ATOMIC STRUCTURE

 The word atom is a Greek word meaning Maximum number of electron which can
indivisible. accommodated in any shell is equal to 2n2.
 Ancient Indian, Greek Philosophers thought that all Distribution of Electrons in orbits
matter consist of extremely small particles.
The arrangement electrons in the various orbit around
The properties of three fundamental particle present the nucleus is called electronic configuration.
in atoms
Atomic Electron distribution
Property Electron Proton Neutron number
Mass (mg) 9.1 × 10-23 1.67 × 10-24 1.67 × 10-24 Element Symbol Z 1 2 3 4
Charge -1.6 × 10-19 +1.6 × 10-19 0 K L M N
(Coulomb) Hydrogen H 1 1
Location in Outside the In the In the Helium He 2 2
the atom nucleus nucleus nucleus
Lithium, Li 3 2 1
Berylium Be 4 2 2
Sub atomic particles that are present inside the nucleus
of an element are called nucleon. (Protons & Neutrons) Boron B 5 2 3
Total no. of nucleons present in an atom is called mass Carbon C 6 2 4
number (A) Nitrogen N 7 2 5
A = proton + neutrons Oxygen O 8 2 6
Atomic number : Number of protons present in the Aluminium Al 13 2 8 3
nucleus of an atom.
Note :
Note : Maximum no. of electrons in any shell = 2n2
A=Z+n
n = no. of shell
Number of neutron in an atomic nucleus = mass
number of the atom – Atomic number ie. K shell (n = 1) = 2

n=A–Z L shell (n = 2) = 8
M shell (n = 3) = 18
Element No. of No. of No. of
protons (z) electrons neutrons Valency Electron
(z) (A – z) The electrons present in the outer most shell of an atom
12 12 – 6 = 6 are called valence electron. They decide the combining
6𝐶 6 6
35
capacity of element.
17 𝐶 𝑙 17 17 35 – 17 =
18 Only valence electrons of an atom take part in a
238
chemical reaction.
92 𝑢 92 92 238 – 92 =
146 Alkali Symbol Atomic Electron
Metal number configuration
Lithium Li 3 2, 1
Bohr’s Atomic Model (A few important theories are)
Sodium Na 11 2, 8, 1
The atom is electrically neutral containing equal no. of
protons and electrons. Potassium K 19 2, 8, 8, 1
The electrons revolve around the nucleus in fixed Rubidium Rb 37
circular orbits called energy level or shells, are Caesium Cs 55
represented numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc. or by the
Francium Fr 87
alphabets K, L, M, N, O, P etc.

Learners Academy Page 1

Eg : 10Ne → 2, 8 18Ar → 2, 8, 8
36Kr → 2, 8, 18, 8 12Mg → 2, 8, 2
20Ca → 2, 8, 8, 2

Relation between valence electron metallic and non

metallic nature
 Elements having 1, 2 or 3 valence electron are
metals.
 Valence electron 1 = Alkali metal
 Valence electron 2 = Alkaline earth metal
Isotopes
Atoms of same element having same atomic number
but different mass number. They contain same number
of protons, same number of electrons. They have
different number of neutrons.
35
17 𝐶𝑙 Neutron = 35 – 17
37
17 𝐶𝑙 Neutron = 37 – 17

Isotopes of hydrogen
1 2 3
1𝐻 1𝐻 1𝐻
x x x
1P 1P 1P
1n 2n

Protium Deuterium Tritium

Sub shell electronic configuration

K shell s – sub shell (maximum electrons = 2)
L shell s & p (maximum electrons = 6)
M shell s, p, d (maximum electrons = 10)
N shell s, p, d, f (maximum electrons = 14)

Energy level diagram

Learners Academy Page 2