Course 2

Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanik & Thermodinamika

Academics year: 2020-2021

ENCV611001: Physics (Mechanics and Thermodynamics)

Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & Thermodinamika 18/09/2020 1

Outline
1. Vector and their component
2. Measurement
3. Motion in a straight line
4. Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

Reference:
• Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2014). Fundamentals of physics Extended. John Wiley & Sons.H
• Giancoli, Douglas C. (2016) Physics: principles with applications. Boston: Pearson

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1. Vectors and Their Components

• Learning Objectives
1. Add vectors by drawing them in head-to-tail arrangements, applying the commutative and
associative laws.
2. Subtract a vector from a second one.
3. Calculate the components of a vector on a given coordinate system, showing them in a
drawing.
4. Given the components of a vector, draw the vector and determine its magnitude and
orientation.
5. Convert angle measures between degrees and radians.

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1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ Physics deals with quantities that have both magnitude and
direction
⚫ A vector is a mathematical object with magnitude and
• direction
⚫ A vector quantity is a quantity that can be represented by a
vector
⚫ Examples: position, velocity, acceleration
⚫ Vectors have their own rules for manipulation
⚫ A scalar is a quantity that does not have a direction
⚫ Examples: time, temperature, energy, mass
⚫ Scalars are manipulated with ordinary algebra

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1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ The simplest example is a displacement vector
⚫ If a particle changes position from A to B, we
represent this by a vector arrow pointing from A to B
⚫ In (a) we see that all three arrows have the same
magnitude and direction: they are identical
displacement vectors.
⚫ In (b) we see that all three paths correspond to the
same displacement vector.
⚫ The vector tells us nothing about the actual path
that was taken between A and B.

Figure 3-1

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Thermodinamika
1. Vectors and Their Components

⚫ The vector sum or resultant

o Is the result of performing vector
addition
o Represents the net displacement of
two or more displacement vectors

Eq. (3-1)

o Can be added graphically as shown:

Figure 3-2
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1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ Vector addition is commutative ⚫ Vector addition is associative
o We can add vectors in any order o We can group vector addition however we like

Eq. (3-3)
Eq. (3-2)

Figure (3-4)

Figure (3-3) Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & 18/09/2020 7
Thermodinamika
 1. Vectors and Their Components

⚫ A negative sign reverses vector

direction

Figure (3-5)

⚫ We use this to define vector

subtraction

Eq. (3-4)

Figure (3-6)
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 1. Vectors and Their Components

⚫ These rules hold for all vectors, whether they

represent displacement, velocity, etc.
⚫ Only vectors of the same kind can be added
o (distance) + (distance) makes sense
o (distance) + (velocity) does not

Answer:
(a) 3 m + 4 m = 7 m (b) 4 m - 3 m = 1 m

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 1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ Rather than using a graphical method, vectors can
be added by components
o A component is the projection of a vector on an axis
⚫ The process of finding components is called
resolving the vector
⚫ The components of a vector can be positive or
negative.
• They are unchanged if the vector is shifted in any Figure (3-8)
direction (but not rotated).

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 1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ Components in two dimensions can be
found by: ⚫ Therefore, components fully define a vector
Eq. (3-5) ⚫ In the three dimensional case we need more
components to specify a vector
⚫ Where θ is the angle the vector makes with
o (a,θ,φ) or (ax,ay,az)
the positive x axis, and a is the vector length
⚫ The length and angle can also be found if the
components are known
Eq. (3-6)

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 1. Vectors and Their Components
⚫ Angles may be measured in degrees or radians
⚫ Recall that a full circle is 360˚, or 2π rad

⚫ Know the three basic trigonometric functions

MI_ring
DE_pan

SA_mping

Figure (3-11)
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2 Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components

• Learning Objectives
• Convert a vector between magnitude-angle and unit- vector
notations.
• Add and subtract vectors in magnitude-angle notation and in unit-
vector notation.

3.08 Identify that, for a given vector, rotating the coordinate system
about the origin can change the vector's components, but not the
vector itself.

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2. Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components

⚫ A unit vector
o Has magnitude 1 Eq. (3-7)
o Has a particular direction
o Lacks both dimension and Eq. (3-8)
unit
o Is labeled with a hat: ^
⚫ We use a right-handed
coordinate system
o Remains right-handed when
rotated
Figure (3-13)

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2. Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components

⚫ The quantities axi and ayj are vector components

Eq. (3-7)

Eq. (3-8)

⚫ The quantities ax and ay alone are scalar

components
o Or just “components” as before
⚫ Vectors can be added using components
Eq. (3-9) → Eq. (3-10)

Eq. (3-11)

Eq. (3-12)
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 2. Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components

⚫ To subtract two vectors, we subtract components

Eq. (3-13)

Answer: (a) positive, positive (b) positive, negative

(c) positive, positive

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 2. Unit Vectors, Adding Vectors by Components

⚫ Vectors are independent of the

coordinate system used to
measure them.
⚫ We can rotate the coordinate
system, without rotating the vector,
and the vector remains the same.
Eq. (3-14)

Eq. (3-15)

⚫ All such coordinate systems are

equally valid.
Figure (3-15)
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3 Multiplying Vectors

• Given two vectors, use the dot • Learning Objectives

product to find out how much of • 3.09 Multiply vectors by
one vector lies along the other. • scalars.
• Find the cross product of two • Identify that multiplying a vector by a
vectors. scalar gives a vector, the dot product
gives a scalar, and the cross
• Use the right-hand rule to find the product gives a perpendicular vector.
direction of the resultant vector.
• Find the dot product of two
• In nested products, start with the vectors.
innermost product and work
• Find the angle between two
outward. vectors by taking their dot product.

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3 Multiplying Vectors
• Multiplying a vector z by a scalar c
Results in a new vector
•

• Its magnitude is the magnitude of vector z times |c|

• Its direction is the same as vector z, or opposite if c is negative

• To achieve this, we can simply multiply each of the components of vector z

by c
• To divide a vector by a scalar we multiply by 1/c
• Example Multiply vector z by 5
• z = -3 i + 5 j
• o 5 z = -15 i + 25 j

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 3 Multiplying Vectors

⚫ Multiplying two vectors: the scalar product

o Also called the dot product
o Results in a scalar, where a and b are magnitudes and φ is
the angle between the directions of the two vectors:

Eq. (3-20)

⚫ The commutative law applies, Eq. (3-21)

⚫ We can do the dot product in component form

Eq. (3-22)

Eq. (3-23)

Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & Thermodinamika 18/09/2020 20

 3 Multiplying Vectors
⚫ A dot product is: the product of the magnitude of one vector times the scalar
component of the other vector in the direction of the first vector

⚫ Either projection of one vector onto the other can be

used
⚫ To multiply a vector by the projection, multiply the
magnitudes

Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & Thermodinamika 18/09/2020 21

 3 Multiplying Vectors

Answer: (a) 90 degrees (b) 0 degrees (c) 180 degrees

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 3 Multiplying Vectors

⚫ Multiplying two vectors: the vector product

o The cross product of two vectors with magnitudes a & b,
separated by angle φ, produces a vector with magnitude:
Eq. (3-24)

o and direction perpendicular to both original vectors

⚫ Direction is determined by the right-hand rule
⚫ Place vectors tail-to-tail, sweep fingers from the first to
the second, and thumb points in the direction of the
resultant vector

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 3 Multiplying Vectors

Figure (3-19)
The upper shows vector a cross vector b, the lower shows vector b cross vector a
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 3 Multiplying Vectors

⚫ The cross product is not commutative

Eq. (3-25)

⚫ To evaluate, we distribute over components:

Eq. (3-26)

⚫ Therefore, by expanding (3-26):

Eq. (3-27)
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3 Multiplying Vectors

Answer: (a) 0 degrees (b) 90 degrees

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Exercise

• Two vectors 𝑎Ԧ and 𝑏 in Figure have equal

magnitudes of 10.0 m and the angles are 𝜃1 =
30° and 𝜃2 105°. Find the (a) x and (b) y
components of their vector sum 𝑟Ԧ , (c) the
magnitude of 𝑟Ԧ , and (d) the angle makes with
the positive direction of the x axis.

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Exercise

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Excercise
• Rock faults are ruptures along which opposite
faces of rock have slid past each other. In
Figure, points A and B coincided before the
rock in the foreground slid down to the right.
The net displacement 𝐴𝐵 is along the plane of
the fault. The horizontal component of 𝐴𝐵 is
the strike-slip AC. The component of 𝐴𝐵 that
is directed down the plane of the fault is the
dip-slip AD.
• (a) What is the magnitude of the net
displacement 𝐴𝐵 if the strike-slip is 22.0 m
and the dip-slip is 17.0 m?
• (b) If the plane of the fault is inclined at angle
52.0° to the horizontal, what is the vertical
component of 𝐴𝐵 ?

Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & Thermodinamika 18/09/2020 29

Exercise

Universitas Indonesia - Tim Teaching Fisika Mekanika & Thermodinamika 18/09/2020 30

Exercise
• For the vectors in Figure, with a =4, b= 3, and c= 5,
what are
• (a) the magnitude and (b) the direction of 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏,
• (c) the magnitude and (d) the direction of 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑐,
Ԧ and
• (e) the magnitude and (f) the direction of 𝑏 × 𝑐Ԧ ?
(The z axis is not shown.)

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Summary

Scalars and Vectors Adding Geometrically

⚫ Scalars have magnitude only ⚫ Obeys commutative and
associative laws
⚫ Vectors have magnitude and
Eq. (3-2)
direction
Eq. (3-3)
⚫ Both have units!

Vector Components Unit Vector Notation

⚫ Given by ⚫ We can write vectors in terms
Eq. (3-5) of unit vectors
Eq. (3-7)
⚫ Related back by
Eq. (3-6)

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Summary

Adding by Components Scalar Times a Vector

⚫ Add component-by-component ⚫ Product is a new vector
⚫ Magnitude is multiplied by
scalar
Eqs. (3-10) - (3-12) ⚫ Direction is same or opposite

Scalar Product Cross Product

⚫ Dot product ⚫ Produces a new vector in
perpendicular direction
Eq. (3-20) ⚫ Direction determined by right-
hand rule
Eq. (3-24)
Eq. (3-22)

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 Penekanan pada
aplikasi Teknik Sipil

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Vectors
A scalar is a quantity that has magnitude only.
A vector is a quantity that possesses magnitude and direction and obeys the
parallelogram law for addition.

The algebraic notation used for a scalar quantity is different from that used for a
vector quantity.

(1) scalars are written as italicized English or Greek letters

for example, t for time and θ for angle;

(2) vectors are written as boldface letters

for example, F for force; and

(3) the magnitude of a vector A is denoted as |A| or simply as A (italic).

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The Parallelogram Law for Addition and the Triangle
Law
parallelogram law for
addition
• A + B = C, is called the. The
vectors A and B are referred
to as components of C, and C
is called the resultant of A
and B.

triangle law
• Fig. (b). Here the tail of B is
placed at the tip of A, and C is
the vector that completes the
triangle, drawn from the tail of
A to the tip of B.

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Resolved a Force
• The vectors A and B are referred to as
components of C, and C is called the
resultant of A and B.

• The process of replacing a resultant with

its components is called resolution. C in
Fig. (b) is resolved into its components A
and B.

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Magnitude of Vectors
• Because of the geometric nature of the parallelogram law
and the triangle law, vector addition can be accomplished
graphically.

• A second technique is to determine the relationships

between the various magnitudes and angles analytically by
applying the laws of sines and cosines to a sketch of the
parallelogram

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Example :
Figure (a) shows two position vectors of magnitudes
A=60 ft and B =100 ft. Determine the resultant R = A +
B using the following methods: (1) analytically, using
the triangle law; and (2) graphically, using the triangle
law.

ANSWER :
Applying the law of cosines :
R2 =602 + 1002 − 2(60)(100) cos 140◦
R =151.0 ft.

The angle α can now be found from the law of sines:

α = 25.2◦

In the graphical solution, the forces are drawn to scale, Vector A at 30◦ to the horizontal and
then append vector B at 70◦ to the horizontal. The resultant R is then obtained by drawing a
line from the tail of A to the head of B.
The magnitude of R and the angle it makes with the horizontal can now be measured directly
from the figure. The results would not be as accurate as those obtained in the analytical 39
solution.
Example :
The vertical force P of magnitude 100 kN is applied to the frame
shown in Fig. (a). Resolve P into components that are parallel to the
members AB and AC of the truss.

Solution
The force triangle in Fig. (b) represents the vector
addition
P = PAC + PAB.

Applying the law of sines to the triangle:

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