees in honor of prominent figures as a means of promoting their preservation. One
such example is the Redwood dedicated to the escaped slave and activist, Booker T Washington. Young also argued to
the Secretary of the Interior that the lack of enforcement of forest protection laws allowed the detrimental practices of
logging and the popular tourist hobby of carving names into the redwoods to continue.[18]

One of the most recent expansions occurred in 1978, when grassroots efforts, spearheaded by the Sierra Club, fought
off attempts by the Walt Disney Corporation to purchase a high-alpine former mining site south of the park for use as
a ski resort. This site known as Mineral King was annexed to the park. Its name dates back to early 1873 when the
miners in the area formed the Mineral King Mining District.[20] Mineral King is the highest-elevation developed site
within the park and a popular destination for backpackers.

The national park was partially closed in September 2020 due to the SQF Complex Fire,[21][22] and fully closed in
mid-September through mid-December 2021 due to the KNP Complex Fire.[23][24]

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, Sequoia National Park encompasses five climate types listed
here from highest to lowest elevation; Tundra (ET), Mediterranean-influenced Subarctic climate (Dsc),
Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer Humid continental climate (Dsb), Warm-summer Mediterranean climate
(Csb), and Hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa). Precipitation also decreases with elevation. According to the
United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone at Giant Forest Visitor Center (6,444 ft (1,964 m))
is 8a with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 12.0 °F (−11.1 °C).[25]

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Climate data for Lodgepole, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1968–2021, elev: 6,735 ft (2,053 m) [show]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 65 65 66 73 85 89 92 89 91 81 67 60 92
°F (°C) (18) (18) (19) (23) (29) (32) (33) (32) (33) (27) (19) (16) (33)

Mean
50.1 53.8 58.7 66.1 73.5 80.9 85.4 84.5 81.0 72.3 60.6 50.9 86.9
maximum °F
(10.1) (12.1) (14.8) (18.9) (23.1) (27.2) (29.7) (29.2) (27.2) (22.4) (15.9) (10.5) (30.5)
(°C)

Average 39.2 41.0 45.3 50.0 58.4 68.4 76.1 75.9 70.0 58.9 46.6 37.3 55.6
high °F (°C) (4.0) (5.0) (7.4) (10.0) (14.7) (20.2) (24.5) (24.4) (21.1) (14.9) (8.1) (2.9) (13.1)

Daily mean 28.3 29.7 33.6 37.8 45.7 54.0 61.0 60.0 54.6 45.0 35.0 27.3 42.7
°F (°C) (−2.1) (−1.3) (0.9) (3.2) (7.6) (12.2) (16.1) (15.6) (12.6) (7.2) (1.7) (−2.6) (5.9)

Average low 17.4 18.4 21.8 25.7 33.1 39.5 45.9 44.1 39.2 31.1 23.4 17.2 29.7
°F (°C) (−8.1) (−7.6) (−5.7) (−3.5) (0.6) (4.2) (7.7) (6.7) (4.0) (−0.5) (−4.8) (−8.2) (−1.3)

Mean
3.5 5.5 7.8 13.2 23.1 29.6 37.8 36.3 29.9 21.8 11.8 4.2 −0.8
minimum °F
(−15.8) (−14.7) (−13.4) (−10.4) (−4.9) (−1.3) (3.2) (2.4) (−1.2) (−5.7) (−11.2) (−15.4) (−18.2)
(°C)

Record low −10 −12 −2 −1 9 23 28 28 19 1 −3 −16 −16

°F (°C) (−23) (−24) (−19) (−18) (−13) (−5) (−2) (−2) (−7) (−17) (−19) (−27) (−27)

Average
8.72 7.87 6.42 3.24 2.05 0.69 0.61 0.15 0.65 2.27 3.65 6.87 43.19
precipitation
(221) (200) (163) (82) (52) (18) (15) (3.8) (17) (58) (93) (174) (1,096.8)
inches (mm)

Average
42.4 61.5 37.1 22.2 6.0 1.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.4 11.7 35.0 220.4
snowfall
(108) (156) (94) (56) (15) (2.8) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (8.6) (30) (89) (559.4)
inches (cm)

Average
extreme 49.9 66.9 73.6 53.1 15.3 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 10.3 30.3 79.9
snow depth (127) (170) (187) (135) (39) (4.3) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (6.1) (26) (77) (203)
inches (cm)

Average
precipitation
8.8 10.0 9.5 7.7 5.7 2.4 2.1 1.5 2.2 3.9 5.6 8.2 67.6
days
(≥ 0.01 in)

Average
snowy days 7.7 8.4 7.4 4.6 2.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 3.7 6.6 41.6
(≥ 0.01 in)

Source 1: NOAA[26]

Source 2: National Weather Service[27]

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Climate data for Giant Forest Visitor Center, Sequoia National Park. Elev: 5,646 ft (1,721 m) [show]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average high °F 47.2 47.7 50.5 55.0 63.8 72.4 80.1 80.3 74.5 64.3 53.0 45.9 61.3
(°C) (8.4) (8.7) (10.3) (12.8) (17.7) (22.4) (26.7) (26.8) (23.6) (17.9) (11.7) (7.7) (16.3)

38.0 38.2 40.7 44.6 52.5 60.6 68.4 67.7 62.3 53.5 43.8 37.9 50.8
Daily mean °F (°C)
(3.3) (3.4) (4.8) (7.0) (11.4) (15.9) (20.2) (19.8) (16.8) (11.9) (6.6) (3.3) (10.4)

28.9 28.8 31.0 34.3 41.3 48.8 56.7 55.2 50.2 42.6 34.6 29.8 40.2
Average low °F (°C)
(−1.7) (−1.8) (−0.6) (1.3) (5.2) (9.3) (13.7) (12.9) (10.1) (5.9) (1.4) (−1.2) (4.6)

Average
7.59 7.16 6.81 3.61 1.78 0.67 0.33 0.14 0.71 1.96 4.32 6.11 41.19
precipitation inches
(193) (182) (173) (92) (45) (17) (8.4) (3.6) (18) (50) (110) (155) (1,046)
(mm)

Average relative
48.3 61.7 64.9 61.5 56.5 47.3 41.7 38.6 38.1 42.6 49.3 50.4 50.0
humidity (%)

Average dew point 20.2 26.2 29.8 32.2 37.5 40.4 44.2 41.6 36.4 31.3 26.0 21.1 32.3
°F (°C) (−6.6) (−3.2) (−1.2) (0.1) (3.1) (4.7) (6.8) (5.3) (2.4) (−0.4) (−3.3) (−6.1) (0.2)

Source: PRISM Climate Group[28]

Climate data for Ash Mountain, California, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1927–2021 [show]

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °F 84 85 89 97 106 114 118 116 112 103 94 82 118

(°C) (29) (29) (32) (36) (41) (46) (48) (47) (44) (39) (34) (28) (48)

Mean maximum °F 72.6 76.6 80.4 87.3 96.4 104.6 108.2 107.5 103.9 95.5 82.3 72.6 109.8
(°C) (22.6) (24.8) (26.9) (30.7) (35.8) (40.3) (42.3) (41.9) (39.9) (35.3) (27.9) (22.6) (43.2)

Average high °F 57.6 60.3 64.2 68.9 78.8 89.5 97.1 96.6 91.2 79.1 65.6 56.8 75.5
(°C) (14.2) (15.7) (17.9) (20.5) (26.0) (31.9) (36.2) (35.9) (32.9) (26.2) (18.7) (13.8) (24.2)

47.9 50.4 53.5 57.2 66.3 75.9 83.0 82.3 76.9 66.2 54.7 47.4 63.5
Daily mean °F (°C)
(8.8) (10.2) (11.9) (14.0) (19.1) (24.4) (28.3) (27.9) (24.9) (19.0) (12.6) (8.6) (17.5)

Average low °F 38.3 40.6 42.8 45.4 53.7 62.4 69.0 68.1 62.5 53.4 43.8 38.0 51.5
(°C) (3.5) (4.8) (6.0) (7.4) (12.1) (16.9) (20.6) (20.1) (16.9) (11.9) (6.6) (3.3) (10.8)

Mean minimum °F 28.6 30.5 31.3 33.4 41.1 47.7 57.6 57.8 50.2 40.9 32.5 27.2 24.8
(°C) (−1.9) (−0.8) (−0.4) (0.8) (5.1) (8.7) (14.2) (14.3) (10.1) (4.9) (0.3) (−2.7) (−4.0)

18 21 20 25 33 38 47 45 40 28 20 17 17
Record low °F (°C)
(−8) (−6) (−7) (−4) (1) (3) (8) (7) (4) (−2) (−7) (−8) (−8)

Average
4.89 4.29 4.02 2.48 1.23 0.37 0.14 0.02 0.18 1.24 2.41 3.72 24.99
precipitation
(124) (109) (102) (63) (31) (9.4) (3.6) (0.51) (4.6) (31) (61) (94) (633.11)
inches (mm)

Average snowfall 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
inches (cm) (0.25) (0.0) (0.25) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.0) (0.5)

Average
precipitation days 9.3 10.6 9.6 6.6 4.6 1.3 0.9 0.4 1.5 3.5 6.1 8.4 62.8
(≥ 0.01 in)

Average snowy
0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3
days (≥ 0.1 in)

Source: NOAA[29][30]

Geology
Sequoia National Park contains a significant portion of the Sierra Nevada. The park's mountainous landscape
includes the tallest mountain in the contiguous United States, Mount Whitney, which rises to 14,505 feet (4,421 m)
above sea level.[31] The Great Western Divide parallels the Sierran crest and is visible at various places in the park, for
example, Mineral King, Moro Rock, and the Giant Forest. Peaks in the Great Western Divide rise to more than 12,000
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feet (3,700 m). Deep canyons lie between the mountains, including Tokopah Valley above Lodgepole, Deep Canyon
on the Marble Fork of the Kaweah River, and Kern Canyon in the park's backcountry, which is more than 5,000 feet
(1,500 m) deep for 30 miles (48 km).[32]

Most of the mountains and canyons in the Sierra Nevada are composed of granitic
rocks. These rocks, such as granite, diorite and monzonite, formed when molten
rock cooled far beneath the surface of the earth. The molten rock was the result of
a geologic process known as subduction. Powerful forces in the earth forced the
landmass under the waters of the Pacific Ocean beneath and below an advancing
North American Continent. Super-hot water driven from the subducting ocean
floor migrated upward and melted rock as it proceeded. This process took place
during the Cretaceous Period, 100 million years ago. Granitic rocks have a Great Western Divide from the
speckled salt-and-pepper appearance because they contain various minerals summit of Mount Kaweah
including quartz, feldspars and micas. Valhalla, or the Angel Wings, are
prominent granitic cliffs that rise above the headwaters of the Middle Fork of the
Kaweah River.[32]

The Sierra Nevada is a young mountain range, probably not more than 10 million years old. Forces in the earth,
probably associated with the development of the Great Basin, forced the mountains to rise. During the last 10 million
years, at least four ice ages have coated the mountains in a thick mantle of ice. Glaciers form and develop during long
periods of cool and wet weather. Glaciers move very slowly through the mountains, carving deep valleys and craggy
peaks. The extensive history of glaciation within the range and the erosion resistant nature of the granitic rocks that
make up most of the Sierra Nevada have together created a landscape of hanging valleys, waterfalls, craggy peaks,
alpine lakes (such as Tulainyo Lake) and glacial canyons.[32]

Park caves, like most caves in the Sierra Nevada of California, are mostly
solutional caves dissolved from marble. Marble rock is essentially limestone that
was metamorphosed by the heat and pressure of the formation and uplift of the
Sierra Nevada Batholith. The batholith's rapid uplift over the past 10 million years
led to a rapid erosion of the metamorphic rocks in the higher elevations, exposing
the granite beneath; therefore, most Sierra Nevada caves are found in the middle
and lower elevations (below 7,000 ft or 2,100 m), though some caves are found in
the park at elevations as high as 10,000 ft (3,000 m) such as the White Chief cave
and Cirque Cave in Mineral King. These caves are carved out of the rock by the Calcite formations in Crystal Cave
abundant seasonal streams in the park. Most of the larger park caves have, or have
had, sinking streams running through them.

The park contains more than 270 known caves, including Lilburn Cave which is California's longest cave with nearly
17 miles (27 km) of surveyed passages.[32] The only commercial cave open to park visitors is Crystal Cave, the park's
second-longest cave at over 3.4 miles (5.5 km). Crystal Cave was discovered on April 28, 1918, by Alex Medley and
Cassius Webster.[33] The cave is a constant 48 °F (9 °C), and is only accessible by guided tour.

Caves are discovered every year in the park with the most recently discovered major cave being Ursa Minor in August
2006.[34][35]

Flora and fauna

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. Potential natural vegetation Types, Sequoia National Park encompasses five
classifications listed here from highest to lowest elevation; Alpine tundra & barren vegetation type with an Alpine
tundra vegetation form...Pinus contorta/ Subalpine zone vegetation type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation
form...Abies magnifica vegetation type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation form...Mixed conifer vegetation
type with a California Conifer Forest vegetation form...and Chaparral vegetation type with a California chaparral and
woodlands vegetation form.[36]

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Animals that inhabit this park are coyote, badger, black bear, bighorn sheep, deer,
fox, cougar, eleven species of woodpecker, various species of turtle, three species
of owl, opossum, various species of snake, wolverine, beaver, various species of
frog, and muskrat.

See also
Fauna of the Sierra Nevada
African-American Heritage Sites
Bibliography of the Sierra Nevada
Buffalo Soldier
Ecology of the Sierra Nevada
List of giant sequoia groves
List of largest giant sequoias
List of national parks of the United States General Sherman tree looking up
List of plants of the Sierra Nevada
National parks in California
National Register of Historic Places listings in Sequoia-Kings Canyon National
Parks
Protected areas of the Sierra Nevada
Seven Horticultural Wonders of the World

References
1. "Sequoia-Kings Canyon" (https://www.protectedplanet.net/1111192). Tunnel Tree in 1940
protectedplanet.net. Protected Planet. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
2. "Listing of acreage – December 31, 2012" (https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/
upload/NPS-Acreage-12-31-2012.xlsx) (XLSX). Land Resource Division,
National Park Service. Retrieved September 22, 2013. (National Park Service
Acreage Reports (https://www.nps.gov/subjects/lwcf/acreagereports.htm))
3. "Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2022" (https://irma.nps.g
ov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20
Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)). nps.gov. National
Park Service. Retrieved July 23, 2023.
4. "UNESCO - MAB Biosphere Reserves Directory" (http://www.unesco.org/mab
db/br/brdir/directory/biores.asp?code=USA+22&mode=all). Retrieved May 23, Crescent Meadow in the Giant
2016. Forest, called the "Gem of the
Sierra" by John Muir
5. Bolsinger, CL; Waddell, KL (1993). "Area of old-growth forests in California,
Oregon, and Washington" (http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/pubs/pnw_rb197.pdf)
(PDF). United States Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Resource Bulletin PNW-RB-197. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
6. Franklin, Jerry, F; Fites-Kaufmann, Jo Ann (1996). "Status of the Sierra
Nevada" (https://archive.today/20121212072324/http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pub
s/v2s3.html). Assessment of Late-Successional Forests of the Sierra Nevada
(III: Biological and Physical Elements of the Sierra Nevada ed.). Sierra
Nevada Ecosystem Project. Final Report to Congress: 627–71. Archived from
the original (http://ceres.ca.gov/snep/pubs/v2s3.html) on December 12, 2012.
Retrieved March 7, 2012.
7. Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks Pamphlet (https://www.nps.gov/sek
i/planyourvisit/upload/Text_Side_SEKI12139F01_updated.pdf)
8. Grinnell, Joseph (1937). Fur Bearing mammals of California.

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9. Hogan, C. Michael (2008). Stromberg, Nicklas (ed.). "California Black Oak: Quercus kelloggii" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20120218215957/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=82385).
GlobalTwitcher.com. Archived from the original (http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=8
2385) on February 18, 2012. Retrieved March 7, 2012.
10. US NPS. "Mammals" (http://www.nps.gov/seki/learn/nature/mammals.htm).
11. "Sequoia and Kings Canyon Wilderness" (https://web.archive.org/web/20081012150907/http://sierranevadawild.g
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doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1977.tb01117.x (https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-8306.1977.tb01117.x). ISSN 0004-
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le-fire-update-map-closures-evacuations-three-rivers/5788830002/). VisaliaTimesDelta.com. Retrieved
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3%20The%20Giant,beginning%20on%20Saturday%2C%20December%2011.). NPS.gov. National Park Service.
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External links
Official website (https://www.nps.gov/seki/index.htm) of the National Park Service (https://www.nps.gov/index.ht
m)
Geologic Map of Southwestern Sequoia National Park (https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2013/1096/) – United States
Geological Survey
Virtual reality scenes in Sequoia National Park (http://www.virtualparks.org/parks/sequoia-np-qtvr-map.html)
Lary M. Dilsaver and William C. Tweed, Challenge of the Big Trees (https://web.archive.org/web/2006100807240
6/http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/dilsaver-tweed/index.htm) – natural and human history of the park
The short film Giant Sequoia (1979) (https://archive.org/details/gov.ntis.ava03599vnb1) is available for free
viewing and download at the Internet Archive.

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