FORM 2

THE PATENTS ACT, 1970

5 (39 of 1970)

&

THE PATENT RULES, 2003

10

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION

15 [See Section 10 and Rule 13]

TITLE:
20
“A METAMATERIAL BASED SIDE COUPLED CAVITY
FOR LINEAR ACCELERATOR”

25
APPLICANT:

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, PATNA

An Indian autonomous body
30 having address at
Patna-800005, Bihar, India,

35

PREAMBLE TO THE DESCRIPTION:

The following specification particularly describes the invention and the

manner in which it is to be performed:
 FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a metamaterial based side coupled cavity for
linear accelerator. More particularly, the present invention relates to a
metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having radio
5 frequency interaction structure for linear accelerators and other linear beam
high power microwave (HPM) sources which also supports a high degree of
miniaturization, high axial electric field, and high interaction impedance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

10 A linear accelerator is based on microwave technology that is similar to radar

systems for accelerating electrons in a component of the accelerator that is
termed as waveguide which permits the electrons to strike with a heavy metal
target that results in production of high energy x-rays. The linear accelerator is
a variant of particle accelerator for charging the subatomic particles or ions
15 into high speed particles via subjecting them to a sequence of oscillating
electric potentials along a linear beamline.

The linear accelerator has many applications from therapeutic applications to

particle physics as they produce a high kinetic energy. Some basic
components of linear accelerator include but not limited to electron
20 generation component, electron acceleration component, beam transport unit,
ionization chamber, collimation and flattering filters, radio frequency
generator, pulse modulator, control panel. A drift tube which have positive
potential meanwhile the electrons include a negative potential and a set of
electrons are charged to the drift tube due to potential difference. The radio
25 frequency source changes the polarity as the particles enters the tube due to
which the first drift tube becomes negatively charged and the second drift tube
becomes positively charged and the inertia of electrons force the electrons
come out the drift tube that results in improvement in electron’s velocity.

2
 Further, radio frequency gaps are also present in these accelerators which are
fed by a radio frequency amplifier into a feedback loop. However, the
common issues in the linear accelerators are its large size and low impedance,
which decreases the efficiency of whole system. Hence, there is a need to
5 develop a compact linear accelerator that can achieve high impedance.

US4118652A, discloses about a side cavity that is connected by a separate

passage to the accelerating cavities of different diameter it couples together,
whereby the areas of the coupling irises formed where said passages enter said
accelerating cavities can be independently controlled by selecting the length of
10 the respective passage. This separate passage arrangement is particularly
described in an accelerator which comprises a plurality of interlaced
substructures, with each substructure having a plurality of accelerating cavities
disposed along the particle beam path and having side cavities disposed away
from the beam path for electromagnetically coupling the accelerating cavities.
15 However, this invention is complex, bulky and less efficient and further
achieves low impedance.

US4400650A, discloses a standing-wave coupled-cavity linear particle

accelerator the energy of the emergent particles can be adjusted by making the
accelerating fields in one section of the accelerator different from those in
20 another section into which the RF drive power is introduced. However, this
invention is complex, bulky and less efficient and further achieves low
impedance.

US20150155128A1, discloses a sub-wavelength miniaturized all-metal slow-

wave structure based on electric resonance, which is a high frequency part of a
25 traveling-wave tube or a backward wave tube operating in the centimetre
wave and millimetre wave bands, and has a high power capacity. Under a
same operating condition, a sectional area of the slow-wave structure is only
35-50% of a conventional slow-wave structure. However, this invention is
complex, bulky and less efficient and further achieves low impedance.

3
 Therefore, in the light of above drawbacks, there is a need to introduce a
metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having radio
frequency interaction structure for linear accelerators and other linear beam
high power microwave (HPM) sources like Reltron Oscillator which also
5 supports a high degree of miniaturization, high axial electric field, and high
interaction impedance.

OBJECT OF THE INVENTION

The main object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having hollow circular waveguide
10 filled with complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR).

Another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having radio frequency interaction
structure for linear accelerators and other linear beam high power microwave
(HPM) sources like Reltron Oscillator.

15 Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having a high degree of
miniaturization, high axial electric field, and high interaction impedance.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having π/2-mode as the resonating
20 mode.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having dominant mode of the cavity
is TM01 mode.

Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based

25 side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having a narrow bandwidth because
complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR) shows a strong resonant
behaviour which results in a strong dispersion.

4
 Still another object of the present invention is to provide a metamaterial based
side coupled cavity for linear accelerator having fully metallic structure which
is compatible with the vacuum conditions.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

5 The present invention relates to a metamaterial based side coupled cavity

having a radio frequency interaction structure for linear accelerators and other
linear beam high power microwave (HPM) sources that is a fully metallic
structure which is compatible with the vacuum conditions and also said
metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear accelerator is simple,
10 compact and efficient.

In an embodiment, the present invention provides a metamaterial based side

coupled cavity for linear accelerator comprising of: a radio frequency
interaction structure; a main cavity; a coupled cavity; at least two idler; a
plurality of metamaterial unit cell; at least two cylindrical waveguide couplers;
15 and at least two coaxial probes; wherein: said plurality of metamaterial unit
cell separates the cavity into two identical axial pillbox cavities and includes a
hole that allows the electrons to propagate in the longitudinal direction; said
two idlers are placed inside the coupled cavity from both the ends to make
one or more re-entrant types structures in the coupled cavity along with
20 tuning plungers that vary the frequency; said cylindrical waveguide couplers
are added on both the sides of the radio frequency interaction structure with
closed ends; said coaxial probes are placed both the sides of the cylindrical
waveguide couplers; and said radio frequency interaction structure is arranged
in such a manner that an axial electric field is responsible for an energy
25 exchange between an electron beam and an electromagnetic field inside the
radio frequency interaction structure that makes said metamaterial based side
coupled cavity for linear accelerator simple, compact and efficient.

5
 In another embodiment, the metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear
accelerator has a narrow bandwidth because a radio frequency interaction
structure is a complementary electric split-ring resonator (CeSRR) which
shows a strong resonant behaviour which results in a strong dispersion. The
5 complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR) are introduced as an
interaction structure due to its fully metallic design which is compatible with
the vacuum conditions. The electromagnetic response of the metamaterial is
controlled by manipulating their structure. Due to the strong resonant
behaviour of the complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR), there
10 is an enhancement of interaction impedance of the structure, which helps in
the increment of the axial electric field and thereby improves the device
efficiency. The fundamental mode of complementary electric split-ring
resonators (CeSRR) i.e. TM01 with a resonant frequency of 2.896 GHz is
selected as the operating mode. There are infinite number of discrete modes
15 are excited and each of them has its own resonating frequency. The
fundamental mode frequency of the structure depends on the inner radius of
the circular metal waveguide and the magnetic coupling depth. The electric
field in this mode is maximum at the cavity axis along the beam tunnel and
minimum at the cavity walls whereas the magnetic field is maximum at the
20 cavity walls.

The present invention relates to a metamaterial based side coupled cavity for
linear accelerator with the cavity diameter reduced to approximately 1/2 of
that of a conventional side coupled cavity (SCC) which significantly shows
the characteristic of miniaturization as well it offers high interaction
25 impedance.

The above objects and advantages of the present invention will become
apparent from the hereinafter set forth brief description of the drawings,
detailed description of the invention, and claims appended herewith.

6
 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

An understanding of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear

accelerator of the present invention may be obtained by reference to the
following drawing:

5 Figure 1 is the longitudinal cross sectional two dimensional schematic view of

the radio frequency interaction structure in the metamaterial based side
coupled cavity for linear accelerator according to an embodiment of the
present invention.

Figure 2 is a two dimensional schematic view of the radio frequency

10 interaction structure in the metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear
accelerator according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 3 is a three dimensional schematic view of the metamaterial based side

coupled cavity and the corresponding distribution view of the radio frequency
electric field according to an embodiment of the present invention.

15 Figure 4 is a graphical representation of resonant frequency of the

metamaterial based side coupled cavity periodic structure according to an
embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 5 is a graphical representation of interaction impedance of the single

cell of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity with respect to frequencies
20 according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 6 is a graphical representation of the magnitude of longitudinal electric

field of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity with respect to the axial
variation according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 7 is a longitudinal cross sectional two dimensional schematic view of

25 the metamaterial based side coupled cavity along with waveguide couplers
and coaxial probe according to an embodiment of the present invention.

7
 Figure 8 is a graphical representation of the validation of results of simulated
and measured reflection coefficients changing with respect to frequency
according to an embodiment of the present invention.

Figure 9 is a graphical representation of the validation of results of simulated

5 and measured transmission coefficients changing with respect to frequency
according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described hereinafter with reference to the
accompanying drawings in which a preferred embodiment of the invention is
10 shown. This invention may, however, be embodied in many different forms
and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiment set forth
herein. Rather, the embodiment is provided so that this disclosure will be
thorough, and will fully convey the scope of the invention to those skilled in
the art.

15 Many aspects of the invention can be better understood with references made
to the drawings below. The components in the drawings are not necessarily
drawn to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed upon clearly illustrating the
components of the present invention. Moreover, like reference numerals
designate corresponding parts through the several views in the drawings.
20 Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention, it is to be
understood that the embodiments of the invention are not limited in their
application to the details of construction and to the arrangement of the
components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the
drawings. The embodiments of the invention are capable of being practiced
25 and carried out in various ways. In addition, the phraseology and terminology
employed herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded
as limiting.

8
 The present invention provides a metamaterial based side coupled cavity for
linear accelerator simple, compact and provides high interaction impedance.

In an embodiment, the present invention provide a metamaterial based side

coupled cavity for linear accelerator comprising of: a radio frequency
5 interaction structure; a main cavity; a coupled cavity; at least two idler; a
plurality of metamaterial unit cell; at least two cylindrical waveguide couplers;
and at least two coaxial probes; wherein: said plurality of metamaterial unit
cell separates the cavity into two identical axial pillbox cavities and includes a
hole that allows the electrons to propagate in the longitudinal direction; said
10 two idlers are placed inside the coupled cavity from both the ends to make
one or more re-entrant types structures in the coupled cavity along with
tuning plungers that vary the frequency; said cylindrical waveguide couplers
are added on both the sides of the radio frequency interaction structure with
closed ends; said coaxial probes are placed both the sides of the cylindrical
15 waveguide couplers; and said radio frequency interaction structure is arranged
in such a manner that an axial electric field is responsible for an energy
exchange between an electron beam and an electromagnetic field inside the
radio frequency interaction structure that makes said metamaterial based side
coupled cavity for linear accelerator simple, compact and efficient.

20 In another embodiment, the metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear
accelerator have a narrow bandwidth because a radio frequency interaction
structure is a complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR) which
shows a strong resonant behaviour which results in a strong dispersion. The
complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR) introduced as an
25 interaction structure due to its fully metallic design which is compatible with
the vacuum conditions. The electromagnetic response of the metamaterial is
controlled by manipulating their structure. Due to the strong resonant
behaviour there is an enhancement of interaction impedance of the structure,
which helps in the increment of the axial electric field and thereby improves
30 the device efficiency. The fundamental mode of complementary electric split-

9
 ring resonators (CeSRR) i.e. TM01 with a resonant frequency of 2.896 GHz is
selected as the operating mode. There are infinite number of discrete modes
are excited and each of them has its own resonating frequency. The
fundamental mode frequency of the structure depends on the inner radius of
5 the circular metal waveguide and the magnetic coupling depth. The electric
field in this mode is maximum at the cavity axis along the beam tunnel and
minimum at the cavity walls whereas the magnetic field is maximum at the
cavity walls.

Referring to Figure 1, a schematic view of the metamaterial based side

10 coupled cavity for linear accelerator is depicted. The metamaterial based side
coupled cavity (17) comprise of a radio frequency interaction structure (10), a
main cavity (1), a coupled cavity (2), at least two idler (3, 4), a plurality of
metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7), at least two cylindrical waveguide couplers
(11, 12); and at least two coaxial probes (15, 16). Referring to Figure 2, a
15 schematic view of the radio frequency interaction structure (10) in the
metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) for linear accelerator is depicted.
The main cavity (1) is a cylindrical resonant cavity that is filled with
complementary electric split-ring resonators (CeSRR) which comprise of two
identical axial pillbox cavities, formed by dividing an empty cylindrical
20 waveguide into two halves by said metamaterial unit cell (6) and closing its
ends with two metamaterial unit cells (5, 7). The coupled cavity (2) is another
cylindrical cavity which is radially connected to the cavity (1). The two idlers
(3, 4) are placed inside the side cavity from both the ends. These idlers (3, 4)
make the re-entrant types structures in the coupling cavities (2) and with the
25 help of these idlers (3, 4) along with tuning plungers that vary the frequency.
The two axial pillbox cavities are separated by a metallic metamaterial unit
cell (6) as a disc.

Referring to Figure 3 a three dimensional schematic view of the metamaterial

based side coupled cavity and the corresponding distribution view of the radio

10
 frequency electric field to depict the resonant mode with respect to their
resonant frequency is depicted. Figure 4 depicts a graphical representation of
dispersion curve of the single cell of the metamaterial based side coupled
cavity with respect to phase advance according to an embodiment of the
5 present invention.

This phenomenon is depicted in Figure 3 which is obtained through

eigenmode simulation. From Figure 3 it is observed that in the metamaterial
based side coupled cavity (17) the electric field in both the axial cavities i.e.
main cavity (1) are in opposite phase whereas no electric field is present in the
10 radial coupling cavity. In this case, the metamaterial based side coupled cavity
(17) operates in π/2 mode condition with a resonant frequency of 2.896 GHz.

The dispersion relation obtained in Figure 4 represents the resonant frequency

of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity periodic structure.

Referring to Figure 5 is a graphical representation of interaction impedance of

15 the single cell of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity with respect to
frequencies according to an embodiment of the present invention is depicted.
In the center of the metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7), there is a hole which
allows the electrons to propagate in the longitudinal direction. So, the
metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) is a cavity which does not use
20 metallic discs instead it uses the complementary electric split-ring resonators
(CeSRR) as a disc for the passage of electron beams. Figure 5 shows the axial
variation of the magnitude of longitudinal electric field excited in the π/2
operating mode. The higher value of axial electric field is conducive to
achieve higher interaction impedance.

25 The complete radio frequency interaction structure (10) shown in Figure 1 is

structured in such a manner that the axial electric field present in the region is
responsible for the energy exchange between the electron beam and the
electromagnetic field inside the radio frequency interaction structure. The

11
 cylindrical waveguide couplers (11, 12) are of cylindrical waveguide type
which is added on both the sides of the structure with closed ends. The
coaxial probe (15, 16) or two square flange jack receptacle connectors or are
used on both the sides of the cylindrical waveguide couplers (11, 12). The
5 simulation platform has been used to analyze the electromagnetic behavior of
the present invention.

Referring to Figure 6, a graphical representation of the magnitude of

longitudinal electric field of the metamaterial based side coupled cavity with
respect to the axial variation of the present invention is depicted. The
10 magnitude of longitudinal electric field of the metamaterial based side coupled
cavity (17) is greater than 200 Ω, which is nearly equal when compared with
the metamaterial based slow wave structures. The interaction impedance of
the present invention is compared with other metamaterial based slow wave
structures and the results are represented in Table 1.

15 Table 1: Metamaterial based side coupled cavity for linear accelerator vs

metamaterial based slow wave structures

S. Title Band of Interaction

No operation Impedance

1. All-metal metamaterial slow-wave S-band Exceeding

structure for high power sources with high 1150 ohm
efficiency

2. S-Band High-Efficiency Metamaterial S-band Exceeding

Microwave Sources 600 ohm

3. Experimental Testing of a 3-D-Printed S-band 80 to 100

Metamaterial Slow Wave Structure for ohm
High-Power Microwave Generation

12
 4. A novel L-band slow wave structure for L-band Exceeding 70
compact and high-efficiency relativistic ohm
Cerenkov oscillator

5. Characterization of Metamaterial Slow- S-band Exceeding

Wave Structure Loaded With 200 ohm
Complementary Electric Split-Ring
Resonators

6. A metamaterial based side coupled cavity S-band Exceeding

for linear accelerator 200 ohm

Figure 7 is the longitudinal cross sectional two dimensional schematic view of

the metamaterial based side coupled cavity along with waveguide couplers
and coaxial probe according to the preferred embodiment of the present
5 invention.

Figure 8 is a graphical representation of the validation of results of simulated

and measured reflection coefficients changing with respect to frequency
according to an embodiment of the present invention. Firstly, the eigenmode
simulation of the radio frequency interaction structure (10) has been
10 performed. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) predicts the π/2-
mode as the resonating mode like the conventional side coupled cavity. The
resonant mode π/2 is the desired mode of operation because it provides strong
radio frequency coupling, frequency stability and stable radio frequency
oscillation.

15 Figure 9 is a graphical representation of the validation of results of simulated

and measured transmission coefficients changing with respect to frequency
according to an embodiment of the present invention.

13
 The results of the transmission properties of the simulated and measured
structure of metamaterial based side coupled cavity along with the couplers
are shown in Figure 8 and Figure 9. The reflection coefficient of the
simulated result shows the resonant frequency at 2.896 GHz with a
5 magnitude of -25 dB whereas the measured result has a resonant frequency at
2.90 GHz with a magnitude of -12 dB. The ripples in Figure 9 show the
passband of metamaterial based side coupled cavity in the frequency range of
2.81−3.02 GHz. Hence, the reflection coefficient and transmission coefficient
of the simulated and the measured result shows that they are in improved
10 agreement with each other.

Therefore, the present invention provides a metamaterial based side coupled

cavity for linear accelerator that is experimentally demonstrated for high
power microwave applications and due to the incorporation of metamaterial
the size of the linear accelerator is miniaturized and the interaction impedance
15 is enhanced when compared with the conventional structure and this
modification lead to the development of a high efficient and compact cavity.

Many modifications and other embodiments of the invention set forth herein
will readily occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertain
having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and
20 the associated drawings. Therefore, it is to be understood that the invention is
not to be limited to the specific embodiments disclosed and that modifications
and other embodiments are intended to be included within the scope of the
appended claims. Although specific terms are employed herein, they are used
in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation.

25

14
 CLAIMS

We claim:

1. A metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator

5 comprising of:

a radio frequency interaction structure (10);

a main cavity (1);

a coupled cavity (2);

at least two idler (3, 4);

10 a plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7);

at least two cylindrical waveguide couplers (11, 12); and

at least two coaxial probes (15, 16);

wherein:

said plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7) separates said main

15 cavity (1) into two identical axial pillbox cavities and includes a hole
that allows the electrons to propagate in the longitudinal direction;

said two idlers (3, 4) are placed inside said coupled cavity (2) from
both the ends to make one or more re-entrant types structures in said
coupled cavity (2) along with tuning plungers that vary the frequency;

20 said cylindrical waveguide couplers (11, 12) are added on both the
sides of the radio frequency interaction structure (10) with closed ends;

15
 said coaxial probes (15, 16) are placed on both sides of said cylindrical
waveguide couplers (11, 12); and

said radio frequency interaction structure (10) is arranged in such a

manner that an axial electric field is responsible for an energy
5 exchange between an electron beam and an electromagnetic field
inside said radio frequency interaction structure (10).

2. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

claimed in claim 1, wherein said main cavity (1) is proposed for S-band
and has a diameter 34mm, which is less than ~1/2 of the conventional
10 side coupled cavity S-band.

3. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

claimed in claim 1, wherein said coupled cavity (2) is another
cylindrical cavity which is radially connected to the main cavity (1).

4. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

15 claimed in claim 1, wherein said radio frequency interaction structure
(10) consist of a complementary electric split-ring resonator (CeSRR).

5. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5,
6, 7) acts a disc and due to its sub-wavelength property a transverse
20 dimension of the radio frequency interaction structure (10) is reduced.

6. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

claimed in claim 1, wherein said radio frequency interaction structure
(10) exhibits a π/2-mode as the resonating mode.

7. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

25 claimed in claim 1, wherein said has metamaterial based side coupled
cavity (17) based linear accelerator high axial electric field.

16
 8. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as
claimed in claim 1, wherein said metamaterial based side coupled
cavity linear accelerator achieves an interaction impedance exceeding
200 ohms.

5 9. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as

claimed in claim 1, wherein said waveguide couplers (11, 12) are of
cylindrical waveguide type.

10. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as
claimed in claim 1, wherein said coaxial probes (15, 16) are preferably
10 two square flange jack receptacle connectors.

11. The metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) linear accelerator as
claimed in claim 1, wherein said main cavity (1), coupled cavity (2),
two idler (3, 4), plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7), two
cylindrical waveguide couplers (11, 12) and two coaxial probes (15,
15 16) are aligned in the longitudinal direction.

Dated this 20th day of September, 2022

20

SHRUTI KAUSHIK
of PATENTWIRE
Agent for the Applicant
25 [IN/PA 1324]

17
 ABSTRACT

“A METAMATERIAL BASED SIDE COUPLED CAVITY FOR

LINEAR ACCELERATOR”

5 The present invention relates to a metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17)
for linear accelerator comprising of, a radio frequency interaction structure
(10), a main cavity (1), a coupled cavity (2), at least two idler (3, 4), a
plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7), at least two cylindrical waveguide
couplers (11, 12) and at least two coaxial probes (15, 16), wherein the
10 plurality of metamaterial unit cell (5, 6, 7) separates said main cavity (1) into
two identical axial pillbox cavities and includes a hole that allows the
electrons to propagate in the longitudinal direction and said radio frequency
interaction structure (10) is arranged in such a manner that an axial electric
field is responsible for an energy exchange between an electron beam and an
15 electromagnetic field inside said radio frequency interaction structure (10) that
makes said metamaterial based side coupled cavity (17) for linear accelerator
simple, compact and efficient.

20

25

Figure 7 on sheet no. 5 of the drawings may accompany the abstract when published.