UNIVERSITY OF BAHRAIN

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

General Chemistry I
CHEMY 101
FIRST SEM 2023-2024

DR. MONA ALJAR, CHEMY 101

CHEMISTRY, Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, and
Donald J. Decoste, 10th Edition, CENGAGE Learning
 CHEMISTRY,
Steven S. Zumdahl,
Susan A. Zumdahl,
and Donald J.
Decoste, 10th
Edition,
CENGAGE
Learning
 Chapter: 2 ATOMS
MOLECULES AND IONS
 MATTER : Anything which has mass and occupies space

 ELEMENTS : Simplest form of matter

 ATOMS: Smallest part of an element, defines as the basic unit of an

element that can enter into chemical combination
 Structure of atom: Atoms are made up even smaller particles-
subatomic particles

PARTICLE CHARGE UNIT

Electron (e) -1 (negatively charged)

Proton (p) +1 (positively charged)

Neutron (n) 0 ( no charge-neutral)

Nucleus contains :
Protons and neutron
 The atoms can be identified by the number of protons and
neutrons

 ATOMIC NUMBER(Z):- number of protons in the nucleus

 MASS NUMBER (A) :- total number of protons and

neutrons

Representation of an atom A
Z X
Z =
p

A =
p
(e) =+ (p) for neutralnatom
Atom Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of
Number(Z) Number(A) protons electrons Neutrons

23
11 Na

55
26 Fe

19
F
Atom Atomic Mass Number of Number of Number of
Number(Z) Number(A) protons electrons Neutrons

23
11 Na

55
26 Fe

19
F
 Ions:- An ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative
charge

CATION (+) ANION (-)

• LOSS of electrons • GAIN of electrons

• Has +Ve charge • Has – ve charge
Symbol Number of protons(p) Number of electrons(e) Number of neutrons(n)
Symbol Number of protons(p) Number of electrons(e) Number of neutrons(n)
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
Symbol Number of protons Number of electrons Number of neutrons
 ISOTOPES: Atoms that have the same atomic no. (Z), but different mass number(A)

(Isotopes show similar chemical properties)

Atomic Number

Mass Number

Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of nuetrons
 ISOTOPES: Atoms that have the same atomic no. (Z), but different mass number(A)

(Isotopes show similar chemical properties)

Atomic Number

Mass Number

Number of protons

Number of electrons

Number of nuetrons
 PROBLEMS:

Q2.1. Calculate no.of protons ,neutrons ,and electrons

a) 20 Na 22 17 63
b) Na c) O d) Carbon-14 e) cu
11 11 8 29

a) A =20=(p) +(n) b) A =22=(p) +(n) c) A =17=(p) +(n) d) 14 C e) A =63=(p) +(n)

z=11 =(p) z=11 =(p) z=8 =(p) 6 z=29 =(p)
A=14=(p)+(n)
(e)=(p)=11 (e)=(p)=11 (e)=(p)=8 Z=6=(p) (e)=(p)=29
(n)= 20-11 =9 (n)= 22-11 =11 (n)= 17-8 =9 (n)=14-6=8 (n)=63-29 = 34

Q2.2. What is the atomic number of an element if one of its isotopes has 117
neutrons and mass no.195?

(n)=117 (n)+(p)= 195=A (p) =195-117= 78

Element /ions n (p) n (e ) n (n)
27 Al
13 13 27-13=14
13
27 Al3+
13-3=10 27-13=14
13 13
80 Br -1
35
35 35+1=36 80-35=45

80 Br
35 35 35 80-35=45

12 C
6 6 12-6=
6
ISOTOPES
6
13 C
6 6 6 13-6= 7

14 C
6 6 6 14-6= 8
Element /ions n (p) n (e ) n (n)
27 Al
13 13 27-13=14
13
27 Al3+
13-3=10 27-13=14
13 13
80 Br -1
35 35 35+1=36 80-35=45

80 Br
35 35 35 80-35=45

12 C
6 6 12-6=
6 ISOTOPES
6
13 C
6 6 6 13-6= 7

14 C
6 6 6 14-6= 8

8
 ELEMENTS

Metals Metalloids Non metals

(Good conductor of heat and electricity) (Shows properties intermediate (Poor conductor of heat and electricity)
between those of metals
and non-metals)
 The Periodic Table :- A chart in which elements having similar chemical and physical properties
grouped together are

 Horizontal rows are known as Periods: There are 7 periods in the Periodic table

 Vertical columns are known as Groups : There 18 groups in the Periodic table
are
Group 1- Known as Alkali metals

Group2-Known as Alkaline earth

metals

Group 3-12 - Known as Transition

elements

Group17- Known as Halogens

Group 18-known as Noble gas/rare gas

11
 PROBLEMS:

Q2.4. Give an alkalimetal of period 4

Ans:

Q2.5. Give a metalloid of period 3

Ans:

Q2.6. Give a metalloid of period 4 group 14

Ans:
Q2.7. Give a noble gas of period 5
Ans:
 PROBLEMS:
Q2.4. Give an alkalimetal of period 4
Ans:K

Q2.5. Give a metalloid of period 3

Ans: Si

Q2.6. Give a metalloid of period 4 group 14

Ans: Ge
Q2.7. Give a noble gas of period 5
Ans: xe
Molecules: A molecule is an arrangement of two or more atoms which are held by
chemical bond

Eg:Formation of H2O molecule

 Diatomic molecules:- which contain two same/differentatoms

Eg:-H2 O2, N2 and group 17 elements –F2,Cl2,Br2,I2 -[contain same atoms]

HCl, CO, HBr [contain different atoms]

 Polyatomic molecules: Molecules contain more than two same /different atoms

Eg: O3,H2O, NH3

 IONS:- an ion is an atom or a group of atoms that has net positive or negative charge

 MONOATOMIC IONS:- Contain only one atom

Eg;- Na+,Cl-,H+,Mg2+,Fe3+

 Polyatomic ions:-two or more atoms combine to

form an ion that has net positive or negative
charge
Eg:- OH-,NH +, NO -
4 3

 Chemical compounds : is a substance formed when two or more chemical elements are chemically bonded together Eg:-
 Water, Carbondioxide Types of compounds

 Ionic Compounds Molecular compounds

(metal+nonmetal(s)) (nonmetal+nonmetal)
 Metal + Non-metal
ionic compound (usually)

 Metal +polyatomic ion ionic compounds(usually)

 Non-metal + non- metal Molecular compounds(usually)

Q. Classify the following compounds as ionic or molecular compounds

a) NaCl b) FeCl3 c) SO2 d) P4O10

Q. classify the following compounds as ionic or molecular compounds
a) NaCl b) FeCl3 c) SO2 d) P4O10

a) Ionic (M+N) c)
b) Ionic (M+N) d) Molecular(N+N)
Molecular(N+N)
 FORMULA OF IONIC COMPOUNDS [ Metal+ Nonmetal(s)] (cations and anions)
Charge of cations of main group elements

Group 1 2 13 14 15 16 17

Charge +1 +2 +3 + 4 or - 4 -3 -2 -1
( not always) (mostly
share
electrons)

Usually transition elements (group 3 to 12) show more than one charge.
Transition metals and post-transition metals[group 14 and 15 ] :-

Charge of Transition metals and some post- transition metals are represented by Roman
Numerals

1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
21
 Metal Ion Systematic name Remarks

Chromium Cr2+ chromium(II) ion

Cr3+ chromium(III) ion
Cobalt Co2+ cobalt(II) ion
Co3+ cobalt(III) ion
Copper Cu+ copper(I) ion
Cu2+ copper(II) ion
Gold Au3+ gold(III) ion
Iron Fe2+ iron(II) ion
Fe3+ iron(III) ion
Manganese Mn2+ manganese(II) ion
Mn3+ manganese(III) ion
2+ 2+
Mercury Hg2 mercury(I) ion Two atoms of Hg are united by a single covalent bond to form Hg2
Hg2+ mercury(II) ion
Nickel Ni2+ nickel(II) ion
Silver Ag+ silver (I)ion
Zinc Zn2+ zinc ion Not showing variable charge
Post transition metals
Tin Sn2+ tin(II) ion
Sn4+ tin(IV) ion
Lead Pb2+ lead(II) ion
Pb4+ lead(IV) ion
Bismuth Bi3+ bismuth(III) ion
Bi5+ bismuth(V) ion
22
POLY ATOMIC
IONS
Formula Name
+
NH4 ammonium
OH- hydroxide
CN- cyanide
-
NO2 nitrite
-
NO3 nitrate
ClO- hypochlorite
-
ClO2 chlorite
-
ClO3 chlorate
-
ClO4 perchlorate
-
MnO4 permanganate
-
C2H3O2 acetate (OAc-)
CO 2-
3 carbonate
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate
2-
SO3 sulfite
2-
CrO4 chromate
2-
Cr2O7 dichromate
2-
SO4 sulfate
PO43- phosphate

H2PO4- dihygrogen phsphate

HPO4 2- hydrogen phosphate

24
Writing the formula of Ionic compounds:-

 The cation is written first, followed by the monatomic or polyatomic anion.

 The subscripts in the formula must produce an electrically neutral formula unit. (That is, the total amount
of
positive charge must equal the total amount of negative charge.

1.Formula of the compound formed from Al and S

Al2S3

29
Writing the formula of Ionic compounds:-

 The cation is written first, followed by the monatomic or polyatomic anion.

 The subscripts in the formula must produce an electrically neutral formula unit. (That is, the total amount
of
positive charge must equal the total amount of negative charge.

1.Formula of the compound formed from Al and S

Al2S3

29
2. Formula of the compound formed from Na and Sulfate ion

3. Formula of the compound formed from Ammonium ion and phosphate ion

4. Formula of the compound formed from Barium and Sulfur

2. Formula of the compound formed from Na and Sulfate ion

3. Formula of the compound formed from Ammonium ion and phosphate ion

4. Formula of the compound formed from Barium and Sulfur

HINTS

Anion with one element ends in - ide

Anion with more than one atom ends: - ite or -ate

Exceptions:

1. OH - hydroxide
cyanide
2. CN -
Name Cation Anion Formula

1.Sodium iodide

2.Sodium oxide

3.Potassium sufide

4.Sodium perchlorate

5.Aluminium chlorate
Name Cation Anion Formula

1.Sodium iodide

2.Sodium oxide

3.Potassium sufide

4.Sodium perchlorate

5.Aluminium chlorate
Name Formula

6. Ammonium chlorite

7. Magnesium sulfite

8. Copper(II) sulfate

or Copper sulfate

9. Iron(II) hypobromite

10. Iron(III)dichromate
Name Formula

6. Ammonium chlorite

7. Magnesium sulfite

8. Copper(II) sulfate

or Copper sulfate

9. Iron(II) hypobromite

10. Iron(III)dichromate
Name Formula

11. Barium phosphate

12. Calcium phosphide

13. Nickel(II)acetate

14.
Potassium
permanganate

15. Sodium carbonate

Name Formula

11. Barium phosphate

12. Calcium phosphide

13. Nickel(II)acetate

14.
Potassium
permanganate

15. Sodium carbonate

Name Formula

16. Iron(III) hydroxide

17. Potassium
hydrogen
phosphate

18. Sodium chromate

19. Potassium cyanide

20. Manganese(II)oxide
Name Formula

16. Iron(III) hydroxide

17. Potassium
hydrogen
phosphate

18. Sodium chromate

19. Potassium cyanide

20. Manganese(II)oxide
Q. .Predict the formula of the compounds formed by 1.Al3+ 6. Ca2+ PO43-
1. Aluminium and sulfur s2-
Ca 3(PO4)2
Al2S3
2. Lead and oxygen
7.Rb+1 SO 2-
4
3. Sodium and chlorine 2. pb4+ Rb2 SO4
o2-
4. Magnesium and nitrogen Pb2O4
PbO2 8. Ca 2+ Cl-
5. Calcium and nitrate
CaCl2
3.Na+ Cl-
6. Calcium and phosphate
NaCl 9. Ba2+ I –
7. Rubidium and sulfate
4.Mg2+ N3- BaI2
8. Calcium and chlorine
Mg3N2
10.Sr 2+ N3-
9. Barium and iodine 5. Ca 2+ NO 3- Sr3 N2
10. Strontium and nitrogen
Ca(NO3)2 11.NH4+ PO4 3-
11. Ammonium and phoshpate (NH4)3 PO4
31
Names of ionic compounds
Rules

1. First, write the name of the cation. If the cation is a transition metal, write its charge in bracket in
Roman numeral.

2. Second, write the name of the anion

• Monoatomic anion ends in –ide

• Polyatomic anion ends in –ite/-ate

• Exceptions :
Transition metals and post-transition metals[group 14 and 15 ] :-

Charge of Transition metals and some post- transition metals are represented by Roman
Numerals

1 I
2 II
3 III
4 IV
5 V
6 VI
7 VII
8 VIII
9 IX
10 X
21
FORMULA NAME
• CaS

• K2SO4

• Cu2S

• Mn2O3

• NaC2H3O2

• Hg2Cl2

• Co(ClO)2

• Al(NO3)3

• MgSO3
FORMULA NAME
• CaS

• K2SO4

• Cu2S

• Mn2O3

• NaC2H3O2

• Hg2Cl2

• Co(ClO)2

• Al(NO3)3

• MgSO3
FORMULA NAME
• CdS

• K2CrO4

• Fe(CN)3

• Zn(OH)2

• Mg3N2

• FeCl3

• K3PO4

• MnO

• KMnO4
FORMULA NAME
• Ni(ClO4)2

• KH2PO4

• (NH4)2SO4

• Mn(NO2)2

• CaSO4

• MnO2

• Na2Cr2O7

• Pb(ClO3)4

• RbHCO3
FORMULA NAME
• Ni(ClO4)2

• KH2PO4

• (NH4)2SO4

• Mn(NO2)2

• CaSO4

• MnO2

• Na2Cr2O7

• Pb(ClO3)4

• RbHCO3
FORMULA NAME