2.

EVOLUTION OF JIM CROWS LAWS:

From the results of the analysis, the events are divided into three main era. Firstly, is
Reconstruction era (1865-1877) when after the Emancipation Proclamation, blacks started
learning to read and founded the first black school secretly and also founded first black
university. Secondly, The Rise of Jim Crow Laws era happened between 1877-1900, where
the laws legally to segregated the public facilities between blacks and whites. When blacks
violate the rules, they will be beaten, killed and also lynched for the consequences.Thirdly, is
Challenging the Jim Crow Laws era (1900-1960), when blacks started to dare the laws, and
founded the NAACP organization to gathered blacks did the march to struggling their rights.

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/227286228.pdf

Jim Crow laws were a series of state and local laws in the United States that enforced racial
segregation and discrimination against African Americans and, to a lesser extent, other
non-white racial groups. These laws were prevalent primarily in the Southern states from the
late 19th century through the mid-20th century. While public transportation was not the
primary focus of Jim Crow laws, it was one of the areas where segregation was enforced.
The evolution of Jim Crow laws regarding public transportation can be summarized as
follows:
​ Early Segregation (Late 19th Century):
● In the late 19th century, many Southern states began implementing
segregation on various modes of public transportation, including trains,
buses, and streetcars.
● The doctrine of "separate but equal" was established, allowing for racially
segregated facilities as long as they were deemed equal in quality. In practice,
these facilities were rarely equal.
​ Plessy v. Ferguson (1896):
● The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson upheld
the constitutionality of segregation, establishing the legal precedent that
"separate but equal" facilities were permissible.
● This decision had a significant impact on public transportation, as it allowed
for the segregation of passengers, waiting areas, and even transportation
operators based on race.
​ Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-1956):
● The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a pivotal event in the Civil Rights
Movement. It was sparked by the arrest of Rosa Parks, who refused to give
up her seat to a white person on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama.
● The boycott led to a Supreme Court ruling in Browder v. Gayle (1956), which
declared segregation on Montgomery buses unconstitutional, as it violated
the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.
​ Desegregation of Public Transportation (Late 1950s and 1960s):
 ● Following the Montgomery Bus Boycott and other civil rights actions, many
cities and states began to desegregate public transportation systems.
● The Civil Rights Act of 1964 explicitly prohibited discrimination in public
accommodations, including transportation, based on race, color, religion, or
national origin.
​ Implementation of Desegregation (Late 1960s and Beyond):
● While the legal framework for desegregation was in place, the actual
implementation varied across different regions of the United States.
● Some Southern states resisted desegregation efforts, leading to continued
discrimination on public transportation in some areas.
● Court cases and federal enforcement played a role in ensuring that public
transportation systems became fully integrated.
Overall, the evolution of Jim Crow laws regarding public transportation followed a trajectory
from enforced segregation to legal challenges and desegregation efforts driven by the Civil
Rights Movement and federal legislation. However, it's important to note that the legacy of
these laws and the struggle for racial equity in transportation and other aspects of American
society continues to shape the country's history and policies to this day.
Rosa parks:
Rosa Louise McCauley Parks born February 4, 1913, Tuskegee, Alabama,
United States. Daughter of Leona McCauley, a dedicated rural school teacher
and James McCauley who did carpentry jobs. Brave and she wasn’t scared of
expressing her opinion, which by the time she lived, because of segregation
this was really dangerous to do. She studied in Montgomery industrial school,
Alabama, and later married Jason Parks. She had a normal life since one day
in 1943 she decided to return home by bus. And as Irene has said before
black people had to sit at the back. So that day Rosa Parks paid her ticket but
once she got out of the bus to get to the back, she saw that the back door had
collapsed. So she decided to go straight and sat down in the middle. Once the
driver noticed he started shouting, telling her to get out immediately and enter
through the back door, what she was supposed to do. She refused to do that,
and so the driver tried to hit her and no one on that bus tried to stop it, so
before anything could happen she got out of that bus. She then started
protesting for equal rights and worked with Ed Nickson as a secretary of the
NAACP. She later became the leader of a group of teens and showed them
civic rights. She pursued black rights for several years. Moving to one of
december of 1955 when again, she was returning home. This time the middle
seats were also for white people but if none of them was seated black people
could take the place. That day she entered the bus as black people did in
those years, paid the ticket, left the bus and entered through the back door.
That day there weren't any white people seated in the middle so she went
and sat down there. But once the bus arrived at the next stop and white
people took that bus, when three black people saw the white person they got
up and gave their place, but one of them did not, her being Rosa Parks. The
driver, given a coincidence, was the same as the 1943 incident. He started
threatening to call the police, but she seemed indifferent. But as he said he
would, he did call the police and they came after her. Once she got to the
commissary she was accused of altering the public order. The news about
Rosa Parks got out really fast all over the USA. Her closest people got her out
of jail fast, but the case still had to go through court. They all knew that it was
going to be tough. So the NAACP decided to take action on the matter and
started distributing pamphlets that invited black people to start a strike, to ask
that no black women, men or children get on the bus the next monday. And as
said none of those people got on a bus, what they did was stay on their stops
and once the bus stopped shout to the driver “no to buses”. That boycott was
successful, since the ones that used more the bus were always black people,
so the buses were nearly empty and as the time pases less buses would be
needed and would end up disappearing. After this protest the trial against
Rosa Parks took place. This trial was a complete injustice since no one let
Rosa defend herself and she was not able to give her own version, also no
witnesses were called. Judge did not think twice to convict her. As a result of
the trial the community took the case to the supreme court and called a mass
meeting at the lutheran church of trinity. That day the famous Martin Luther
King came up to defend the case of Rosa Parks, he asked people if they really
wanted to continue with the bus boycott, and everyone agreed. This caused
that the black people that worked for white people had to be picked up at their
houses so that they could get to work. Also black taxi drivers started working
for free. Also people were united while walking, they used to walk with a large
group of people so they avoided being attacked. But not everything was going
as smooth, the morning of the 30 of april 1956, Martin Luther's King’s, who
defended Rosa parks, got his house bombed; this also happened to the most
important roles within the NAACP. While black people continued protesting in
a peaceful way, these attacks arrived at Rosa park's house. They did not give
up and the boycott ended the 13 of November of 1956. The day that the
supreme court of the USA declared segregation illegal on public transport,
schools, restaurants and other public places. After that victory Rosa Parks got
up on a bus and sat in the front row. Foto