Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181

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Physics Letters A
www.elsevier.com/locate/pla

Tunable optical response and fast (slow) light in optomechanical

system with phonon pump
S.K. Singh a , M. Parvez b , T. Abbas b , Jia-Xin Peng c,∗ , M. Mazaheri d , Muhammad Asjad e
a
Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway,
Petaling Jaya Selangor 47500, Malaysia
b
Department of Physics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Pakistan
c
State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, Quantum Institute for Light and Atoms, Department of Physics, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062,
China
d
Department of Basic Science, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan 65169-1-3733, Iran
e
Advanced Communication Engineering (ACE) Centre of Excellence, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kangar Perlis 01000, Malaysia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: We theoretically investigate the tunable optical response of a weak probe field in a single phonon
Received 10 December 2021 mechanical driven cavity optomechanical system where an oscillating membrane acts as a mechanical
Received in revised form 19 March 2022 mode. This membrane is also coupled to the optical cavity mode through both the linear optomechanical
Accepted 28 April 2022
coupling (LOC) and the quadratic optomechanical coupling (QOC) simultaneously. An external single
Available online 4 May 2022
Communicated by M.G.A. Paris
phonon mechanical driving field present in our scheme gives an additional coherence effect as well as its
relative phase and intensity can control significantly the absorption (amplification) profile of the output
Keywords: probe field. We have also shown that the phase dispersion and group delay of the probe field can be
Mechanical driving controlled flexibly through both types of optomechanical coupling strengths as well as the mean number
Optical response of thermal phonons. Our results provide a flexible and generalised route to control the light propagation
Group delay in such kinds of complex cavity optomechanical systems with coherent mechanical excitation.
Linear and quadratic coupling © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Fast and slow light

1. Introduction
In a cavity optomechanical system the optical response of a
weak probe field gets significantly modified due to the radia-
tion pressure induced mechanical oscillations. This phenomenon
is exactly similar to extensively studied electromagnetic induced
transparency (EIT) phenomena in atomic physics [1–3] is known
as optomechanically induced transparency (OMIT) [4–6] and op-
tomechanically induced absorption (OMIA) [7–9]. A number of the-
oretical as well as experimental works have also explored many
other important OMIT dependent phenomena like significant mod-
ification in the optomechanical coupling strength [10–12], second
and higher order sidebands in OMIT [13–15], OMIT in nonlinear
quantum domain [16–18] including hybrid optomechanical sys-
tems coupled with Bose-Einstein condensate and ultracold atomic
gases [19,20] as well as bipartite entanglement between two me-
chanical modes in a single-atom Raman laser [21]. All these men-
tioned works have considered only linear optomechanical interac-
*
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: singhshailendra3@gmail.com (S.K. Singh),
18217696127@163.com (J.-X. Peng), mojtaba.mazaheri@hut.ac.ir (M. Mazaheri),
asjad_qau@yahoo.com (M. Asjad).
tion in between the cavity mode and the position of mechanical
oscillator, which also implies only a single phonon process.
Moreover, quadratic optomechanical coupling (QOC) has been
realised in a number of experiments through different configu-
rations, like membrane-in-the middle setup [22], photonic crys-
tal optomechanical cavity [23], ultracold atoms [24,25] and a
microsphere-nanostring system [26]. In the quadratic cavity op-
tomechanical systems, the cavity mode is coupled to the square
of the position of the mechanical resonator [27]. Hence we get
only two-phonon conversion process [27], which ultimately leads
to the more complex quantum and nonlinear effects like two-
phonon OMIT and slow light in the quadratically coupled optome-
chanical system [27–30]. Other most significant studies related
to the quadratic optomechanical systems are phonon shot noise
[31], photon and phonon blockade [32–34], cooling and squeez-
ing of the mechanical oscillator [33–37], macroscopic nonclassical
states [38–42], optomechanically induced opacity and amplifica-
tion [43–46] including multimode quadratic optomechanical sys-
tem with parametric amplifier [47]. Furthermore, few theoretical
works with both LOC and QOC together were also reported such
as the modification of the nonlinear static responses of a mechani-
cal oscillator [48], squeezing and cooling of dielectric microspheres
or nanospheres inside an optomechanical system [49], OMIT phe-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physleta.2022.128181
0375-9601/© 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al.
nomena in PT symmetric cavity [50], normal mode splitting with
an ensemble of two-level atoms [51] as well as force sensing in
a dual-mode optomechanical system with modulated photon hop-
ping [52]. Such a system has been also experimentally realised for
the preparation and detection of a mechanical resonator near the
ground state of motion through a microwave-frequency driven su-
perconducting resonator [53].
An externally driven mechanical resonator can introduce quan-
tum coherence directly and hence gives additional interference
effects in OMIT (OMIA) phenomena. This is however analogous
to the atomic coherence in a cavity containing three-level atoms
through the driving field of microwave frequency [58]. The input
control field scattered by the mechanical-pump-induced mechani-
cal mode and radiation-pressure-induced mechanical mode can in-
terfere with the weak probe field [27]. It has been also found theo-
retically that the probe transmission spectra [59,60] as well as the
group delay of the output probe field [61,63] and the generation
of second-order sideband [60,62] can be controlled significantly
through the phase and amplitude of the external mechanical driv-
ing field. Moreover, in a multimode-cavity optomechanical system
with additional mechanical drive, cascaded optical transparency
combined with extended optical delay and optical advancing have
been demonstrated in the experimental work given in [64].
Motivated by the above-mentioned works, we hereby study the
tunable optical response of an optomechanical system with both
linear as well as quadratic optomechanical interaction with the
cavity mode in the simultaneous presence of a strong optical con-
trol field and a single phonon coherent mechanical driving field.
The phase difference of the applied fields can be exploited to
tune the optical response and group delay of the external weak
probe field. More explicitly, with the assistance of the additional
external mechanical driving field, the absorption coefficient can be
suppressed or amplified as well as the group delay can be also
switched completely in sign evidently through the several control
parameters like amplitude and phase of the mechanical driving
field, both optomechanical coupling strengths as well the mean
number of thermal phonons.
The paper is organised as follows. In Section 2, we have in-
troduced the theoretical model of our proposed optomechanical
system with mechanical driving as well as its analytical solutions
through Heisenberg-Langevin formalism. In Section 3, we present
the results and discussion related to the optical response proper-
ties for the weak probe field as well as its phase dispersion and
group delay. We conclude our results in Section 4.
2. The model Hamiltonian
We consider an optomechanical system coupled with a mem-
brane of finite reflectivity R as schematically shown in Fig. 1. A
movable dielectric membrane, in general, can be treated as a me-
chanical resonator which can be displaced from its equilibrium
position inside the cavity as shown in Fig. 1. When the membrane
is exactly placed in the middle of the cavity, the linear optome-
chanical coupling becomes zero, and the membrane is coupled to
the optical cavity mode through quadratic interaction only [50].
However, when the equilibrium position of the membrane devi-
ates from the middle of the cavity, the membrane is coupled to
the cavity mode through both the linear and the quadratic op-
tomechanical coupling [50–52]. We have considered here a more
generalised scenario, since it is very tough to place the membrane
exactly in the middle of the cavity in case of an external me-
chanical driving field. The corresponding Hamiltonian of the whole
system is given by,
h̄ωm
Ĥ = h̄ωc ĉ † ĉ + ( p̂ 2 + q̂2 ) + h̄g 1 ĉ † ĉq̂ + h̄g 2 ĉ † ĉq̂2
2
2
Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram of the optomechanical system. A movable membrane
with finite reflectivity is displaced from the middle position of the optical cavity.
The cavity is driven by a strong control field at frequency ωl and detected by a weak
probe field at frequency ω p . Here, cout is the output field of the cavity whereas q
represents the small displacement of the membrane from its equilibrium positions
x0 . Moreover, a coherent mechanical driving field at frequency  = ω p − ωl is ap-
plied to the membrane. The total length of the optical cavity is 2L.
  
+ih̄ εl e−iωl t + ε p e−iω p t −iφ pl ĉ † − H .C
−q̂εm cos (t + φm ) , (1)
 
where, H .C . stands for Hermitian Conjugate. Here, ĉ ĉ is the †
creation (annihilation) operator of the cavity mode with the res-
onance frequency ωc . In Eq. (1), q̂ and p̂ are the corresponding di-
mensionless position and momentum operators of the membrane

(mechanical mode), satisfying the commutation relation q̂, p̂ = i
[27,28]. The first two terms in Eq. (1) represent the free energy
of the cavity mode and the mechanical resonator, respectively,
whereas the third and fourth terms represent the optomechani-
cal interaction terms that arise due to the fact that the mechanical
oscillator couples to the cavity field via its displacement both lin-
early and quadratically. In addition, g 1 and g 2 are the coupling
constants associated with these interaction terms and are defined
∂ ωc ∂ 2 ωc x20
as LOC g 1 = x0 , QOC g 2 = 2 2
, whereas, x0 represents the
∂q ∂ q
zero point fluctuations of the mechanical oscillator’s displacement
[51]. The fifth term describes the interaction between the applied
fields and cavity mode c, where ωl and ω p are respectively the fre-
quencies of the control and probe fields, related with amplitudes
of the driving fields as εl, p = 2k℘l, p /h̄ωl, p [50]. Here, the phase
difference in between the probe field and the control field is given
by φ pl = φ p − φl . The last term −q̂εm cos (t + φm ) in Eq. (1) de-
scribes the phonon pump of the mechanical mode. In a rotating
frame at the frequency of the control field ωl , taking the dissi-
pation and noise into consideration, we can write the quantum
Langevin equations of the system as [67]
q̂˙ = ωm p̂ ,
 
p̂˙ = − ωm + 2g2 ĉ † ĉ q̂ − g1 ĉ † ĉ − γm p̂ + εm cos (t + φm )
+ f m (t ),
    
˙ĉ = − κc + i c + g 1 q̂ + g 2 q̂2 ĉ + εl + ε p e−it −iφ pl
+ 2κc c in , (2)
where κc is the decay rate of the cavity mode and γm is the
damping rate of the mechanical mode. c = ωc − ωl is the de-
tuning between cavity and control driving laser, whereas  =
ω p − ωl describes detuning between the probe field and control
field. In Eq. (2), c in represents the input noise operator for cav-
ity mode with only nonzero correlation ĉ in (t )ĉ in (t  ) = δ(t − t  )
†
[67]. f m (t ) is a Brownian noise operator due to the coupling
of mechanical oscillator with the environment at temperature T
and can be characterized by the nonzero correlation function
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al. Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181

   
 f̂ m (t ) f̂ m t  + f̂ m t  f̂ m (t )/2 = γm (2nth + 1) δ(t − t  ) [67,50,65]. optomechanical coupling strength respectively, which are con-
1 trolled by the cavity input power ℘ . We have also neglected al-
Here, nth = is the mean phonon occupation
[exp (h̄ωm /k B T ) − 1] together the higher-order terms such as δ Q̂ δĉ, δĉ † δĉ δ X̂ . To solve
number of thermal reservoir at temperature T , with k B being the the linearised set of Eq. (4) we make the following ansatz upto
−i t + O e i t [10], where
 first order sideband only: δ Ô = O + e
Boltzmann constant. It is evident from Eq. (2) that the evolution of the −
ĉ is related to the q̂2 of the mechanical mode. Therefore, we have δ Ô = δĉ , δq̂, δ p̂ , δ P̂ , δ Q̂ , δ X̂ . On substituting the above ansatz
to calculate the evolutions of  p̂ 2  ≡ P̂ , q̂2  ≡ Q̂ and q̂ p̂ + p̂q̂ ≡ X̂
into Eq. (4) and comparing the coefficients of e i t and e −i t in
[27,50], which are given by
each equation, we have finally obtained [10,54–57]:
.

Q̂ = ωm X̂ , ε p e−iφ pl d1 d2 (3i  − 2γm )
.   c+ = 1− 1+ , (5)
P̂ = − ωm + 2g 2 ĉ † ĉ  X̂ − 2γm P̂ + 2γm (1 + 2nth ) χc − B () D (i  − γm ) χm
where d1 = iG 1 ξd e −i φd and d2 = 2G 2 c s ωm
2
. The other various opti-
−2g 1 ĉ † ĉ  p̂ + 2 p̂ εm cos (t + φm ) ,
.   cal complex rates and factor D are given as below,
X̂ = 2ωm P̂ − 2 ωm + 2g 2 ĉ † ĉ  Q̂ − γm X̂  

χc = κc + i c − ,
−2g 1 ĉ † ĉ q̂ + 2q̂εm cos (t + φm ) . (3) χm = 2i γm  + 2 − 4ωm ωm,e f f ,
Here, we have adopted the factorization assumption (mean field D = ωm ωm,e f f + i  (i  − γm ) . (6)
approximation) because ĉ   1 so under the strong pumping field εm
regime, i.e. we have ĉ † ĉ  = ĉ † ĉ . In addition, the constant term Here, we have taken ξd = as the amplitude ratio of the me-
εp
2γm (1 + 2nth ) in Eq. (3) is introduced due to the coupling between
chanical driving field to the weak probe field and φd = φm − φ pl is
the mechanical mode and the thermal environment [27,50]. In the the relative phase difference of the applied driving fields, whereas
limit of strong driving power above set of equations of Eq. (2) the simplified expression for the factor B () is given by Eq. (B.1)
and Eq. (3) can be linearised around the steady-state values of the in Appendix B. In order to investigate the EIT-like behaviour of the
operators q̂, p̂, ĉ, Q̂ , P̂ and X̂ as q̂ = q s + δq̂,  p̂  = p s + δ p̂, output cavity field, we have used the standard input-output rela-
ĉ  = c s + δĉ, Q̂ = Q s + δ Q̂ , P̂ = P s + δ P̂ and X̂ = X s + δ X̂ , √
tion given by ĉout (t ) = ĉ in (t ) − 2κc ĉ, where ĉout and ĉ in are the
where the  steady-state
 values q s = − g 1 |c s |2 /ωm,e f f , p s = 0 and output and input operators respectively [67]. Therefore, the output

c s = εl / κc + i c , P s = (1 + 2nth ), X s = 0 and cavity field is given by [5,6]
   
g 12 |c s |4 ωm (1 + 2nth ) g1 |c s |2 ĉout = εl − 2κc c s e−iωl t + ε p e−iφ pl − 2κc c+ e−iω p t
Qs = 2
+ − 2 εm cos φm ,
ωm ,e f f
ωm,e f f ωm,e f f  
− 2κc c − e −i 2ωl −ω p t . (7)
with ωm,e f f = ωm + 2g 2 |c s |2 is the effective mechanical frequency
It can be seen from Eq. (7) that the output field contains two in-
and c = c + g 1 q s + g 2 Q s is the effective cavity detuning. We
put components at the frequencies ωl and ω p as well as the last
would also like to mention here that in the presence of exter-
term containing
 c − which
 is a four-wave mixing component at the
nal mechanical driving field steady state values of the square of
frequency 2ωl − ω p and is generated due to the interaction be-
mean value of position operator i.e. Q̂ can be significantly altered
tween two control photons and a probe photon via the mechanical
depending upon the value of εm as well as φm and this will di-
mode [57]. The transmission of the probe field is defined as the
rectly change the value of effective cavity detuning δc as well as
ratio of the output and input fields at the probe frequency ω p , is
later on steady state value of c s and its square including effective
given by [5,6]
mechanical resonance frequency ωm,e f f . In all, this is how an ex-
√ √
ternal mechanical driving field can alter the optical response of an   ε p e−iφ pl − 2κ c c+ 2κ c c +
output probe field including its group delay. However, in the ab- tp ωp = −
=1− . (8)
εp e i φ pl
ε p e−iφ pl
sence of extremal mechanical driving field, all these steady state
values reduce to earlier work given in [50]. Furthermore, the lin- In general, OMIT phenomena are described by the quadrature εout
earised Langevin equations for the quantum fluctuations are given of the optical components in the output probe field given as [5,6,
by [27,66,67] 27],
√
. . 2κ c c +
δq̂ = ωm δ p̂ , δ Q̂ = ωm δ X̂ , εout = = νp + iρp . (9)
.   ε p e−iφ pl
δ p̂ = −ωm,e f f δq̂ − G1 δĉ + δĉ † − γm δ p̂
Here, ν p and ρ p are respectively in-phase and out-of-phase
+εm cos (t + φm ) , quadratures of the output field and represent the absorptive and
.   dispersive coefficient of the output probe field. Both these quanti-
δ ĉ = − κc + i c δĉ − iG 1 δq̂ − iG 2 δ Q̂ + ε p e −i t −i φ pl ,
. ties can be also measured through the Homodyne detection tech-
δ P̂ = −ωm,e f f δ X̂ − 2γm δ P̂ + 2εm cos (t + φm ) δ p̂ nique [67,68]. Furthermore, it can be also seen from Eq. (5) that
the first term is responsible for standard OMIT response for the
−2G 1 c s δ p̂ , output probe field [5], whereas the second term contributes due
.  
δ X̂ = 2ωm δ P̂ − 2ωm,e f f δ Q̂ − 2G2 δĉ + δĉ † − γm δ X̂ to the external single phonon mechanical driving field. In the ab-
sence of this mechanical driving field, i.e., ξd = 0, Eq. (8) reduces
−2 [G 1 c s − εm cos (t + φm )] δq̂. (4) to
√
Here, G1 = G 1 + 2G 2 q s and G2 = G 1 q s + 2G 2 Q s whereas G 1 = g 1 c s   2κ c
and G 2 = g 2 c s are representing the effective linear and quadratic tp ωp = 1 − , (10)
χc − B  ()
3
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al.
Fig. 2. Phase dependent absorption ν p and dispersion ρ p of the probe field as a function of the normalised pump-probe detuning /ωm for ξd = 0.30ωm , 0.90ωm ,
G 1 = 0.15ωm , G 2 = 0.10ωm , γm = 0.001ωm and ωm,e f f = 1.006ωm , nth = 0. (a) and (e) φd = 0; (b) and (f) φd = ; (c) and (g) φd = π ; (d) and (h) φd =
whereas the simplified mathematical expression for the factor
B  () is given by Eq. (B.2) in Appendix B.
3. Results and discussion
In order to study the effect of relative phase φd and strength of
driving field εm on the optical response of the probe field, we plot
the absorption ν p as well as the dispersion ρ p with the varying
relative phase difference φd and two finite values of the amplitude
ratio ξd in Fig. 2. In case of relative phase difference φd = 0, we get
symmetric absorption profile around  ωm , which also increases
π  2ωm it shifts towards left as shown in Fig. 3 (a). In addi-
with the amplitude ratio ξd as shown in Fig. 2 (a). For φd = , we
2
get an asymmetric absorption profile and this asymmetric nature
increases with the magnitude of the amplitude ratio ξd as shown
in Fig. 2 (b). However, due to the destructive interference, we get
amplification of the output probe field around  ωm , which also
get enhanced with the magnitude of the amplitude ratio ξd and
again we get symmetric absorption profile for φd = π as shown in
3π
Fig. 2 (c). In the case of φd = , the absorption profile is just the
2
mirror image of φd =
π
as shown in Fig. 2 (d). As compared to
2 work in favour or against the external single phonon mechanical
the absorption profile, the dispersion curves for the relative phase
π
difference φd = 0 and are same in nature as shown in Fig. 2
2
(e) and Fig. 2 (f) respectively whereas on varying φd =
3π
and π ,
2 φ p ω p = arg t p ω p in the nearby region of the transparency
both dispersion profiles again shows same nature but opposite to
earlier ones shown in Fig. 2 (g) and Fig. 2 (h). Furthermore, we get
strong amplification (i.e. negative absorption profile) of the output
probe field (OMIT phenomena) due to the two phonon resonance
condition irrespective for any value of φd around  2ωm as
shown in Fig. 2. We would also like to point out here that all these
absorptions as well as dispersion profiles do not appear exactly at
the probe detuning  = ωm and  = 2ωm . This frequency shift is
due to the contribution of the factor G 2 in effective mechanical
frequency ωm,e f f [27,50]. However, the position shift of the ab-
sorption profile near  2ωm is larger than that near to  ωm .
This is because of the absorption profile near  2ωm is induced
by the two-phonon process [15,27], whereas near  ωm , it is in-
duced only by the single-phonon process [15,50]. In addition, the
dispersion profile also changes very rapidly around  2ωm as
compared to  ωm for any value of φd , which might be also
very useful to further explore fast and slow light phenomena in
this two phonon probe detuning regime like our previous work on
PT symmetric quadratic optomechanical system studied in [27].
4
Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181
 = ωm ,
c
π 3π
.
2 2
Furthermore, it can be seen that the thermal phonons nth con-
tribute to the mean values of the square of the displacement
fluctuations of the membrane. In other words, the environment
temperature T contributes significantly to the phonon energy of
the mechanical membrane [15,50]. Therefore, it can be seen that
the absorption profiles around  ωm as well as  2ωm can
be also controlled with the environment temperature T or equiva-
lently through the mean number of thermal phonons nth as shown
in Fig. 3. For effective cavity detuning c = ωm , the absorption
profile around  ωm shifts towards right with gradual increase
in the mean number of thermal phonons nth , whereas around
tion, we also get strong absorption of output probe field for finite
values of nth around  2ωm . This means on increasing the en-
vironment temperature T , OMIT phenomena due to two phonon
resonance process can be completely reversed to OMIA phenom-
ena. For a higher value of the effective cavity detuning c = 2ωm ,
the absorption profile around the probe detuning  ωm always
shows the anomalous behaviour whereas around  2ωm , it is
suppressed to zero with gradual increase of the mean number of
thermal phonons nth as shown in Fig. 3 (b). So, the effective cavity
detuning c as well as the environment temperature T can also
driving field to alter the optical response of the output probe field
in such kind of complex optomechanical system.
In an optomechanical
   system, the rapid phase dispersion
window leads to the transmission group delay given as [5],
     
dφ p ωp d arg t p ω p
τg = = . (11)
dω p dω p
A very high phase dispersion in the transmitted probe field also
changes the variation in the magnitude of the group delay so,
τ g < 0 and τ g > 0 correspond to fast and slow light propaga-
tion respectively [15]. Therefore, in a cavity optomechanical sys-
tem such a high phase dispersion is always useful for a significant
change in group delay as found in [15,27,28,69,70].
We have studied here the phase dispersion and the group de-
lay of the output probe field for single phonon cavity detuning

c = ωm and a fixed value of the effective quadratic optome-
chanical coupling strength G 2 while with varying effective linear
optomechanical coupling strength G 1 in Fig. 4. It can be seen that
for the mean number of thermal phonons nth = 1, the anoma-
lous phase dispersion around  ωm can be significantly altered
with the gradual increase in G 1 , whereas around the probe detun-
ing  2ωm , the magnitude of the phase dispersion only slightly
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al. Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181

Fig. 3. Phase dependent absorption ν p of the probe field as a function of the normalised pump-probe detuning /ωm with varying mean number of thermal phonons nth
for relative phase difference φd = 0 and ξd = 0.65ωm . (a) c = ωm ; (b) c = 2ωm . All other parameters are same as in Fig. 2.

Fig. 4. The phase dispersion φ p of the probe field and Group delay τ g (in ms) with varying effective linear optomechanical coupling strength G 1 for the given set of
parameters c = ωm , G 2 = 0.15ωm , ξd = 0.65ωm and φd = π . (a) and (b) nth = 1; (c) and (d) nth = 10. All other parameters are same as in Fig. 2.

changes as shown in Fig. 4 (a). However, for a such smaller value
of nth = 1, the corresponding group delay τ g initially attains a sig-
nificantly higher value but ultimately reduces nearly to zero with
a gradual increase in the value of G 1 as shown in Fig. 4 (b). As
we increase the mean number of thermal phonons, nth = 10, the
phase dispersion around  2ωm shows anomalous behaviour for
any value of G 1 , whereas around  ωm it remains unaffected as
shown in Fig. 4 (c). This is because the phonon energy of the oscil-
lating membrane almost mainly gets a contribution from the envi-
ronment temperature T , i.e. mean number of thermal phonons nth .
In this case the characteristic nature of τ g can be switched from
fast light to slow light with a gradual increase in G 1 as depicted

5
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al.
Fig. 5. The phase dispersion φ p of the probe field and Group delay τ g (in ms) with varying effective quadratic coupling strength G 2 for the given set of parameters
3π
G 1 = 0.55ωm , ξd = 0.65ωm and φd = . (a) and (b) nth = 1; (c) and (d) nth = 10. All other parameters are same like Fig. 2.
2
in Fig. 4 (d). Similarly, we have studied the phase dispersion and
the group delay in case of two phonon detuning regime c = 2ωm
with varying effective quadratic optomechanical coupling strength
G 2 while keeping G 1 fixed in Fig. 5. For nth = 1, the phase disper-
sion around  2ωm changes very rapidly with a gradual increase
in G 2 , whereas it almost remains same around  ωm as shown
in Fig. 5 (a). In terms of group delay, the corresponding τ g can be
switched from a positive value to the negative value with a grad-
ual increase in G 2 as shown in Fig. 5 (b). For a higher value of
nth = 10, we do not get any phase dispersion around  2ωm
with a gradual increase in G 2 as given in Fig. 5 (c) whereas in
this case τ g always shows the superluminal (fast light) behaviour
as shown in Fig. 5 (d). So, depending upon the value of the ef-
fective cavity detuning c , we can control as well as effectively
alter the phase dispersion and the group delay of the output probe
field through the optomechanical coupling strengths G 1 , G 2 and
nth present in our physical system. Another important parameter
to alter this group delay τ g is the amplitude ratio ξd which is ob-
viously related to the intensity εm of the external single phonon
mechanical driving field. It can be seen that for a given environ-
ment temperature T and single phonon detuning c = ωm , the
group delay τ g is always finite and positive, so it shows subluminal
(slow light) characteristics, which increases with the amplitude ra-
tio ξd as seen in Fig. 6 (a), whereas for the effective cavity detuning
6
Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181
 = 2ωm ,
c

c = 2ωm , this τ g shows superluminal (fast light) characteristics
which increases with the intensity of the external mechanical ex-
citation as shown in Fig. 6 (b).
4. Conclusion
To summarize, we have theoretically investigated the transmis-
sion and the phase dispersion including the group delay of the
weak output probe field in the single phonon mechanical driven
cavity optomechanical system with both linear and quadratic cou-
pling simultaneously. The underlying physical phenomena in such
kind of complex cavity optomechanical system are one phonon
as well as two-phonon process, which can be enhanced or sup-
pressed depending upon the effective cavity detuning c as well
as the physical parameters of the external mechanical excitation.
Due to this additional mechanical driving, a more exotic coherence
effect modifies the optical response as well as the group delay
of the output probe field. Constructive (destructive) interference
can result in the suppression (amplification) of the transmitted
probe field and hence can be controlled by the relative phase dif-
ference in the applied optical and mechanical driving fields, the
amplitude ratio of the mechanical driving field as well as the en-
vironment temperature T . Furthermore, we have also shown that
for an effective cavity detuning chosen either around the single
S.K. Singh, M. Parvez, T. Abbas et al. Physics Letters A 442 (2022) 128181

3π  
Fig. 6. Group delay τ g (in ms) as a function of the amplitude ratio ξd for relative phase difference φd = , G 1 = 0.55ωm and G 2 = 0.15ωm . (a) c = ωm ; (b) c = 2ωm . All
2
other parameters are same as in Fig. 2.

1
phonon or two phonon resonance conditions, the phase disper- X+ = [2i ωm P + − 4ic + (G 1 q s + 2G 2 Q s )
sion as well as the group delay of the transmitted probe field can ( + i γm )
be altered and switched significantly through the suitable optome- − 2i ωm,e f f Q + + 2i {εm cos (φm ) − G 1 c s } q+ (A.11)
chanical coupling strength, the mean number of thermal phonons
1
and the amplitude of the external mechanical driving field. So, our X− = [−2i ωm P − + 4ic − (G 1 q s + 2G 2 Q s )
present study provides an efficient approach to alter the physical ( − i γm )
properties of the signal propagation in quantum devices based on + +2i ωm,e f f Q − − 2i {εm cos (φm ) − G 1 c s } q− . (A.12)
such kind of cavity optomechanical systems.
Appendix B. Simplified expressions for B() and B ()
CRediT authorship contribution statement
2iG 1 (G 1 +2G 2 q s ) 4iG 2 (G 1 q s +2G 2 Q s ) ωm (i −2γm )
S.K. Singh: Investigation, Methodology, Writing – original draft. B () = −
D (i −γm ) χm
M. Parvez: Software. T. Abbas: Methodology. Jia-Xin Peng: Super- 
vision, Writing – review & editing. M. Mazaheri: Visualization. 4iG 2 (3i −2γm ) ωm
2
(G 1 +2G 2 q s ) {εm cos (t +φm ) −G 1 c s }
− ,
Muhammad Asjad: Formal analysis. D (i −γm ) χm
(B.1)
Declaration of competing interest
2iG 1 (G 1 +2G 2 q s ) 4iG 2 (G 1 q s +2G 2 Q s ) ωm (i −2γm )
B  () = −
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- D (i −γm ) χm

cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to 4iG 1 G 2 c s (3i −2γm ) ωm
2
(G 1 +2G 2 q s )
influence the work reported in this paper. + .
D (i −γm ) χm
(B.2)
Appendix A. Simplification for Equation (5)
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