Journal of Modern Optics

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A general method of controlled bidirectional

quantum teleportation of qudit state

Cong Liao, Si-Meng Wang, Cai-Fang Wang, Hua-Bo Liu & Xiu-Lao Tian

To cite this article: Cong Liao, Si-Meng Wang, Cai-Fang Wang, Hua-Bo Liu & Xiu-Lao Tian (2017)
A general method of controlled bidirectional quantum teleportation of qudit state, Journal of
Modern Optics, 64:15, 1495-1500, DOI: 10.1080/09500340.2017.1296596

To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2017.1296596

Published online: 23 Mar 2017.

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JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS, 2017
VOL. 64, NO. 15, 1495–1500
https://doi.org/10.1080/09500340.2017.1296596

A general method of controlled bidirectional quantum teleportation of qudit

state
Cong Liao, Si-Meng Wang, Cai-Fang Wang, Hua-Bo Liu and Xiu-Lao Tian
School of Science, Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications, Xi’an, China

ABSTRACT ARTICLE HISTORY

Based on tensor representation and d-dimensional Bell basis measurements, we obtained a necessary Received 15 June 2016
condition for realizing controlled bidirectional quantum teleportation of qudit states. To verify its Accepted 13 January 2017
theoretical feasibility, we further give a general and simple method of selecting quantum channels KEYWORDS
for teleporting the ququart state. Tensor representation;
d-dimensional Bell-basis
measurement; ququart
state; quantum channel

1. Introduction In recent years, Liu et al. studied entanglement of assis-

tance in various bipartite systems (19–21), Zha
Quantum teleportation plays an important role in
et al. presented a theory of bidirectional quantum tele-
quantum communication and quantum information
portation using a special maximally entangled state and
processing. It transmits the state information of a sys-
a series of von Neumann measurements (22, 23), Hu
tem from one place to another via a quantum chan-
explored the connections between entanglement, Bell-
nel, and without transmitting the system itself (1). The
nonlocality violation and teleportation capacity of the
essential underlies this kind of information transfer is
tripartite state channel (24) and other related progresses
the quantum feature of the channel which can be cha-
can be found in Refs. (25–28). To simplify the analysis of
racterized from different aspects (2–4). In 1993, Bennett
teleportation process, Tian et al. put forward the method
et al. proposed the first scheme of quantum teleportation
of tensor analysis, which makes representation of quan-
(5). Subsequently, many researchers have contributed
tum states more concise and convenient (29–31). In the
to the study of the related topic, with significant pro-
field of experimental research, Anton Zeilinger and his
gresses been achieved in the past two decades (6–9). In
team have verified the correctness of Bennett’s quantum
particular, Karlsson et al. put forward a protocol of the
teleportation scheme (32). Pan et al. have achieved a
controlled teleportation in 1998 (10). In this protocol,
great achievement in realizing teleportation of multiple
an unknown state can be retrieved under the common
degrees of freedom (33), which has special significance
cooperation of the receiver and the controller (11, 12).
for understanding the potential of teleportation. These
After that, a plenty of work contributed to the study of
experiments verify the maturity and applicability of tele-
controlled teleportation were performed. In particular, In
portation techniques in the real world. In these areas,
2005, Deng et al. introduced the scheme of multiparty-
however, most of the researchers only involved of one-
controlled teleportation based on Bell basis measurement
way quantum teleportation and bidirectional quantum
(BM) (13), while Man et al. put forward a scheme of
teleportation in qubit state, and the theory of telepor-
teleportation which uses 2n + 1 pairs of Greenberger–
tation is not general. In fact, d-level (d ≥ 2) system
Horne–Zeilinger states as the quantum channel to realize
can carry more information in the scheme of controlled
multiparty control of n particle states (14). Moreover,
bidirectional quantum teleportation (CBQT) and its sec-
based on multiparty control to realize teleportation of
urity is higher. Theoretically, CBQT is a full-duplex com-
the single-particle state, Chen et al. further proposed a
munication mode. Based on it, we put forward the scheme
controlled quantum teleportation scheme which realizes
of d-level state CBQT, which has the favourable charac-
the function of quantum relay (15), while the fidelity
teristics, such as generality, wide range of application and
of quantum teleportation in decohering channels is also
high flexibility in theory.
extensively investigated (16–18).

CONTACT Cong Liao txl@xupt.edu.cn

© 2017 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group
1496 C. LIAO ET AL.

The methods of tensor analysis and d-dimensional

BM were used in this research. As the central result, we
presented the necessary condition which can be used to
judge whether the CBQT can be realized successfully in
d-level systems, and further showed its feasibility via an
explicit example which realizes the CBQT of ququart
state. Our results shed some lights on one’s understand-
ing of quantum teleportation in high-dimensional sys-
tems, and with the rapid developments of modern Figure 1. The entangled quantum channel for realizing CBQT of
technique, we hope that our scheme may be realized qutdit state.
experimentally.

2. Realization of CBQT for qudit states

2.1. Tensor representation of qudit states
Suppose Alice and Bob plan to teleport the unknown d-
level state |ϕA and unknown d-level state |ϕB to each
other. With the help of tensor representation, the two
states can be expressed as

|ϕA = x j |j, |ϕB = y k |k, (1)

Figure 2. The transformed entangled quantum channel for
where j, k ∈ 0, 1, . . . , d − 1, and the unknown coefficients realizing CBQT of qutdit state.
x j , y k satisfy x j xj∗ = 1 and y k yk∗ = 1.
Moreover, a general six-qudit entangled state was se-
lected as the initial quantum channel, which has the fol-
lowing form:
⎛ ⎞
|ϕA1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 = Reftugh |eftugh, (2) T001 T101 ··· 1
Td−1,0 ··· 1
T0,d−1 1
T1,d−1 ··· 1
Td−1,d−1
⎜ T00 2 T102 ··· 2
Td−1,0 ··· 2
T0,d−1 2
T1,d−1 ··· 2
Td−1,d−1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
∗ ⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
with e, f , t, u, g, h ∈ 0, 1, 2, . . . , d − 1, and Reftugh Reftugh = ⎜
⎜
. . . . . . ⎟
⎟
⎜ T00 d T 10 · · ·
d d
Td−1,0 ··· d
T0,d−1 d
T1,d−1 ··· Td−1,d−1 ⎟
d
1. ⎜ ⎟
⎜ T d+1 T10d+1
··· d+1
Td−1,0 ··· d+1
T0,d−1 d+1
T1,d−1 ··· Td−1,d−1 ⎟
d+1
⎜ 00 ⎟
Then the total state of the combined system can be ⎜ d+2 d+2 d+2 d+2 d+2 d+2 ⎟
⎜ T00 T10 ··· Td−1,0 ··· T0,d−1 T1,d−1 ··· Td−1,d−1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
written as ⎜
T= ⎜ .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
⎟
⎟,
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ T00 2d T102d · · · 2d
Td−1,0 ··· 2d
T0,d−1 2d
T1,d−1 ··· 2d
Td−1,d−1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
|ϕT = |ϕA ⊗ |ϕB ⊗ |ϕA1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 ⎜
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
⎟
. . . . . .
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
= x j y k Reftugh |jkeftugh, (3) ⎜ d 2 −d+1 d 2 −d+1 ⎟
⎜T T ··· d 2 −d+1
Td−1,0 ··· d −d+1
2
T0,d−1 d 2 −d+1
T1,d−1 ··· d 2 −d+1 ⎟
Td−1,d−1
⎜ 00 10 ⎟
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
⎜ . . . . . . ⎟
⎝ . . . . . . ⎠
where the particles A, A1 and A2 belong to Alice, B, B1 T00d2 T10d2 · · · d2
Td−1,0 ··· d 2
T0,d−1 d2
T1,d−1 ··· d 2
Td−1,d−1
and B2 belong to Bob, while C1 and C2 belong to Carol (5)
who served as a controller. A schematic picture of the
entangled channel can be found in Figure 1.
The state of C1 C2 consists of the generalized then after Carol performing the BMs on his particles
α:
d-dimensional Bell basis can be regarded as φtu (C1 , C2 ), which gives rise to |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 =
φtuα |ϕ
A1 A2 C1 C2 B2 A2 = R
efgh |efgh. The transformed en-

α 1 tangled quantum channel can also be represented as

φtu = √ e2tπil/3 |l, mod(l + u, d), (4)
d Figure 2.
In this situation, the total state of the combined system
where t, u, l = 0, 1, 2, . . . , d − 1, α = 1, 2, . . . , d 2 − 1, d 2 , can be expressed as |T = |ϕA ⊗ |ϕB ⊗ |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 =
and i in the superscript is the imaginary unit. x j y k Refgh |j|k|efgh as well. Then, Alice and Bob decom-
Let T denote a transformation matrix which maps the pose |T with the generalized d-dimensional Bell basis,
computation basis |tu to the Bell basis φtu α , that is which yields
 JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 1497

β γ
|T = x j y k Refgh Tje Tkf |β|γ |ghB2 A2 Therefore, the transformation matrix σ βγ takes the
βγ form
= x j y k σjekf |β|γ |ghB2 A2 , (6)
√ √
σ βγ = R( dT β ⊗ dT γ )
where β, γ = 1, 2, . . . , d 2 . The channel parameter matrix √ √
(CPM) R has the following form: = (R1 ⊗ R2 )( dT β ⊗ dT γ )

⎛ ⎞
R0000 ··· R0d−100 ··· Rd−1000 ··· Rd−1d−100
⎜ .. .. .. .. ⎟
⎜ . ··· . ··· . ··· . ⎟
⎜ 000d−1 ⎟
⎜ R · · · R0d−10d−1 · · · Rd−100d−1 · · · Rd−1d−10d−1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ .. .. .. .. ⎟
R=⎜ . ··· . ··· . ··· . ⎟, (7)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ R00d−10 · · · R0d−1d−10 · · · Rd−10d−10 ··· Rd−1d−1d−10 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ .. .. .. .. ⎟
⎝ . ··· . ··· . ··· . ⎠
R00d−1d−1 · · · R0d−1d−1d−1 · · · Rd−10d−1d−1 · · · Rd−1d−1d−1d−1

while the measurement matrices T β and T γ can be ex- √ √

pressed as = ( dR1 T β ) ⊗ ( dR2 T γ )
⎛ ⎞ = σβ ⊗ σγ = σβσγ , (10)
β β β
T00 T10 · · · Td−10
⎜ β β β ⎟ √ √
⎜ T01 T11 · · · Td−11 ⎟ and the CBQT can be achieved if ( dT β ) and ( dT γ )
Tβ = ⎜
⎜ .. .. . . . ⎟ ⎟,
⎝ . . . .. ⎠ are unitary matrices. When Alice (or Bob) performs an
β
T0d−1
β β
T1d−1 · · · T22 unitary transformation (σ γ )−1 β −1
A2 [or (σ )B2 ] on the result-
⎛ γ γ γ ⎞ ing state, the CBQT can be realized successfully. Namely,
T00 T10 · · · Td−10
⎜ γ γ γ
⎜ T01 T11 · · · Td−11 ⎟
⎟
Tγ = ⎜ .. .. . . .. ⎟ . (8) | swap = (σ γ )−1 β −1 βγ g h
A2 |(σ )B2 | T = x |gB2 y |hA2 .
⎝ . . . . ⎠
γ γ γ (11)
T0d−1 T1d−1 · · · T22

βγ √ β √ γ When R1 and R2 are selected, the CPM R is also deter-

We denote by σjekf = Refgh ( dTje )( dTkf ) elements mined. The corresponding BM and unitary transforma-
of the transmission matrix σ βγ . Then, if Alice and Bob tion are shown in Table 1.
perform the BMs on their particles (A, A1 ) and (B, B1 ),
respectively, the resulting state becomes

βγ γ β Table 1. Alice and Bob’s measurement results and their unitary

| T = φBB1 |φAA1 |T = x j y k σ βγ |ghB2 A2 , (9) transformation after the BMs.
√
βγ = R( dT β ⊗ Results of particle A Results of particle B Unitary transformations on B2 and A2
√ γ the transformation matrix σ
where
φ1 φ1
√ √
(R1 ( dT 1 ))−1 ⊗ (R2 ( dT 1 ))−1
dT ). . . .
. . .
. . √ 1 −1 . √
φ 1 φ d (R1 (√dT )) ⊗ (R2 (√dT d ))−1
φ2 φ1 (R1 ( dT 2 ))−1 ⊗ (R2 ( dT 1 ))−1
2.2. Necessary condition for realizing CBQT of qudit . . .
.. .. ..
states √ √
φ 2 φ d (R1 ( dT )) ⊗ (R2 ( dT d ))−1
2 −1
In order to exchange their quantum states, there are . . .
. . .
. . √ . √
three conditions that should be satisfied in the scheme φ d−1 φ 1 (R1 ( dT d−1 )) ⊗ (R2 ( dT 1 ))−1
−1
of CBQT: (i) the transformation matrix σ βγ should be . . .
. . .
unitary; (ii) Alice and Bob perform suitable unitary trans- . . √ . √ d −1
φ d−1 φ d (R1 (√dT d−1 −1
)) ⊗ (R√ 2 ( dT ))
formations on their respective particles A2 and B2 to φ d φ 1 (R1 ( dT )) ⊗ (R2 ( dT 1 ))−1
d −1
swap their quantum states; and (iii) the CPM R should .. .. ..
. . √ . √
be unitary and can be reduced to a direct product form
φd φd (R1 ( dT d ))−1 ⊗ (R2 ( dT d ))−1
of two matrix R1 and R2 .
1498 C. LIAO ET AL.

From the above analysis, one can see that the realiza-
1
tion of CBQT for qudit states meets the following three |ϕA1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 = [|00α00 − |00α03 − |00α30
necessary conditions: 8
+ |00α33 − |01α01+
(C1) The initial quantum channel is a single and truly ..
entangled channel; .
(C2) Carol performs a BM on his particle C1 C2 ; + |32α32 + |33α00
(C3) After finishing operation of the second step, the + |33α03 + |33α30 + |33α33],
quantum channel is no longer truly entangled, and (14)
the CPM can be written as the direct product of
two unitary matrices. where α is equivalent to a 4-dimensional Bell basis φtu α

which represents the state of C1 C2 . When Carol per-

forms a BM on his particles C1 C2 , if his result is φtuα,
3. CBQT of the ququart states
the quantum state of the channel will be |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 =
3.1. A general method of selecting quantum α |ϕ
φtu A1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 , namely,
channel
1
We consider the following form of matrices R1 and R2 : |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 = [|0000 − |0003 − |0030
8
⎛ ⎞ + |0033 − |0101+
− sin θ1,2 0 0 cos θ1,2
⎜ ..
0 cos θ1,2 sin θ1,2 0 ⎟ .
R1,2 =⎜
⎝
⎟ , (12)
0 − sin θ1,2 cos θ1,2 0 ⎠ + |3232 + |3300 + |3303
cos θ1,2 0 0 sin θ1,2
+ |3330 + |3333]. (15)
where 0 ≤ θ1,2 ≤ 2π. Let θ1 = θ2 = π4 , then R1 = R2 .
Because the coefficients of the quantum channel satisfy In this situation, the system state of the six-ququart will
standard normalization, the channel parameter can be be |T = |ϕA ⊗ |ϕB ⊗ |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 . Bell basis can be
adjusted suitably. The CPM R can be selected as represented as Equation (4), which yields

1
R = R1 ⊗ R2
4⎛ ⎞
1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 1
⎜ 0 −1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 1 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 0 0 −1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 −1 1 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
1⎜⎜ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
⎟
⎟
= ⎜ ⎟, (13)
8 ⎜ 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 −1 −1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 0 1 −1 0 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 −1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 0 0 1 ⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0⎟
⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0 −1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −1 1 0 ⎠
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 1 0 01

and the quantum state of the channel can be expressed as

 JOURNAL OF MODERN OPTICS 1499

φ 1 = (|00 + |11 + |22 + |33)/2, Table 2. Comparison of our proposed protocol with that of
2 2πi/4 4πi/4 6πi/4 Kiktenko et al. (34).
φ = (|00 + e |11 + e |22 + e |33)/2,
.. Category Protocol of Kiktenko et al. Our proposed protocol
. Quantum space dimension Two-dimension d-dimension
Measuring method Projective measurement Bell basis measurement
φ 16 = (|03 + e6πi/4 |10 + e12πi/4 |21 + e18πi/4 |32)/2. Transmission type Imperfect Perfect
(16) Third party participation Trigger qubit(Charlie) Controller(Carol)

After the BM, the system state will collapse to particles

1
B2 and A2 . |ϕA1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 = (|00α00 + |01α01 + |02α02
If φ 1 stands for Alice’s measurement result, while φ 2 4
stands for Bob’s, the resulting state can be written as + |03α03 + |10α10 + |11α11
follows + |12α12 + |13α13 + |20α20
| 12 T = φBB2
1
1
|φAA 1
|T + |21α21 + |22α22 + |23α23
1 0 0 + |30α30 + |31α31
= x y (|00 − |03 − |30 + |33)+
32
.. + |32α32 + |33α33). (20)
.
1 3 2 Carol performs a BM φtu α on his particles, the channel
+ x y ( − i|00 − i|03 − i|30 − i|33),
32 state after the measurement can be written as |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2
= φtuα |ϕ
with the transformation matrices being given by A1 B1 C1 C2 B2 A2 , namely,

⎛ ⎞ 1
1000 |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 = (|0000 + |0101 + |0202
4
1 ⎜0 1 0 0⎟
T1 = ⎜ ⎟, + |0303 + |1010 + |1111
2 ⎝0 0 1 0⎠
0001 + |1212 + |1313 + |2020
⎛ ⎞ + |2121 + |2222 + |2323
1 0 0 0
1 ⎜ 0 e2πi/4 0 0 ⎟ + |3030 + |3131
T2 = ⎜⎝
⎟. (17)
2 0 0 e 4πi/4 0 ⎠ + |3232 + |3333), (21)
0 0 0 e6πi/4
and the total state of the combined system can be repre-
For convenient of later use, we define sented as |T = |ϕA ⊗ |ϕB ⊗ |ϕA1 B1 B2 A2 .
When Alice and Bob finished the BMs, if both of their
σ 1 = R1 (2T 1 ), σ 2 = R2 (2T 2 ), (18) measurement results are φ 1 , the total state of the system
will collapse to particles B2 and A2 . The remanent state is
then Alice and Bob perform suitable unitary transforma- given by
tions to their respective particles A2 and B2 to swap their
quantum states. The final state is (σ 1 )−1 2 −1
B2 |(σ )A2 | T ,
12
| 11 T = φBB
1 1
|φAA |T
1 1
which is denoted as | swap and takes the following form 1
= [x 0 y 0 |00 + x 0 y 1 |01 + x 0 y 2 |02
16
1 0
| swap = (x |0 + x 1 |1 + x 2 |2 + x 0 y 3 |03 + x 1 y 0 |10 + x 1 y 1 |11
16
+ x 3 |3)B2 ⊗ (y 0 |0 + y 1 |1 + x 1 y 2 |12 + x 1 y 3 |13 + x 2 y 0 |20 + x 2 y 1 |21
+ y 2 |2 + y 3 |3)A2 , (19) + x 2 y 2 |22 + x 2 y 3 |23
+ x 3 y 0 |30 + x 3 y 1 |31
hence the CBQT is achieved successfully. + x 3 y 2 |32 + x 3 y 3 |33], (22)

3.2. A simple method of selecting quantum channel which corresponds to

Let R1 = R2 = I, then R = 41 I ⊗ I. In this situation, the 1

T 1 = I, σ 1 = I(2T 1 ) = I, σ 2 = I(2T 1 ) = I.
initial state of the quantum channel can be represented 2
as (23)
1500 C. LIAO ET AL.
When Alice and Bob perform unit transformations on
their respective particles A2 and B2 , the quantum state
can be interchanged.
1 0
(σ 2 )−1 1 −1 11
A2 |(σ )B2 | T = (x |0 + x 1 |1 + x 2 |2 + x 3 |3)B2
16
⊗ (y 0 |0 + y 1 |1 + y 2 |2 + y 3 |3)A2 ,
(24)
so the CBQT is successfully achieved.
We make a comparison of our protocol with the pro-
tocol proposed by Kiktenko et al. (34). Based on the two-
dimensional quantum space, Kiktenko et al. put forward
a protocol of bidirectional imperfect quantum teleporta-
tion with a single Bell state, which includes three parts:
(i) the sender and the receiver are controlled by two
independent random trigger qubits; (ii) the whole com-
munication system is controlled by a single random trig-
ger; (iii) the protocol is a mixture between the first and
second schemes. However, our protocol can be imple-
mented not only in two-dimensional quantum space, but
also in a higher dimension. In fact, the proposed protocol
is the process of two-way simultaneous communication
under the case of controller participation, and can ma-
nipulate the quantum space of any dimensions in theory.
The proposed protocol is compared with that of Kiktenko
et al. is given in Table 2.
4. Conclusion
The CBQT protocol of d-level states which has potential
applications in theory has been studied, and the necessary
conditions that a quantum channel should satisfy in order
for it to be qualified for realizing the CBQT of d-level
states is put forward. By taking the ququart state as an
explicit example, we also presented a general and simple
method for selecting quantum channels of CBQT, and
the theoretical feasibility is verified as well. It is obviously
that there are many advantages of the proposed protocol.
Based on the wide range of application and unique re-
search ways, our research has strong practical significance
and theoretical value. We hope the proposed protocol
can be implemented experimentally with the advance of
modern optical technique, and can be extended to more
complex situations for which Alice and Bob can transmit
more than one particle states to each other under the
control of Carol in the future.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This work was supported by National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China [grant number 51402235]; Innovation Fund of
graduate of Xi’an University of Posts and Telecommunications
[contract number 114-602080053].
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