Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed Use Building by New EBCS Code

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WE ARE CIVIL
ENGINEERS
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
A BACHELOR’S THESIS
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+ 5 MIXED USE BUILDING
BY
TEWELDE MELAKU ETS 1017/07
MILIYON ANDARGE ETS 0791/07
MIHERET ANILEY ETS 0781/07
YEABSRA MULUNEH ETS 1081/07
MESAY ASHAGRE ETS 0767/07
ADIVISOR: GIRUM MINDAYE
ADDIS ABABA ETHIPIA

JUNE 2019
BSC Thesis Department of Civil Engineering AASTU, 2019
ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+ 5 MIXED USE BUILDING
By
TEWELDE MELAKU
MILIYON ANDARGE
MIHERET ANILEY
YEABSRA MULUNEH
MESAY ASHAGRE
A Thesis Submitted as Partial Fulfillment to the requirements for Award of the
Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering
To
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY
JUNE 2019
Certificate
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed Use Building” and
submitted as a partial fulfillment for the Award of the Degree of Bachelor of Science complies
with the regulations of Addis Ababa Science and Technology University and meets the accepted
standards with respect to originality, content and quality.
Signed by Examining Board:
Examiner 1: Signature, Date:
Examiner 2 : Signature, Date:
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page i

Date________________
Declaration
We hereby declare that this thesis entitled “Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed Use Building”
was prepared by ourselves, with the guidance of our advisor Girum Mindaye(Msc). The work
contained herein is our own original work except where explicitly stated otherwise in the text,
and that this work has not been submitted, in whole or in part, for any other degree or
professional qualification.
Authors: Signature, Date:
1) Tewelde Melaku ……………………………
2) Miliyon Andarge ………………………….
3) Miheret Aniley ……………………………
4) Yeabsra Muluneh ……………………………
5) Mesay Ashagre ……………………………
Witnessed by:
Name of student advisor: Signature, Date:
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page ii

Abstract
In this thesis report, the analysis and design of G + 5 mixed-use building that is to be built in
Addis Ababa bole sub city has been done. The building is intended to provide Shopping, office,
living and bed room service.
The structural design of the building involves Analysis and design of a hipped roof with double
pitch truss, a solid slab, a stair case, shear wall, beams, columns, foundation and analysis of
frames.
The design philosophy adopted for the project is the limit state design for all parts of the
structure according to European Standards Ethiopian Norm (ES-EN). The frame and part of the
building analysis were accomplished by employing ETABS software.
The building is composed of solid slabs from the ground to fifth floors. For the analysis of
frames, the restrained conditions at the foundation level are assumed fixed. Loads acting on
beams from slab reactions and walls directly resting on beams were added to self-weight of
beams to find total load acting on beams. Those loads are so called transferred loads. These were
inserted and analyzed using ETABS analysis and design software.
The design of beams and columns is done for the critical moments, shears, and axial loads
obtained from the load combinations of the selected axis. Beams, columns and shear were
designed according to ES-EN1992-2014 provisions.
Design and detailing of the structural elements meet the requirement of specific standard of
EBCS- EN. The document incorporates the design steps and results, reinforcement detailing of
slab, beam, column, stair & foundation and ETABS analysis outputs and some excel tables are
included according to the European Standards Ethiopian Norm (ES-EN).
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page iii

Acknowledgment
First and for most, we want to thank our almighty GOD for giving us the courage and
strength for successful completion our Thesis project.
Secondly, we would like to express our deepest gratitude and respect to our Academic advisor
Girum Mindaye(MSc) for his valuable advice in providing relevant hint and his encouragement
for the completion of this work.
We also encompass our thanks for Addis Ababa science and Technology University (AASTU)
for preparing this academic program for upgrading of our academic knowledge and for all staff
of civil engineering department for their continuous coordination with appreciable comments.
Finally, we would like to acknowledge and express our gratitude to our friends who helped us
through moral and material supports and also to our group members for their willingness and
doing well without any hesitation.
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page iv

Table of Contents
Certificate ......................................................................................................................................... i
Declaration ...................................................................................................................................... ii
Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................... iv
Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................................... viii
Lists of Tables ................................................................................................................................ ix
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi
Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
1.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Objective of the project ......................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................... 1
1.2.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Scope of the project .............................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Literature Review.................................................................................................................. 3
Chapter Two: Material and Methodologies ............................................................................... 4
2.1 Design Parameters ................................................................................................................ 4
2.1.1 Material Properties ......................................................................................................... 4
2.1.2 Concrete cover design as per the new EBCS EN .......................................................... 6
2.1.3 Section Property ........................................................................................................... 11
2.1.3 Loads and load combination ........................................................................................ 15
2.2 Analysis and Design Methodologies .................................................................................. 20
2.2.1 Methodology of Roof Analysis and Design................................................................. 20
2.2.2 Methodology for the Analysis and Design of Solid slab ............................................. 22
2.2.3 Methodology for the Analysis and Design of the staircase ......................................... 25
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page v

2.2.4 Methodology for Frame Analysis and Design ............................................................. 25
2.2.5 Methodology for Beam analysis and Design ............................................................... 27
2.2.6 Methodology for Analysis and design of column ........................................................ 30
2.2.7 Methodology for analysis and design of Foundation ................................................... 33
Chapter Three: Roof Analysis and Design Result ................................................................... 37
3.1 Wind load calculation ......................................................................................................... 37
3.1.1 Pressure coefficients .................................................................................................... 38
3.2 Roof covering design .......................................................................................................... 47
3.4 Design of purlin (steel purlin) ............................................................................................. 50
3.5 Truss Design ....................................................................................................................... 54
3.6 Conclusion on Truss ........................................................................................................... 59
Chapter Four: Slab Analysis and Design ................................................................................ 60
4.1 Effective depth .................................................................................................................... 60
4.2 Ground Floor Slab Design .................................................................................................. 62
4.3 Slab Analysis and design from first up to fifth floor .......................................................... 62
4.3.1 Load calculation ........................................................................................................... 62
4.3.2 Moment Analysis for individual panel ........................................................................ 72
4.3.3 Reinforcement calculation ........................................................................................... 96
4.4 Load transfer from two-way slab ...................................................................................... 102
Chapter Five: Stair case Analysis and design Results ........................................................... 108
5.1 Design of open well stair case from ground floor to fifth floor ........................................ 108
5.2 Flexural design .................................................................................................................. 112
5.3 Shear design ...................................................................................................................... 114
Chapter Six: Frame Analysis and Design Result .................................................................. 119
6.1 Analysis and Design Result of Beam................................................................................ 119
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page vi

6.1.1 Sample Analysis and design of beam on second floor Axis-2 (A-D) ........................ 120
6.1.2 Shear Design for beam ............................................................................................... 125
6.2 Column Analysis and Design Result ................................................................................ 132
6.2.1 Grouping the columns based on their elevation and loading condition. ........................ 132
Chapter 7: Analysis and Design of Foundation ..................................................................... 142
7.1 Isolated footings ................................................................................................................ 142
7.2 Grouping of the footing .................................................................................................... 142
7.3 Design of isolated footing ................................................................................................. 142
Chapter Eight: Analysis and design of shear wall ................................................................. 157
8.1 Reinforcement Calculation ............................................................................................... 159
8.2 Design for Shear ............................................................................................................... 161
Chapter Nine: Conclusion and Recommendation ................................................................ 164
9.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 164
9.2 Recommendation .............................................................................................................. 165
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................... 166
Appendices ................................................................................................................................. 167
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page vii

Abbreviations and Acronyms
As - Reinforcement area
As,max - Maximum reinforcement area
As,min - Minimum reinforcement area
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 - Nominal cover
COMBO - Load combination for limit state design
ESEN - European standard Ethiopian norm
DL - Dead load
LL - Live load
α - Design bed rock acceleration n
 - Design response factor for the sit
Ծall - Allowable bearing capacity
Ee - Equivalent first order eccentricity
Fb - Total base shear force
C - Partial factor for concrete
S - Partial factor for reinforcing
Lx - Shorter span of the panel
Ly - Longer span of the panel
lo - Effective length
Mx - Moment in x directions
My - Moment in y direction
NEd - Design value of the applied axial force
Pd - Design load of the building
S d (T ) - Design spectrum
T1 - Fundamental period of building
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page viii

Lists of Tables
Table2. 1: Strength and deformation characteristics for C20/25 .................................................... 4
Table2.2: Properties of Reinforcement bar ..................................................................................... 5
Table2. 3: Unit Weight of Construction Materials ......................................................................... 6
Table2.4: Minimum cover for bond ................................................................................................ 7
Table2. 5: Exposure classes related to environmental condition .................................................... 8
Table2. 6: Minimum requirements with regard to durability for reinforcement steel .................... 8
Table2.7: Minimum dimensions (mm) ........................................................................................... 9
Table2. 8: Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings ......................................... 16
Table2. 9: Table Values of the parameters describing recommended type 1 response spectra .... 18
Table2.10: Load cases ................................................................................................................... 19
Table2. 11: Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members...................... 29
Table3. 1: Areas for the division of hipped roofs for 0 0………………………………………39
Table3. 2: External coefficients for θ=00 ..................................................................................... 39
Table3. 3: Pressure coefficient for each zone ............................................................................... 40
Table3. 4; Areas for division of hipped roofs for ϴ = 900 ............................................................ 42
Table3. 5: External pressure coefficients ϴ = 900 ........................................................................ 42
Table3. 6: summary of external coefficients for 900 .................................................................... 42
Table3. 7: Selected external coefficient Cpe ................................................................................ 44
Table3. 8: Internal pressure coefficients Cpi ................................................................................ 45
Table3. 9; Assumed cross-section of truss members with section properties............................... 54
Table3. 10: loads assigned on truss............................................................................................... 55
Table3. 11: Truss forces ................................................................................................................ 56
Table3. 12: Reaction forces from truss ......................................................................................... 59
Table4. 1; basic ratio of effective depth for reinforced concrete………………………………61
Table4. 2: Dead Load Computation .............................................................................................. 63

Table4. 3; live loads based on room functions ............................................................................. 64
Table4. 4: Total design load.......................................................................................................... 65
Table4. 5: Summary of partition loads ......................................................................................... 67
Table4.6: Summary of design load including the partitions ......................................................... 69
Table4. 7: Two way - Interior moments ....................................................................................... 73
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page ix

Table4. 8: Moment adjusting ........................................................................................................ 84

Table4. 9: Table Summary of span moment adjustment for all panels ........................................ 94
Table4. 10: Reinforcement for support moment ........................................................................... 97
Table4. 11: Reinforcement for span moment ............................................................................... 99
Table4. 12: Cantilevered slab secondary reinforcement ............................................................. 101
Table4. 13: Dead Load Transfer ................................................................................................. 103
Table4. 14: Live Load Transfer .................................................................................................. 106
Table5. 1: stair material properties………………………………………...............................110
Table5. 2: Summary of reinforcement for stair case................................................................... 118

Table6. 1: Sample shear force diagram on axis 2(A-D)………………………………………128
Table6. 2: Beam reinforcement Results ...................................................................................... 130

Table6. 3: column grouping ........................................................................................................ 132
Table6. 4: Dimensional values for sample of column and beam ................................................ 133
Table6. 5: Column design values ................................................................................................ 140
Table7. 1: Grouping footings based on support reaction obtained from the ETABS analysis.142
Table7. 2: Loads and moments of footing 1 (F1) ....................................................................... 142
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page x

List of Figures
Figure2. 1: Beam lay out ............................................................................................................... 11
Figure2. 2: column lay out ............................................................................................................ 12
Figure2. 3: Panel lay out ............................................................................................................... 13
Figure2. 4: Foundation lay outs .................................................................................................... 14
Figure2. 5: 3D model of our structure .......................................................................................... 27
Figure3. 1: Ridges perpendicular to the wind direction………………………………………..39
Figure3. 2; Ridges parallel to the wind direction .......................................................................... 41

Figure3. 3: Main truss ................................................................................................................... 47
Figure3. 4; connection between purlin and rafter ......................................................................... 50
Figure3. 5; Purlin section .............................................................................................................. 52
Figure3.6: Purlin analysis result ................................................................................................... 52
Figure3. 7: Analysis diagram of the truss ..................................................................................... 55
Figure4.1: some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are the following.63
Figure4. 2: Moment distribution of coefficient method................................................................ 72

Figure4. 3: support conditions for two way interior slabs ............................................................ 74
Figure4. 4: Cantilever panel.......................................................................................................... 74
Figure4. 5: Panel with opening ..................................................................................................... 76
Figure4. 6: Un-adjusted moment .................................................................................................. 81
Figure4. 7: Un-adjusted moment diagram .................................................................................... 82
Figure4. 8: Adjusted moment values ............................................................................................ 95
Figure4. 9: Slab load transfer ...................................................................................................... 102
Figure4. 10: support conditions .................................................................................................. 106
Figure5. 1: Plan view of the stair……………………………………………………………….108
Figure5. 2: sectional view of the stair ......................................................................................... 108

Figure5. 3: Loading and analysis result of stair (flight1)............................................................ 112
Figure5. 4: Plan and section view of flight 2 .............................................................................. 115
Figure5. 5: Loading and analysis result of stair (flight2)............................................................ 117
Figure6. 1: The 3D model of our structure……………………………………………………119
Figure6.2: Frame analysis result of Moment 3-3 at axis 2(A-D) ................................................ 120
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page xi

Figure6. 3: Moment diagram for the particular axis 2(A-D) ...................................................... 121
Figure6. 4: Reinforcement detail ................................................................................................ 122
Figure6. 5: Shear force analysis result from ETABS on Axis 2(A-B) ....................................... 125
Figure6. 6: Sample shear force diagram on axis 2(A-D) ............................................................ 125
Figure6. 7: Sample beam detailing for Axis 2(A-B)................................................................... 129
Figure6. 8 sample column arrangement ...................................................................................... 134
Figure6.9: First order moment .................................................................................................... 135
Figure7. 1: stress distribution …………………………………………………………………..144
Figure7.2: pressure at the distance d from the face of column ................................................... 145
Figure7. 3: stress distribution in y direction ............................................................................... 146
Figure7. 4: critical sections for punching shear .......................................................................... 147
Figure7. 5: Critical sections for moments ................................................................................... 149
Figure7. 6: Critical sections for moments ................................................................................... 151
Figure7. 7: Summary of reinforcement detailing for footings .................................................... 156
Figure8. 1: shear wall lay out 157
Figure8.2: lateral force at each story level .................................................................................. 157

Figure8. 3: Horizontal force on shear wall ................................................................................. 158
Figure8.4: Moment distribution on shear wall ............................................................................ 158
Figure8.5: Axial load on shear wall ............................................................................................ 159
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page xii

Chapter One: Introduction

1.1 General
A building structure represents an assembly system that consists of components and their
linkages. Generally buildings are composed of architectural and structural parts. The structural
part of the building supports the body of the building preventing it from any collapse or failure.
Therefore, structural design involves the determination of the different sections of the skeletal
part of the building to make it stable and sustainable throughout its design life.
A structural design is executed in such a way that the building will remain fit with appropriate
degrees of reliability and in an economic way. It should sustain all the actions and influences
during execution and use. Therefore, structural design focuses on structural safety and
serviceability with due durability. It must also optimize the cost expended in building the
structure and maintenance.
The structure must perform its intended function safely over its useful life. The concept of useful
life implies considerations of durability and establishes the basis for considering the cumulative
exposure to time-varying risks (i.e., corrosive environments, occupant loads, snow loads, wind
loads, and seismic loads).
The primary objective of design is structural safety and serviceability. In case the structure fails,
it must be in such a way it will minimize risks and casualty. It must extend the time for
evacuation of people inside a building. This requirement of structural design is accomplished by
the principle called ductility. Ductility allows yielding of steel reinforcement prior to the collapse
of the building. Yielding of steel bars warns the start of failure of a structure or its part.
Therefore, structures are designed to be under reinforced by certain percent to assure ductility
mode of failure if it happens.
1.2 Objective of the project
1.2.1 General objective

The objectives of this project are:
 To analyze and design the building that resists different types of loads like dead loads,
live loads, and lateral loads (Wind load and Earthquake load).
Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page 1

 To make the building design safe against failurity and make serviceable until its design
life.
 To design a building which is structurally safe, serviceable and aesthetically pleasing to

the end users.
1.2.2 Specific objective

 To apply the analysis and design principles of the new Ethiopian building code of
standard(EBCS EN)
 To analyze and make economic and safe design of roof, slabs, staircase, beams, columns,
and footings.
 To show design result clearly using figures, tables and drawings details.
1.3 Scope of the project

The scope of the project is to design a G+5 mixed use building. It includes the activities like
analysis and design of:-
 Hipped roof with duo pitch truss
 Solid slab and stair case
 Seismic parameters
 Frame(beams and columns) and
 Footing
The structure is to be built in Addis Ababa, bole sub-city. This location is considered during wind
and seismic load analysis. We will also assume the soil condition of the area to determine the bearing
capacity. The area covered by the building is around 359m 2 and its specific dimensions are:-
 Height of the building=19.65m
 Width of the building = 22.22m
 Length of the building =16.15m

1.4 Literature Review

There are related literatures and articles that we refer and review for our work. [1] (Michael
Yitbarek and Nigatu Gebru) 2017 G.C Addis Ababa University, On their report the analysis and
design of B + G + 6 mixed-use structures that is to be built in Addis Ababa bole sub city is done.
Slabs were analyzed and designed and their load was transferred to supporting beam. Their 3-D
model was created using ETABS 2009 and the frame analysis was done. Based on the frame
analysis result, they have designed a beams, columns and footings. Also analysis and design of
hipped roof is mainly considered in their project.
[2] (Yared Semie and Tajebe Bezabih) 2018 G.C Bahirdar University. This project is structural
model, analysis and design of a B + G+5 Hotel building intended to provide Cafe Restaurant,
Shop, Bedroom, store, Night club and Parking area. The proposed building is located within
Addis Ababa. The structural design of this hotel building involves design and detailed drawing
of a duo pitch truss roof, a solid slab, a ribbed slab, a stair case, beams, columns, shear wall,
beams, columns, foundation and analysis of frames.

Chapter Two: Material and Methodologies

This structural design is executed based on the Ethiopian Building Code of Practice (EBCS-
EN). This code follows the Limit State design approach. Limit state is a state beyond which the
structure no longer satisfies the design performance requirements. It consists of two states
namely Ultimate Limit and serviceability Limit states. Ultimate Limit states are conditions
related with collapse or states prior to structural failure. Its main concern is the safety of structure
and people. Serviceability Limit states are those associated to conditions beyond which a
structure does not accomplish specified service requirements. It is mainly concerned about the
function of construction works, comfort of people, and appearance. This structure is designed for
50years design lifetime.
2.1 Design Parameters
2.1.1 Material Properties

A. concrete: Concrete property for all beams, slabs, and stairs is C20/25 (fck=20Mpa) and for
columns is C25/30. The corresponding strength and deformation characteristics are shown on the
table below:
Table2. 1: Strength and deformation characteristics for C20/25
Description Strength characteristics

C20/25 C25/30
Cylindrical compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘 20 Mpa 25Mpa
Cubical compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑘,𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 25 Mpa 30Mpa
Mean compressive strength, 𝑓𝑐𝑚 28 Mpa 33Mpa
Modulus of elasticity, 𝐸𝑐𝑚 30 Gpa 31Gpa
Weight per unit volume 25.00 kN/m3 25.00 kN/m3
Mass per unit volume 2549.29 kg/m3 2549.29 kg/m3
Poisson's ratio 0.2 0.2
Coefficient of thermal expansion(1/c) 1.00E-05 1.00E-05
𝛾𝑐 1.5 1.5
𝛼𝑐c 0.85 0.85

Design strength
These parameters are computed as follows for concrete grade C20/25 the characteristic cylinder
compressive strength, fck is 20Mpa and for C25/30 fck is 25Mpa.
 For workmanship class I, the partial safety factor for concrete, γc is 1.5. Now using these
values we can calculate the design compressive strength of concrete, f cd.
Concrete: C20/25
∗
fcd= Where, 𝛾𝑐= 1.5, 𝛼𝑐c= 0.85
0.85∗20
fcd = =11.33Mpa
1.5
Concrete: C25/30
∗
fcd= Where, 𝛾𝑐= 1.5, 𝛼𝑐c= 0.85
0.85∗25
fcd = =14.17Mpa
1.5
B. Rebar/Reinforcement
Reinforcement property for all beams, columns, slabs, and stairs is S-400 (f yk=400Mpa). The
corresponding properties are shown in figure below.
Table2.2: Properties of Reinforcement bar
Properties Unit Value

Weight per unit volume kN/m3 76.97
Mass per unit volume kg/m3 7850
Modulus of Elasticity Mpa 200000
Coefficient of thermal expansion 1/c 1E-05
Minimum yield strength, Fy Mpa 400
Minimum tensile strength, Fu Mpa 432
Expected yield strength, Fy Mpa 400
Expected tensile strength, Fu Mpa 432
 For workmanship class I, the partial safety factor for steel, γ s is 1.15. Now using these
values, we can calculate the design tensile strength of steel, f yd.
𝑓𝑦𝑘
For steel grade S-400, fyd= = = 347.83Mpa
γs .

C. Unit weight of Some Useful Construction Materials

Table2. 3: Unit Weight of Construction Materials
Material Unit Weight (Kg/m3)
Concrete 25
Cement Screed 23
Plastering 23
PVC Tiles 5.9
Marble 27
Ceramic Tiles 23
Aluminum 27
HCB 14
2.1.2 Concrete cover design as per the new EBCS EN

The concrete cover is the distance between the surface of the reinforcement closest to the nearest
concrete surface (including links and stirrups and surface reinforcement where relevant) and the
nearest concrete surface.
Nominal cover is designed as maximum cover C min plus allowance in design for deviation ∆C dev.
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992:2015𝐴𝑟𝑡 4.4.1.2(1). Where; 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 − 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟

𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
The value of clear cover is taken from 𝐸𝑆 𝐸𝑁 1992:2014 𝐴𝑟𝑡 4.4.1.2(1) and shall be provided in
order to ensure;
 Safe transmission of bond force
 Corrosion resistance/ Durability
 Fire resistance
Cmin, bonding
Cmin= Max Cmin, dur + ∆Cdur, γ - ∆Cdur,st - ∆Cdur,add
10mm
Cmin, fire Where;

 Cmin, b = minimum cover due to bond requirement, see ES EN Art. 4.4.1.2 (3).
 Cmin, dur = minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2 (5)
 ∆Cdur, γ= additive safety element, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2 (6)
 ∆Cdur, st = reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see ES EN Art 4.4.1.2
(7)
 ∆Cdur, add= reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection, see ES EN Art
4.4.1.2 (8)
But; the recommended value of ∆Cdur, γ, ∆Cdur, st, and ∆Cdur, add is zero see Art. 4.4.1.2 (6,
7, and 8)
A. Cover for slab and stair
Cover Design for Bond (Cmin,b)

In order to transmit bond forces safely and to ensure adequate compaction of the concrete, the
minimum cover should not be less than Cmin, b given in Table 2.4.
Table2.4: Minimum cover for bond

Bond Requirement
Type of steel Minimum cover cmin, b*
Ordinary Diameter of bar
Bundled Equivalent diameter (see 8.9.1)
*: If the nominal max. agg. size is greater than 32 mm, cmin, b should be increased
Assume Ø10 longitudinal bar and Φ20 nominal maximum aggregate size; Therefore;
Cmin, b=10mm.
Cover Design for Corrosion/Durability (Cmin, dur)
Exposure Class for Environment of Addis Ababa

It is Dry or permanently wet.
The concrete exposure class considered for Beam, Slab and Column (super structure) is xc1 and
it is xc2 for Foundation (Substructure). It is given by the table below.

Table2. 5: Exposure classes related to environmental condition
Class Description of the environment Informative examples where exposure classes may
designation occur
X1 Dry or Permanently wet Beam, Slab Column and Shear/lift/ wall

Concrete inside building with low
air humidity
XC2 Wet, rarely dry concrete Foundation
surface subjected to long (Footing, Retained Wall…)
term water contact
The condition of exposure is XC1
Table2. 6: Minimum requirements with regard to durability for reinforcement steel
Environmental Requirement for cmin, dur(mm)
Structural Exposure Class according to Table 4.1

Class
X0 XC1 XC2 / XC3 XC4 XD1 / XS1 XD2 / XS2 XD3 / XS3
S1 10 10 10 15 20 25 30
S2 10 10 15 20 25 30 35
S3 10 10 20 25 30 35 40
S4 10 15 25 30 35 40 45
S5 15 20 30 35 40 45 50
S6 20 25 35 40 45 50 55
Members with slab geometry, reduce Structure Class by 1

S4 S3
Using S3 and Xc1
Cmin, dur = 10mm
10
Cmin= Max 10 + 0 - 0 - 0 Cmin= 10mm
10mm

Note: The value of ΔCdev for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The
recommended value is 10 mm.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛; 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + Δ𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 10𝑚𝑚 + 10𝑚𝑚 = 20𝑚𝑚
Cover Design for Fire
For the slab to sustain fire incident for 60 minutes the required cover and minimum height of the
section can be determined form Table 5.8 0f EN 1992-1-2.
Minimum dimensions and axis distances for reinforced and pre stressed concrete simply supported
one-way and two-way solid slabs.
Table2.7: Minimum dimensions (mm)
Minimum dimensions (mm)

Standard fire slab thickness hs Axis distance
resistance (mm) two ways:
one way ly/lx ≤ 1.5 1.5 < ly/lx ≤2
1 2 3 4 5
REI 30 60 10* 10* 10*

REI 60 80 20 10* 15*
REI 90 100 30 15* 20
REI 120 120 40 20 25
REI 180 150 55 30 40
REI 240 175 65 40 50
lx and ly are the spans of a two-way slab (two directions at right angles) where ly is the
longer span.
For pre stressed slabs the increase of axis distance according to 5.2(5) should be noted.
The axis distances a in Column 4 and 5 for two-way slabs relate to slabs supported at all
four edges. Otherwise, they should be treated as one-way spanning slab.
* Normally the cover required by EN 1992-1-1 will control.
Cfire=20mm
hs=80mm
Therefore, use governing cover for slab, 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 =20mm

B. Cover for Beams and columns
Cover Design for Bond
Assume Ø16 longitudinal bar and Φ20 nominal maximum aggregate size;
Therefore; Cmin, b=16mm.

Cover Design for Corrosion/Durability
Exposure classes related to environmental conditions in accordance with EN 206-1
The condition of exposure is XC1 and structural class S3 used to determine Cmin, dur.
Cmin, dur=10mm
Cmin, bonding
Cmin= Max Cmin, dur + ∆Cdur, γ - ∆Cdur,st - ∆Cdur,add
10mm
Cmin, fire
16
Cmin= Max 10 + 0 -0 -0
10mm
Therefore, Cmin =16mm

ΔCdev (allowance in Design for Variation ) for use in a Country may be found in its National
Annex. The recommended value is 10 mm.
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛; 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 + ∆𝐶𝑑𝑒𝑣 = 16𝑚𝑚 + 10𝑚𝑚 = 26𝑚𝑚
Use 𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚=25mm, for beams and columns
C. Cover for foundation(Substructure)

C20/25, use Φ20 bars
Exposure class Xc2
Structural class S4 reduced by Class 1 (S3)
Using table 2.4N Cmin, dur =20mm
20mm
Cmin= Max 20+ 0 -0 -0=20mm
10mm
Cmin, fire=20mm

Cmin=20mm
𝐶𝑛𝑜𝑚 =20mm+10mm=30mm
But according to Article 4.4.1.3(4) for concrete cost against uneven surface the nominal cover
should be at least K1,mm for concrete cast against prepar
prepared
ed ground (including bonding).
Note: - The value of K1, for use in a country may be found in its national Annex. The
recommended Value K1=50 mm
Summary
Foundation/ Footing: Cnom =50mm
Slab and stair: Cnom=20mm
Beam, and Column: Cnom=max {12, 25}, Cnom=25mm
2.1.3 Section Property

A. Beam lay out
Figure2. 1: Beam lay out

The cross sections being used for the design of beams are:
are:-
 Grade beam(GB30x45)cm
GB30x45)cm B
 Intermediate beam(IB30x40)cm
30x40)cm
 Top tie beam(TTB25x30)cm
25x30)cm D D
B. Column Lay out
Figure2. 2: column lay out
The column cross sections applied for our design in are B
 C(40x40)cm, for foundation column and First floor column

 C(35x35)cm,, for second and third floor columns H
 C(30x30)cm,, For fourth and Fifth floor columns

C. Panel lay outs
Figure2. 3: Panel lay out

D. Foundation Layout
Figure2. 4: Foundation lay outs

2.1.3 Loads and load combination

Structures are subjected to loads due to their own self-weight, live load and due to other
unavoidable loads; such as lateral and dynamic loads. The establishment of this loads which is
acting on a structure is one of the most difficult and yet important steps in the design process.
The loads that act on a structure can be classified into three categories: dead loads, live loads and
environmental loads. Since the method of analysis is the same for each category of loading, all
loads can be combined before analysis is performed by the use of ETABS software. However,
separate analyses are usually carried out to facilitate the consideration of various load
combinations. EBCS EN provides design guidance for the structural design of buildings and civil
engineering works. It also provides:
 Characteristic values for densities of specific building materials

 Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight (dead load) of
construction elements
 Characteristic values of imposed (live loads) on floors and roofs in building structures
A. Dead Loads
Dead loads are loads that act on structures as a result of the self-weight of the structure itself and
components that are immovable fixtures and permanent components remain stationary and
relatively constant over time. Examples of dead loads are the weights of the structural members
such as beams, floor slabs, columns and walls, the weight of permanent partitions, plaster board,
roof materials, and ceilings and of fixed service equipment.
Unit weights of materials taken from ESEN 1992: 2014 are used to compute these dead loads of
the structure.
B. Live Loads (Movable, Time dependent)
Examples for live loads are weight of persons, movable partitions, dust loads, weight of furniture
etc. Movable loads are those for which change in position take place over an extended period of
time such as people, merchandise, non-fixed furniture and equipment, stored material in a
warehouse and movable partitions in an office building. The live loads on a structure can be
obtained from ES EN 1991-1-1: 2014 based on the function of building. According to table 6.1in
ES EN 1991-1-1: 2014 Sec 6.3.1.1

Table2. 8: Imposed loads on floors, balconies and stairs in buildings
Categories of Areas qk [kN/m2] Qk

Category A
Floors 1.5 to 2.0 2.0 to 3.0
Stairs 2.0 to 4.0 2.0 to 4.0
Balconies 2.5 to 4.0 2.0 to 3.0
Category B 2.0 to 3.0 1.5 to 4.5
Category C
C1 2.0 to 3.0 3.0 to 4.0
2.5 to 7.0
C2 3.0 to 4.0 (4.0)
C3 3.0 to 5.0 4.0 to 7.0
C4 4.5 to 5.0 3.5 to 7.0
C5 5.0 to 7.5 3.5 to 4.5
Category D
3.5 to 7.0
D1 4.0 to 5.0 (4.0)
D2 4.0 to 5.0 3.5 to 7.0
Since the current code provides a range of loads for imposed loads, we took values which
correspond to the values given in EBCS standard to make imposed loads as constant design
variables.
C. Earthquake Loads
Earthquake is one of the common dynamic loads that structures in seismic regions experience,
when it occurs the building undergoes dynamic motion. Here loads are not applied to the
structure in the normal fashion but the base of the structure undergoes a sudden shaking. Internal
forces are induced due to inertia force of the structure (ES EN-1998, 2015).
Earthquakes and their magnitudes are impossible to predict. Design earthquakes are obtained
from statistical analyses carried out on past recorded earthquake data. The design earthquake
load to be considered for the design of a structure depends on seismicity of the region, ground
conditions of its site and stiffness of its structural components (ES EN-1998, 2015).
According to preliminary check made on all buildings, they are regular in elevation. Based on
this lateral force method of analyses is made for all buildings selected in this project Seismic
load parameters (ES EN-1998, 2015)

 Bed rock acceleration= 0.1g, for Addis Ababa (annex D)

 Importance factor=1 (Importance class II: ordinary buildings, not belonging to other
 Torsional eccentricity:
To begin seismic load analysis we will first determining the base shear that act on our structure
due to earthquake. The base shear is given by the following expression.
Fb=Sd(T1)*m* λ pr EN 1998-1-2003 section 4.3.3.2.2 page 43
Where:- Sd (T1) is the ordinate of the design spectrum at period T1;
T1 is the fundamental period of vibration of the building for lateral motion in the direction
considered;
m is the total mass of the building, above the foundation or above the top of a rigid basement
λ is the correction factor, the value of which is equal to: λ = 0,85 if T1 < 2 TC and the building
has more than two storeys, or λ = 1,0 otherwise.
T1=Ct*H(3/4)
Where:- Ct is 0.085 for moment resistant space steel frames, 0.075 for moment resistant Space
concrete frames and for eccentrically braced steel frames and 0.050 for all other structures (sec
4.3.3.2.2(3))
H is the height of the building, in m, from the foundation or from the top of a rigid basement.
(Sec 4.3.3.2.2(3))
Design spectrum Sd (T)

.
= 𝑎g ∗ S ∗ ∗ [ ]
TC<T1<TD: Sd(T) (sec 4.3.3.2.5(4))
> 𝛽 ∗ 𝑎g
Where T is the vibration period of a linear single-degree-of-freedom system;
ag is the design ground acceleration on type A ground (ag = γI.agr);
TC is the upper limit of the period of the constant spectral acceleration branch;
TD is the value defining the beginning of the constant displacement response range of the
spectrum; S is the soil factor;
Sd (T) is the design spectrum;
q is the behaviour factor;

β is the lower bound factor for the horizontal design spectrum.( The recommended value for β is 0.2)
Ground type
Type B= deposits of very dense , sand gravel or stiff clay , at least several tens of meter in thickness ,
characterized by a gradual increase of mechanical property with depth.
Table 3.3 Ground type from EN 1998-1:2003 page 20 Addis Ababa exhibits a surface wave magnitude
not greater than 5.5 (low seismic zone) So it is recommended to adopt a type 2 spectrum (0.05g).
Table2. 9: Table Values of the parameters describing recommended type 1 response spectra
Ground type S TB(Sec) TC(Sec) TD(Sec)

A 1.0 0.15 0.4 2.0
B 1.2 0.15 0.5 2.0
C 1.15 0.2 0.6 2.0
D 1.35 0.2 0.8 2.0
E 1.4 0.15 0.5 2.0
T1=Ct*H(3/4)
H=20m (from the foundation to roof level)
Ct=0.075 Concrete frame and eccentrically braced still frames
T1=0.075*20(3/4) =0.709sec
.
= 𝑎g ∗ S ∗ ∗ [ ]
TC<T1<TD: Sd(T) (sec 4.3.3.2.5(4))
> 𝛽 ∗ 𝑎g
.
= 𝑎g ∗ S ∗ ∗ [ ]
TC<T1<TD: Sd(T)
> 𝛽 ∗ 𝑎g
𝝱=0.2 Lower bound factor PrEN 1998-2003 page 28

ag = agr = 0.05*9.81=0.4905
q=3.9>1.5
S=1.2
. .
0.4905 ∗ 1.2 ∗ ∗ = 0.266
Sd(T1)> . .
0.2 ∗ 0.4905 = 0.0981
Sd(T1)=0.266
Fb= Sd(T)*m*λ

m- is the total mass of the building above the foundation or above the top the rigid basement,
computed in accordance to sec3.2.4(2)
λ=0.85, if T1< 2TC and the building has more than two story.
∗
T1< 2TC=0.709<2*0.5=1 Fi=Fb*(∑ )
∗
The major types of loads that we apply to the analysis and design of our building are summarized
in the table below.
Table2.10: Load cases
Load case Type Self weight multiplier

DEAD DEAD 1
LIVE LIVE 0
SD SUPPER DEAD 0
EQXP QUAKE 0
EQXN QUAKE 0
EQYP QUAKE 0
EQYN QUAKE 0
D. Load combinations:
We determine the combination we were going to use. The combinations were as follows:
Serviceability COMBO1=D.L+L.L
COMBO 2=1.35 D.L+1.5L.L
COMBO 3 DL + 0.3LL + EQXA + 0.3EQYA
COMBO 4 DL + 0.3LL + EQXA – 0.3EQYA
COMBO 5 DL + 0.3LL - EQXA + 0.3EQYA
COMBO 6 DL + 0.3LL - EQXA – 0.3EQYA
COMBO 7 DL + 0.3LL + EQYA + 0.3EQXA
COMBO 8 DL + 0.3LL + EQYA – 0.3EQXA
COMBO 9 DL + 0.3LL - EQYA + 0.3EQXA
COMBO 10 DL + 0.3LL - EQYA – 0.3EQXA

COMBO 11 DL + 0.3LL + EQXB + 0.3EQYB

COMBO 12 DL + 0.3LL + EQXB – 0.3EQYB

COMBO 13 DL + 0.3LL - EQXB + 0.3EQYB
COMBO 14 DL + 0.3LL - EQXB – 0.3EQYB
COMBO 15 DL + 0.3LL + EQYB + 0.3EQXB
COMBO 16 DL + 0.3LL + EQYB – 0.3EQXB
COMBO 17 DL + 0.3LL - EQYB + 0.3EQXB
COMBO 18 DL + 0.3LL - EQYB – 0.3EQXB
ENVELOPE = ENVE (COMBO 1 + COMBO 2+ COMBO 3+ COMBO 4……….COMBO18)
2.2 Analysis and Design Methodologies
2.2.1 Methodology of Roof Analysis and Design

Two methods are available for wind load analysis, namely Quasi static method and dynamic
analysis. Quasi static is preferred for this particular design since our structure is assumed to be
less susceptible to dynamic excitation. According to old EBCS a building which satisfies the
criterion (For 𝐶𝑑 <1.2 and building height less than 200m) can be analyzed using quasi static
method of analysis.
According to the EBCS-EN 2014, the analysis for wind load includes procedural calculation of
 Fundamental basic wind velocity-10 minute mean wind velocity which depends on the
altitude. For Addis Ababa the fundamental basic wind velocity is taken as 26m/s.
 The basic wind velocity- the fundamental basic wind velocity is modified to account for
the direction of wind being considered.
 Mean wind velocity- the basic wind velocity to account for the effect of terrain
roughness.
 Pressure coefficient- external and internal pressure coefficients (Cpe & Cpi) gives the
effect of wind on the external and internal surface of the building. The external pressure
coefficients are divided into overall coefficients and local coefficients. The local
coefficients give pressure coefficients for loaded areas of 1m 2 or less and overall
coefficient give the pressure coefficients for loaded areas larger than 10m 2.
 Finally net pressure coefficients give the resulting effect of wind on the structure.

Detail calculation is done on wind analysis and design of roof and truss members using the
following procedures.
1. Basic wind velocity Vb = Cdir ×Cseason × vb, 0
2. Basic velocity pressure qb = 1 /2x ρair x vb2 (KN/m2)
3. Mean wind velosity

Vm(z) = Cr(z) ∗ Co(z) ∗ Vb
Cr(Z) = KT ∗ ln(Z/Zo) for Zmin<Z<200m

Cr(Z) = Cr(Zmin) , for Z < Zmin , where
Cr(Z) = the roughness coefficient and
Co(z) = is the topographic coefficient.
4. Peak velocity pressure qp(z) = [1 + 7lv(z)] x 1/2x ρ x vm(z) 2
5. External pressure coefficient (Cpe), and internal pressure coefficient (Cpi)- depends on
zone classification and area of each zone.
6. External wind pressure

 We= qp(z) x Ce(ze) x Cpe
 Wi= qp(z) x Ce(zi) x Cpi
7. Net wind pressure
 Critical +ve pressure

 Critical –ve pressure
 Wnet=(We±wi)
8. Roof cover Purlin load. The roof load is analyzed and added to the load of the wind to
determine the maximum load acting on the truss member. EGA sheet cover and hipped
type of roof is considered for our structure. Design in this section includes analyzing:
 Load of EGA sheet and purlin
 Live load and maximum Load combinations determined
9. Truss members are selected
10. Reactions at Nodes is determined
11. Modeling the truss using Etabs
12. Safety trial section of truss member under load is checked
13. Finally maximum result for tension and compression is determined from ETABS.

2.2.2 Methodology for the Analysis and Design of Solid slab

General procedures for slab analysis and design are:-
Step 1: - panel layout

This refers sketching the position plan from the given Architectural drawing. This helps us to
know the location of columns, beams, no. of panels and their support condition.
Step 2: - Depth determination
As per ES EN 1992:2014; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either: by limiting
the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or by comparing a calculated deflection, according to
7.4.3, with a limit value.So here we have calculated by limiting the span/depth ratio, according to
7.4.2. The formula can be stated as:
l/d = k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3 .....…. 𝑖𝑓𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜,𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)
l/d = k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/(ρ-ρ′))+1/12√fck √ρ′/ρ]∗F1∗F2∗F3 ……. 𝑖𝑓𝜌>𝜌𝑜𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)
Where;
 l/d - is the limit span/depth
 K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems
 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio =10-3√fck
 ρ - is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due
to design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.
310
 F1= = ,
𝜎𝑠 ∗
,
 F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3. Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.
 F3=7/leff, for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art.
5.3.2.2 (1)). or F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which

support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters).

Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases.
Note: - Total depth is computed by adding effective depth, clear cover and half of the diameter
of the reinforcement bar.
Step 3: - Panel classification
Step 4: - Loading condition

 Dead loads: - are actions on the structure as the result of the weight of the structure itself
and the components that are permanently fixed to it.
 Live loads: - are loads those acting structures during construction and due to the function
of the structure. Based on the category of the building as stated in ES EN 1991 -1-1, table
6.1, we take live load values from ES EN 1991-1-1 table 6.2.
Step 5: - Individual panel moments

In this building we have three types of slabs. These are one-way, two-way and cantilever slab.
For two-way slab system as per ES EN 1992 -1-1, Individual panel moments with edges either
simply supported or fully fixed are calculated as;
2
Mi=αi*Pd*Lx ; Where:
 Mi. =is the design moment per unit width at the point of reference.
 αi = is the coefficient given in table A-1 as function of aspect and support conditions.
 Pd = is the design load of the building.
 Lx= is the shorter span of the panel.
Note: - Subscript for moments and moment coefficient has the following meaning.
 S-support x- direction of shorter span
 f- field (span) y-direction of longer span
Step 6:- Redistribution of support moments

When the support connects two types of panels like cantilever and one-way slab, one way and
two-way slab, cantilever and two-way slab: -
 The larger moment value is taken if the % of moment difference is less than 20% of the
larger value.

 Moment redistribution is done if the % of moment difference is greater than 20% of the
larger value based on their relative stiffness.
 Span moment correction is done using equilibrium condition.
The procedure for applying this method is as follows.
 First calculate support and span moment for individual panels by assuming each panel to
be fully loaded. This is done by using the coefficients given in the table A1 ES EN 1992.
The unbalanced moment is distributed using moment distribution method. The relative
stiffness of each panel shall be taken proportional to its gross moment of inertia divided
by the smaller span.
Note: - If the difference is less than 20% of the larger value, the larger moment is taken.
Step 7:- Adjustment of span moments
As per ES EN1992, if the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myf are then
increased to allow the changes of support moments. This increment is calculated as being equal
to the change of the support moment multiplied by the factors given in table A.2. If the support
moment is increased, no adjustment shall be made to the span moments.
Step 8:- check depth for flexure, shear and deflection
Step 9:- Slab Reinforcement as per ES EN 1991-1-1
 Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the principal reinforcement
should be provided in one-way slabs. In areas near supports transverse reinforcement to
principal top bars is not necessary where there is no transverse bending moment.
 The spacing for the principal reinforecemnt,3h≤400mm, where h is the total depth of the
slab;
 For secondary reinforcement, 3.5h≤450mm.
In area with concentrated loads or areas of maximum moment those provisions become
respectively
 For the principal reinforecement,2h≤250mm
 For the secondary reinforcement, 3h≤400mm

2.2.3 Methodology for the Analysis and Design of the staircase

A stair is a series of steps arranged in such a manner as to connect different floors of a
building. Stairs are designed to provide easy and quick access to different floors. The type of
stair used in our structure is open well stair. In open well stair, a well or opening is left between
forward and backward flight. The opening is generally used for the installation of lift. Stair
analysis and design is like slabs.
General Procedures used in stair Analysis and design:-
1. Depth determination based checking deflection criteria
2. Load calculation (DL, LL)
Dead load on a stair includes:
 Cement screed
 Finishing material
 RC Concrete
 Plastering
Live load: (4KN/m2)
Total design load (1.35DL+1.5LL)
3. Moment calculation
 maximum +ve moment
 Maximum –ve moment
4. Reinforcement calculation
2.2.4 Methodology for Frame Analysis and Design

Analysis and design of the 3-D model of a building is done by using the ETABS software. To
accomplish this task we perform the following tasks.
 Selecting the governing lateral load
 Creating 3-D model of our structure using ETABS 2007
 Entering both vertical and lateral loads to the computer software

 Getting the outputs need for the design of structural members from the computer
software.
Modeling the 3D Frame Using ETABS Software
ETABS is one of the popular software, which are used for structural Modeling analysis and
design. Using the software, modeling the structure, frame analysis, and design can be done.
The software is also able to compute lateral loads i.e. wind load and seismic load bases on inputs
given by the user.
Procedures for 3-D modeling of the structure

The following are the overview of the steps used to draw the 3-D model of the structure and
made frame analysis.
Step 1: We plot Grid Coordinates that represent the given structural design.
Step 2: We defined the materials properties of both concrete and rebar steels we are going to use
Step 3: We define Frame Section of the building members (beam, column and slab)
Step 4: We draw the different Structural Members using the defined cross sections including
assignment of Restraints (fixed Joint).
Step6: We determined the load cases we are going to use. These where dead load, live Load,
supper dead load and earthquake load. We also determined response spectrum case parameters
Step 7: We determine the combination we were going to use. It is given in the previous section
Step 8: Assignment of Loads - Loads include the live load, partition loads (SD), floor finish
loads which are assigned on the slabs and the wall loads (SD) are assigned on the beam.
Step 9: Run Analysis

After checking for errors we run the analysis.
Finally as shown below we determined the moments for major and minor Axis and shear Force.
Step 10: start design and check the results for the frame elements (beam and column). The
design result is finally checked for its displacement, stress or adequacy of the section and revised
so many times until adequate result is obtained.

Figure2. 5: 3D model of our structure
2.2.5 Methodology for Beam analysis and Design

Beam is the structural member of a building which resists load primarily by means of internal
moments (M) and shear (V).
Beam may be designed for flexural mo

moment and
nd shear in different fashion, depending
d on the
magnitude of the moment, shear and the cross section. Accordingly, the beam can be singly
reinforced or doubly reinforced. In order to find the depth of the beam, first it is needed to find
concrete cover
er and effective depth.
1. Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement
According to ES EN 1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:

By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or
By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value
ρ ρ
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√(
√( − 1)3/2] ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3……. 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑡𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)
ρ ρ
ρ ρ
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓
𝑓𝑐𝑘√ ] ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3…….. 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)
(7.16
ρ ρ’ ρ
Where;

 K- is the factor to take into account the different structural systems

 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio=10-3√𝑓𝑐𝑘
 ρ - is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
the design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment
due to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 fck is characteristics compressive strength of concrete in MPa unit.
300
F1= = ,
σs ∗
,,
F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3.
Otherwise;
F2=1 for other cases.
F3=7/leff, for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art. 5.3.2.2 (1)). Or
F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which support partitions
liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters). Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases
Assumption initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a.
As, req = As, provided.
= 𝐾 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3, where: -
ρ ρ
N=11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√( − 1)3/2, But 𝜌𝑜= 𝜌(𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ρ ρ
𝜌𝑜= √𝑓𝑐𝑘∗ 10−3= √20 ∗ 10−3= 0.447%
N= 11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘= 11 + 1.5√20 = 17.71
F1= = , =500/400 = 1.25

∗
,,
F2=1 and F3= 1 (because span of beam < 7m)
Now: determine k = 1.5 using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015

Table2. 11: Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members
Structural System K Concrete Concrete lightly

highly stressed
stressed
Simply supported beam, one- or 1.0 14 20
two-way spanning simply supported slab
End span of continuous beam or one-way continuous slab or 1.3 18 26

two- way spanning slab continuous
Interior span of beam or one-way 1.5 20 30

or two-way spanning slab
Slab supported on columns without beams (flat slab) (based on 1.2 17 24

long span)
Cantilever 0.4 6 8
=K*N*F1*F2*F3= 1*17.71*1.25*1*1=22.14
Where, L=5.5m=5500mm
The effective depth d=5500mm/22.14=248.42mm
We have d’= d’= cover + Øst + Ølong/2, Use concrete cover = 25mm
Ø
Bar diameter = 16mm, d’= cover+ Øst+ = 25mm+8+ 16/2𝑚𝑚= 41mm so;
D = d+d’ = 248.42mm + 41mm =289.42 mm …... take D = 300mm

Now: d=D- d’=300mm-41mm=259mm=260mm……the minimum required depth for
serviceability
2. Steps for flexural design of beam
Step1. Determine material constants
∗
fcd= , fyd= d
step2. Determining the effective depth

Given that b and D as shown in the figure d’
D=effective depth + cover + Øst + Ølong/2= d+ d’
d’= cover + Øst + Ølong/2

Step 3: Calculation of µsds, by taking the maximum design moment MED, from analysis result of
ETABS software.
,
µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 =
∗
1. If µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 < µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 * = 0.295, the beam is designed as singly reinforced concrete,
otherwise it is designed as doubly reinforced concrete.
Step 4: Calculation of Kz and Z using design chart No. 1 of (EBCS 2)
Kz= Z/d and Z= KZ*d
Step5: Calculation of Area of steel
2. For singly reinforced beam Ast, calc = where Msd is the maximum design
∗
moment taken from analysis result

∗ ∗ ∗
 For doubly reinforced beam, As1= + ; and As2= where,
∗ ( )∗ ( )∗
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ∗= 0.295*fcd*b2, As1=tension reinforcement and As2= compression reinforcement.

The Reinforcement shall be checked whether it is within the required permissible limit or not.
(i.e ASmin ≤ As≤ Asmax = 0.04AC)
Step 6) calculation of number of tension or compression bars.
, ∗
#bars = and Spacing ≤
3h
400mm
Step 7) checking the type of failure

ԑ
If ρb = 0.8[ ]* > ρ, then the section is on the safe side (ductile/tension failure); where
ԑ ԑ
ρb= maximum permissible reinforcement ratio, ρ= the provided reinforcement ratio.
2.2.6 Methodology for Analysis and design of column

A column is a vertical structural member supporting axial compressive loads, with or
without moments. The cross-sectional dimensions of a column are generally considerably less
than its height. Columns support vertical loads from the floors and roof and transmit these loads
to the foundations. Procedures for column design involve determining the actions on the column,
from ETABS analysis and following the steps below for the design:

 Ultimate axial load, NED

 Ultimate moment at the top of the column, Mtop
 Ultimate moment at the bottom of the column, M bottom
 The value of the axial force and moment on each column is determined
I. Effective length determination

Effective length: a length used to account for the shape of the deflection curve. It can also be
defined as buckling length i.e the length of pin-ended column with constant normal force, having
the same cross section and buckling load.
Determine effective length 𝑙𝑜 in each direction
Effective length, lo
For braced member,
lo=0.5l 1+ [1 + ] ………. EN ES 1992-1-1:2002, Sec. 5.8.3.2

. .
( )
Ki=
∗∑ ( )
I= (the top and bottom for both beam and column)
Where b and h are dimensions for both beam and column
λ= ,
i= =
√
 Specify reinforcement range (i.e maximum and minimum reinforcement) provided.
According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 9.5.2.2, the minimum reinforcement provided should be:
. ∗
As,min=Max
0.002𝐴𝐶
According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 9.5.2(3) the recommended maximum value is:
𝐴𝑠max=0.04𝐴𝑐
II. Imperfection (additional) eccentricity
According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 5.2.7 the effect of imperfection can be taken as:

ei=max
III. First order effects: action effects calculated without consideration of the effects of
structural deformations but including geometric imperfection
first order moment including imperfection:
For both directions

𝑀01={|𝑀𝑇𝑜𝑝|,|𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚|}+𝑒𝑖𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑀02=𝑀ax{|𝑀𝑇𝑜𝑝|,|𝑀𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚|}+𝑒𝑖𝑁𝐸𝑑
𝑀0𝑒 =0.6𝑀02 +0.4𝑀01 ≥0.4𝑀02
IV. Check slenderness

Limits of slenderness for isolated non-sway column According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 5.8.3.1,
Second order effect for isolated members may be ignored if the slenderness ʎ=𝑙𝑜𝑖 is below a certain
limit value, ʎ𝑙𝑖𝑚
From EBCS EN 1992-1-1:2013(Sec 5.8.(6))

∗ ∗ ∗
λ=
√
A= (if 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, A=0.7 may be assumed)

( . ∗𝞿 )
B=√1 + 2⍵ (if ⍵ is not known, B=1.1 may be assumed)
C=1.7-𝛄m (if 𝛄m is not known, C=0.7 may be assumed)
But 𝛄m =
𝑀01 , 𝑀02 are the first order end moments, |𝑀02|≥|𝑀01|
𝑖𝑓 ʎ≥ʎ𝑙𝑖𝑚…𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒2 ), if not it is non slender column(do not consider
second order)
V. Accidental eccentricity
ea=
VI. Equivalent first order eccentricity
For Y-Y and Z-Z direction

0.6 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜1

ee=max
0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2
eo1=
eo2=
etot= ea+ ee
VII. Reinforcement calculation

⍵∗ ∗
As,tot =
My=Nsd*etot-y
Mz= Nsd*etot-x
Vsd=
∗ ∗
𝜇 sds,y=
∗ ∗
𝜇 sds,z=
∗ ∗
’ ’
find ⍵ using =
From bi- axial interaction chart
Check with maximum & minimum Reinforcement limits

. ∗
As,min=max Tie reinforcing calculation
0.002𝐴𝐶
20ϕ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔
Smax=min
min(𝑏, h)
2.2.7 Methodology for analysis and design of Foundation

Foundation is that part of a structure which transmits the weight of the structure to the ground.
The main objectives of a foundation are the following:
 To distribute the weight of the structure over larger area so as to avoid over loading of the
soil beneath.
 To load the sub structure evenly so as to avoid unequal settlement.
 To provide a level surface for building operations

 To take the sub structure deep into the ground and thus increase its stability and avoid
overturning
The design of any foundations consists of two main steps;
 Geotechnical design which is covered in ES EN-1997-1.
 Structural design which is covered in ES EN 1992-1-1.
Design of isolated footing
The Structural design of foundations is covered in ES EN 1992-1-1. The structural design for
reinforced concrete foundation includes:
 Selecting an appropriate grade of concrete and reinforcing steel.
 Determining the required foundation thickness.
 Determining the size, number & spacing of the reinforcing bars.
Note that for the structural design of foundations, the limit state that should be used is the
Ultimate Limit State (ULS) of collapse; that is verification should be done for limit state STR.
Therefore, the load combination for the design load will be;
Pd=1.35Gk+1.5Qk ……………1
Where,
Gk = the characteristic dead load.
Qk = the characteristic live load.
Steps in the design of isolated footings are the following:
 Proportioning
 Thickness determination
 Reinforcement calculation
Step1: proportioning
The geotechnical design of foundations is covered in ES EN-1997-1. The main requirements in

geotechnical design of foundations are:
 The pressure on the soil should not exceed the bearing capacity of the soil.
 The settlement of the structure should be within the permissible limits.

 These two requirements decide the dimensions (Width & Length) of the footing from
bearing capacity and settlement requirements. This is known as Proportioning of
foundation.
The criteria for proportioning based on bearing capacity are; the maximum stress due to applied
load is less than or equal to the bearing capacity of the soil and the minimum stress due to
applied load is greater than or equal to zero.
Ծmax = 1+ + < q ult
ex =
ey =
Step2: Thickness determination

The thickness is determined to fulfill punching and wide beam shear criteria.
 Depth from wide-beam shear

Calculate or check the depth of the footing based on wide-beam shear. The critical sections that
should be considered are given in figure below. The applied shear forces are calculated along the
planes X-X and Y-Y.
Along x-direction:
If the acting applied shear force is less than the shear resistance of the footing it is ok.
VRd, c >Vxx………………. Ok
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 k(100∗ρ1fck)13)] B*d ≥ [Vmin]* B*d

Vxx= Qavg *Area
Along y-direction:
If VRd, c >Vyy………………. Ok
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 k(100∗ρ1fck)13)] B*d ≥ [Vmin]* B*d
VYY= Qavg *Area
Depth from Punching shear

Punching shear arises when a concentrated load or reaction acts on a relatively small area, called
the loaded area A, of a slab or a foundation. The resulting stresses are verified along defined

control perimeters around the loaded area. To find the acting punching shear the contact pressure
distribution must be calculated first; the critical section is 2d distance from the face of column
(ES EN 1992-1-1)
𝑉𝐸𝐷= (v𝐸𝐷, 𝑟𝑒𝑑) *𝑈∗𝑑
𝑉Rd,c=v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 *𝑈∗𝑑
If 𝑉Rd,c >𝑉𝐸𝐷 ………………it’s ok
Step3: Calculation of reinforcement
The critical sections for bending moment for an isolated footing are shown in figure below. The
design moments are calculated along the planes X-X and Y-Y.
ծ, ∗ ∗( )
MX-X=
ծ, ∗ ∗( )
MY-Y =
Reinforcement should be calculated for both directions
As = (Kx/m) *(b*d)
As min ≥ [0.26*(fctm/fyk) *b*d), 0.0013*b*d]

Smax ≤ (3*D, 400) = (3*350,400)

Chapter Three: Roof Analysis and Design Result

3.1 Wind load calculation
Fundamental value of the basic wind velocity at Addis Ababa is 26 m/sec
vb = Cdir ×Cseason × vb, 0 …….. (ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 § 4.2)
Where: Cdir = Directional factor and to be taken as 1.0
Cseason=Seasonal factor to be taken as 1.0
Vb,0=fundamental value of the basic wind velocity and to be taken as 26 m/sec
vb = 1 ∗ 1 ∗ 26 = 26m/sec
Basic velocity pressure
qb = ρvb2 (ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 § Eq 4.10)

Where: ρair = 1.25 kg/m³ (air density)
qb = *1.25*262=𝟒𝟐𝟐. 𝟓𝐍/𝐦𝟐
Exposure coefficient Ce(z)

Z
Cr(z) = Kr∗ln( ) ,for Zmin<Z<Zmax
Zo
Cr(z) = Cr(Zmin),for Z <Zmin

Where:
Zo = Roughness length
Kr= Terrain factor depending on roughness length Zo calculated using
Z .
Kr= 0.19 ∗( )
Zo,II
Where:
Zo,II =0.05m (for terrain category II) table 4.1
Zmin = Minimum height = 10m
Zmax=200m
N.B: For the terrain classification, Adissababa is an urban area in which at least 15% of the
surface is covered with buildings and their average height exceeds above 15m. According to ES-
EN 1991 -1.4, Table 4.1 it is falls into category IV (the worst case).
1 .
Kr= 0.19 ∗( ) = 0.2342
0.05
Where: Zo = Roughness length=1m

Z
Cr(z) = Kr∗ln( )
Zo
19.65
Cr(z) = 0.234∗ln( )=0.70
1
Where: Z (Maximum height of the building) = 19.65m
Mean wind
Vm(z) = Cr(z) ∗ Co(z) ∗Vb
Vm(z)= 0.70∗1∗26
Vm(z)= 18.20m/s
Peak velocity pressure
qp(z) = [1 + 7lv(z)] * * ρ *vm(z)2
IV(z)= for terrain category IV: Zmin=10m ≤ Z=19.65m≤ Zmax=200m

( ) ( )
Where: kl is turbulence factor recommended value is 1.0
IV(z)= . = 0.34
( )
qp(z)=1 + 7lv(z)] * * ρ *vm(z)2
qp(z) = [1 + 7*0.34] * * 1.25 * 18.202= 0.706KN/m2
3.1.1 Pressure coefficients

Case 1: Ridges perpendicular to the wind direction i.e. ϴ = 0 0

𝑏 = 22.25𝑚
 e= min
2h = 2 ∗ 19.65m = 39.3
 e=22.25m
.
 = = 5.5;
.
 = = 2.23m and
.
 = =11.125m
 e/10=19.83m/10=1.97m
Figure3. 1: Ridges perpendicular to the wind direction
N.B: To determine the value of αo the windward dimension and height of the roof from bottom
of horizontal member of the roof truss should be determined.
.
αo=tan ( ) =10.50
.
Table3. 1: Areas for the division of hipped roofs for 0 0
Zone F G H I J K
Area (m2) 10.39 11.22 79.38 86.82 19.85 11.59
Cpe=Cpe, 10, A≥10 m2 (since all the areas are > 10m2so we take Cpe, 10)
Table3. 2: External coefficients for θ=00
Zone for wind F G H I J K L M

direction θ=00 Cpe,10 Cpe10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10
α= 5° 1.7 1.2 -0.6
0 0 0 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6
α=15° -0.9 -0.8 -0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.5 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -0.6

The external pressure coefficient can be calculated for each zone as follows:
Table3. 3: Pressure coefficient for each zone
Zone F Zone G Zone H
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 1.7 50 1.2 50 -0.6
0 0 0
10.50 +0.27 10.50 +0.1 10.50 -0.435
0.1 0.1 0.11
150 -0.9 150 -0.8 150 -0.3
0.2 0.2 +0.2
Cpe10: 0.1 and +0.27 Cpe10: +0.1 Cpe10: -0.435 and+0.11
Zone I Zone J
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 0.3 50 0.6
10.50 -0.14 10.50 -0.28
150 -0.5 150 -1.0
Cpe10: -0.14 Cpe10: - 0.28
Zone K Zone L
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 1.2
50 0.6
10.50 -0.23
10.50 -0.39
150 -1.4
150 -1.2
Cpe10=0.39 Cpe10:-0.23

Zone M
αo Cpe10
50 0.6
10.50 -0.06
0.06
150 -0.6
0.6 Cpe10: -0.06
Case 2: Ridges parallel to the wind direction i.e. ϴ = 900
Figure3. 2; Ridges parallel to the wind direction

𝑏 = 16.15𝑚(𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛)
e= min =16.15m
2h = 2 ∗ 19.65m = 39.3
.
So: = = 5.5;
.
= = 2.23m and
.
= =11.125m
N.B:To determine the value of αo the windward dimension and height of the roof from bottom of
horizontal member of the roof truss should be determined.
.
αo=tan ( ) =13.230
.

Table3. 4; Areas for division of hipped roofs for ϴ = 900
Zone F G H I J L M N
Area (m2) 4.88 13.09 80.35 65.84 11.58 16.67 26.08 88.72
`Cpe=Cpe, 10, A≥10 m2
Cpe=Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA10, 1≤A≤10m2
Table3. 5: External pressure coefficients ϴ = 900
Zone for F G H I J K L M N
wind Cpe,10 Cpe10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10 Cpe,10
direction
θ=900
α= 5° 1.7 1.2 -0.6
0 0 0 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.4
α=15° -0.9 -0.8 -0.3
0.2 0.2 0.2 -0.5 -1.0 -1.2 -1.4 -0.6 -0.3
The external pressure coefficient can be calculated for each zone as follows:
Table3. 6: summary of external coefficients for 900
Zone F
Cpei=Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA10, 1≤A≤10m2
αo Cpe10 Cpe1
=-1.204+(-0.44+1.204)log 4.8810
50 1.7 2.5
= -0.678
0 0
Cpei i= Cpe, 1 + (Cpe, 10-Cpe, 1) logA10, 1≤A≤10m2
0
13.23 -0.44 -1.204
=0.165+(0.165-0.165)log 4.8810 = 0.165
0.165 0.165
150 -0.9 -2
Cpe = -0.678 and +0.165
0.2 0.2

Zone G Zone H
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 1.2 50 -0.6
0 0
13.230 -0.446 13.230 -0.353
0.165 0.165
150 -0.8 150 -0.3
0.2 +0.2
Cpe = -0.446 and +0.165 Cpe = -0.353 and +0.165
Zone I Zone J
αo Cpe10
αo Cpe10
0
50 0.6
5 0.3
13.230 -0.717
0
13.23 -0.358
150 -0.5 150 -1.0
Cpe = -0.358 Cpe = -0.717
Zone K Zone L
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 0.6 50 1.2
13.230 -0.881 13.230 -0.940
150 -1.2 150 -1.4

Cpe = -0.881 Cpe = -0.940
Zone M Zone N
αo Cpe10 αo Cpe10
50 0.6 50 0.4
13.230 -0.388 13.230 -0.176
150 -0.6 150 -0.3
Cpe = -0.388 Cpe = -0.176
Table3. 7: Selected external coefficient Cpe
Wind F G H I J K L M N
direction
- - -0.435 -0.14 -0.28 -0.28 -0.23 -0.06 -
Ө=0 0.27 0.11 0.11 - - - - -
-0.678 -0.446 -0.353 -0.358 -0.717 -0.881 -0.940 -0.388 -0.176
Ө=900 0.165 0.165 0.165 - - 0.717 - - -
Internal pressure coefficients Cpi

The worst values have to be considered for any combination of possible openings. For closed
buildings with internal partitions and opening windows extreme values are: Cpi = 0.8 or 0.5.

Table3. 8: Internal pressure coefficients Cpi
Cpi=[+0.8,-0.5]
Zone Cpe Cpe-Cpi
0
Direction 0
-0.53
F 0.27 0.77
-0.8
0 0.5
-0.69
G 0.11 0.61
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.235
H -0.435 0.065
-0.69
0.11 0.61
-0.94
I -0.14 0.36
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.08
J -0.28 0.22
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.08
K -0.28 0.22
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.03
L -0.23 0.27
-0.8
0 0.5
-0.86
M -0.06 0.44
-0.8
0 0.5

Direction 900
-1.478
F -0.678 -0.178
-0.635
0.165 0.665
-1.246
G -0.446 0.054
-0.635
0.165 0.665
-1.153
H -0.353 0.147
-0.635
0.165 0.665
-1.158
-0.358
I 0.142
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.517
J -0.717 -0.217
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.681
K -0.881 -0.381
-0.083
0.717 1.217
-1.74
L -0.94 -0.44
-0.8
0 0.5
-1.188
M -0.388 0.162
-0.8
0 0.5

Take the maximum:
–ve, Cpe−Cpe = -1.74
+veCpe−Cpi= 1.217
The net wind load ::Wnet = qp(z)∗(Cpe−Cpi)
Maximum positive pressure = 0.706 KN/m2 * 1.217= 0.859 KN/m2= 0.859N/m2 occur on zone K
Maximum suction = 0.706 KN/m2 * -1.74= -1.228 KN/m2= -1.228N/m2 occur on zone L
3.2 Roof covering design

The roof system of this project is a truss roof system. The type of sheet used is EGA sheet and
the trusses and purlins are steel. The roof is classified as hipped roof as per EBCS EN. The effect
of wind load in both directions (θ=0˚ & θ=90˚) is taken into account and the
th worst case is
considered in the design process
EGA Sheet Capacity
 Height of truss=1.7m
 Spacing of truss=4.04m
 Spacing of purlin=1.2m in both wings
 Inclination of truss= 11degree on both wings
 Type of EGA selected= EGA
EGA-500,
500, t=0.4mm=0.0004m, section modulus Sx=3756
taking from Kality Metal on its official website
Figure3. 3: Main truss
Dead load
Unit weight of roof cover ϒ=
= 77.0 to 78.5 KN/m take the mean value
ϒ=77.75KN/m3
Load per unit area (GK) = unit weight of EGA sheet * t = 77.75*0.0004 = 0.0311KN/m2
Weight of EGA = 3.14Kg/m

Coating = 0.7 Kg/m

Total dead load = 3.84 Kg/m
Effective width of EGA = 712mm = 0.712m
Load on EGA per meter square = 3.84 * 9.8
9.81/ (1000*0.712) = 0.053KN/m2
Wind load
Maximum wind load (critical wind load) is WL = 1KN/m2 from computation.
Live load
Live load from ES-EN

EN 1991 1.1
The roof is categorized as H roof not accessible except normal maintenance, repair and painting
(ES-EN 1991 1.1 Art 6.3.4.1 Categories
Categories) table 6.
Distributed load (qk)= 0.4KN/m2
Concentrated load (Qk) = 1KN
Equivalent distributed load for the concentrated load along effective width,
P=1.0/0.712=1.404KN/m
Mmax= pL2/8=1.404*4.042/8=2.86KNm
1KN
4.04m
For the distributed load
Mmax= WL2/8 = 0.4∗(4.04*4.04)/8 = 0.816KNm/m
0.4KN/m
4.04m
By comparing the two results, the concentrated load governs & therefore it was adopted for
design.
Components of live load, dead load& wind load

Perpendicular to the EGA sheet for α=110

DL (Gk) = Gkcos α = 0.053*cos11.140= 0.052KN/m2
LL (Qk) = Qkcosα= 1.404cos11.140 = 1.378KN/m
Parallel to the EGA sheet for α=11.140
DL (Gk) =Gk sin α= 0.053*sin11.140 =0.01KN/m2
LL (Qk) =Qk sin α=1.404sin11.14 0 =0.268KN/m
cular the EGA sheet for 11.140
Wind load perpendicular
For pressure: WL= 0.706*cos11.14= 0.693KN/m
For suction: WL= -058*cos11.140
058*cos11.140 = - 0.569KN/m
Load combination
I. Dead load with live load (1.35DL+1.5LL)
(UDL)=1.35∗0.052 KN/m2+1.5∗0.4cos11.14KN/m
Comb1: Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL (UDL)=1.35 KN/m
=0.07KN/m2+0.589KN/m
Effective width of EGA sheet =0.712m
Pd=0.07*0.712KN/m2+0.589*0.712KN/m
*0.712KN/m= 0.0498KN/m+0.42KN
II. Dead load and live load wind load
Comb2:Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL
1.35DL+1.5LL (UDL) +1.5
+1.5∗0.6 WL (pressure)
5*0.4cos11.140)KN/m+1.5*0.6*0.706KN/m2
= 1.35*0.052KN/m2+(1.5*0.4cos11.14
=0.706KN/m2+0.589KN/m=0.
=0. 502KN/m+0.42KN
ncentrated) =1.35*0.052KN/m2+1.5*1.378KN/m
Comb3:Pd= 1.35DL+1.5LL (concentrated)
= 0.07KN/m2+2.067KN/m=0.0498KN/m+1.47KN
.067KN/m=0.0498KN/m+1.47KN
Comb4:Pd= 1.35DL+1.5LL (concentrated) + WL (pressure)
=1.35*0.052KN/m2+1.5*1.378KN/m+0.9*0.706KN/m 2
=0.706 KN/m2+2.067KN/m= 0.502
0.502KN/m+1.47 KN
Comb5:Pd= 1.5*WL (suction) =1.5
=1.5*(-0.58/0.712) =-1.22KN/m
IV. Moment calculation
4.04m
M=WL2/8+PL/4
From com 4: Mmax = 0.502*4.04*4.04/8 + 1.47*4.04/4 =2.51KNm
Capacity of EGA-500
Section property of the EGA-500

500 is taken from Kalitiy table:
• Section modulus, Sx=bh2/6= 4803mm3/m
• Moment of inertia, Ixx=1/12 *bh 3= 79972mm4/m
• Allowable stress, for strength criterion is 3.94KPa
• Modulus of Elasticity, E=210,000Mpa
1. Checking for capacity of EGA

. ∗
Actual stress = = = 0.913KPa
Actual stress=0.913KPa < allowable stress=3.94KPa
2. Checking for deflection of EGA
Allowable deflection, 𝚫all= = = 20.2mm
∗0.69 ∗4040 . ∗
Actual deflection, 𝚫act= + = + = 11.12mm
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
𝚫act= 11.2mm ≤ 𝚫all=

all= 20.2mm, ok
ok‼
3.4 Design of purlin (steel purlin)
Figure3. 4; connection between purlin and rafter
1. Load on purlin
Dead load
Weight of EGA=0.053KN/m2. For 1.2m spacing of purlin,

The Weight of EGA on purlin per meter= 0.053KN/m2*1.2m= 0.0636KN/m,
Perpendicular to the rafter=0.0636Cos 11.140=0.0624KN/m
Parallel to the rafter =0.0636*sin11.140=0.0123KN/m

Live load from EGA onto purlin=1.404KN/m
Wind load
UDL wind load per meter
=0.706 *1.2=0.847KN/m …. From positive pressure
=-0.58*1.2=-0.696KN/m …. From suction pressure
=0.847*cos11.14=0.831KN/m…perpendicular to roof (+ve)
=-0.696*cos11.14=-0.683KN/m...perpendicular to roof (-ve)
Uniform live load per meter of length of purlin
LL = 0.4KN/m2*1.2m = 0.48KN/m
LL perpendicular to roof = 0.48 KN/m*cos11.14= 0.471KN/m
LL parallel to roof = 0.48KN/m*sin11.14= 0.093KN/m
Concentrated live load
LL perpendicular to roof = 1KN ∗ cos11.14o= 0.981KN=0.818KN
LL parallel to roof = 1KN∗sin11.14o= 0.193KN=0.16KN/m
Load combinations;
Comb1: 1.35DL + 1.5LL (UDL) = 1.35 ∗ 0.0636 + 1.5 ∗ 0.471 = 0.792KN/m

Comb2: 1.35DL + 1.5LL (UDL) + 1.5 ∗ 0.6 WL (pressure)
= 1.35* 0.0636 +1.5* 0.471 +0.9*0.831=1.54KN/m
Comb3: 1.35DL+1.5LL (concentrated) = 1.35* 0.0636 +1.5* 0.818 = 0.086KN/m+1.227KN
Comb4: 1.35DL+1.5LL (concentrated) + 1.5*0.6WL (pressure)
=1.35* 0.0636 +1.5*0.939+0.9*0.831=0.0859KN/m+0.75KN
Comb5: 0.9*WL (suction) =1.5*(-0.683) =-1.023KN/m
The critical load comb is comb2= 1.54KN/m
MEd =wl2/8=1.54∗4.04*4.04/8= 3.14KNm
Mpl, Rd =Wpl,y∗fy/γm1=> MEd, Wpl =MEd∗γmo/fy

=3.142∗10^6∗1.1/275= 12568mm
568mm
2. Selection of purlin profile
Now we select section of RHS from Kalitiy by using Wpl = 10472.72mm3 and greater value.
From KALITI METAL PRODUCTOIN FACTORY metal products selectionchart, we select
RT- 64 for purlin having section properties as follo
follows:
For purlin RT- 64: -Nominal

Nominal size (mm) =60x40x4 (mm) B=40 mm, H=60 mm
Self Weight per meter =5.45Kg/m=5.45*10/1000KN/m=0.0545KN/m, A=6.95cm 2, t = 4mm,

I=30.99cm4, wpl, y = 13.16cm3.
Figure3. 5; Purlin section
Reanalysis by including the Self--weight of purlin: using comb2 still this comb is greater
Figure3.6: Purlin analysis result

MEd =wl2/8=1.54∗4.04*4.04/8= 3.142KNm
Shear force VEd = 4.4 KN
3. Classification of the section
 Flange as a bending moment, for a rolled type section d= B-3tw= using Fe430
For t<40mm, Fy(yield strength) =275Nmm2 and Fu (ultimate tensile strength) =430N/mm2
ε=√ =√ = 0.924
c/tf=20/4= 5 ≤ 72ε = 72 ∗ 0.924 = 66.53 for class 1
Therefore, the flange is class 1 plastic.
 Web with the neutral axis at mid depth (internal elements perpendicular to the bending
axis)
d/tw=(h−3t)/tw=(60−3*4)/4= 12 The web is class 1, plastic
Therefore, the whole section is class 1.
4. Analysis for adequacy of the section
Moment resistance Mpl, Rd =Wpl∗fy/γmo=12568∗ 275 ∗10−6/1.1= 3.142KNm
Which is MEd = 3.14KNm <Mpl, Rd = 3.142KNm … … ok
Plastic Resistance to shear

∗
Vpl, Rd = …….for rolled rectangular hollow section of uniform thickness (load parallel
√
to depth)
∗
Av = =417mm2
( )
∗
Vpl, Rd = = 66.2KN ≥ 4.4KN….It safe5
∗√
5. Deflection check
For purlin the recommended limiting value for vertical deflection is = =20.2mm
4 ∗ . ∗
5𝑊𝐿
∆= = = 0.82mm
384∗𝐸𝐼 ∗ ∗
We use the reaction force from the purlin for truss design, Reaction = 4.4KN
3.5 Truss Design
Table3. 9; Assumed cross-section of truss members with section properties
Assumed cross-section of Section weight per Area(cm2) I(cm4) r(cm)

truss members meter(kg/m)
Top member & ST 6.71 8.55 43.56 2.26
Bottom member 60x60x4
Vertical member& ST40x40x3 3.30 4.21 9.21 1.49
Diagonal member
Unit weight of chip wood ceiling =8KN/m3
Thickness=8mm ES-EN, 1991-2015
Dead load =8KN/m3*0.008m*4.04m*1.2m=0.31KN
Factored Dead load=1.35*0.31=0.42 KN act on the joint of truss
All structural steel employed has the following the properties:
Fy(yield strength) = 275N/mm2
Fu (Ultimate tensile strength) =430N/mm 2
Loads transferred from the purlin:
Dead load
- Ega load =0.0636KN/m*4.04m/2=0.128KN
- Purlin load= 0.0545KN/m*4.04/2=0.11KN
- Total dead load= 0.238KN(at node)
Live load =1.404KN/m*4.04/2=2.84KN
Wind load= 0.831KN/m*4.04/2=1.71KN (vertical) and 0.1636*2.02=0.33KN (horizontal)
These Loads can be summarized using table below.

Table3. 10: loads assigned on truss
Design loads Direction of load
Load types Horizontal Vertical
DL(KN) 0 0.238
LL(KN) 0 2.84
WL(KN) 0.33 1.71
For the above load, we have taken a square tube of section index ST
ST-60
60 and ST-
ST 40 as given in
above table with their respective properties, consequently, the truss analysis was carried out
using ETBS software, and the following result was obtain
obtained.
Figure3. 7: Analysis diagram of the truss

From the axial force result, the maximum values are summarized in table below.
Table3. 11: Truss forces
Member Maximum tension(KN) maximum compression(KN)
Top and Bottom Member 52.47 44.01
Vertical and Diagonal member 30.54 25.85
Design of the Bottom and Top chord considers the Maximum effects. Therefore, all bottom and
top chord members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of 52.47KN and a possible
reversal of stress with a compressible load of 44.01KN
Tension Resistance
Hence the connection is welded,
Nt, Rd =The design tension resistance capacity of the cross section, taken as the design plastic
resistance of the gross section
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑁𝑝𝑙, 𝑅𝑑 = = = 235.125KN
Where γM1= partial safety factor for the section
A is gross area
.
= = 0.223<1 (the section is safe for tension resistance)
.
Compression resistance
Thickness of the section =4mm, since t<16mm design yield strength Fy=275N/mm2, (table 3.31
ES EN 1993)
Subject to internal compression
ε = 235/275= 0.924
b/tf ≤ 33ε class I
38ε Class II
42ε Class III

d/tf= = 14 < 33 ∗ 0.924 = 30.492 therefore class I
Resistance of the member to uniform compression:
Nc, Rd =AFy/ϒmo=8.55∗102∗275/1*10-3=235.125 KN
.
= = 0.187 < 1. Therefore, the section is ok for uniform compression
, .
Design buckling resistance of compression member:
The critical buckling length is Lcr = 2000mm

-
Slenderness ratio =ʎ =Lcr/r1∗ʎ1
ʎ1 = 93.9Ɛ = 93.9 ∗ 0.924 = 86.801
ʎ =Lcr/r1∗ʎ1=2000/(22.6∗86.801)= 1.02
Buckling curve, a is appropriate for all rolled Hollow sections according to table 6.2 of ES EN
1993
Ф=0.5[1+α(ʎ − 0.2)+ʎ2]
α= 0.21(use buckling curve a for SSH)
Ф=0.5[1+0.21(1.02-0.2) +1.022) =1.1
χ= = = 0.66
Ф √Ф ʎ . √ . .
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
Nb, Rd = = = 155.18KN
ϒ
Ned/Nb,Rd=44.01/155.18= 0.239 < 1, Therefore the section is ok for buckling
Therefore, the section is Ok to resist all axial loads on it.
 Design of the Vertical and Diagonal (considering Maximum effects)
Therefore, all vertical and diagonal members should be able to resist an axial tensile load of
30.54 KN and a possible reversal of stress with a compressible load of 25.85 KN
Nt, Rd =the design tension resistance capacity of the cross section, taken as the design plastic
Tension Resistance
Nt, Rd =The design tension resistance capacity of the cross section, taken as the design plastic
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
𝑁𝑝𝑙, 𝑅𝑑 = = = 115.775KN
Where γM1= partial safety factor for the section
A is gross area
.
= = 0.264<1 (the section is safe for tension resistance)
.
Compression resistance
Thickness of the section =3mm, since t<16mm design yield strength Fy=275N/mm2, (table 3.31
ES EN 1993)
Subject to internal compression
ε = 235/275= 0.924
b/tf ≤ 33ε class I
38ε Class II
42ε Class III
d/tf= = 12.33 < 33 ∗ 0.924 = 30.492 therefore class I
Resistance of the member to uniform compression:
Nc, Rd =AFy/ϒmo=4.21∗102∗275/1*10-3=115.775 KN
.
= = 0.223< 1. Therefore, the section is ok for uniform compression
, .
Design buckling resistance of compression member:
The critical buckling length is Lcr = 2000mm

-
Slenderness ratio =ʎ =Lcr/r1∗ʎ1

ʎ1 = 93.9Ɛ = 93.9 ∗ 0.924 = 86.801
ʎ =Lcr/r1∗ʎ1=2000/(14.9∗86.801)= 1.546
Buckling curve, a is appropriate for all rolled Hollow sections according to table 6.2 of ES EN
1993
Ф=0.5[1+α(ʎ − 0.2)+ʎ2]
α= 0.21(use buckling curve a for SSH)
Ф=0.5[1+0.21(1.02-0.2) +1.022) =1.84
χ= = = 0.4
Ф √Ф ʎ . √ . .
. ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
Nb, Rd = = = 46.31KN
ϒ
NEd/Nb,Rd = 25.85/46.31= 0.239 < 1, Therefore the section is ok for buckling. Therefore, the
section is Ok to resist all axial loads on it.
The reaction force obtained from ETABS analysis is given below.
Table3. 12: Reaction forces from truss

Point FX FZ
1 -0.2 12.36
2 -1.12 12.44
3 27.98 35.78
4 -29.04 35.58
Hence; we use the maximum reaction force, 35.78 KN from ETABS analysis for design of top
tie beam
3.6 Conclusion on Truss

The analysis and design for the section members have been successfully carried as shown in the
calculations above. The design has shown that the provision of ST 60x60x4 for bottom and top
chords and ST 40x40x3 for vertical and diagonal members will be adequate.

Chapter Four: Slab Analysis and Design

4.1 Effective depth
Material design values are listed below:
Concrete: Steel:
∗
Fcd = Fyd =
γs
. ∗
Fcd = Fyd =
. .
In order to determine the depth of the slab, first it is needed to find concrete cover and effective
depth since total depth, D=effective depth (d) +Clear concrete cover+ Φlong/2
According to ES EN 1992:2015; the limit state of deformation may be checked by either:
 By limiting the span/depth ratio, according to 7.4.2 or

 By comparing a calculated deflection, according to 7.4.3, with a limit value
l/d=k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3 .....…. 𝑖𝑓𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜,𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)
l/d=k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/(ρ-ρ′))+1/12√fck √ρ′/ρ]∗F1∗F2∗F3 ……. 𝑖𝑓𝜌>𝜌𝑜𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)
Where;
 K -is the factor to take into account the different structural systems
-3√fck
 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio=10
 ρ- is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
to design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units.
 F1= = ,
∗
,
 F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth
exceeds 3. Otherwise; F2=1 for other cases.
 F3=7/leff, for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which
support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art.
5.3.2.2 (1)).or F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which

support partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters).

Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases
Assumption: Initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a.
l/d=k[11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2]∗F1∗F2∗F3 .....…. 𝑖𝑓𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜,𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑎)
l/d=K∗N∗F1∗F2∗F3, where: -
 N=11+1.5√fck(ρo/ρ)+3.2√fck(ρo/ρ−1)3/2 But ρo=ρ(assumption)
 ρo=√fck∗10−3=√20∗10−3=0.447%
 N=11+1.5√fck=11+1.5√20=11.71 F1= = , =500/400=1.25

∗
,
F3= 1 (because span of beam < 7m)
Now: determine k using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015

Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial compression
Table4. 1; basic ratio of effective depth for reinforced concrete
K Concrete highly Concrete lightly
Structural System stressed stressed
Simply supported beam, one- or 1.0 14 20
two-way spanning simply supported slab
End span of continuous beam or 1. 18 26
one-way continuous slab or two- way 3

spanning slab continuous over
Interior span of beam or one-way or two- 1.5 20 30

way spanning slab
Slab supported on columns without beams 1.2 17 24

(flat slab) (based on longer
Cantilever 0.4 6 8

l/d =K*N*F1*F2*F3= 1.5*17.71*1.25*1*1=33.21

Ø
Where d’=cover+ = d’= 20mm+ mm= 20mm + 6mm = 26mm
so; D = d+d’ = 165.61mm + 26mm = 191.61mm …... use D = 200mm
4.2 Ground Floor Slab Design
As the ground floor flab is supported on hard core and compacted soil their will not be induced
main internal forces due to the externally applied dead and live loads. Therefore, use 100mm
concrete thickness and minimum reinforcement bars on both Sides.
So, Use C-20/25
Thickness = 100mm Use ∅8 Bar
As min = 0.26 ∗ ∗ 𝑏𝑡 ∗ 𝑑
.
= 0.26 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ (100 − 15 − )
=115.83mm2
Spacing = ∗ 1000 ≤ Smax = 3.5D
Where: As = calculated area of reinforcement and as = ∅8 area of reinforcement bar

.
Spacing = ∗ 1000≤Smax = 3.5D
.
= 433.74mm> 3.5*100 = 350mm
So, 350 ≤ 433.74mm
So, Use ∅8 c/c 300mm on both Sides
4.3 Slab Analysis and design from first up to fifth floor
4.3.1 Load calculation

A. dead load calculation: Some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are
the following
 Slab it-self
 Celling plaster (below slab)

 Cement screed (above slab)

 Finishing material (Above slab)
 Exterior and interior walls resting on the slab
Figure4.1:: some of the sources of dead load are shown on figure below and are the following
Computation of dead load on slab can be summarized in table below
Table4. 2: Dead Load Computation
Material Thickness(m) unit weight load Total Dead Load
(KN/m3) (KN/m2) (KN/m2)
Marble 0.02 27 0.54
Cement Screed 0.05 23 1.15 7.15
RC Slab 0.2 25 5
Plastering & 0.02 23 0.46

Painting
B. Live Load for different functions based on EBCS EN 1991

1991-1-1:2014,
1:2014, Table 2.10.
2.10 the values
are given based on the room functions and the purpose of the buildings. Areas with higher
accumulation of people and equipments have higher value of live loads. Since our building
is mixed use, we provide different live loads by taking from the code. The loads are
summarized in table below.

Table4. 3; live loads based on room functions
Function Category Live Load
Kitchen A General 2 KN/m2
Cafeteria C C1 3 KN/m2
Shop D D1 5 KN/m2
Corridor C C3 5 KN/m2
Balcony A Balconies 4 KN/m2
Toilet A General 2 KN/m2
Shower A General 2 KN/m2
Landing A Satires 3 KN/m2
Internet Café C C1 3 KN/m2
Bed Room A General 2 KN/m2
Janitor Room D D1 5 KN/m2
C. Design Dead Load and Live Loads for each Panel
Panel 1:
Loading: Dead load calculation
Self-weight of slab=0.2*25=5KN/m2
Cement screed=0.05*23=1.15KN/m2
Marble tile=0.02*27=0.54KN/m2
Ceiling plaster = 0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Total Dead load=7.15KN/m2
Loading: Live load calculation
LL=5KN/m2 (For shop)
Design load: Pd=1.35DL+1.5LL =1.35(7.15) + 1.5*5= 17.1525KN/m2 without considering the

partition load which will be considered for the design later.

N.B:The maximum value is taken as a governing live load for a single panel that might
encounter different live load.
Design load for first floor panels
Table4. 4: Total design load
Governing Pd=1.35D.L
Dead Load Live Load +1.5L.L
2 2 2
Panels Function (KN/m ) (KN/m ) (KN/m )
P1, P2,P4,P7,P9, 910
Shope 7.15 5 17.1525
P11,P12,P13,P14
P3 Toilet 7.15 2 12.6525
P5,P6, P8 Corridor 7.15 5 17.1525
Design load for second floor panels
2 2 2
S1,S2,S9,S10,S12
Shope 7.15 5 17.1525
S13,S14,S15
S4, S5,S6,S7,S8,S11 Shope $ Coridor 7.15 5 17.1525
S3 Toilet 7.15 2 12.6525
Design load for third floor panels
2 2 2
T1,T2,T9,T10,T11,T12
Office 7.15 3 14.1525
T13,T14,T15,T16, T17
T4, T5,T6,T7,T8 office $ Coridor 7.15 5 17.1525
T3 Toilet 7.15 2 12.6525

Design load for fourth and fifth floor panels
2 2 2
F1,F10,F11 Living $ dinning 7.15 2 12.6525
F2,F3,F9,F12,F13,F16,F17 Bed, Toilet $ Bath 7.15 2 12.6525
F4,F7 Living, dinning $ kitchen7.15 2 12.6525
F5,F8 cooridor 7.15 5 17.1525
F14,F15 Balcony 7.15 4 15.6525
D. Partition wall dead load computation
 Thickness of HCB=15cm
 Thickness of plastering on two side=2cm
 Unit weight of plastering(mortar) =23 KN/m3
 Height of wall=3m
Dead load of partition wall=Dead load of plaster+ Dead load of HCB
D.L pw=D.L pl + D.L HCB
D.L pw(kN)=(Hpl * Lpl * tpl *γpl ) + (HHCB * LHCB * tHCB *γHCB)
D.L pw(kN)=(3m* Lpl*0.02m*23 KN/m3)+(3m* LHCB*0.15m*14KN/m3)
D.L pw(kN)=1.38 KN/m2* Lpl+6.3KN/m2* LHCB
but Lpl= LHCB= Lpw
D.L pw(kN)= Lpw*7.68KN/m* Lpw
D.L pw(kN) Lpw*7.68KN/m

Therfore D.L pw(kN/m
2
)= = Where, D.L pw=Dead load of
Area of Panel L*w(Panel)
Partition Wall. Then calculating for each panel will give the result in tabular form below.

First floor panel partition load
Table4. 5: Summary of partition loads
D.L pw D.L pw
(kN)=Leng (kN/m2)=
th *7.68 Area D.L pw
Panel Length (m) KN/m2 (m2 ) (kN)/Area
P5,P6,P9,P10,P12,P13,P14 NO Partition wall - -
P1 5.43 41.7 32.73 1.27
P2 5.43 41.7 30.25 1.38
P3 18.97 145.69 30.25 4.82
P4 11.5 88.32 32.73 2.7
P7 5.75 44.16 32.73 1.35
P8 6.08 46.69 30.25 1.54
P11 7.54 57.91 30.25 1.91
Second floor panel partition load
D.L pw D.L pw
(kN)=Leng (kN/m2)=
Panel Length (m) KN/m2 (m2 ) (kN)/Area
S5,S6,S8,S9,S12,S13,S14,S15 NO Partition wall - -
S1 5.43 41.7 32.73 1.27
S2 5.43 41.7 30.25 1.38
S3 18.97 145.69 30.25 4.82
S4 4.06 31.18 32.73 0.95
S7 4.3 33.02 32.73 1.01
S10 5.4 41.47 30.25 1.37
S11 5.4 41.47 30.25 1.37
Third floor panel partition loads
D.L pw D.L pw
(kN)=Leng (kN/m2)=
Panel Length (m) KN/m2 (m2) (kN)/Area
T5,T6,T8,T9,T10,T11,T12,T13,T14,T15,T16,T17 NO Partition wall - -
T1 5.43 41.7 32.73 1.27
T2 5.43 41.7 30.25 1.38
T3 18.97 145.69 30.25 4.82
T4 4.06 31.18 32.73 0.95
T7 4.3 33.02 32.73 1.01

Fourth and fifth floor panel loads
D.L pw D.L pw
(kN)=Leng (kN/m2)=
Panel Length (m) KN/m2 (m2) (kN)/Area
F1,F5,F6,F8,F10,F11,F14,F15,F16,F17 NO Partition wall - -
F2 4.45 34.18 30.25 1.13
F3 7.4 56.83 30.25 1.88
F4 3.54 27.19 32.73 0.83
F7 3.54 27.19 32.73 0.83
F9 3.81 29.26 30.25 0.97
F12 6 46.08 30.25 1.52
F13 0.4 3.07 30.25 0.1
Summary of Imposed loads
partition load*100%
 Case-i: For panels where is less than 20% , then Pd=Pd’+1.35
Pd'=(1.35 D.L+1.5 L.L)
D.Lpw Where, Pd’=1.35 D.L +1. 5L.L and D.L pw=Dead load of Partition wall. And the
slab can be designed using the coefficient method.
partition load*100%
 Case-ii: for panels where is greater than 20% , they are designed
Pd'=(1.35 D.L+1.5 L.L)
by strip method.

Design load (Pd) for each panels
Table4.6: Summary of design load including the partitions
Pd'=(1.35 Partition wall Design

PANEL (D.Lpw)/(Pd' Pd=Pd’+1.35
D.L+1.5L.L) Dead Load load(KN/m2
S ) *100% D.Lpw
(KN/m2) (D.Lpw)(KN/m2) )
P1 17.15 1.27 7.41 18.86
S1 17.15 1.27 7.41 18.86

18.86
T1 14.15 1.38 9.75 16.01
F1 12.65 - - 12.65
P2 17.15 1.38 8.05 19.01
S2 17.15 1.38 8.05 19.01

19.01
T2 14.15 1.38 9.75 16.01
F2 12.65 1.13 8.93 14.18
P3 12.65 4.82 38.10 19.16
S3 12.65 4.82 38.10 19.16

19.16
T3 12.65 4.82 38.10 19.16
F3 12.65 1.88 14.86 15.19
P4 17.15 2.7 15.74 20.80
S4 17.15 0.95 5.54 18.43

20.80
T4 17.15 0.95 5.54 18.43
F4 12.65 0.83 6.56 13.77
P5 17.15 - - 17.15
S5 17.15 - - 17.15
17.15
T5 17.15 - - 17.15
F5 17.15 - - 17.15

P6 17.15 - - 17.15
S6 17.15 - - 17.15
17.15
T6 17.15 - - 17.15
F6 17.15 - - 17.15
P7 17.15 1.35 7.87 18.97
S7 17.15 1.01 5.89 18.51

18.97
T7 17.15 1.01 5.89 18.51
F7 12.65 0.83 6.56 13.77
P8 17.15 1.54 8.98 19.23
S8 17.15 - - 17.15
19.23
T8 17.15 - - 17.15
F8 17.15 - - 17.15
P9 17.15 - - 17.15
S9 17.15 - - 17.15
17.15
T9 14.15 - - 14.15
F9 12.65 0.97 7.67 13.96
P10 17.15 - - 17.15
S10 17.15 1.37 7.99 19.00

19.00
T10 14.15 - - 14.15
F10 12.65 - - 12.65
P11 17.15 1.91 11.14 19.73
S11 17.15 1.37 7.99 19.00

19.73
T11 14.15 - - 14.15
F11 12.65 - - 12.65
P12 17.15 - - 17.15 17.15

S12 17.15 - - 17.15
17.5
T12 14.15 - - 14.15
F12 12.65 1.52 12.02 14.70
P13 17.15 - - 17.15
S13 17.15 - - 17.15

17.15
T13 14.15 - - 14.15
F13 12.65 0.1 0.79 12.79
T14 14.15 - - 14.15

15.65
F14 15.65 - - 15.65
P14 17.15 - - 17.15
S14 17.15 - - 17.15

17.15
T16 14.15 - - 14.15
F16 12.65 - - 12.65
P15 17.15 - - 17.15
S15 17.15 - - 17.15

17.15
T17 14.15 - - 14.15
F17 12.65 - - 12.65
T15 14.15 - - 14.15

15.65
F15 15.65 - - 15.65

4.3.2 Moment Analysis for individual panel

A. Moments for two way interior slab
The two-way
way interior panels can be designed using the coefficient method. The first stage of
design is to determine support and span moments for all panels. The support and span moments
are calculated as:
Mi=𝜶iPdLx2 Where:
Mi=Design moment per unit width of reference
Pd=Uniformly Distributed Design Load
𝛼 i=Coefficient given in table form
=f(Ly/Lx), Support condition

condition.
Figure4. 2:: Moment distribution of coefficient method
Mxs =αxs*Pd*Lx2
Mxf =αxf*Pd*Lx2
Mys =αys*Pd*Lx2
Myf =αyf*Pd*Lx2
Moments of all the interior panels is summarized in the figure below

Table4. 7: Two way - Interior moments
Ly/L
Panel Pd Lx2 αxs αxf αys αyf Mxs Mxf Mys Myf
x
18.8 30.2 31.9 26.

P1,S1,T1,F1 1.1 0.056 0.042 0.047 0.036 23.96 20.54
6 5 5 81
19.0 30.2 22.4 22.

P2,S2,T2,F2 1 0.039 0.03 0.039 0.03 17.25 17.25
1 5 3 43
19.1 30.2 27.2 27.

P3,S3,T3,F3 1 0.047 0.036 0.047 0.036 20.87 20.87
6 5 4 24
30.2 27.6 24.

P4,S4,T4,F4 1.1 20.8 0.044 0.033 0.039 0.029 20.76 18.25
5 8 54
17.1 30.2 16.

P5,S5,T5,F5 1 0.032 0.024 0.032 0.024 16.6 12.45 12.45
5 5 6
18.9 30.2 25.2 22.

P7,S7,T7,F7 1.1 0.044 0.033 0.039 0.029 18.94 16.64
7 5 5 38
19.2 30.2 18.6 18.

P8,S8,T8,F8 1 0.032 0.024 0.032 0.024 13.96 13.96
3 5 1 61
17.1 30.2 20.2 20.

P9,S9,T9,F9 1 0.039 0.029 0.039 0.029 15.04 15.04
5 5 3 23
P10,S10,T- 30.2 32.1 27.

1.1 19 0.056 0.042 0.047 0.036 24.14 20.69
10,F10 5 9 01
P11,S11,T- 19.7 30.2 23.2 23.

1 0.039 0.03 0.039 0.03 17.9 17.9
11,F11 3 5 8 28
P12,S12,T- 17.1 30.2 16.

1 0.032 0.024 0.032 0.024 16.6 12.45 12.45
12,F12 5 5 6

Figure4. 3: support conditions for two way interior slabs
B. Cantilever slab moments calculation
Figure4. 4: Cantilever panel
Panel P13,S13, T13,F13

Design load = 17.15KN/m2 calculated for the Load of the partition wall, slab thickness and
plastering taking 1m strip of the slab. Taking 1m strip of the slab in the shorter direction, the
Design load becomes, Pd=
= 17.15
17.15KN/m
( . )
PdL2/2=17.15KN/m *
Mys=PdL =3.09KNm
Panel T14, F14
( . )
PdL2/2=15.65KN/m *
Mxs=PdL =13.84KNm

Panel P14, S14, T16,F16
( . )
Mxs=PdL2/2=17.15KN/m * =15.17KNm
Panel P15, S15, T17,F17
( . )
Mxs=PdL2/2=17.15KN/m * =3.09KNm
Panel T15, F15
( . )
Mys=PdL2/2=15.65KN/m * =13.84KNm
C. One-way slab moments calculation
Panel P6, S6, T6, F6
Design load = 17.15KN/m2 calculated for the Load of the partition wall, slab thickness and
plastering taking 1m strip of the slab. Taking 1m strip of the slab in the shorter direction, the
Design load becomes, Pd= 17.15KN/m2
Taking 1m strip width ⟹ Pd=17.15 KN/m2*1m=17.15KN/m

( . )( . )
Positive bending moment = = = 3.91KNm/m
( . )( . )
Negative bending moment = = = 6.95KN
Design of panel 6 and panel 8 using strip methods:
Figure4. 5: Panel with opening
The panel is fixed in all edges with;
 The central opening of 2.50mx5.84m and slab thickness of= 200mm

17.5KN/m2(Panel 5)
Now taking the maximum load = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓
19.23 𝐾𝑁/m2( Panel 8)
=19.23 𝐾𝑁/m2
Moments for slab without holes:
X direction middle strips: W=19.23 𝐾𝑁/𝑚2

.
Cantilever moment: Mx=19.23* =18.18KNm
 Mxs (-ve moment )= 18.18* =12.12KNm
 Mxf (+ve moment )= 18.18* =6.06KNm
X direction edge strip and Y direction edge strips: W=9.62 KN/m2
.
Cantilever moment: Mx=9.62* =9.09KNm
 Mxs (-ve moment ) = 9.09* =6.06KNm
 Mxf (+ve moment) = 9.09* =3.03KNm
Y direction middle strips: W=19.23 KN/m2
. ∗ .
Cantilever moment: My= =72.71KNm
 Mys (-ve moment ) = 72.71* =48.47KN

 Mxs (ve moment) = 72.71* =24.24KNm
N.B: Because of the hole, certain strips lack support at one end. To support them 0.3m wide
strong bands will be provided in the x-direction at the long edges of the hole and 0.6m wide
strong bands in the y-direction at the short holes of the hole.
Strip A-A:
Assuming propped cantilever action with restraint moment along the slab edge, taken as
Mys=48.47KNm as in the basic case.
Wy along A-A: by moment equilibrium about the left support,

. . ∗ .
48.47+w1*0.3(1.20+ )- =0
W1 (0.405)=-26.84KN/m
W1=-66.27KN/m
Mys at the support in strip A-A:

. ∗ .
Mys= =13.85 KNm

Strip B-B:
The restraint moment at the support from the basic case Mys=12.12KNm
. . ∗ .
12.12+w2*0.6(1.375+0.605+ )- =0
W2 (1.368)=6.058KN/m
W2=-4.43KN/m
Taking moment about c;

. ∗ .
., . ∗
Left support reaction= =22.04KN
.
Point of zero shear: 22.04-19.23x=0; so x=1.146m

. ∗ .
Maximum bending moment in the span=22.04*1.146m-12.12- =0.51KNm
Strip C-C:
Bending moment values for strip c-c are half of the values for the strip B-B.
Strip D-D:
The 0.3m width strip D-D carries 15KN/m in the x-direction with the reactions provided by the
strong bands E-E.

.
Reaction on E-E =1/2*5.77*5.84/0.6=28.08KN/m or =93.6KN/m2
.
The maximum positive moment is:

. ∗ .
 Mxf=0.6*28.08m*3.22- =29.65KNm
Strip E-E:
The strong band in the y-direction (the strips along section E-E) carry load from;
=19.23KN/m2
=4.43 KN/m2 (strip B-B)
=2.22 KN/m2 (strip C-C)
=93.6 KN/m2 end reaction from strip D-D
W1=19.23*0.6=11.53KN/m
W2=2.22*0.6=1.33KN/m
W3= (4.43-2.22)*0.6=1.33KN/m
W4=93.6*0.6=56.16KN/m
Cantilever moment;
=11.53*2.75*1.375+1.33*2.75*1.375+1.33*1.375*(1.375+0.69)+56.16*0.3*(1.075+0.15)
= (43.59+5.03+3.06+20.64)KNm = 72.32KNm

 Mys(-ve moment ) = 72.32* =48.21KNm
 Myf (-ve moment ) = 72.32* =24.11KNm
Strip F-F:
The moments for the y-direction middle strip of the basic case (without hole) may be used
without a change.
Strip G-G:
The moments for the y-direction middle strip of the basic case (without hole) may be used
without a change.
Figure4. 6: Un-adjusted moment

A. Support moment adjustment

I. Simply taking the maximum of support moments of two adjacent slabs as common
support moment of the slabs. When differences between initial support moments are less
than 20 percent of the larger moment *𝟏𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝟐𝟎% 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆 𝑴𝟏 𝒊𝒔 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆𝒓
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕.
II. The unbalanced moment is distributed using the moment distribution method.
MR-ML
 If *100<20% then take(MR+ML)/2,MR>ML
MR
MR-ML
 If *100>20% then Distribute unbalanced moment M D=MR-ML
MR
based on relative stiffness….MR>ML
ML MR
MR>ML
KR
KR+KL*
 Md=MR- ∆M……………………………..Considering right
KR
KR+KL*
 Md=MR+ ∆M…………………………......Considering Left
Support moment adjustment between panel Section A-A :(for 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)
Figure4. 7: Un-adjusted moment diagram

Between Panel 1 and 2;

∆ ( . . )
= *100=16.34% < 20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the average value=
26.81+22.43
=24.62KNm

∆ ( . . )
= *100=17.66% < 20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply wetake here the maximum
27.24+22.43
value= =24.84KNm
Support moment adjustment between Section 1-1:(for 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)

∆ ( . . )
= *100=13.36% < 20%:
.
31.95+27.68
value= =28.82KNm

∆ ( . . )
= *100=8.78% < 20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the maximum value=
25.25+27.68
=26.47KNm


∆ ( . . )
= *100=21.56% > 20%:
.
So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 7) = = =0.18I
.
 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 10) = = =0.18I

.
Distribution Factors:
.
 DFp7= = =0.49
. .
.
 DFp10= = =0.51
. .
So here we take the value = 28.65 KNm/m
Table4. 8: Moment adjusting

Panel 7 Panel 10
DF=0.49 DF=0.51
+25.25 -32.19
+3.4 +3.54
+28.65 -28.65

∆ ( . . )
= *100=57.01% >20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment
redistribution method.
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp10) = = =0.18I
.
 Stiffness for far end free (Kp 14) =0
.
 DFp10= = =1
.
 DFp14= = =0
.

Panel 10 Panel 14
So here we take the value DF=1 DF=0
= 13.84 KNm/m +32.19 -13.84
-18.35 0
+13.84 -13.84
Support moment adjustment between panel B-B :(for 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)

∆ ( . . )
= *100=49.37% >20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is needed. So we use moment redistribution method.

 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 4) =0
.
 DFp4= = =0 Panel 4 Panel 5

.
. DF=0 DF=1
 DFp5= = =1
.
+48.47 -24.54
So here we take the value
0 -23.93
= 48.47 KNm/m
+48.47 -48.47


∆ ( . . )
= *100=85.66% >20%:
.

.
.
 DFp5= = =1
.
 DFp6= = =0
.
Panel 5 Panel 6
= 6.95 KNm/m +48.47 -6.95
-41.52 -20.76
+6.95 -6.95
Support moment adjustment between panel C-C :(for 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)

∆ ( . . )
= *100=53.83% >20%:
.


 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp7) =0

.
 DFp7= = =0
.
.
 DFp8= = =1
.
Panel 8 Panel 7
= 48.47 KNm/m +48.47 -22.38
0 -26.09
Between Panel 8 and 9; +48.47 -48.47
∆ ( . . )
= *100=58.26% >20%:
.

.
.
 DFp8= = =1
.
 DFp9= = =0
.
Panel 8 Panel 9
DF=1 DF=0
So here we take the value +48.47 -20.23
= 20.23 KNm/m -28.24 0
+20.23 -20.23

Support moment adjustment between panel D-D :(for 1st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)

∆ ( . . )
= *100=13.81% < 20%:
.
27.01+23.28
value= =25.15 KNm

∆ ( . . )
= *100=28.69% >20%:
.

.

.
.
 DFp11= = =0.5
. .
.
 DFp12= = =0.5
. .
So here we take the value Panel 11 Panel 12

= 19.94 KNm/m DF=0.5 DF=0.5
+23.28 -16.6
-3.34 -3.34
+19.94 -19.94


∆ ( . . )
= *100=81.39% >20%:
.

.
.
 DFp12= = =1
.
 DFp13= = =0
.
Panel 12 Panel 13
= 3.09 KNm/m +16.60 -3.09
-13.51 0
+3.09 -3.09
Support moment adjustment between panel 2-2 :(for 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)

∆ ( . . )
= *100=45.97% >20%:
.


.
 DFp2= = =0
.
.
 DFp5= = =1
.
Panel 2 Panel 5
DF=0 DF=1
= 22.43 KNm/m
+22.43 -12.12
0 -10.31
+22.43 -22.43

∆ ( . . )
= *100=0% < 20%:
.
 So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the maximum value=
12.12+12.12
=12.12 KNm.

∆ ( . . )
= *100=48.28% >20%:
.

.

.
.
 DFp2= = =0.5
. .
.
 DFp5= = =0.5
. .

Panel 8 Panel 11
DF=0.5 DF=0.5
= 17.66 KNm/m
+12.04 -23.28
+5.62 -5.62
+17.66 -17.66

∆ ( . . )
= *100=40.55% >20%:
.

.
.
 DFp11= = =1
.
 DFp15= = =1
.
Panel 11 Panel 15
DF=1 DF=0
= 13.84 KNm/m
+23.28 -13.84
-9.44 0
+13.84 -13.84
Support moment adjustment between panel 3-3 :(for 1 st, 2nd, 3rd,4th and 5th floor)


∆ ( . )
= *100=100% >20%:
.

.
 DFp3= = =0
.
.
 DFp6= = =1
.
Panel 3 Panel 6
DF=0 DF=1
= 27.24 KNm/m
+27.24 0
0 -27.24
+27.24 -27.24
∆ ( . )
= *100=100% >20%:
.
 Stiffness for far end fixed (Kp 6) = = =0.18I

.

.
.
 DFp6= = =0.5
. .
.
 DFp9= = =0.5
. .

Panel 6 Panel 9
DF=0.5 DF=0.5
= 10.12 KNm/m
+0 -20.23
+10.115 +10.115
+10.12 -10.12
∆ ( . . )
= *100=17.94% < 20%:
.
So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the maximum value
20.23+16.6
= =18.42 KNm/m.

∆ ( . . )
= *100=8.61% < 20%:
.
So here moment redistribution is not needed. Simply we take here the maximum
value=16.60KNm.
Span moment adjustment
If the support moment is decreased, the span moments Mxf and Myfare then increased to allow
for the changes of support moments. This increase is calculated as being equal to the change of
the support moment multiplied by the factors. If a support moment is increased, no adjustment
shall be made to the span moments.
∆Mx= Cx∆M, Mxf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Mxf+ ∆Mx
∆My= Cy∆M, Myf,𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙= Myf+ ∆My
Where 𝐶𝑥 and 𝐶𝑦 are coefficients obtained from Table A-2 of ES EN 1995

Sample of span moment adjustment along panel 1 and 2 for all floors;
 For panel 2, as there is a decrease in filed moment,adjustment for field moment is not
necessary.
 But adjustment is needed on panel 1, due to the decrease in support moment:
.
= =1.1 Cx=0.380 and CY=0.280
.
∆Mys=26.81-24.62=2.19∆Mxs=0
∆Myf=0.220*2.19=0.48,Myf=20.54+0.48=21.02
∆Mxf=0.356*2.19=0.78, so Mxf=23.96+0.78=24.74
Table4. 9: Table Summary of span moment adjustment for all panels
Panels Adjustment Cx Cy Mxf Myf

needed on (KNm) (KNm)
Between p1and p2 Panel 1 0.356 0.220 24.74 21.02
Between p2 and p3 Panel 3 0.380 0.280 21.78 21.54
Between p2 and p5 No - - - -
Between p4and p7 Panel 4 0.314 0.374 21.14 18.70

Figure4. 8: Adjusted moment values

4.3.3 Reinforcement calculation

Two-way slabs secondary Reinforcement
Sample calculation of flexural reinforcement for panel 1
Step1: - material constants
Concrete: C20/25 steel: s-400
fck=0.8*25=20Mpa fyk=400Mpa
fcd=0.85*fck/1.5=11.33Mpa fyd=fyk/1.15=347.83Mpa
fctm = 2.2Mp
Step2: Calculation of reinforcement ratio
∗
ρ = [1- 1 − ]* , where b=1000mm and d=200-25-10/2=170mm
( . )
∗ . ∗ .
ρxs= [1- 1 − ]* =0.00350
( . ∗ ∗ ) .
∗ . ∗ .
ρxf = [1- 1 − ]* =0.00262
( . ∗ ∗ ) .
∗ . ∗ .
ρys = [1- 1 − ]* =0.00279
( . ∗ ∗ ) .
∗ . ∗ .
ρyf = [1- 1 − ]* =0.00228
( . ∗ ∗ ) .
Step3:calculation of area of steel required

0.26 ∗ (fctm/fyk) ∗ bt ∗ d
As min = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 …………ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (1)
0.0013 ∗ bt ∗ d
.
0.26 ∗ ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 = 280 mm /m
= 𝑚𝑎𝑥 .
0.0013 ∗ 1000 ∗ 170 = 221 mm /m
= 280 mm /m
As max= 0.04Ac…………… ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (3)
= 0.04*1000*170= 6800mm /m
Area of steel required, As= ρ.b.d
Axs = ρxs*b*d = 0.00350 *1000*170 = 595 mm /m
Axf = ρxf*b*d = 0.00262*1000*170 = 445mm /m
Ays = ρys*b*d = 0.00279*1000*170 = 474mm2/m
Ayf = ρyf*b*d = 0.00228*1000*170 = 388 mm2/m

Step4: calculation of spacing

Using Ø10 bar, as=78.5mm2
For slab maximum spacing defined in ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.3.1.1 (3)
3h = 3 ∗ 200 = 600mm
Smax = min
400mm
Smax =400mm
∗ ∗ .
Sxs= = = 132mm, use Ø10 c/c 130mm
∗ ∗ .
Sxf= = = 176mm, use Ø10 c/c 170mm
∗ ∗ .
Sys= = = 166mm, use Ø10 c/c 160mm
∗ ∗ .
Syf = = = 202mm, use Ø10 c/c 200mm
The calculated reinforcement values are summarized in the table below.
Table4. 10: Reinforcement for support moment

Reinforcement calculation for support moment
Mom As As As As
Axis location ρ Scalc Smax SProvided
ent calc min max used
26.81 0.0028 474 280 6800 474 166 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
Panel 1
Panel 4 24.54 0.0025 432 280 6800 432 182 400 Use Ø10c/c 180
Panel 7 22.38 0.0023 392 280 6800 392 200 400 Use Ø10c/c 200
1 Panel 10 27.01 0.0028 477 280 6800 477 164 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
b/n panel 1 &

24.62 0.0025 433 280 6800 433 181 400 Use Ø10c/c 180
panel 2
b/n panel 4 &
48.47 0.0052 891 280 6800 891 88 400 Use Ø10c/c 80
panel 5
2
b/n panel 7 &
48.47 0.0052 891 280 6800 891 88 400 Use Ø10c/c 80
panel 8
b/n panel 10
25.15 0.0026 443 280 6800 443 177 400 Use Ø10c/c 170
& panel 11

b/n panel 2 &

24.84 0.0026 437 280 6800 437 180 400 Use Ø10c/c 180
panel 3
b/n panel 5 &
6.95 0.0007 119 280 6800 280 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
panel 6
3
b/n panel 8 &
20.23 0.0021 353 280 6800 353 222 400 Use Ø10c/c 220
panel 9
b/n panel 11
19.94 0.0020 348 280 6800 348 225 400 Use Ø10c/c 220
& panel 12
27.24 0.0028 482 280 6800 482 163 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
Panel 3
Panel 6 6.95 0.0007 119 280 6800 280 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
4
Panel 9 20.23 0.0021 353 280 6800 353 222 400 Use Ø10c/c 220
b/n Panel 12
3.09 0.0003 53 280 6800 280 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
and 13
Panel 1 31.95 0.0034 570 280 6800 570 138 400 Use Ø10c/c 130
A Panel 2 22.43 0.0023 393 280 6800 280 200 400 Use Ø10c/c 200
Panel 3 27.24 0.0028 482 280 6800 482 163 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
b/n panel 1 &

27.68 0.0029 490 280 6800 490 160 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
panel 4
b/n panel 2 &
B 22.43 0.0023 393 280 6800 393 200 400 Use Ø10c/c 200
panel 5
b/n panel 3 &
27.24 0.0028 482 280 6800 482 163 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
panel 6
b/n panel 4 &
26.47 0.0027 467 280 6800 467 168 400 Use Ø10c/c 160
panel 7
C b/n panel 5 &
12.12 0.0012 209 280 6800 209 376 400 Use Ø10c/c 370
panel 8
b/n panel 6 & 10.12 0.0010 174 280 6800 280 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280

panel 9
b/n panel 7 &
28.65 0.0030 508 280 6800 508 155 400 Use Ø10c/c 150
panel 10
b/n panel 8 &
D 17.66 0.0018 307 280 6800 307 256 400 Use Ø10c/c 250
panel 11
b/n panel 9 &
18.42 0.0019 321 280 6800 321 245 400 Use Ø10c/c 240
panel 12
b/n panel 10
13.84 0.0014 239 280 6800 280 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
& panel 14
b/n panel 11
E 13.84 0.0014 239 280 6800 323 280 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
& panel 15
b/n panel 12
16.6 0.0017 288 280 6800 278 283 400 Use Ø10c/c 280
& panel 16
Table4. 11: Reinforcement for span moment
Reinforcement calculation for span moment

Panels
As As As As
Moment ρ Scalc Smax SProvided
calc min max used
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 25.3 0.0026 446 280 6800 446 176 400
170
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 1 Myf 22.14 0.0023 388 280 6800 388 202 400
200
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 17.25 0.0018 300 280 6800 300 262 400
260
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 2 Myf 17.25 0.0018 300 280 6800 300 262 400
260
Mxf 21.78 0.0022 381 280 6800 381 206 400 Use Ø10c/c

200
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 3 Myf 21.54 0.0022 377 280 6800 377 208 400
200
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 21.14 0.0022 370 280 6800 370 212 400
210
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 4 Myf 18.7 0.0019 326 280 6800 326 241 400
240
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 21.84 0.0023 383 280 6800 383 205 400
200
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 5 Myf 35.87 0.0038 644 280 6800 644 122 400
120
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 6 Myf 3.91 0.0004 67 280 6800 280 280 400
280
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 18.94 0.0019 330 280 6800 330 238 400
230
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 7 Myf 16.64 0.0017 289 280 6800 289 272 400
270
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 16.79 0.0017 292 280 6800 292 269 400
260
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 8 Myf 32.15 0.0034 573 280 6800 573 137 400
130
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 17.87 0.0018 311 280 6800 311 252 400
250
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 9 Myf 18.88 0.0019 329 280 6800 329 239 400
230
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 29.9 0.0031 531 280 6800 531 148 400
140

Use Ø10c/c
Panel10 Myf 27.55 0.0029 487 280 6800 487 161 400
`160
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 20.54 0.0021 359 280 6800 359 219 400
210
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 11 Myf 21.49 0.0022 376 280 6800 376 209 400
200
Use Ø10c/c
Mxf 17.58 0.0018 306 280 6800 306 257 400
250
Use Ø10c/c
Panel 12 Myf 16.23 0.0017 282 280 6800 280 282 400
280
One-way slabs secondary Reinforcement
As per ES EN 1992-1-1, Secondary transverse reinforcement of not less than 20% of the
principal reinforcement should be provided in one-way slab (on panel 6).
∗ . ∗ .
ρ= [1- 1 − ]* =0.0004
( . ∗ ∗ ) .
Area of steel required, Ascalc= ρ.b.d
Ascalc = ρ*b*d = 0.0004*1000*170 = 68mm2/m
Ast, transverse=0.2*Ast, calc
=0.2*68mm2/m =13.6mm2/m
For slab maximum spacing in transverse direction is defined in section 9.3.1.1(3) of ES EN

3.5 ∗ h = 3.5 ∗ 200 = 700mm
Smax, slabs=min
450mm
∗ .
Scalc = = 3696𝑚𝑚, Provide Ø8 c/c 450mm
.
Table4. 12: Cantilevered slab secondary reinforcement

Cantilevered slab secondary reinforcement
As.
Panel Moment ρ As calc Scalc Smax Sprovided
trans
panel
3.09 0.0003 53 11 4786 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
13
panel
13.84 0.0014 239 48 1050 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
14
panel
13.84 0.0014 239 48 1050 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
15
panel
16.6 0.0017 288 58 872 450 Ø8 c/c 450mm
16
4.4 Load transfer from ttwo-way slab
Figure4. 9: Slab load transfer

N.B: For analysis we transfer un
un-factored
factored dead load and live load because we factor loads in
ETABS analysis.
i) Dead Load Transfer
VDX=𝛽Vx*D.L*Lx
VDY= 𝛽Vy*D.L*Lx
ii) Live Load Transfer

VLX=𝛽Vx*L.L*Lx
VLY= 𝛽Vy*L.L*Lx
Table4. 13: Dead Load Transfer
Support
Span βV
Panel Conditio Shear D.L Lx βVx Vx Vy 0.989Vx 0.989Vy
Ratio y
n
P1 Vx1 0.44 20.38 20.15
S1 Vx2 0.29 13.43 13.28

8.4 0.2 12.0
T1 Type 4 Vy1 1.1 5.5 11.91
2 6 4
0.4 18.5
F1 Vy2 18.32
0 2
P2 Vx1 0.36 16.89 16.70
S2 Vx2 0.24 11.26 11.14

8.5
Type 3 1 5.5 0.3 16.8
T2 Vy1 3 16.70
6 9
F2 Vy2 0 0.00 0.00
P3 Vx1 0.40 26.33 26.04
S3 Vx2 0.26 17.12 16.93

11. 0.4 26.3
T3 Type 4 Vy1 1 5.5 26.04
97 0 3
0.2 17.1
F3 Vy2 16.93
6 2
P4 Type 2 Vx1 1.1 9.8 5.5 0.39 21.13 20.90

S4 Vx2 0.39 21.13 20.90
0.2 13.0
T4 Vy1 12.86
4 0
0.3 19.5
F4 Vy2 19.29
6 0
P5 Vx1 0.33 12.98 12.83
S5 Vx2 0.33 12.98 12.83

7.1 0.3 12.9
T5 Type 1 Vy1 1 5.5 12.83
5 3 8
0.3 12.9
F5 Vy2 12.83
3 8
P7 Vx1 0.39 18.23 18.03
S7 Vx2 0.39 18.23 18.03
0.2 11.2
T7 Type2 Vy1 1.1 8.5 5.5 11.10
4 2
0.3 16.8
F7 Vy2 16.64
6 3
P8 Vx1 0.33 15.77 15.60
S8 Vx2 0.33 15.77 15.60

8.6 0.3 15.7
T8 Type 1 Vy1 1 5.5 15.60
9 3 7
0.3 15.7
F3 Vy2 15.60
3 7
P9 Vx1 0.36 14.16 14.00

7.1
S9 Type 2 Vx2 1 5.5 0.36 14.16 14.00
5
T9 Vy1 0.3 14.1 14.00

6 6
0.2
F9 Vy2 9.44 9.33
4
P10 Vx1 0.39 15.34 15.17
S10 Vx2 0.39 15.34 15.17

7.1 0.2
T10 Type 2 Vy1 1.1 5.5 9.44 9.33
5 4
0.3 14.1
F10 Vy2 14.00
6 6
P11 Vx1 0.33 16.44 16.26
S11 Vx2 0.33 16.44 16.26

9.0 0.3 16.4
T11 Type 1 Vy1 1 5.5 16.26
6 3 4
0.3 16.4
F11 Vy2 16.26
3 4
P12 Vx1 0.33 12.98 12.83
S12 Vx2 0.33 12.98 12.83

5.5
7.1 0.3 12.9
T12 Type 1 Vy1 1 12.83
5 3 8
0.3 12.9
F12 Vy2 12.83
3 8
N.B: The support conditions are listed below

Figure4. 10: support conditions
Table4. 14: Live Load Transfer

Support Span
Panel Shear L.L Lx βVx βVy Vx Vy 0.989Vx 0.989Vy
Condition Ratio
P1 Vx1 0.44 12.10 11.97
S1 Vx2 0.29 7.98 7.89
Type 4 1.1 5 5.5
T1 Vy1 0.26 7.15 7.07
F1 Vy2 0.40 11.00 10.88
P2 Vx1 0.36 9.90 9.79
S2 Vx2 0.24 6.60 6.53
Type 3 1 5 5.5
T2 Vy1 0.36 9.90 9.79
F2 Vy2 0 0.00 0.00
P3 Vx1 0.40 4.40 4.35
S3 Vx2 0.26 2.86 2.83
Type 4 1 2 5.5
T3 Vy1 0.40 4.40 4.35
F3 Vy2 0.26 2.86 2.83
P4 Vx1 0.39 10.73 10.61
S4 Vx2 0.39 10.73 10.61
Type 2 1.1 5 5.5
T4 Vy1 0.24 6.60 6.53
F4 Vy2 0.36 9.90 9.79
P5 Vx1 0.33 9.08 8.98
S5 Vx2 0.33 9.08 8.98
Type 1 1 5 5.5
T5 Vy1 0.33 9.08 8.98
F5 Vy2 0.33 9.08 8.98
P7 Type2 Vx1 1.1 5 5.5 0.39 10.73 10.61

S7 Vx2 0.39 10.73 10.61

T7 Vy1 0.24 6.60 6.53
F7 Vy2 0.36 9.90 9.79
P8 Vx1 0.33 9.08 8.98
S8 Vx2 0.33 9.08 8.98
Type 1 1 5 5.5
T8 Vy1 0.33 9.08 8.98
F3 Vy2 0.33 9.08 8.98
P9 Vx1 0.36 9.90 9.79
S9 Vx2 0.36 9.90 9.79
Type 2 1 5 5.5
T9 Vy1 0.36 9.90 9.79
F9 Vy2 0.24 6.60 6.53
P10 Vx1 0.39 10.73 10.61
S10 Vx2 0.39 10.73 10.61
Type 2 1.1 5 5.5
T10 Vy1 0.24 6.60 6.53
F10 Vy2 0.36 9.90 9.79
P11 Vx1 0.33 9.08 8.98
S11 Vx2 0.33 9.08 8.98
Type 1 1 5 5.5
T11 Vy1 0.33 9.08 8.98
F11 Vy2 0.33 9.08 8.98
P12 Vx1 0.33 9.08 8.98
S12 Vx2 5.5 0.33 9.08 8.98
Type 1 1 5
T12 Vy1 0.33 9.08 8.98
F12 Vy2 0.33 9.08 8.98

Chapter Five:: Stair case Analysis and design Results

5.1
.1 Design of open well stair case from ground floor to fifth floor
Figure5. 1: Plan view of the stair
Figure5. 2: sectional view of the stair
Pitch angle α=Tan

α=Tan-1(105/180) = 30.26
Cosα= 0.86

Geometric data of the stair

Height of stair in one flight = 1.05m
Number of riser = 7
Number of thread =7-1=6
Height of riser =1.368= 0.15𝑚 = 15𝑐𝑚
Width of thread = =180/6 = 30𝑐𝑚
Effective Depth Determination: Serviceability requirement

ρ ρ
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘( − 1)3/2] ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3……. 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≤ 𝜌𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2
ρ ρ
(7.16𝑎)
ρ ρ
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓𝑐𝑘√ ] ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3… … . . 𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝜌𝑜 𝐴𝑟𝑡. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)
ρ ρ’ ρ
Where;
 K- is the factor to take into account the different structural systems
 ρo - is the reference reinforcement ratio=10-3√𝑓𝑐𝑘
 ρ - is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the
to design loads (at support for cantilevers)
 fck is characteristics compressive strength of concrete in MPa unit.
F1= = ,
∗
,,
F2=0.8, for flanged sections where the ratio of the flange breadth to the rib breadth exceeds 3.
Otherwise;
F2=1 for other cases.
F3=7/leff, for beams and slabs, other than flat slabs, with spans exceeding 7 m, which support
partitions liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters, see Art. 5.3.2.2 (1)). Or
F3=8.5/leff, for flat slabs where the greater span exceeds 8.5 m, and which support partitions
liable to be damaged by excessive deflections (leff in meters). Otherwise; F3=1 for both cases

Assumption initially we can’t know ρ and ρ’. So, let’s assume ρ= ρo and use equation 7.16a.
= 𝐾 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3, Where: -
ρ ρ
N=11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + 3.2√𝑓𝑐𝑘( − 1)3/2, But 𝜌𝑜= 𝜌(𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ρ ρ
𝜌𝑜= √𝑓𝑐𝑘∗ 10−3= √20 ∗ 10−3= 0.447%
N= 11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘= 11 + 1.5√20 = 11.7
F1= = , =500/400 = 1.25

∗
,,
F2=1 and F3= 1 (because span of beam < 7m)
Now: determine k = 1.5 using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015
Basic ratios of span/effective depth for reinforced concrete members without axial
compression
=K*N*F1*F2*F3= 1.5*17.71*1.25*1*1=33.21

Ølong
We have d’=cover + , Use concrete cover = 20mm
Ølong
Bar diameter = 12mm, d’= cover+ = 20mm + 6𝑚𝑚= 26mm so;
D = d+d’ = 165.61mm + 26mm = 191.61mm …... take D = 200mm

Design for flight 1 and flight 3
Dead load calculation
Table5. 1: stair material properties
Material Thickness (m) Unit weight (KN/m 3)
Marble 0.02 27
Cement screed 0.05 23
Plastering 0.02 23
Concrete slab 0.2 25

I. For flight part

Self-weight
weight of steps =1/2*0.15*25=1.875 KN/m2
Self-weight
weight of slab (waist) = (0.2*25) = 5KN/m2
Cement screed=0.05*23= 1.15KN/m2
Weight of marble =0.02*27=0.54 KN/m2
Plaster = (0.02*23)=0.46KN/m2
Total Dead load= 9.025KN/m2
Gk = 9.025KN/m2
Live load
LL=5KN/m2 (4-5KN/m2
5KN/m2 for shopping area or category D1)
Design load Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*9.025+1.5*5=19.68 KN/m2
Pd =19.68 KN/m2*1.53m= 30.11KN/m
II. For landing part
Self-weight
weight of slab (waist) =0.2*25=5KN/m2
23=1.15KN/m2
plaster=0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Live load
LL=5KN/m2 (4-5KN/m2
Design load Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*6.61+1.5*5=16.424KN/m2
Pd =16.424KN/m2*1.6m= 26.28KN/m
Half load is applied for the common landing =26.28KN/m /2= 13.14KN/m
This loads acting on the stair are analyzed using E
ETABS software and results are the maximum
moment and shear force.
The analysis results are showen in the figure below.
Loading on the stair

Moment diagram
Shear force diagram
Figure5. 3: Loading and analysis result of stair (flight1)
From the analysis result it is seen that the maximum value of the moment and shear force at the
mid span and at the support. Hence
Hence; Mspan=34.37KNm, Msupport =67.79KNm, Vmax =73.72KN
5.2 Flexural design

Step1: - Material constants
Concrete: C20/25
fck=0.85*37=30Mpa
fcd=0.85*fck/1.5=17Mpa
fctm = 2.9Mpa
Steel: s-400
fyd=fyk/1.15=347.82Mpa
fyk=400Mpa
MEd = 67.79KNm for support
Cover =20mm
Use diameter of bar 12mm will be employed for construction
d=D- cover-Ø𝑙𝑜𝑛g/2=200-20mm
20mm -12𝑚𝑚/2 =174mm
b= 1000mm (design per unit width)

. ∗
Determine k from 𝑘 = = =0.112<k’=5/fyk=0.167, hence; 𝑁𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
∗ ∗
𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛t is required
z=𝑑/2[1+ √1 − 3.53𝑘] =174/2[1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.112 = 154.65𝑚𝑚
. ∗
𝐴𝑠1 = = = 1260.26𝑚𝑚2/𝑚
. ∗ .
As min =𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.26 ∗ ( )∗𝑏∗𝑑
0.0013bd…………………….…………ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (1)

.
As min =𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.26 ∗ ( ) ∗ 1000∗ 174=327.99mm2
0.0013*1000*174=226.2mm2
Therefore, As min= 327.99𝑚𝑚2
As max= 0.04Ac…………… ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (3)
As max= 0.04*1000*200=8000mm2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 327.99𝑚𝑚2≤ 𝐴𝑠, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢 = 1260.26𝑚𝑚2≤ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8000𝑚𝑚2 …. Ok!!
Now using Ø12 bar, as=113.1mm2
∗ ∗ .
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = =89.74mm, take 85mm
.
Hence the stair is designed as a simply supported slab of unit width; for slab maximum spacing
defined in ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.3.1.1 (3)
Smax = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 3h=3*200=600mm

400mm
Therefore Smax =400mm
S=85mm< Smax =400mm ok!!

𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝒂𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟏
𝐴𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 1330.6𝑚𝑚2(at the support)
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟖𝟓
Provide Ø12mm @ 85mm c/c (As, provide = 1330.6𝑚𝑚2)
For the span,
. ∗
𝑘= = =0.06
∗ ∗
z=𝑑/2[1+ √1 − 3.53𝑘] =174/2[1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.06 = 164.88𝑚𝑚

. ∗
𝐴𝑠1 = = = 599.32𝑚𝑚2/𝑚(at mid span)> As min …ok!!
. ∗ .

∗ ∗ .
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = = 188.7mm, take 180mm
.
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝒂𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎∗𝟏𝟏𝟑.𝟏
𝐴𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 628.33𝑚𝑚2(at mid span)
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝟏𝟖𝟎
Check for deflection
𝑙/𝑑 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3
K= 1.5 using table 7.4N of ES EN 1992:2015

ρ ρ′
N= [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓𝑐𝑘√ ]
ρ ρ’ ρ
ρ′ = 0(no comp reinforcement), 𝜌 =𝐴𝑠/𝑏𝑑= 1330.6/(1000*174)=0.765%

𝜌𝑜=10−3√𝑓𝑐𝑘=0.447%
Hence, ρ=0.765%> ρo =0.447% ok!!

.
N= [11 + 1.5√20* = 14.92
.
500
F1= = , = 1260.26 =1.32
∗ 400∗ 1330.6
,
F2 =1; F3 =1 (span <7m)
Therefore 𝑙/𝑑 = 𝐾 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3 = 1.5 ∗ 14.92 ∗ 1.32∗ 1 ∗ 1 = 29.54
The actual deflection is 𝑙/𝑑=5500/174= 31.61
So allowable deflection 31.61 > 29.54 actual deflections…..ok!!
5.3 Shear design

Ultimate shear forcefrom the analysis result VEd =73.72KN
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐= [𝐶𝑅𝐷,𝑐∗ 𝑘 ∗ (1000𝜌𝑓𝑐𝑘)1 3+ 𝑘1 ∗ 𝛿𝑐𝑝] 𝑏𝑤𝑑 ≥ (𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛+ 𝑘1𝛿𝑐𝑝)𝑏𝑤𝑑

. .
𝐶𝑅𝑑,𝑐= = = 0.21
.
𝑘=1+ ≤2=1+ = 2.07𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑘 = 2

𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛= 0.035𝑘3/2*𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2= 0.035

0.035*23/2*201/2=0.443
.
𝜌= = = 0.00765 ≤ 0.02; 𝑘1 = 0.15
∗
𝛿𝑐𝑝=𝑁𝐸𝑑/𝐴𝑐<
< 0.2 fcd (where 𝑁𝐸𝑑is the axial force at the section, 𝐴𝑐=
= cross sectional area
of the concrete), Take 𝑁𝐸𝑑=0
𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐= [0.21 ∗ 2 ∗ (1000 ∗ 0.00765 ∗ 20)1/3] 1000 ∗ 174 = 390.87𝐾𝑁

𝑁 ≥(0.443)1000
∗174=77.1𝐾𝑁
Therefore 𝑉𝑅𝑑,𝑐= 390.87𝐾𝑁 > 𝑉Ed = 73.72𝐾𝑁 no shear reinforcement

einforcement is required, shear
is ok.
Design for flight 2
Figure5. 4: Plan and section view of flight 2
Pitch angle α=Tan-1(90/180) = 26.560

Cosα= 0.894
Loading: Dead load calculation
Self-weight
weight of steps =1/2*0.15*25=1.875 KN/m2
Self-weight
weight of slab (waist) = (0.2*25) = 5KN/m2
Cement screed=0.05*23= 1.15KN/m2

Weight of marble =0.02*27=0.54 KN/m2

Plaster = (0.02*23)=0.46KN/m2
Total Dead load= 9.025KN/m2
Gk = 9.025KN/m2
Live load
LL=5KN/m2 (4-5KN/m2
Design load Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*9.025+1.5*5=19.68 KN/m2
Pd =19.68 KN/m2*1.6m= 31.48KN/m
II. For landing part
Self-weight
weight of slab (waist) =0.2*25=5KN/m2
plaster=0.02*23=0.46KN/m2
Live load
LL=5KN/m2 (4-5KN/m2
Design load Pd =1.35GK+1.5qk=1.35*6.61+1.5*5=16.424KN/m2
Pd =16.424KN/m2*1.6m= 26.28KN/m
Half load is applied for the common landing =26.28KN/m /2= 13.14KN/m
Analysis
Loading
BMD

SFD
Figure5. 5: Loading and analysis result of stair (flight2)
From the analysis result it is seen that the maximum value of the moment and shear force at the
mid span and at the support. Hence
Hence; Mspan=30.37KNm, Msupport = 52.74KNm,
KNm, Vmax =51.34KN
Flexural design
Step1: - Material constants
Concrete: C20/25
fck=0.85*37=30Mpa
fcd=0.85*fck/1.5=17Mpa
fctm = 2.9Mpa
Steel: s-400
fyd=fyk/1.15=347.82Mpa
fyk=400Mpa
MEd = 67.79KNm for support
Cover =20mm
Use diameter of bar 12mm will be employed for construction
d=D- cover-Ø𝑙𝑜𝑛g/2=200-20mm
20mm -12𝑚𝑚/2 =174mm
b= 1000mm (design per unit width)
. ∗
Determine k from 𝑘 = = =0.05<k’=5/fyk=5/400=0.167,
k’=5/fyk=5/400=0.167, hence; 𝑁𝑜
∗ ∗
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛tt is required
z=𝑑/2[1+ √1 − 3.53𝑘]] =174/2[1 + √1 − 3.53 ∗ 0.05 = 165.95𝑚𝑚=166mm
. ∗
𝐴𝑠1 = = 𝑚2/𝑚
= 526𝑚𝑚
. ∗

As min =𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.26 ∗ ( )∗𝑏∗𝑑
0.0013bd…………………….…………ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (1)

.
As min =𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.26 ∗ ( ) ∗ 1000∗ 174=327.99mm2=328 mm2
0.0013*1000*174=226.2mm2
Therefore, As min= 327.99𝑚𝑚2
As max= 0.04Ac…………… ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (3)
As max= 0.04*1000*200=8000mm2
𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 238𝑚𝑚2≤ 𝐴𝑠, 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢 = 529.33𝑚𝑚2≤ 𝐴𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 8000𝑚𝑚2 …. Ok!!
∗ ∗ .
𝑆𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = = =215.02mm, take 210mm
Hence the stair is designed as a simply supported slab of unit width; for slab maximum spacing
defined in ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.3.1.1 (3)
Smax = 𝑚𝑖𝑛 3h=3*200=600mm

400mm
Therefore Smax =400mm
S=85mm< Smax =400mm ok!!

∗ ∗ .
𝐴𝑠, 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 538.6𝑚𝑚2
Similarly the reinforcement is calculated both for the support and the mid span.
Table5. 2: Summary of reinforcement for stair case
As, spac,
Stair Moment (KNm) K z As1 As, min max cal reinf, provided
Flight Provide Ø12mm
1& Mspan 34.37 0.06 164.9 599.3 328 8000 188.71 @ 180mm c/c
3 Msupport 67.79 0.11 154.9 1258.7 328 8000 89.86 @ 80mm c/c
2 Mspan 30.37 0.05 166 526.009 328 8000 215.02 @ 210mm c/c
Provide Ø12mm
Msupport 52.74 0.09 159.6 950.438 328 8000 119 @ 110mm c/c

Chapter Six
Six: Frame Analysis and Design Result
Figure6. 1: The 3D model of our structure
Out puts of frame analysis
The outputs are given for each of combinations we entered on a previous stage. The main out
puts we are going to use during the design are
 Bending moment
 Shear force
 Axial force
 Support reaction force (for the footings). These outputs are further used to calculate the
design reinforcements. We use the resulted out puts from ETABS sof
software
tware and calculate
the design values.
6.1 Anal
Analysis and Design Result of Beam
A. Design for flexure:
Material constants
Concrete: C20/25 steel: S-400

∗ . ∗
fcd= = =11.33Mpa fyd= = = =347.826Mpa
. .

Effective depth
Given: b=300mm
D = 450mm (GB) d d
D = 400mm (IB)
D = 300mm (TTB)
d’
Effective depth= D- cover - Øst --Ølong/2= D-d’
d=450-41=409mm…………for
41=409mm…………for grade beam
d=400-41=359mm…………for
41=359mm…………for intermediate beam
d= 300-41=259mm…………for
41=259mm…………for top tie beam
All Depths are within the limits of the required depth for serviceability
6.1.1 Sample Analysis

sis and design of beam on second floor Axis-2
2 (A-D)
(
Figure6.2: Frame analysis result of Moment 3-3 at axis 2(A-D)

From the above frame section

tion resulted from ETBS output, we design a beam having higher
moment on axis 2(A-D)
D) located at the second floor.
Figure6. 3:: Moment diagram for the particular axis 2(A

2(A-D)
Step 3: Calculation of µsds
A. For Maximum Span moment
MED=81.56KN
81.56KN m and d=359mm
, . ∗
µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = = =0.186
∗ . ∗ ∗
µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 =0.187 < µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 * = 0.295(for 0% moment redistribution) ⇒Design

Design the beam as single
reinforced beam.
Step 4: Calculation of Kz and Z
Using µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 0.167 read Kz from the general design chart No.1a (EBCS 2)
Kz = 0.9
Z = Kz * d = 0.9*359 = 323.1
Step5: Calculation
alculation of Area of steel
. ∗
Ast, calc = = = 725.73mm2
∗ . ∗ .
The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should nnot

ot be taken as less than As, min.
For the value of As, min for beams the recommended value is given as follow
As min =𝑚𝑎𝑥 0.26 ∗ ( )∗𝑏
𝑏t ∗ 𝑑
0.0013bt * d……………………. …………ES EN 1992:2015 Art.9.2.1.1 (1)

d…………………….…………ES
. ∗ ∗
0.26 = 154.01mm
= Max
0.0013 ∗ 300 ∗ 359 = 140.01mm
As, min = 154.01mm2

𝐴 , = 0.04Ac =0.04*300*400 = 4800 mm
𝐴 , = 154.01mm2 ≤ As1=725.23
725.23mm2≤ 𝐴 , = 4800 mm OK!
Step 6) calculation of number of tension bars

Use Ф16 bar,
, . .
#of bar = = = ∗
= 3.6≈ 4 (As, prove = 804.25mm2)
Then provide 4Ф16

Ф16 at the bottom (tension zone)
And provide 2 Ф16 at the top (compression zone)
Figure6
Figure6. 4: Reinforcement detail
Step7. Check failure type:

.
𝜀 = = = 0.00174= 0.174%
ԑ . 11.33
ρb = 0.8[ ]* = 0.8*
0.8*( )∗ = 0.0174=1.74%
ԑ ԑ . . 347.826
, .
𝜌 = = = 0.0075=0.75%
∗
Since: ρprov=0.0075<
< ρb=0.0174…………...tension
ρb=0.0174…………...tension/ ductile failure …...OK!
Recheck depth for deflection:
Since 𝜌 = 0.75% >𝜌𝑜= 10 𝑓𝑐𝑘= 0.447%

𝑓𝑐𝑘
ρ ρ
= 𝑘 [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓𝑐𝑘
𝑘√ ] ∗ 𝐹1 ∗ 𝐹2 ∗ 𝐹3……….𝑖𝑓 𝜌 ≥ 𝑡.. 7.4.2 (7.16𝑏)
(7.16
ρ ρ’ ρ
= K*N*F1*F2*F3

Where;
l/d - is the limit span/depth
K - is the factor to take into account the different structural systems. K = 1.5
𝜌’= is the required compression reinforcement ratio at the mid-span to resist the moment due to
design loads (at support for cantilevers).But in this case(singly reinforced simply supported
beam) 𝜌’=0.
ρo- is the reference reinforcement ratio =10−3√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 0.00447 = 0.447%
ρ - is the required tension reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to the design
loads (at support for cantilevers) = 0.75%
ρ’ - is the required compression reinforcement ratio at mid-span to resist the moment due to
design loads (at support for cantilevers) fck is in MPa units. ρ’ = 0%
ρ ρ′
N= [11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 + √𝑓𝑐𝑘√ ], But 𝜌𝑜= 𝜌 (𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
ρ ρ’ ρ
. .
= 11 + 1.5√𝑓𝑐𝑘 = 11 + 1.5√20* = 15
. .
F1= = , = . = 1.16
∗ ∗
,, .
F2=F3=1
=K*N*F1*F2*F3=1.5*15*1.16*1*1=26.1
d= =210.7mm < dused = 359mm……... ok!

.
B. For support moment
MED=155.65KNm
, . ∗
µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = = =0.355
∗ . ∗ ∗
µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠=0.355 >µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 * = 0.295(for 0% moment redistribution) ⇒Design the beam as doubly
reinforced beam (no need to provide compression reinforcement).
Step 4: Calculation of Kz and Z
Using µ𝑠𝑑, 𝑠 = 0.279 read Kz from the general design chart No.1a (EBCS 2)
Kz = 0.75

Z = Kz * d = 0.75*359 = 269.25
Step5: Calculation of Area of steel
∗ ∗
As1= + ; where, 𝑀𝑠𝑑 ∗ = 0.295*fcd*b*d2
∗ ( )∗
𝑀𝑠𝑑 ∗ = 0.295*11.33*300*3592 = 129.23KNm

. ∗ ( . . )∗
As1 = + = 1379.88mm2 + 238.86mm2= 1618.74mm2
. ∗ . ( )∗ .
∗ ( . . )∗
As2 = = = 238.86mm2
( )∗ ( )∗ .
The area of longitudinal tension reinforcement should not be taken as less than As, min.
For the value of As, min for beams the recommended value is given as follow
. ∗ ∗
0.26 = 154.01mm
As, min = Max
0.0013 ∗ 300 ∗ 359 = 140.01mm
As, min = 154.01mm2
𝐴 , = 0.04Ac =0.04*300*400 = 4800 mm
𝐴 , = 154.01mm2≤ As1=752.1mm2≤ 𝐴 , = 4800 mm OK!
Step 6) calculation of number of tension bars

Use Ф16 bar,
, . .
#of bar = = = ∗
= 8. 1 ≈ 9 (As, prove = 1089.6mm2)
Provide 9 Ф16 deformed bars at the top (support)

.
#of bar= ∗
= 1.2≈ 2
Provide 2 Ф16 bottom

6.1.2 Shear Design for beam

Sample shear design calculation on second floor Axis-2 (A-D
D)
Figure6. 5: Shear force analysis result from ETABS on Axis 2(A

2(A--B)
By taking a typical section of the above ETABS results output having higher shear value of beam
on axis 2 (A-B)
B) of the second floor, then the beam is designed for shear.
Figure6. 6:: Sample shear force diagram on axis 2(A-D)

The design shear force along the section is at d distance from the face of column or at (0.2+d)
distance from the center of column, VED = 146.1KN (Near A).
We have Concrete: C- 20/25 and steel: 5-400
fcd =11.33Mpa and fyd = 347.83Mpa
Step1. Checking Concrete shear capacity
The design value for shear resistance VRd,c is given by:

VRd, c = [CRd, c K 100 ∗ ρ fck 1/3 + K σ ]b d ≥ [V +k σ ]b d ……..given under
ES-EN: 1992: 2014 section6.2.2; where
0.18 0.18
𝐶 , = = = 0.12
𝛾 1.5
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 1.75 ≤ 2.0 ……..ok Use K= 1.75, K1= 0.15 (recommended value)
.
𝜌 = = = 0.0075 ≤ 0.02 …………………OK (Take 𝜌 = 0.0075)
∗ ∗
Asl = area of tensile reinforcement for the beam provided before(4ϕ16).
V = 0.035 ∗ k ∗ Fck = 0.035 ∗ 1.75 ∗ 20

V = 0.362
σ = <0.2 fcd, NED = 0 Where 𝑁𝐸𝐷 is the axial force in the cross-section due to loading [N]
Ac is the area of concrete cross-section [mm2]

σ =0
Thus the design value for shear resistance will be:
VRd, c = [CRd, c K(100 ∗ ρ fck)1/3 + K σ ]b d ≥ [V +k σ ]b d
VRd, c = [0.12 ∗ 1.75(100 ∗ 0.0075 ∗ 20) + 0.15 ∗ 0] ∗ 300 ∗ 359 = 55.77KN
𝑉 , ( ) [𝑉 +k σ ]b d = [0.362 + 0.15 ∗ 0] ∗ 300 ∗ 359 = 38.98KN
55.77KN > 38.98𝐾𝑁 … … . . 𝑂𝐾! (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒V , = 55.77KN),
 Note here, Since 𝐕𝐑𝐝, 𝐜= 55.77kN < VED =146.1KN the concrete alone cannot resist
the coming shear alone, thus the section require design for shear reinforcement ES EN
1992-1-1 Section 6.2.3
Step 2: Checking diagonal compression failure

For members with vertical shear reinforcement, the shear resistance, VRd is the smaller value of
𝑍𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃
VRd, max =Min
𝛼 𝑏 𝑧𝑣
Where;
α =the angle between shear reinforcement and the main tension chord (Recommended value of 1
for non pre stressed structures)
θ = the angle between concrete compression struts and the main tension chord
Fcd= the design value of the concrete compression force in the direction of the longitudinal
member axis.
Bw =the minimum width between tension and compression chords
z = the inner lever arm, for a member with constant depth, corresponding to the maximum
bending moment in the element under consideration. In the shear analysis, the approximate value
z = 0.9d may normally be used. (z = 0.9*359= 323.1mm)
Asw = the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement
S= the spacing of the stirrup
fywd = the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement
ν = 0.6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa
Now let’s determine the angle θ between the concrete compression strut and the main tension
chord by considering Vrd,s = VEd
∝ 𝑐 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 2∗𝑉
𝑉 ∝ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = ≥ 𝜃 = sin ( )
sin 2𝜃 2 ∝ 𝑐 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
2
∗ . ∗
𝜃 = sin ( ) = 10.9°
∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ .
Thus 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = cot (10.9°) = 5.19 but the limiting value of 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 is 1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ≤ 2.5
Take 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5 =>𝜃 = 22°

.
Hence, VRd, max =𝛼 𝑏 𝑧𝑣 = 1 ∗ 300 ∗ 323.1 ∗ 0.6 = 228.87KN
By checking the maximum value of design shear force for envelope, V ED=146.1KN,

Therefore𝐕𝐑𝐝, max=228.87KN> VED=146.1KN, it is ok! (no diagonal compression failure)
Step3. Calculate the Require Shear Reinforcement
The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement is determined from ES EN 1992-1-1 Section 9.2.2
𝜌𝑤 = Where, ρw is the shear reinforcement ratio

∗ ∗ ∝
α is the angle between shear reinforcement and the longitudinal axis
s is the spacing of the shear reinfo11rcement measured along the longitudinal axis of the
member
. . √
ρw ≤ ρw. min = = = 0.00089, Takeρw = 0.00089
2
As, min= ρw. min*b*d = 0.00089*300*359=95.85mm
By using 2 leg Ø8mm stirrup for shear, 𝐴 = 2 ∗ 8 ∗ 8 ∗ 3.14/4 = 100.53𝑚𝑚 > As, min (ok!)
∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ θ . ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗ .
= => Scalc= =
, . ∗ ∗ ∗ θ
𝟐𝟖𝟏𝟓𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟎.𝟔
Scalc =
𝑽𝑬𝑫∗𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Scalc= 192.67mm
Sl, max= 0.75𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼) (maximum permissible spacing for shear, considering α=90o
Sl, max= 0.75d = 0.75 *359= 269.25=260mm>S calc= 192.67mm
Take Sprovided= 180mm

Use 2-leg stirrup ɸ8 c/c 180mm (b/n And B)
Table6. 1: Sample shear force diagram on axis 2(A-D)
Span Location VED(KN) Scalc(mm) Sprovided(mm)
Near A 146.1 192.67 ɸ8 c/c190mm
A-B Near B 68.56 410.56 ɸ8 c/c 260mm
Near B 99.34 283.37 ɸ8 c/c260mm
B-C Near C 98.84 284.8 ɸ8 c/c 260mm
Near C 112.41 250.43 ɸ8 c/c 250mm
C-D Near D 120.89 232.86 ɸ8 c/c 230mm

Figure6. 77: Sample beam detailing for Axis 2(A-B)
The rest of the beams on each axis is calculated and summarized in the table below on the next
page.

Table6. 2: Beam reinforcement Results
MOMENT, As, Diameter, NO of

AXIS SECTION LOCATION KN.m mm2 mm bar Provided
GROUND GB 30X45 Bottom 10.76 339 16 2 2Ø16
FLOOR GB 30X45 top -17.29 339 16 2 2Ø16
Axis A(1-5) GB 30X45 negative -77.21 583 16 3 3Ø16
Axis B(1-5) GB 30X45 Bottom 10.21 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.76 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -78.63 600 16 3 3Ø16
Axis C(1-5) GB 30X45 Bottom 10.7 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.3 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -78.71 589 16 3 3Ø16
Axis D(1-5) GB 30X45 Bottom 10.4 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.2 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -76.94 566 16 3 3Ø16
Axis 1(A-D) GB 30X45 Bottom 10.6 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.32 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -82.12 644 16 3 3Ø16
AXIS 2A-D() GB 30X45 Bottom 10.3 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.65 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -81.93 652 16 3 3Ø16
AXIS 3(A-D) GB 30X45 Bottom 10.7 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.21 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -81.5 618 16 3 3Ø16

GB 30X45 top -10.4 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -81.72 641 16 3 3Ø16
GB 30X45 top -10.5 339 16 2 2Ø16
GB 30X45 negative -81.46 612 16 3 3Ø16
1ST FLOOR IB 30X40 Bottom 60.53 517 16 3 3Ø16
Axis A(1-5) IB 30X40 top -10.2 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -96.7 831 16 4 4Ø16
Axis B(1-5) IB 30X40 Bottom 68.6 813 16 4 4Ø16
IB 30X40 top -10.11 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -124.7 1028 16 5 5Ø16
Axis C(1-5) IB 30X40 Bottom 64.7 761 16 4 4Ø16
IB 30X40 top -9.6 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -125.7 1041 16 5 5Ø16
Axis D(1-5) IB 30X40 Bottom 60.12 510 16 3 3Ø16
IB 30X40 top -8.6 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -101.27 895 16 4 4Ø16
Axis 1(A-D) IB 30X40 Bottom 67.01 577 16 3 3Ø16
IB 30X40 top -7.92 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -102.21 905 16 5 5Ø16
AXIS 2(A-D) IB 30X40 Bottom 97.94 878 16 4 4Ø16
IB 30X40 top -9.12 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -126.1 1113 16 6 6Ø16
AXIS 3(A-B') IB 30X40 Bottom 102.01 919 16 5 5Ø16

IB 30X40 top -9.72 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -125.71 1127 16 6 6Ø16
AXIS 3 (B'-
D) IB 30X40 Bottom 57.79 491 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 top -10.5 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -98.2 823 16 4 4Ø16
IB 30X40 top -9.8 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -126.2 1181 16 6 6Ø16
IB 30X40 top -10.71 298 16 2 2Ø16
IB 30X40 negative -103.06 930 16 5 5Ø16
6.2 Column Analysis and Design Result

6.2.1 Grouping the columns based on their elevation and loading condition.
Table6. 3: column grouping
Group Load Type of column Remark

range(KN)
Group1 <1000 C5, C16, C18 &C20 Square
Group2 1000-2000 C2, C3, C4 &C19 Square
Group3 2000-3000 C6, C10,C11,C15&C17 square
Group4 3000-4000 C12,C13 &C14 Square
Group5 >4000 C7, C8 & C9 Square
For sample calculation for group 3 columns design input parameters are
 Cross sectional data
 Beam and column dimensions

 Cross sectional dimension in xx-x and y-y direction
Table6. 4: Dimensional values for sample of column and beam
Depth Item Width

0.4 B1 0.3
0.4 B2 0.3
0.4 B3 0.3
0.4 B4 0.3
0.4 C1 0.4
0.4 C2 0.4
0.4 C3 0.4
Cover -the
the same calculation procedure as we did in slab and beam cover calculation, we obtain
25mm
Geometric data
Supporting condition fixed
Length= 3m
Design action effects
Axial load NEd =2085.03KN
Moment MYY-T =-10.2KNm MZZ-T = 97.46KNm
MYY-B=11.49KNm MZZ-B= -123.584KNm
Material specifications
Concrete (concrete grade, Ec,ϒc)
c)
C25/30, Ec=31Gpa, ϒc=1.5
Reinforcement (class, rebar size, Es ,,ϒs)
S-400 class B, Es=200Gpa, ϒs=1.15
s=1.15
Main bar =ϕ20
Tie bar= ϕ12
Step 1: - Design material constant

α
Concrete, fcd= =14.17N/mm2
=0.85∗ =14.17
ϒ .
Steel, fyd=fyk/ϒs = =347.83N/mm2

.

Step 2: - Effective length determination

Effective length: a length used to account for the shape of the deflection curve. It can also be
defined as buckling length i.e the length of pin
pin-ended
ended column with constant normal force, having
the same cross section
ion and buckling load.
Determine the relative flexibilities of rotational restraints at both ends 1,2
Figure6. 8 sample column arrangement
Determine effective length 𝑙𝑜 in each direction
Effective length, lo
For braced member,
lo=0.5l 1+ [1 + ] ………. EN ES 1992-1-1:2002, Sec.

ec. 5.8.3.2
. .
( )
Ki=
∗∑ ( )
Ibeam bottom= =0.45*0.33/12=0.00101mm4
Ibeam top= =0.4*0.33/12=0.0009mm4
Icolumn= =0.4*0.43/12=0.00213mm4
( )/ . /
K1= = . =0.832
∗∑ ( )/ ∗ ∗( . / )
.
( ) . /
K2= = . =0.934
∗∑ ( ) ∗ ∗( . / )
.
. .
lo=0.5*l 1+ [1 + ]= 0.5*3 1+ [1 + =2.4928m
]=2.4928m
. . . . . .

λ= ,
i= = = =115.47mm
√ √
.
λ= =21.588
.
Step 3: - Specify reinforcement range (i.e maximum and minimum reinforcement) provided.
According to ES EN 1992-1-1,
1, article 9.5.2.2, the minimum reinforcement provided should be:
. ∗ . ∗ . ∗
Max = 599.44𝑚𝑚2
As,min=Max = .
0.002𝐴𝐶 0.002𝐴𝐶 = 0.002 ∗ (400 ∗ 400) = 320𝑚𝑚2
0
And hence, take As, min =599.44mm2
1, article 9.5.2(3) the recommended maximum value is:
𝐴𝑠,=0.04𝐴𝑐=0.04∗400∗400=6400
∗400∗400=6400𝑚𝑚2
𝜙𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔=20𝑚𝑚 d’=25+10+20/2=45
d’=25+10+20/2=45mm
𝜙𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖=10𝑚𝑚 d=400-45=355mm
mm
Step 4: - Imperfection (additional) eccentricity
1, article 5.2.7 the effect of imperfection can be taken as:
.
= = 6.23𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
ei=max
= = 13.33𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
Therefore, take ei=13.33mm
Step 5:- first order effects: action effects calculated without consideration of the effects of
structural deformations but including geometric imperfection first order moment including
imperfection:
Figure6.9: First order moment

Y-Y direction
𝑀01={|-10.2|,|11.49|}+0.0133*2085.03
Mo1=10.2+0.0133*2085.03=37.31KNm
=𝑀ax{|-10.2|,|11.49|}+0.0133*2085.03
M02=11.49+0.0133*2085.03=38.60KNm
𝑀0𝑒 =0.6𝑀02 +0.4𝑀01 ≥0.4𝑀02 =
=0.6*38.60 +0.4*37.31 ≥0.4*38.6=
38.08>15.44
Therefore take, 𝑀0𝑒 =38.08KNm
Z-Z Direction
𝑀01={|97.46|,|-123.584|}+0.0133*2085.03
Mo1=97.46+0.0133*2085.03=125.19KNm
=𝑀ax{|97.46|,|-123.584|}+0.0133*2085.03
M02=123.584+0.0133*2085.03=151.31KNm
𝑀0𝑒 =0.6𝑀02 +0.4𝑀01 ≥0.4𝑀02
=0.6*151.31 +0.4*125.19 ≥0.4*151.31KNm
140.86>60.52
Therefore take, 𝑀0𝑒 =140.86KNm
Step 6: - Check slenderness

Limits of slenderness for isolated non-sway column According to ES EN 1992-1-1, article 5.8.3.1,
Second order effect for isolated members may be ignored if the slenderness ʎ=𝑙𝑜𝑖 is below a certain
limit value, ʎ𝑙𝑖𝑚
From EBCS EN 1992-1-1:2013(Sec 5.8.(6))

∗ ∗ ∗
λ=
√
A= (if 𝜑𝑒𝑓 is not known, A=0.7 may be assumed)

( . ∗𝞿 )
B=√1 + 2⍵ (if ⍵ is not known, B=1.1 may be assumed)
C=1.7-𝛄m (if 𝛄m is not known, C=0.7 may be assumed)
So we take A=0.7, B=1.1 and
C=1.7-𝛄m
But 𝛄m =
.
𝛄m,y= = =0.97, Cz=1.7-0.97=0.73
.
.
𝛄m,z= = =0.83, Cz=1.7-0.83=0.87
. .
𝑀01 , 𝑀02 are the first order end moments, |𝑀02|≥|𝑀01|

. ∗
n= = =1.15, 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒.
∗ ∗ ∗ .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ .
λlim,y= = =10.48
√ √ .
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ .
λlim,z= = =12.49
√ √ .
λ= ,
i= = = =115.47mm
√ √
.
λ= =21.588
.
λlim,y=10.48< λ=21.588 , And hence the column is not slender we do not consider e2
λlim,z=12.49< λ=21.588 , And hence the column is not slender we do not consider e2
𝑖𝑓 ʎ≥ʎ𝑙𝑖𝑚…𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑠𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑒2 ), if not it is non slender column(do not consider
second order)
Second order eccentricity, 𝑒2 computation
Second order effects: additional action effects caused by structural deformations.

Second order analysis on ES EN 1992: 5.8.8.2(3), 5.8.8.3(3), and 5.8.8.3(4) method based on
nominal curvature.
Step -7 Accidental eccentricities
ea =
ea = =7.5mm
Step-8: Equivalent first order eccentricity
i. Y-Y direction
0.6 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜1

ee=max
0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2
. ∗
eo1= = =5.51mm
.
. ∗
eo2= = =4.89mm
.
0.6 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜1

ee =max
0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2
0.6 ∗ 4.89 + 0.4 ∗ 5.51 = 5.14𝑚𝑚
ee =max
0.4 ∗ 5.51 = 2.204𝑚𝑚
ee =5.14mm
etot= ea+ ee=7.5mm+5.14mm=12.64mm
ii. Z-Z direction
0.6 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜1

ee=max
0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2
. ∗
eo1= = =59.27mm
.
. ∗
eo2= = =46.74mm
.
0.6 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2 + 0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜1

ee =max
0.4 ∗ 𝑒𝑜2
0.6 ∗ 46.74 + 0.4 ∗ 59.27 = 51.75𝑚𝑚
ee =max
0.4 ∗ 46.74 = 18.7𝑚𝑚

ee =51.75mm
etot= ea+ ee=7.5mm+51.75mm=59.25mm
Step 9: - Reinforcement calculation

⍵∗ ∗
As,tot=
My=Nsd*etot-y=2085.03*0.01264=26.35KNm
Mz= Nsd*etot-x=2085.03*0.05925=123.54KNm
. ∗
Vsd= = =1.15
∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗
. ∗ ,
𝜇 sds,y= = =0.0363
∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
. ∗ ,
𝜇 sds,z= = =0.17
∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗ ∗
’ ’
find ⍵ using = =0.1
From bi- axial interaction chart 18
⍵=0
Check with maximum & minimum Reinforcement limits

⍵∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
As,tot= = =0
. ∗
As,min=max
0.002𝐴𝐶
. ∗ . ∗
= 599.44
As,min=max .
0.002 ∗ 400 ∗ 400 = 320
As,min=599.44mm2
Using 𝟇20
.
n= =1.91
∗ ∗
use 2𝟇20
Tie reinforcing calculation
20ϕ𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 = 20 ∗ 20 = 400mm
Smax=min
min(𝑏, h) = (400,400) = 400mm

Smax=400mm
Therefore use, 𝟇20c/c400mm
The reinforcement results are summarized in figure below:
Table6. 5: Column design values

Labe Section P Mmajor Mminor Max. moment Rebar As, As Provided
l combo % min (mm²) Reinf.
Ground Floor
C-1 C40X40 973.2 -67.07 -12.64 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-2 C40X40 998.9 -55.71 -6.58 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-3 C40X40 2702 56.40 -7.14 UDCON2 0.0202 900 1818 820
C-4 C45X45 3981.5 82.83 -3.32 UDCON2 0.0285 900 2565 820
C-5 C45X45 4261.8 88.91 -5.38 UDCON2 0.0334 900 3006 1020
First Floor
C-1 C40X40 918.46 -48.46 -22.73 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-2 C40X40 2160.1 78.60 -47.65 UDCON2 0.0146 900 1788.5 820
C-3 C40X40 2556.7 57.47 48.28 UDCON2 0.019 900 2327.5 820
C-4 C45X45 3790.4 84.43 -5.22 UDCON2 0.026 900 3185 1020
C-5 C45X45 4069.7 -25.55 91.40 UDCON2 0.0308 900 3773 1220
Second Floor
C-1 C40X40 631.11 -80.08 44.07 UDCON26 0.01 900 2025 820
C-2 C40X40 1686.6 -154.37 3.17 UDCON2 0.0169 900 1521 820
C-3 C40X40 2071.0 11.50 -137.06 UDCON2 |0.02 900 1800 820
C-4 C45X45 2875.9 57.52 -38.38 UDCON2 0.0249 900 3050.3 1020
C-5 C45X45 3176.5 33.05 -73.55 UDCON2 0.0321 900 2889 920
Third Floor
C-1 C35X35 610.66 -79.18 -23.58 UDCON26 0.01 900 1225 820
C-2 C35X35 1244.0 -103.38 -4.52 UDCON2 0.0169 900 2704 920

C-3 C35X35 1627.8 10.51 -84.94 UDCON2 0.0201 900 3216 1020
C-4 C35X35 2135.4 50.58 -25.02 UDCON2 0.0257 900 4112 1320
C-5 C35X35 2377.3 22.65 -57.47 UDCON2 0.0327 900 5232 1720
Fourth Floor
C-1 C35X35 455.04 67.03 58.33 UDCON2 0.0109 900 1335.2 820
C-2 C35X35 793.58 -109.68 -15.45 UDCON2 0.0139 900 2224 820
C-3 C35X35 670.94 -57.51 -34.98 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-4 C35X35 881.86 -31.13 1.68 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-5 C35X35 973.12 -46.10 -1.67 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
Fifth Floor
C-1 C30X30 330.48 -59.09 -26.16 UDCON2 0.0156 900 1404 820
C-2 C30X30 429.26 -71.99 -4.82 UDCON2 0.0155 900 2480 820
C-3 C30X30 327.72 60.18 4.61 UDCON9 0.0115 900 1840 820
C-4 C30X30 505.53 -17.01 -2.60 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
C-5 C30X30 556.01 -25.33 -0.94 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820
Roof
C-1 C30X30 55.09 -51.82 -25.06 UDCON2 0.0174 900 3523.5 1120
C-2 C30X30 79.30 -60.68 -1.50 UDCON2 0.0169 900 3422.3 1120
C-3 C30X30 76.92 -2.56 55.49 UDCON2 0.0157 900 3179.3 1020
C-4 C30X30 70.13 -7.64 -3.83 UDCON26 0.01 900 2025 820
C-5 C30X30 129.79 30.54 23.66 UDCON26 0.01 900 1600 820

Chapter 7: Analysis and Design of Foundation

7.1 Isolated footings
The design of any foundations consists of two main steps;
 Geotechnical design which is covered in ES EN-1997-1.
 Structural design which is covered in ES EN 1992-1-1.
7.2 Grouping of the footing

Table7. 1: Grouping footings based on support reaction obtained from the ETABS analysis
Group Load range(KN) Type of column Type of footing
Group1 400-800 C1, C5, C18, C19 &C20 F1
Group2 800-1200 C2, C3, C4, C10, C15, C16 &C17 F2
Group3 1200-1600 C6 &C11 F3
Group4 1600-2000 C13 &C14 F4
Group5 2000-2400 C7, C8, C9 &C12 F5
7.3 Design of isolated footing

Footing1 (F1)
Design constants
 Grade of concrete=C20/25 Grade of steel=S400

 Rebar size=Ø=16mm Concrete cover=50mm
 ϒconc=25KN/m3 ϒsub soil=19KN/m3
 Allowable bearing capacity of soil 400 KN/m2 (assumed)
Step1: proportioning
Table7. 2: Loads and moments of footing 1 (F1)
Type of load PZ (KN) MX (KN.M) My(KN.M)
Service load 518.03 01.33 1.06
Factored (design load) 831.845 1.76 1.35

Ծmax = 1+ + < q all
.
ex = = = 0.0019
.
.
ey = = = 0.0024
.
Since, the moments acting in x and y directions are the same to each other, assume square
footing, B=L.
Ծmax = 1+ + < q all

∗
. ∗ . ∗ .
1+ + = 200kpa
∗
By trial and error method or scientific calculator the value of B=1.95m.

. ( . ) ( . )
ծmax= 1+ +
∗
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծmax= 1+ +
. ∗ . . .
=193 kpa<ծ all=200kpa ……. safe
So, determine self-weight of the footing and surcharge load on the footing
Let us assume depth of footing = 0.5m
Depth of soil = 2m
Weight of the soil= (1.9*1.9-0.4*0.4) *2*19 = 68.40 KN
Weight of footing = 1.9*1.9*0.5*25 = 24.5KN
Total design load = 724.30+68.40+24.5 = 817.20KN
. ∗ . ∗ .
1+ + = 200 kpa
∗
By trial and error B = 1.97m, use B x B=2mx2m

Now by using the width of footing 2m, the weight of soil and footing can be calculated below
 Weight of the soil= (2*2-0.4*0.4) *2*19 = 79.42 KN

 Weight of footing = 2*2*0.5*25 = 28.13KN
 Total design load = 724.3+79.42+28.13 =831.845KN
Step2: Thickness determination
The thickness is determined to fulfill punching and wide beam shear criteria and the stress
distribution is illustrated below

Figure7. 1: stress distribution
ծmin/ծmax = 1± ±
.
ex = = = 0.0016
.
.
ey = = = 0.0021
.
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծmin/ծmax = 1± ±
( ∗ )
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծa (max) = 1+ + =210.46KPa
( ∗ )
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծb= 1+ − =207.6KPa
( ∗ )
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծc= 1− + =207.6KPa
( ∗ )
. ∗ . ∗ .
ծd (min) = 1− − =205.47KPa
( ∗ )
ծ,avg = (ծa+ծb+ծc+ծd)/4=(210.46+207.6+207.6+205.47)/4
= 208kpa
Depth from wide-beam shear
 Along x-direction:
Let q5 (at top) and q6 (at bottom) the stresses acting at the distance x from the edge of footing:
X= (B/2+C/2+d) = (2/2+0.4/2+0.276) =1.476m, d is assumed to be 0.276m.The
pressure at the distance d from the face of column is given under the figure shown below

Figure7.2: pressure at the distance d from the face of column

) ( ) ( ) ( . . ) .
= , Q5 = *( + + 𝑑)+Qc = *( + + 0.276)+ 207.6=209.7KN
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( . . ) .
= , Q6 = *( + + 𝑑)+Qd= *( + + 0.276)+205.47 =207K
( )
( ) ( . . . . )
Qavg = = = 208.7KN
Vxx= Qavg *Area
= Qavg * L*( − − 𝑑)
.
=208.7*2*( − 0.276)
=217.78 KN
The design value of the shear resistance is given in ES EN: 1992 section 6.2.2 as follows:
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [(C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐) * k*(100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3)] b*d*1000 ≥Vmin*B*d*1000; Where:

fck is in MPa
. .
CRd, c = = =0.12
.

𝐾=1+√( ) = 1+√ (200/ (1000*0.276)) = 1.851< 2.0 …………OK

∗
ρ1= 0.26(fctm/fyk) <0.02, fctm=0.3*(fck) 2/3=2.21 Mpa and fyk=400Mpa
=0.26(2.21/400) =0.0014<0.02 … ok
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.035∗𝐾3/2∗𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2 = 0.035∗1.873/2∗201/2=0.4
Thus, the design value for shear resistance will be:
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 =[C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐k (100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3)] B*d*1000 ≥ [Vmin] B*d *1000
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 = [0.12∗1.852∗ (100∗0.0014∗20)1/3)] ∗2∗276≥0.4*2*276
=172.9<217.8, take 𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 =217.8KN
VRd, c = 217.8kN >Vxx=217.78𝑘𝑁 ………………. ok
 Along y-direction:
The stress distribution in y direction can be shown below.
Figure7. 3: stress distribution in y direction

(𝑄5 − Qb) (𝑄𝑎 − 𝑄𝑏)
=
𝐵 𝐶 𝐵
( + + 𝑑)
2 2
( )
Q 5= *( + + 𝑑)+Qb
( . . ) .
Q 5= *( + + 0.276)+207.6
Q5=209.71KN
( ) ( )
=
( )

( )
Q 6= *( + + 𝑑)+Qd
( . . ) .
Q 6= *( + + 0.276)+205.47
Q6=207.04KN
( ) ( . . . . )
V yy= = =208.7KN
V yy= Qavg *Area
( )
V yy= *B *( − 𝑑)
.
=208.7*2*( − 0.276)
=217.78KN
VRd, c = 27.80kN from the above calculation.
Since VRd, c = 217.8kN >Vxx=217.78𝑘𝑁 ………………. ok
Depth from punching shear

Punching shear arises when a concentrated load or reaction acts on a relatively small area, called
the loaded area A, of a slab or a foundation. The resulting stresses are verified along defined
control perimeters around the loaded area. To find the acting punching shear the contact pressure
distribution must be calculated first; the critical section is 2d distance from the face of column.
Figure7. 4: critical sections for punching shear
The reduced applied punching shear force, VEd, red, (in KN) is given by;
VEd, red=VEd-ΔVEd Where,
VEd, red=applied punching shear force (KN)

VEd= the design axial column load, Pd.
ΔVEd= the upward force within the control perimeter considered = σavg · Ai
Ai= area of the control perimeter considered.
σavg= the design soil pressure = Pd/(B`L`)
VED =Pd= 831.845KN (from ETABS for footing 1)
ծ,avg = 208 kpa, from isolated footing design template depth, d=0.261m
A= (c+4d) *(c+4d) = (0.4+4*0.261) *(0.4+4*0.261) = 1.8553m2
ΔVEd = σavg · Ai=208*1.8553=385.8KN
β = 1.15 for interior columns,
VEd, red=VEd-ΔVEd =831.845-385.8=445.98KN
(β*VEd,red) =(329.68* 1.15) =512.96KN
The design value of the shear resistance is given in ES EN: 1992 section 6.5.0 as follows;
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐* k*(100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3) ∗ (2𝑑/𝑎) ≥ [Vmin∗ (2𝑑/𝑎)]

Where:
fck is in MPa
CRd, c =0.18/γc = 0.18/1.5 =0.12
a=2d
𝐾=1+√ ( ) = 1+√ ( ) =1.8754< 2.0 …………OK
ρ1= 0.26*(fctm/fyk) < 0.02
ρ1 =0.26*(2.21/400) =0.0014<0.02…………… OK (Take ρ1=0.0014)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.035∗𝐾3/2∗𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.035∗1.87543/2∗201/2=0.516𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 k*(100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3) ∗2𝑑/𝑎≥ [Vmin∗2𝑑/𝑎]
= [0.12*1.8754*(100*0.0014*20)1/3*(2*261/ (2*261)) ≥ [0.516∗ (2*261/ (2*261))]
=0.334 ≥ 0.516 not ok and hence, take v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐=0.516mpa

U (perimeter) = 4*C +4* (𝑟/2), 𝑟=2𝑑=2*261𝑚𝑚=522mm

=4*0.40+4*3.14*0.261= 4.8818m
𝑉Rd,c=v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 *𝑈∗𝑑=0.516*4.8818*0.261=513.03KN
And hence acting design shear is less than shear resistance design 512.96<513.03KN it’s safe.
Therefore, the governing depth is the depth obtained from punching shear which is d=292mm.
From the above calculation we have obtained two different depths from punching shear and wide
beam shear. Therefore, for the reinforcement calculation we have to take the governing depth
which is the maximum one.
Bending moment
Figure7. 5: Critical sections for moments
The reduced applied punching shear force, VEd, red, (in KN) is given by;
VEd, red=VEd-ΔVEd
Where,
VEd, red=applied punching shear force (KN)
VEd= the design axial column load, Pd.
ΔVEd= the upward force within the control perimeter considered = σavg · Ai
Ai= area of the control perimeter considered.
σavg= the design soil pressure = Pd/(B`L`)

VED =Pd= 831.845KN (from ETABS for footing 1)
ծ,avg = 369.7 kpa, from isolated footing design template depth, d=0.207m
A= (c+4d) *(c+4d)
= (0.4+4*0.207) *(0.4+4*0.207)
= 1.3583m2
ΔVEd = σavg · Ai
=369.7*1.3583
=502.16KN
β = 1.15 for interior columns,
VEd, red=VEd-ΔVEd
=831.845-502.16=329.68KN
(β*VEd,red) =329.68* 1.15) =379.13KN
The design value of the shear resistance is given in ES EN: 1992 section 6.5.0 as follows;
𝑉𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐* k*(100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3) ∗ (2𝑑/𝑎) ≥ [Vmin∗ (2𝑑/𝑎)]

Where:
fck is in MPa
CRd, c =0.18/γc = 0.18/1.5 =0.12
a=2d
𝐾=1+√ ( ) = 1+√ ( ) =1.9837< 2.0 …………OK
ρ1= 0.26*(fctm/fyk) < 0.02
=0.26*(2.21/400) =0.0014<0.02…………… OK (Take ρ1=0.0014)
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.035∗𝐾3/2∗𝑓𝑐𝑘1/2
𝑉𝑚𝑖𝑛=0.035∗1.98373/2∗201/2=0.4373𝑁/𝑚𝑚2

v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐= [C𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 k*(100∗ρ1*fck) 1/3) ∗2𝑑𝑎≥ [Vmin∗2𝑑/𝑎]
= [0.12*1.98*(100*0.0014*20)1/3*(2*207/ (2*264)) ≥ [0.4373∗ (2*207/ (2*207))]

=0.334 ≥ 0.4373 not ok and hence, take v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐=0.4373mpa
U (perimeter) = 4*C +4* (𝑟/2), 𝑟=2𝑑=2*207𝑚𝑚=414mm

=4*0.40+4*3.14*0.207= 4.1975m
𝑉Rd,c=v𝑅𝑑, 𝑐 *𝑈∗𝑑=0.4373*4.1975*0.207=379.96KN
And hence acting design shear is less than shear resistance design 379.13<379.96KN it’s safe.
Therefore, the governing depth is the depth obtained from punching shear which is d=264mm.
From the above calculation we have obtained two different depths from punching shear and wide
beam shear. Therefore, for the reinforcement calculation we have to take the governing depth
which is the maximum one.
Bending moment
Figure7. 6: Critical sections for moments
For reinforcement running in the y- direction (parallel to L)
ծ, ∗ ∗( ) ∗ ∗( . )
MX-X= = =133.1 KN.M
c1=2.5
c2=0.32*fcd=0.32*11.33=3.627
Kxmax=0.448
m=fyd/ (0.8*fcd) =347.83/ (0.8*11.33) =38.36
Kx≤ [0.5(c1-√ (c12-((4*Mxx*10^6)/ (b*d2*c2))), 4, Kxmax]

≤ [0.5(2.5-√ (2.52- ((4*133.1*10^6)/ (2000*2922*3.627))), 4]

=0.0644
As= (Kx/m) *(b*d)
= (0.0644/38.36) *(2000*292)
=1149mm2
As min≥ [0.26*(fctm/fyk) *b*d), 0.0013*b*d]

≥ [0.26*(2.21/400) *2000*292, 0.0013*2000*292]
=983mm 2
Use As=1149mm2
Take ф=16mm, as= 3.14*(16*16)/4= 200.96mm2
Spacing=S= (as*b)/As= (200.96*2000)/1149= 369.80mm<Smax
Smax≤ (3*D, 400) = (3*350,400) =400mm and hence, take S=370mm
Development length (Lb):
fbd=2.25*fctd=2.25*1.03=2.3
ф∗ ∗ .
Lb,req= = = 605mm,
∗ ∗ .
Lb,min ≥[(0.3*Lb,req), 10*Φ, 100]
=182mm
Concrete cover=Cd=50mm and α2=0.7
Lbd≥ [Lb,req* α2,Lbmin]
= [605*0.7, 182]
=424mm
Xmin=0.5*D=0.5*400=200mm
R=σdes*B'*(Xmin/1000) =83.2KN
Zi =0.9*d=0.9*0.292=0.3078
Ze=(L/2)-0.35*h-(Xmin/2000)
=0.760
Fs=(R*Ze/Zi) = (83.2*0.760)/0.3078=205.4KN

Asprov= (#*𝜋*Φ2)/4
= (5*3.14*162)/4=1004.8mm2
( ∗ ) ( ∗ . )
Lb= ∗ 𝑙𝑏𝑑= ∗ 424 =208mm
( , )∗ ( . )∗ .
Lb+Cnom=208+50=268mm
Since lb+Cnom>Xmin, the rebars should be bent up.
And hence take Lb=300mm in sides of the bar.
Use 6Φ16 @ 370 - L= 2500 mm
For reinforcement running in the x- direction (parallel to B)
ծ, ∗ ∗( ) ∗ ∗( . )
MY-Y = = =133.1 KN.M
c1=2.5
c2=0.32*fcd=0.32*11.33=3.627
Kxmax=0.448
m=fyd/ (0.8*fcd) =347.83/ (0.8*11.33) =38.36
Kx≤ [0.5(c1-√ (c12-((4*Mxx*10^6)/ (b*d2*c2))), 4, Kxmax]

≤ [0.5(2.5-√ (2.52- ((4*133.1*10^6)/ (2000*2922*3.627))), 4]
=0.0746
As= (Kx/m) *(b*d)
= (0.0746/38.36) *(2000*292)
=1209mm 2
As min≥ [0.26*(fctm/fyk) *b*d), 0.0013*b*d]

≥ [0.26*(2.21/400) *2000*292, 0.0013*2000*292]
=937mm 2
Use As=1209mm2
Take ф=16mm, as= 3.14*(16*16)/4= 200.96mm2
Spacing=S= (as*b)/As= (200.96*2000)/1209= 367mm<Smax
Smax≤ (3*D, 400) = (3*350,400) =400mm and hence, take S=370mm
Development length (Lb):
fbd=2.25*fctd=2.25*1.03=2.3

ф∗ ∗ .
Lb,req= = = 605mm,
∗ ∗ .
Lb,min ≥[(0.3*Lb,req), 10*Φ, 100]
=182mm
Concrete cover=Cd=50mm and α2=0.7
Lbd≥ [Lb,req* α2,Lbmin]
= [605*0.7, 182]=424mm
Xmin=0.5*D=0.5*400=200mm
R=σdes*B'*(Xmin/1000) =83.2KN
Zi =0.9*d=0.9*0.326=0.2934
Ze=(L/2)-0.35*h-(Xmin/2000)=0.76
Fs=(R*Ze/Zi) = (83.2*0.76)/0.2934=215.5KN
Asprov= (#*𝜋*Φ2)/4 = (5*3.14*162)/4=1004.8mm2

( ∗ ) ( ∗ . )
Lb= ∗ 𝑙𝑏𝑑= ∗ 424 = 218mm
( , )∗ ( . )∗ .
Lb+Cnom=218+50=268mm
Since, Lb+Cnom>Xmin, the rebars should be bent up.
And hence take Lb=300mm in sides of the bar.
Use 6Φ16 @ 370 - L= 2500 mm
By applying the same procedures for the rest of the footing types, design of isolated footing will
be performed. For this project the rest of footing design are designed by using isolated footing
design template. The results of analysis, design and detail drawings are given in the following
figures for each type of footings.

Footing-1
Plan Section x-x
Footing-2
Plan Section x-x
Footing-3
Plan Section x-x

Footing-4
Plan Section x-x
Footing-5
Plan Section x-x
Figure7. 7: Summary of reinforcement detailing for footings

Chapter Eight
Eight: Analysis and design of shear wall
Shear wall got forces from two directions Vx &Vy
h=180cm
Y
X h=210cm
Vx
20 cm
40 cm 40 cm
Vy
Figure8. 1: shear wall lay out
The force along X direction is resisted by two wal

walls assuming equal distribution. The force along
Y direction is resisted mainly by one of the transversal wall be
because
cause the other wall has opening
for the elevator door. Therefore, we have design the shear walls that have resisted the force along
Y direction assuming equal distribution of force on each two members.
Calculation of Horizontal force Fi for each story level is, Fi = (Fb*Zi*mi)/(ƩZi*mi).

Zi*mi). For shear
wall design the horizontal force from 70
70-80%. We use 80%.
Figure8.
Figure8.2: lateral force at each story level

17.95
15 192.31
12 158.69
9 129.87 Height
6 95.19 Force on shear wall
3 60.52
0 9.18
0 50 100 150 200 250
Figure8. 3: Horizontal force on shear wall
Based on each story horizontal force and each height find the moment in one direction this
means the shear wall is uniaxial
At top roof, Msd=fi*H=0
Roof,𝑀 = 1.5 ∗ 53.95 = 80.925𝐾𝑁𝑚
5th floor,𝑀 = 80.925 + 3 ∗ (192.31 − 53.95) = 496𝐾𝑁𝑚
4th floor,𝑀 = 496 + 3 ∗ (158.69 − 192.31) = 395.14𝐾𝑁𝑚
rd
3 floor,𝑀 = 395.14𝐾𝑁𝑚 + 3 ∗ (129.87 − 158.69)𝐾𝑁𝑚 = 308.68𝐾𝑁𝑚
2nd floor,𝑀 = 308.68𝐾𝑁𝑚 + 3 ∗ (95.19 − 129.87)𝐾𝑁𝑚 = 204.64𝐾𝑁𝑚
1stfloor,𝑀 = 204.64𝐾𝑁𝑚 + 3 ∗ (60.52 − 95.19)𝐾𝑁𝑚 = 100.63𝐾𝑁𝑚
Ground floor, 𝑀𝑠𝑑 = 100.63𝐾𝑁𝑚 + 3 ∗ (9.18 − 60.52)𝐾𝑁𝑚 = −53.39𝐾𝑁𝑚
17.9580.925
15 496
12 395.14
9 308.68 Height
6 204.64 Moment, msd
3 100.63
-53.390
-200 0 200 400 600
Figure8.4: Moment distribution on shear wall

The maximum moment is at the 5th floor use it for design

Mmax =496𝐾𝑁𝑚
Axial load =b*h*L*ϒ
H-from top to bottom increase
At the roof=𝑁 = 0 ∗ 2.10 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 0, ℎ = 0
At the 5th floor,𝑁 = 3 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 30.24𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 3𝑚
At the 4th floor,𝑁 = 6 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 60.48𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 6𝑚
At the 3rdfloor,𝑁 = 9 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 90.72𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 9𝑚
At the 2nd floor,𝑁 = 12 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 120.96𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 12𝑚
At the 1st floor,𝑁 = 15 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 151.2𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 15𝑚
At the ground floor,𝑁 = 17.95 ∗ 2.1 ∗ 0.2 ∗ 24 = 181.44𝐾𝑁, ℎ = 18𝑚
Axial load chart

200 181.44
151.2
150 120.96
Axial load
90.72
100
60.48
50 30.24
0
0 3 6 9 12 15 17.95
Figure8.5: Axial load on shear wall
All the above axial loads are un-factored dead load multiply by 1.35 factorize and after that use
Use maximum axial load for design
Basement floor-roof 2 floor lift shear wall design take maximum axial compression force,
horizontal force & design moment.
8.1 Reinforcement Calculation

Vertical Reinforcement
The maximum design moment and maximum design axial compression forces are taken.
Nsd= 1.35 ∗ 181.44 = 244.944 𝑘𝑁

Mmax = 496𝐾𝑁𝑚
C-25 concrete, S-400 steel, class-I using EBCS design chart,
Fcd=0.85*0.8*25/1.5=11.33Mpa and Fyd=400/1.15=347.83Mpa
= 84𝑚𝑚
• Wall thickness > , t=150mm
150𝑚𝑚
Therefore take t=200mm
d’/h=300/2100=0.143
𝑣 = 𝑁𝑑/𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 = 244.9 ∗ 10^3/(2100 ∗ 200) ∗ 11.33 = 0.0515
µ = 𝑀𝑑/(𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 ∗ ℎ) = 496 ∗ 10^6/(2100 ∗ 200 ∗ 11.33 ∗ 2100)
µ=0.0496
• Using ν,μ and uniaxial chart No 7 and 8 by interpolation:

ω= 0.06
• The area of steel required,
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜔 ∗ 𝐴𝑐 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑/𝑓𝑦𝑑 = 0.06 ∗ 2100 ∗ 200 ∗ 11.33/347.83
As=820.85 mm2
Now using Ø12bar

.
bars required = =7.26=8 so take 8 Ø12 (4 Ø12c/c on each face)
.
Svertical min=∑ 𝑜𝑟
( )
spacing= =516.75mm>300mm so take Smax=300mm
Provide vertical bars of Ø12c/c 300mm on each face
Horizontal Reinforcement
As the shear force is negligible use,
As horizontal>As vertical/2=820.85/2
As horizontal=410.425mm2 (As in one side=410.425/2=205.21mm2)
Using Ø8mm bars (as=50.24mm2),
Number of horizontal bars in one side=205.21/50.24=4.1=5

Spacing of horizontal bars=height of each floor/number of bar
Take almost all height are similar but take smaller one,3000/5=600mm>S hormax=300mm
So use Ø8c/c300 horizontal bars
8.2 Design for Shear

The design value of the shear resistance is given in ES EN:1992 section 6.2.2 as follows
VRd, c = CRd, c k 100 ∗ ρ fck 3 + k σ ]b d ≤ [V +k σ ]b d
Where:
Fck is in Mpa
. .
𝐶 , = = = 0.12, (d=200-25)
.
𝑘 =1+ =1+ = 2.07>2.0 …… OK (Take k=2)
𝜌 = = = 0.0027<0.02 …………… OK (Take 𝜌 = 0.0027)

∗ ∗
V = 0.035 ∗ k ∗ fck = 0.035 ∗ 2 ∗ 20
V = 0.443
N
σ = =0
A
1
VRd, c = CRd, c k 100 ∗ ρ fck ^( ) + k σ ]b d ≤ [V +k σ ]b d
3
VRd, c = [0.12 ∗ 2(100 ∗ 0.0027 ∗ 20) + 0.15 ∗ 0] ∗ 1000 ∗ 175 = 73.69KN
𝑉 , ( ) [𝑉 +k σ ]b d = [0.443 + 0.15 ∗ 0] ∗ 1000 ∗ 175
= 77.53KN > 73.69𝐾𝑁 … … . . 𝑁𝑜𝑡 𝑂𝐾!
(𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 V , = 77.53KN)
Since VRd,c= 77.53KN<VED = 192.31𝑘𝑁

the concrete section doesn’t resist the coming shear alone, thus the section require design for
shear reinforcement ES EN 1992-1-1 Section 6.2.3
For members with horizontal shear reinforcement, the shear resistance, VRd is the smaller value
of: VRd is maximum of
VRd = 𝑍𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 or
VRd =𝛼 𝑏 𝑧𝑣
the approximate value z = 0.9d may normally be used. (z = 0.9*175 = 157.5mm)
Asw is the cross-sectional area of the shear reinforcement
s is the spacing of the stirrups
fywd is the design yield strength of the shear reinforcement

V = 0.6 for fck ≤ 60 MPa
Now let’s determine the angle θ between the concrete compression strut and the main tension
chord by considering Vrd,s = VEd
∝ 𝑐 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑 1 2∗𝑉
𝑉 ∝ ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ = ≥ 𝜃 = sin ( )
sin 2𝜃 2 ∝ 𝑐 ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑧 ∗ 𝑣 ∗ 𝑓𝑐𝑑
2
∗ . ∗
𝜃 = sin = 10.53°:take𝜃 = 11
∗ ∗ . ∗ . ∗ .
Thus𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = cot(11°) = 5.14 but the limiting value of𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 is 1 ≤ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ≤ 2.5
Take 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 2.5=>𝜃 = 11°
𝐴 𝐴 𝑉 , 77.53 ∗ 10
𝑉 , = 𝑍𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 ≥ = = =
𝑠 𝑆 𝑍 ∗ 𝑓𝑦𝑑 cot 𝜃 117.5 ∗ 347.83 ∗ 2.5
𝐴
= 0.7588 𝑚𝑚 𝑚
𝑆
𝐴 = 1000 ∗ 200 = 200000𝑚𝑚

𝑆 = 200000/0.7588
Scal=264mm
Now determining the maximum spacing of shear reinforcement from ES EN 1992-1-1 Section
9.2.2
The ratio of shear reinforcement is given by the expression
𝐴
𝜌𝑤 =
𝑠∗𝑏 ∗ ∝
Where, ρw is the shear reinforcement ratio
0.08 𝑓𝑐𝑘 0.08√20

ρw ≤ ρw. min = = = 0.000894
𝑓𝑦𝑘 400
takeρw = 0.000894
sl,max= 0.75𝑑(1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝛼) , considering α=90o
sl,max= 0.75 ∗175=131.25𝑚𝑚

∗
∗ ∗
𝑆 = = = =120mm
∗ ∗ ∗ ∗ . ∗ ∗ °
𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑥= 120𝑚𝑚<sl,max= 131.25𝑚𝑚<Scal=264mm
Take Provided= 120mm
Use 2-leg stirrup ɸ8 c/c 120mm
For each floor lift shear wall
Vertical reinforcement: - provide vertical bars of Ø12 c/c 300mm on each face
Horizontal reinforcement: -provide horizontal bars of Ø8 c/c300 on each face
Shear reinforcement: - Use 2-leg stirrup ɸ8 c/c 120mm

Chapter Nine: Conclusion and Recommendation

9.1 Conclusion
So far we have been taught different components of structural member design such as beams,
columns, slabs, foundation and shear wall which have been taken as separate course in different
semesters. So this project made it easier to compile the mentioned structural members design
together and enabled us to revise in order to apply indirectly in practical work since as all of the
designs mentioned above need to be included in the design simultaneously.
To meet objectives of the design in achieving an acceptable probability that structures being
designed can perform satisfactorily during their intended life we have seriously applied Euro
Code Standards. For designing and analysis of this G+5 building Euro Code was the main and
fundamental reference for any relevant assumptions carried out in this project papers. On
analysis of this project many tedious calculation works were compiled with ETABS software and
the result was compared with few hand calculations even if the adequacy of each building
elements was understandable by the software program and can generate the output results with
acceptable sign convention.
For the design of members the initial assign of the load is basic for the whole design in selection
of design critical members, frames, and load combination. The use of ETABs analysis to some
extent recognized but it gives results only if the loads are inserted correctly otherwise error could
occur in selection of design forces (members).
In accordance with our design and analysis, the structure is economical and safe against lateral
and different load application, but for actual implementation as the soil bearing capacity for the
foundation was taken from relevant assumption, it needs further soil exploration and
modification of foundations accordingly.

9.2 Recommendation
As many times are elapsed in doing this project, there are some points that we recognized as
problem, need to be corrected for the coming students who are going to do the same thing. Those
problems we have seen include:
 Nowadays it is well known that analysis and design of any Engineering Structure is
supported with Design Software, hence we recommend that it would have been better if
Design Software Courses is given for Civil Engineering students as a subject in order to
make the students familiar with different software.
 We recommend that, since design & analysis of a structure with the Euro Code is new in our
context, it demands patience and hard work and hence need to be thoroughly referred to get
much out of it and some courses be given to have a good knowledge of the new code.
 It is better to have a project room (with sufficient computers) and supplementary tutorials on
how to use software’s that are used in the project work.
 Scarcity of time to accomplish the project on time

REFERENCES
 EBCS EN 1, 1991: 2014: Actions on structures
 EBCS EN 2, 1992: 2014: Design of concrete structures
 EBCS EN 7, 1997: 2014: Geotechnical design
 EBCS EN 8, 1998: 2014: Design of structures for earthquake resistance
 EBCS2 Part -2 Design aids for RC section
 Material specification for cold formed galvanized ribbed(EGA) steel sheet KASPI
 Final year projects on design of structure from different Universities

Appendices
Reinforcement output from ETABS









Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed Use Building by New EBCS Code

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Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed Use Building by New EBCS Code

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FOR ALL CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND CIVIL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADIVISOR: GIRUM MINDAYE

ADDIS ABABA ETHIPIA

ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF G+ 5 MIXED USE BUILDING

A Thesis Submitted as Partial Fulfillment to the requirements for Award of the

Degree of Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

ADDIS ABABA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY UNIVERSITY

standards with respect to originality, content and quality.

Signed by Examining Board:

Examiner 1: Signature, Date:

Examiner 2 : Signature, Date:

Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page i

Authors: Signature, Date:

1) Tewelde Melaku ……………………………

2) Miliyon Andarge ………………………….

3) Miheret Aniley ……………………………

4) Yeabsra Muluneh ……………………………

5) Mesay Ashagre ……………………………

Name of student advisor: Signature, Date:

Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page ii

Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page iii

Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page iv

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................... iii

Abbreviations and Acronyms ...................................................................................................... viii

Lists of Tables ................................................................................................................................ ix

List of Figures ................................................................................................................................ xi

Chapter One: Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1

1.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 1

1.2 Objective of the project ......................................................................................................... 1

1.2.1 General objective ........................................................................................................... 1

1.2.2 Specific objective ........................................................................................................... 2

1.3 Scope of the project .............................................................................................................. 2

1.4 Literature Review.................................................................................................................. 3

Chapter Two: Material and Methodologies ............................................................................... 4

2.1 Design Parameters ................................................................................................................ 4

2.1.1 Material Properties ......................................................................................................... 4

2.1.2 Concrete cover design as per the new EBCS EN .......................................................... 6

2.1.3 Section Property ........................................................................................................... 11

2.1.3 Loads and load combination ........................................................................................ 15

2.2 Analysis and Design Methodologies .................................................................................. 20

2.2.1 Methodology of Roof Analysis and Design................................................................. 20

Analysis and Design of G+5 Mixed use Building Page v

2.2.4 Methodology for Frame Analysis and Design ............................................................. 25

2.2.5 Methodology for Beam analysis and Design ............................................................... 27

2.2.6 Methodology for Analysis and design of column ........................................................ 30

2.2.7 Methodology for analysis and design of Foundation ................................................... 33

Chapter Three: Roof Analysis and Design Result ................................................................... 37

3.1 Wind load calculation ......................................................................................................... 37

3.1.1 Pressure coefficients .................................................................................................... 38

3.2 Roof covering design .......................................................................................................... 47

3.4 Design of purlin (steel purlin) ............................................................................................. 50

3.5 Truss Design ....................................................................................................................... 54

3.6 Conclusion on Truss ........................................................................................................... 59

Chapter Four: Slab Analysis and Design ................................................................................ 60

4.1 Effective depth .................................................................................................................... 60

4.2 Ground Floor Slab Design .................................................................................................. 62

4.3.1 Load calculation ........................................................................................................... 62

4.3.2 Moment Analysis for individual panel ........................................................................ 72

4.3.3 Reinforcement calculation ........................................................................................... 96

4.4 Load transfer from two-way slab ...................................................................................... 102

5.2 Flexural design .................................................................................................................. 112