CHEMY 101

Instructor : Khalil Maki , 36811120

Chemistry by Change & Goldsby 11th Edition
Chapter 4 : Reactions in Aqueous Solutions
Mar 2018

Oxidation-Reduction ( Redox ) Reactions

‫ هي تفاعالت يتم فيها انتقال كامل أو جزئي لاللكترونات من‬: ‫تفاعالت األكسدة واالختزال‬
‫مادة ألخرى‬
oxidation reduction
half-reaction that involves loss of half-reaction that involves gain of
electrons electrons
oxidation number increase oxidation number decrease

a substance oxidized is a reducing a substance reduced is an

agent oxidizing agent

Mg is oxidized (oxid no : 0 ⟶ +2) H+ is reduced (oxid no : +1

⟶ 0)
Mg is reducing agent H+ or HCl is oxidizing agent

oxidation number : number of charges the atom would have in a

molecule (or an ionic compound) if electrons were transferred
completely

oxidation numbers rules :

1. In free elements, each atom has an O.N of zero. Thus, O.N = zero
for each atom in H2, Br2, Na, F2

2. For monoatomic ions, the O.N is equal to the charge. Thus, O.N. =
+3 for Fe3+ ion. All group 1 metals have an O.N of +1 and all group
2
an O.N. of +2 in their compounds. Aluminum has an O.N. of +3 in all
its compounds.

3. The O.N. of oxygen in most compounds is -2, but in hydrogen

peroxide (H2O2), it is -1 and in the superoxide ion, O2-, is -1/2

4. The O.N. of hydrogen is +1, except when it is bonded to metals in

binary compounds. In these cases (for example, NaH), its O.N. is -1.

5. Fluorine has an O.N. of -1 in all its compounds

6. In a neutral molecule, the sum of the O.N.s of all the atoms must
be zero. In a polyatomic ion, the sum of O.N.s of all the elements in
the ion must be equal to the net charge of the ion. For example, in the
ammonium ion, NH4 , the sum of the O.N.s of N + 4 H = +1

7. The more electronegative element in binary compound, assigned

an O.N. equal to its ion charge :
Group 15 = -3 , group 16 = -2 , group 17 = -1
For example, in the PbS , O.N. of sulfur S = -2 , in CCl4 , O.N. of
chlorine = -1

Example : Calculate the oxidation number of sulfur in the thiosulfate

ion, S2O32- : 2x + 3(-2) = -2 x= +2
Example :Calculate the oxidation number of chromium in, Na2Cr2O7 :
answer =+6
Balancing a redox reaction by the half-reaction method
‫وزن معادالت األكسدة واالختزال‬
in acidic solution
Step 1. Write the unbalanced net ionic equation.

Step 2. Separate the equation into two half-reactions

Step 3. Balance both half-reactions for all atoms except O and H.

Step 4. Balance each half-reaction for O by adding water to the side

with less O, and balance for H by adding H+ to the side with less H.

Step 5. Balance each half-reaction for charge by adding electrons to

the side with greater positive charge, and then multiply by suitable
factors to make the electron count the same in both half-reactions.

Step 6. Add the two balanced half-reactions together, and cancel

electrons and other species that appear on both sides of the equation.

Check your answer by making sure the equation is balanced both for
atoms and for charge.

in basic solution
Balance the half reactions as if they occurred in acidic solution and then
count the number of H+ in each half-reaction and add the same number
of OH- to each side of the half-reaction. The resulting water molecules
can be canceled as needed.
Example : Balance the following reaction which occurs in acidic
solution according to the unbalanced net ionic equation :

Step 2. Separate the equation into two half-reactions

Step 3. Balance for all atoms except O and H.

Step 4. Balance for O by H2O, and for H by adding H+

Step 5. Balance charge by adding electrons

 equalize electrons

Step 6. Add the two half-reactions, and cancel electrons and other
species that appear on both sides of the equation.

Example : Balance the following reaction which occurs in basic solution

according to the unbalanced net ionic equation :

Balance the half reactions as if they occurred in acidic solution

steps 1 to 6
for each H+ add OH- and cancel resulting H2O as needed

▪ Sometimes, a single reactant can act as both oxidizing agent and

reducing agent in the same reaction. Such a reactant is said to undergo
disproportionation :
Example : for reaction Cl2(g) ⟶ Cl- (aq) + ClO3 (aq)
Oxidation : Cl2(g) ⟶ ClO3 (aq) and Reduction : Cl2(g) ⟶ Cl- (aq)
▪ Neutral redox reaction : nor H+ neither OH- appear in the final
equation
Redox Titrations ‫معايرة األكسدة واالختزال‬
Just as an acid can be titrated against a base, we can titrate an oxidizing
agent against a reducing agent, using a similar procedure
Example : A 24.55 -mL volume of 0.102 M Na2S2O3 solution is needed
to reduce 10.00 mL of I3- solution. What is the concentration of the I3-
solution in molarity? The net ionic equation is

First : number of S2O32- moles :

n=MxV ⟹ n = 0.102 x 24.55/1000 =
Second : number of moles from mole ratio :

Third : molarity of solution :

𝑛 1.25 ×10−3
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = ⟹ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦 = = 0.125 𝑀
𝑉 10.00 × 10−3

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
𝑀1 𝑉1 𝑀2 𝑉2 0.102 𝑥 24.55 𝑀2 𝑥10
Shortcut : = ⟹ =
𝑛1 𝑛2 2 1
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Problem : How many milliliters of a 0.25 M KMnO4 solution are needed
to oxidize 200 mL of a 0.30 M HI solution according to the following
equation: answer : 48 mL

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