TOPIC

TOPIC 22
ATOM,
ATOM,
MOLECULES
MOLECULES AND
AND
IONS
IONS
Proton Number, Nucleon Number
and Isotopes
At the end of this topic, students should
be able to:
a) Describe properties of proton, electron
and neutron as sub- atomic particles
b) Define proton number, nucleon number
and isotopes
c) Write isotope notation
Journey Into The Depth
of sucrose Crystal
 The Atomic Theory
• Developed by Greek philosopher,
Democritus.
• He belief that all matter
consists of very small,
indivisible particles,
which he named atomos
(uncuttable or indivisible).
• Atom - the smallest particles of
an element that can participate in
a chemical reaction.
• In an atom, there are three
subatomic particles:
a. Protons – the positively charged
particles in the nucleus.
b. Neutrons – electrically neutral
particles having a mass slightly
greater than protons.
c. Electrons – the negatively charged
particles.
Particle Particle Relative
Charge
Name Symbol mass
Proton p +1 1

Neutron n 0 1

Electron e -1 ≈0
 Proton Number (Z)
• Number of protons in the nucleus of each atom of
an element.
• In neutral atom
The number of = The number of protons
electrons
• E.g. if atom X have 13 protons in the nucleus, the
proton number (Z) of atom X is 13, and the number
of electrons in atom X is also 13.
 Nucleon Number (A)
• Total number of protons and neutrons
present in the nucleus of an atom of an
element.
• Nucleon number (A) =

No. of Protons + No of Neutrons

• E.g. Atom X, no. of protons = 15,
no. of neutrons = 12.
 Nucleon Number (A) = 12 + 15
= 27
Element can be represented
by this notation@symbol:

Where,
X = Chemical element symbol
A = Nucleon Number (Z+n)
Z = Proton Number
 Example 1

Nucleon Charge on
202 2+
The ion
Hg
Number

80

Proton
Number
 Isotopes
• Isotopes are atoms of the same
element differing in number of
neutrons in their nuclei.
• E.g. 235 238

Isotopes of
92
U 92
U
uranium
Uranium-235 Uranium-238

Proton Number = 92 92
Number of Neutron = 143 146
 Exercise 1
1. Choose the symbol which represent
the atoms of the same element

X
35

a) 16

X
35
b) 17

X
37
c) 17

X
37

d) 118 ans: B & C

 Exercise 2
Write appropriate notation for each of the
following nuclide:

Number of
Notation
Species for
Proton Neutron Electron nuclides
4
2P
P 2 2 2 3 +
1Q
Q 1 2 0 2
R
R 1 1 1 1
14 3-
S 7 7 10 7S
 Exercise 3
Based on the number of each
subatomic particles given, write the
chemical symbol.
Cl
35
P = 17, n = 18, e = 17 17

82 Pb
208
P = 82, n = 126, e = 82
56
P = 26, n = 30, e = 26 26 Fe
17 2-
P = 8, n = 9, e = 10 8O
 Exercise 4
Complete the symbols for the following
Element and fill the blanks in the table.
Symbol: Au, Ba, Pu, S
Number of subatomic particles
Chemical
Element
symbol Electrons Protons Neutrons
32
16 S 16
sulphur 16 16
138
barium 56Ba 56
56
82
197
gold 79Au 79 79 118
239
plutonium 94 Pu 94 94 145
To Be Continue…
Thank you..
&
have a nice day..
Atomic Masses & Molecular Masses,
Nomenclature Of Inorganic Compounds
At the end of this topic, students should
be able to:
a. Define relative atomic mass and relative
molecular mass based on the C-12 scale
b. Define cation and anion
c. Name cation, anion and salt according to
IUPAC nomenclature
 Some Atoms and Their
Exact Atomic Mass

Atom Atomic Atom Atomic

Mass Mass
1
H 1.00783 12
C 12

2
H 2.01410 13
C 13.00335

3
H 3.01605 24
Mg 23.98504
Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)

average mass of one atom of the element

Ar 
1
 mass of one atom of 12C
12

The average relative isotopic mass

of the atoms must be used for
calculation because most elements
consist of a mixture of isotopes.
 Example
Determine the relative atomic mass
of an element X if the ratio of the
atomic mass of X to carbon-12 atom
is 0.75.

9.0
Relative Molecular Mass, Mr
of a molecular substance
average mass of one molecule of the substance
Mr 
1
 mass of one atom of 12C
12

Mr is the sum of the relative atomic

masses of all the atoms shown in the
molecular formula.
 Example
Mr of H2O = 2(1) + 16
= 18.15

Mr of CaCl2 = 40 + 2(35.5)
= 111

Mr SO42 = 32 + 4(16)
= 96
 Exercise
Calculate the relative molecular
mass of C5H5N. [Ar, C = 12, H = 1, N
= 14.

79
 Nomenclature of
Inorganic Compounds.
Ion
• A charged species
• formed from a neutral atom or
molecule where no. of protons
and electrons are unbalanced.
Cation (cat’-ion)
• a positively charged ion
• atom loses electron
• no. of electron < no. of proton
Eg.
3e- 2e-
3n 3p 1 e- + 3n 3p

Li (atom)
1 e- + Li+ (cation)
• Another examples of cations;
Mg2+, NH4+, Fe2+
Anion (ann’-ion)
• a negatively charged ion
• atom gain one or more electrons
• no. of electron > no. of proton
• Eg.
9e- 10e-

10n 9p + 1e- 10n 9p

+ 1e- F- (anion)
F (atom)
• Another example of anion;
Cl, OH, O2-
 Monatomic Ions
• Single atom that have lost gained
electron.
• Contains only one nucleus.
Electron
Group Element (Proton, electron) Change
Ions (protons, electrons)

1 Na (11 Protons, 11 electrons) -1  Na+ (11 Protons, 10 electrons)

13 Al (13 Protons, 13 electrons) -3  Al3+ (13 Protons, 10 electrons)

8 Fe (26 Protons, 26 electrons) -2  Fe2+ (26 Protons, 24 electrons)

8 Fe (26 Protons, 26 electrons) -3  Fe3+ (26 Protons, 23 electrons)

16 S (16 Protons, 16 electrons) +2  S2- (16 Protons, 18 electrons)

17 Br (35 Protons, 35 electrons) +1  Br- (35 Protons, 36 electrons)

 Charges on some common monatomic cations and anions

1 Nonmetals 17 18

Transition Metal
H+ H-
2 13 14 15 16
Metals
Li+ N3- O2- F-
Metalloids

Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ P3- S2- Cl-

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Cr2+ Fe2+ Co2+ Cu+

K+
Ca 2+
Ti 4+
Mn 2+
Ni2+
Zn2+ Se2- Br-
Cr3+ Fe3+ Co 3+
Cu2+

Rb+ Sr2+ Ag+ Sn2+ Te2- I-

Hg22+
Cs+ Ba2+ Pb2+ Bi3+
Hg 2+
Polyatomic Ions
• Made up of two or more atom and has
an electrical charges.
example: CO32- (polyatomic Anion)
- Consist of one C atom and three O
atoms.
- has 2 -ve charge because there are
two more electrons (32) compare to
no. of proton (30) in a nuclei of one
C and three O atoms.
• A common polyatomic cations is H3O+
and NH4+
Formula Name Formula Name
CATION: Positive Ion
NH4+ Ammonium ion H3O+ Hydronium ion
ANION: Negative Ions
Based on a Group 14 element Based on a Group 17 element
CN- Cyanide ion ClO- Hypochlorite ion
CH3CO2 Acetate ion ClO2- Chlorite ion
CO32- Carbonate ion ClO3- Chlorate ion
HCO3- Hydrogen carbonate ions ClO4- Perchlorate ion
Based on a Group 15 element Based on a transition metal
NO2- Nitrite ion CrO42- Chromate ion
NO3- Nitrate ion Cr2O72- Dichromate ion
PO43- Phosphate ion MnO4- Permanganate ion
HPO42- Hydrogen phosphate ions
H2PO4- Dihydrogen phosphate ions

Based on a Group 16 element

OH- Hydroxide ion
SO32- Sulfite ion
SO42- Sulfate ion
-
Nomenclature of Cations, Anions
and Salt using IUPAC system.

In general
• All metal form cations
• Nonmetal forms anions
• Combination between cation
and anion forms salt
Nomenclature of Ions
a) Metallic cations

Types Example Name

Li+  lithium ion
Single oxidation
Mg2+ magnesium ion
number
Al3+ aluminium ion
Fe2+ Iron(II) ion
More than one Fe3+ Iron(III) ion
oxidation
number Cu+ Copper(I)
Cu2+ Copper(II)
 Nomenclature of Ions
b) anion
single atom is written by adding the
suffix “–ide” to its stem, as shown
below.
Atom Name Ion Name
Cl Chlorine Cl- Chloride ion
F Flourine F- Flouride Ion
S Sulphur S2- Sulphide ion
O Oxygen O2- Oxide Ion
N Nitrogen N3- Nitride ion
Nomenclature of Ions
c) Polyatomic Ion
Eg. Write the formula Sodium Phosphate.
Ion Notation Charge
Sodium Na+ +1
Phosphate PO43- -3

Na+
PO43- + Na+  Na3PO4
Na+ Neutral

-3 +3 Compound
 Nomenclature of Salt
• Salt – Made up of two ions
Salt = Cation + Anion
(metal) (Nonmetal)
• The formula written with the elemental
symbol for cation preceding the symbol for
the anion.
• Eg.
Sodium = Sodium + Chlorine
Chloride ion Ion
• Sodium chloride is written as NaCl not
ClNa.
Nomenclature of Salt

• The name of salt compound identifies

the cation first, followed by the anion.
• The cation gives the name of element
itself.
• The anion has the suffix “-ide” added
to its elements name.
 Naming Salt Compounds
Salt Salt
Anion Cation
Formula Name

NaCl Na+ Cl- Sodium Chloride

LiF Li+ F- Lithium Fluoride

Al2O3 Al3+ O2- Aluminum Oxide

Li3N Li+ N3+ Lithium nitride

FeCl2 Fe2+ Cl- Iron(II) Chloride

FeCl3 Fe3+ Cl- Iron(III) Chloride

Exercise
1. Argon has three isotopes with 18, 20, and 22
neutrons, respectively. What are the mass
number and symbol of these three isotopes?
2. Calculate the relative molecular mass of
Hydrated Iron(II) Chloride, FeCl2.8H2O?
3. Give the formula of tin(II) fluoride?
4. Write the name for Ca(ClO)2
5. Write the formula for Magnesium bicarbonate