AISC Design Guide 20 - Steel Plate Shear Walls

3TEEL $ESIGN 'UIDE
3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS

3TEEL $ESIGN 'UIDE
3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS

2!&!%, 3!"%,,) 3%
$!33% $ESIGN
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AND
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-ULTIDISCIPLINARY #ENTER FOR
%ARTHQUAKE %NGINEERING 2ESEARCH
5NIVERSITY OF "UFFALO "UFFALO .9
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#OPYRIGHT ©
BY
!MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF 3TEEL #ONSTRUCTION )NC
!LL RIGHTS RESERVED 4HIS BOOK OR ANY PART THEREOF

MUST NOT BE REPRODUCED IN ANY FORM WITHOUT THE
WRITTEN PERMISSION OF THE PUBLISHER
4HE INFORMATION PRESENTED IN THIS PUBLICATION HAS BEEN PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH RECOGNIZED
ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND IS FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY 7HILE IT IS BELIEVED TO BE ACCURATE
THIS INFORMATION SHOULD NOT BE USED OR RELIED UPON FOR ANY SPECIFIC APPLICATION WITHOUT COMPE
TENT PROFESSIONAL EXAMINATION AND VERIFICATION OF ITS ACCURACY SUITABILITY AND APPLICABILITY BY A
LICENSED PROFESSIONAL ENGINEER DESIGNER OR ARCHITECT 4HE PUBLICATION OF THE MATERIAL CONTAINED
HEREIN IS NOT INTENDED AS A REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY ON THE PART OF THE !MERICAN )NSTITUTE
OF 3TEEL #ONSTRUCTION OR OF ANY OTHER PERSON NAMED HEREIN THAT THIS INFORMATION IS SUITABLE FOR
ANY GENERAL OR PARTICULAR USE OR OF FREEDOM FROM INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT OR PATENTS !NYONE
MAKING USE OF THIS INFORMATION ASSUMES ALL LIABILITY ARISING FROM SUCH USE
#AUTION MUST BE EXERCISED WHEN RELYING UPON OTHER SPECIFICATIONS AND CODES DEVELOPED BY OTHER
BODIES AND INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE HEREIN SINCE SUCH MATERIAL MAY BE MODIFIED OR AMENDED
FROM TIME TO TIME SUBSEQUENT TO THE PRINTING OF THIS EDITION 4HE )NSTITUTE BEARS NO RESPONSI
BILITY FOR SUCH MATERIAL OTHER THAN TO REFER TO IT AND INCORPORATE IT BY REFERENCE AT THE TIME OF THE
INITIAL PUBLICATION OF THIS EDITION
0RINTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES OF !MERICA
&IRST 0RINTING -Ay

!UTHORS
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4ABLE OF #ONTENTS
#HAPTER "EHBAHANIFARD 'RONDIN AND %LWI

(ISTORY OF 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS 2EZAI
).42/$5#4)/. ,UBELL 0RION 6ENTURA AND 2EZAI
/VERVIEW !STANEY !SL AND :HAO
7ALL 4YPES !.!,93)3 )335%3
!PPLICATIONS $%3)'. -%4(/$3
!DVANTAGES #/$% $%6%,/0-%.4
,IMITATIONS #3! 3
$ESIGN 'UIDE 3TRUCTURES .%(20 2ECOMMENDED 0ROVISIONS &%-!
53!'% ). *!0!. AND !)3# 3EISMIC 0ROVISIONS
53!'% ). 4(% 5.)4%$ 34!4%3 #HAPTER
53!'% ). #!.!$! 3YSTEM "EHAVIOR AND $ESIGN -ETHODS
53!'% ). -%8)#/ /6%26)%7
-%#(!.)#3
#HAPTER
,ITERATURE 3URVEY 5NSTIFFENED 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
,)4%2!452% 3526%9 3TIFFENED 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
!.!,94)#!, 345$)%3 #OMPOSITE 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
%LGAALY #ACCESE AND $U !.!,93)3
8UE AND ,U 3TRIP -ODELS
"RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR /RTHOTROPIC -EMBRANE -ODEL
+HARRAZI 6ENTURA 0RION AND .ONLINEAR !NALYSIS
3ABOURI 'HOMI '%.%2!, $%3)'. 2%15)2%-%.43
4%34).' 0RELIMINARY $ESIGN
#/-0/.%.4 4%343 &INAL $ESIGN
4IMLER SND +ULAK ()'( 3%)3-)# $%3)'.
4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK %XPECTED 0ERFORMANCE
2OBERTS AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI 2%15)2%-%.43 /& 4(% !)3# 3%)3-)#
3CHUMACHER 'RONDIN AND +ULAK 02/6)3)/.3 !.3)!)3#
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B AND $%3)'.
6IAN AND "RUNEAU 7EB 0LATE $ESIGN
-5,4) 34/29 4%343 ("% $ESIGN
#ACCESE %LGAALY AND #HEN 6"% $ESIGN
$RIVER +ULAK +ENNEDY AND %LWI
VII
!XIAL &ORCE 2EDUCTION IN 6"% #ONNECTION OF ("% TO 6"%
#ONlGURATION 6"% 3PLICES AND "ASE #ONNECTION
#ONNECTION $ESIGN
#HAPTER
7EB 0LATE #ONNECTION $ESIGN
$ESIGN OF /PENINGS
/6%26)%7
#HAPTER
$ESIGN %XAMPLE ) ,OW 3EISMIC $ESIGN $%3)'. 02/#%$52%
/6%26)%7 0RELIMINARY $ESIGN
34!.$!2$3 $ETERMINATION OF &ORCES ON
,OCAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS
"5),$).' ).&/2-!4)/.
&INAL $ESIGN
,/!$3
7EB 0LATE 3HEAR 3TRENGTH
307 $%3)'.
$ESIGN OF 6"%
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN
$ESIGN OF ("%
!NALYSIS
$%3)'. %8!-0,%
$ESIGN OF ("%
$ESIGN OF 6"%
#HAPTER
#ONNECTION OF 7EB 0LATE TO $ISCUSSION OF 3PECIAL #ONSIDERATIONS
"OUNDARY %LEMENTS
/6%26)%7
#ONNECTION OF ("% TO 6"%
-!4%2)!, 30%#)&)#!4)/.3
$ESIGN OF )NTERMEDIATE 3TRUT AT &IRST &LOOR
3%26)#%!"),)49
"UCKLING OF 7EB 0LATES !TTACHMENTS
#HAPTER
$ESIGN %XAMPLE )) (IGH 3EISMIC $ESIGN ,OADING AT "UCKLING OF 7EB 0LATE
/6%26)%7 #/.&)'52!4)/.
34!.$!2$3 #/.3425#4)/.
"5),$).' ).&/2-!4)/. "OLTED #ONSTRUCTION
,/!$3 7ELDED #ONSTRUCTION
3037 $%3)'. 3EQUENCE AND 3PEED OF %RECTION
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN #ONNECTION OF /THER %LEMENTS
!NALYSIS 2ETROlT !PPLICATIONS
$ESIGN OF ("% &)2% 02/4%#4)/.
$ESIGN OF 6"% &5452% 2%3%!2#( !.$ 4//,3
#ONNECTION OF 7EB 0LATE
"IBLIOGRAPHY AND 2EFERENCES
TO "OUNDARY %LEMENTS
VIII
#HAPTER
(ISTORY OF 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
).42/$5#4)/. THE BASIS FOR THE 3037 SYSTEM WHICH IS INCLUDED AS A h"ASIC
3EISMIC &ORCE 2ESISTING 3YSTEMv IN !3#% AND !)3#
3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS 307 HAVE BEEN USED IN A SIGNIl
4HIS TYPE OF WEB PLATE HAS NEGLIGIBLE COMPRESSION STRENGTH
CANT NUMBER OF BUILDINGS BEGINNING DECADES AGO BEFORE
AND THUS SHEAR BUCKLING OCCURS AT LOW LEVELS OF LOADING ,AT
THE EXISTENCE OF DESIGN REQUIREMENTS SPECIlCALLY ADDRESS
ERAL LOADS ARE RESISTED THROUGH DIAGONAL TENSION IN THE WEB
ING THIS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM )MPLEMENTATION HAS ACCELERATED
PLATE AKIN TO TENSION lELD ACTION IN A PLATE GIRDER RATHER
SIGNIlCANTLY SINCE THE RECENT PUBLICATION OF VARIOUS DESIGN
THAN IN SHEAR "OUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO PERMIT THE
STANDARDS SPECIlCATIONS AND OTHER GUIDELINES PROVIDING
WEB PLATES TO DEVELOP SIGNIlCANT DIAGONAL TENSION FOR HIGH
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS IN BOTH HIGH SEISMIC APPLICATIONS AND
SEISMIC DESIGN THEY ARE DESIGNED TO PERMIT THE WEB PLATES TO
WIND AND LOW SEISMIC APPLICATIONS AS WILL BE REVIEWED IN
REACH THEIR EXPECTED YIELD STRESS ACROSS THE ENTIRE PANEL
SUBSEQUENT CHAPTERS
3TIFFENED WEB PLATES MAY ALSO BE USED 3TIFFENING INCREAS
ES THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE 3UFlCIENT
/VERVIEW
STIFFENING TO PERMIT THE WEB PLATE TO DEVELOP ITS SHEAR YIELD
4HIS INTRODUCTION PROVIDES A GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF STEEL STRENGTH MAY BE ADDED OR THE STIFFENING MAY BE PARTIAL &OR
PLATE SHEAR WALLS 307 AND THE 3PECIAL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALL PARTIALLY STIFFENED WEB PLATES THE STRENGTH IS A COMBINATION
3037 SYSTEM 4HIS INTRODUCTION ALSO DESCRIBES THE FORMAT OF THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH AND THE ADDITIONAL STRENGTH
AND ORGANIZATION OF THE $ESIGN 'UIDE GAINED FROM TENSION lELD ACTION 4HIS AVAILABLE STRENGTH IS
4HIS $ESIGN 'UIDE HAS BEEN DEVELOPED USING CALCULATED USING METHODS DEVELOPED FOR PLATE GIRDERS AS DIS
CUSSED IN #HAPTER
s !3#% -INIMUM $ESIGN ,OADS FOR "UILDINGS AND
#OMPOSITE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS HAVE ALSO BEEN USED IN
/THER 3TRUCTURES INCLUDING 3UPPLEMENT .O
BUILDING DESIGN )N THIS SYSTEM STEEL WEB PLATES ARE STIFFENED
s !)3# 3PECIlCATION FOR 3TRUCTURAL 3TEEL "UILDINGS BY ADDING CONCRETE ON ONE OR BOTH SIDES OF THE WEB PLATE
3UFlCIENT STIFFENING IS TYPICALLY PROVIDED TO PERMIT SHEAR
s !)3# 3EISMIC 0ROVISIONS FOR 3TRUCTURAL 3TEEL YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE #HAPTER CONTAINS A TREATMENT OF
"UILDINGS INCLUDING 3UPPLEMENT .O COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS INCLUDING THE REQUIREMENTS
OF !)3#
!NALYTICAL AND CAPACITY DESIGN METHODS PRESENTED IN THIS
3TIFFENING OF THE WEB PLATE HAS A MODERATE EFFECT ON THE
$ESIGN 'UIDE TYPICALLY ESTABLISH THE SEISMIC LOAD EFFECT ON A
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE WALL !DDITIONALLY IT TENDS TO
MEMBER OR CONNECTION THIS LOAD EFFECT CAN BE UTILIZED IN EI
REDUCE THE mEXURAL STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS REQUIRED OF THE
THER ,2&$ OR !3$ LOAD COMBINATIONS 4HE DESIGN EXAMPLES
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 3TIFFENING OF THE WEB PLATES ALSO RE
IN THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE ILLUSTRATE THE ,2&$ METHOD
SULTS IN HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR THAT IS SIGNIlCANTLY LESS PINCHED
4HE $ESIGN 'UIDE ADDRESSES DESIGN FOR BOTH HIGH SEISMIC
(OWEVER IT ALSO SUBSTANTIALLY INCREASES THE COST OF THE CON
APPLICATIONS AND WIND AND LOW SEISMIC APPLICATIONS #ERTAIN
STRUCTION AND INCREASES THE THICKNESS OF THE WALL )T IS GENER
PROVISIONS OF !)3# ARE USED REGARDLESS OF THE 3EISMIC
ALLY PREFERRED TO ACHIEVE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS
$ESIGN #ATEGORY
BY UTILIZING AN UNSTIFFENED SLENDER WEB PLATE RATHER THAN A
4HROUGHOUT THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE STANDARDS ARE REFERRED TO
STIFFENED WEB PLATE 6ERY HIGH STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS CAN BE
BY THEIR NUMBER EG !3#% !)3# !)3# ETC
PROVIDED BY UNSTIFFENED STEEL WEB PLATES OF MODERATE THICK
4HE DOCUMENT TITLES ARE LISTED IN THE BIBLIOGRAPHY
NESS )N HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN THE HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR CAN BE
IMPROVED WITH THE USE OF RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS
7ALL 4YPES
IN THE FRAME OF THE SHEAR WALL
3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS IN BUILDING CONSTRUCTION ARE OF VARIOUS 3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS WITH UNSTIFFENED SLENDER WEB
TYPES "Y FAR THE MOST POPULAR IN THE 5NITED 3TATES IS THE PLATES ARE THE FOCUS OF THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE #HAPTER CON
UNSTIFFENED SLENDER WEB STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL 4HIS TYPE IS TAINS A DESIGN METHOD FOR THIS TYPE OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL

4HE TERM WEB PLATE IS USED TO REFER TO THE STEEL PLATE THAT RESISTS THE HORIZONTAL SHEAR IN THE WALL ! WEB PLATE CONNECTS TO COLUMNS
CALLED 6ERTICAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS 6"% ON EITHER SIDE AND BEAMS CALLED (ORIZONTAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS ("% ABOVE AND
BELOW
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
A B
&IG n 307 PANEL IN *APAN A WALL WITH HORIZONTAL PANEL STIFFENERS COURTESY OF 4AKANAKA
B WALL WITH HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL STIFFENERS COURTESY OF .IPPON 3TEEL
&IG n 3MALL SHEAR YIELDING ELEMENTS IN *APAN &IG n 3HEAR LINK CONNECTED BETWEEN CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS
COURTESY OF 3HIMIZU COURTESY OF .IPPON 3TEEL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER USES THIS SYSTEM IN A DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR WIND AND #HAPTER 3037 CAN BE MODELED WITH EITHER MEMBRANE ELE
LOW SEISMIC APPLICATION AND #HAPTER USES THIS SYSTEM IN A MENTS OR TRUSS ELEMENTS USING MANY OF THE STRUCTURAL ENGI
DESIGN EXAMPLE FOR HIGH SEISMIC APPLICATION #HAPTER AD NEERING PROGRAMS TYPICALLY EMPLOYED BY DESIGN OFlCES
DRESSES THE DESIGN OF OPENINGS IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS WITH
UNSTIFFENED SLENDER WEB PLATES ,IMITATIONS
3037 MAY BE USED FOR STRUCTURES RANGING FROM ONE OR TWO
!PPLICATIONS
STORY RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURES TO THE TALLEST HIGH RISE (OWEVER
3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS HAVE BEEN USED IN A LARGE NUMBER OF WHILE THE SYSTEM IS VIABLE FOR BOTH SMALL AND LARGE STRUCTURES
BUILDINGS INCLUDING IN THE 5NITED 3TATES #ANADA -EXICO ASPECTS OF THE DESIGN VARY WITH BUILDING SIZE
AND *APAN "UILDING TYPES HAVE RANGED FROM SINGLE FAMILY #OMPLIANCE WITH SOME REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# FOR SEIS
RESIDENTIAL TO HIGH RISE CONSTRUCTION )N ADDITION TO NEW CON MIC DESIGN MAY PROVE TO BE MORE DIFlCULT OR AT LEAST MORE
STRUCTION STEEL WEB PLATES HAVE BEEN ADDED TO RETROlT EXISTING TEDIOUS THAN TYPICAL DETAILING PRACTICE FOR SMALLER STRUCTURES
FRAME BUILDINGS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS 4HE PROVISIONS THAT REQUIRE THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS OF 3037
3037 MAY BE USED WHEREVER THE BUILDING FUNCTION PER TO FORM A MOMENT FRAME AND COMPLY WITH CERTAIN REQUIRE
MITS WALLS OF MODERATE LENGTH -ID RISE AND HIGH RISE CON MENTS FOR 3PECIAL -OMENT &RAMES MAY BE ESPECIALLY ONER
STRUCTION WITH THEIR REPETITIVE mOOR PLANS AND CONTINUOUS OUS IN STRUCTURES THAT COMBINE 3037 WITH LIGHT FRAME CON
BUILDING CORE ARE ESPECIALLY WELL SUITED FOR 3037 STRUCTION
#HAPTER CONTAINS AN EXTENSIVE LIST OF BUILDINGS UTILIZING &OR TALLER STRUCTURES DRIFT CONTROL IS MUCH MORE DIFlCULT
STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS 7HILE PROVIDING A STEEL PLATE WITH SUFlCIENT STRENGTH DOES
NOT POSE A PROBLEM BUILDING DRIFT MAY REQUIRE LONGER BAYS
!DVANTAGES OF 3037 TO REDUCE FORCES IN COLUMNS (OWEVER BECAUSE
3037 BAYS WITH LONG HORIZONTAL PROPORTIONS HAVE NOT BEEN
3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS AND 3037 IN PARTICULAR OFFER SIGNIl
STUDIED THEIR USE IS RESTRICTED "UILDING DRIFT CONTROL MAY RE
CANT ADVANTAGES OVER MANY OTHER SYSTEMS IN TERMS OF COST
QUIRE THAT 3037 BE SUPPLEMENTED IN SOME WAY SUCH AS BY
PERFORMANCE AND EASE OF DESIGN
COUPLING TWO 3037 TO REDUCE THE AXIAL FORCES IN COLUMNS
#OMPARED TO CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS THE REDUCED THICKNESS
OR BY PROVIDING OUTRIGGER BEAMS TO DELIVER SOME OF THE OVER
AND THUS PLAN AREA DEVOTED TO THEM REPRESENTS A SUBSTAN
TURNING FORCE TO ADJACENT COLUMNS
TIAL BENElT 4HE REDUCED MASS CAN ALSO BE SIGNIlCANT IN THE
DESIGN OF THE FOUNDATION -OST IMPORTANTLY HOWEVER STEEL
$ESIGN 'UIDE 3TRUCTURE
PLATE SHEAR WALLS CAN BE ERECTED IN SIGNIlCANTLY LESS TIME
THAN CONCRETE SHEAR WALL STRUCTURES 4HIS $ESIGN 'UIDE IS DIVIDED INTO SEVEN CHAPTERS #HAPTER
3037 MAY BE CONSIDERED AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO BRACED INCLUDES AN EXTENSIVE SURVEY OF BUILDINGS THAT EMPLOY THE
FRAMES 4HEY CAN PROVIDE EQUIVALENT STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS SYSTEM .EW CONSTRUCTION AND RETROlTS IN *APAN #ANADA
AND REQUIRE THE SAME OR LESS PLAN AREA -EXICO AND THE 5NITED 3TATES ARE PRESENTED SHOWING THE
4HE SPEED OF CONSTRUCTION OF 3037 IS COMPARABLE TO THAT EXTENSIVE USE OF THE SYSTEM AND A WIDE RANGE OF APPLICA
OF BRACED FRAMES AS WELL 7HILE THERE IS TYPICALLY A SIGNIl TIONS
CANT AMOUNT OF lELD WELDING MOST IF NOT ALL WEB PLATE lELD #HAPTER INCLUDES A SURVEY OF THE RESEARCH BOTH ANALYTI
WELDING CAN BE SELECTED AS SINGLE PASS lLLET WELDS AND THUS CAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INTO THE SYSTEM BEHAVIOR #HAPTER
ERECTION TYPICALLY PROCEEDS AT A RAPID PACE ALSO PROVIDES A BRIEF TREATMENT AND COMPARISON OF THE DE
4HE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE SYSTEM ENSURE GOOD PER SIGN PROVISIONS THAT HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED FOR THIS SYSTEM IN
FORMANCE UNDER MODERATE LATERAL LOADS 4HE DUCTILITY OF STEEL #ANADA AND THE 5NITED 3TATES
WEB PLATES IN 3037 RESULTS IN GOOD PERFORMANCE UNDER SE #HAPTER INCLUDES A TREATMENT OF THE MECHANICS OF UN
VERE SEISMIC LOADING STIFFENED SLENDER WEB PLATE SHEAR WALLS )T ALSO PROVIDES A
"ECAUSE 3037 CAN PROVIDE SIGNIlCANT STRENGTH AND STIFF DISCUSSION OF STIFFENED AND COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
NESS SHORTER BAYS CAN BE USED 4HIS RESULTS IN GREATER mEX #HAPTER DISCUSSES METHODS OF ANALYSIS AND BOTH GENERAL
IBILITY FOR USE OF THE SPACE REQUIREMENTS AND SEISMIC DESIGN METHODS ARE PRESENTED &OR
3037 ARE RELATIVELY EASY TO DESIGNTHE CAPACITY DESIGN SEISMIC DESIGN THE REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# ARE ILLUSTRATED
CALCULATIONS FOR THE DESIGN EXAMPLES IN #HAPTERS AND AND EQUATIONS FOR DETERMINING THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF ELE
WERE PERFORMED ON A SIMPLE SPREADSHEET !S IS DISCUSSED IN MENTS ARE DEVELOPED

!3#% LIMITS 3037 TO FT IN 3EISMIC $ESIGN #ATEGORIES $ % AND & UNLESS A DUAL SYSTEM IS USED
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n )NTERMEDIATE COLUMN APPROACH USED IN *APAN &IG n 0LAN LAYOUT OF 307 FOR .IPPON 3TEEL "UILDING
COURTESY OF 4AKANAKA 9OKOYAMA ET AL
&IG n 3HINJUKU .OMURA "UILDING TOP &IG n +OBE #ITY (ALL PHOTO BY - "RUNEAU
AND .IPPON 3TEEL "UILDING BOTTOM
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER INCLUDES A DESIGN EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING IN AN REQUIREMENT THAT PLATES BE ABLE TO ACHIEVE THEIR FULL PLASTIC
AREA OF LOW SEISMICITY IE WHEN 2 CAN BE TAKEN EQUAL TO SHEAR STRENGTH MANY OTHER TYPES OF STRUCTURAL CONlGURATIONS
! NINE STORY BUILDING IS DESIGNED UTILIZING THE 3037 SYSTEM HAVE EMERGED IN WHICH SHEAR YIELDING ELEMENTS ARE INTRO
DESIGNED FOR NORMAL DUCTILITY WITHOUT THE APPLICATION OF THE DUCED WITHOUT BEING 307 IN THE SENSE CONSIDERED IN .ORTH
DUCTILE DETAILING REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# !MERICA )N ONE SUCH CONlGURATION BRACES DESIGNED TO RE
#HAPTER INCLUDES A DESIGN EXAMPLE OF A BUILDING IN AN MAIN ELASTIC ARE CONNECTED TO A SPECIALLY DETAILED SHEAR PLATE
AREA OF HIGH SEISMICITY IE WHEN 2 IS TAKEN GREATER THAN WHICH IS ITSELF CONNECTED TO BEAMS AT MID SPAN AS SHOWN IN
4HE SAME NINE STORY BUILDING AS WAS DESIGNED IN #HAPTER &IGURE n OR CONNECTED BETWEEN CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS
IS REDESIGNED FOR HIGH DUCTILITY IN FULL CONFORMANCE WITH AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n ! MORE POPULAR CONlGURATION RE
!)3# CENTLY HAS BEEN THE INTERMEDIATE COLUMN DESIGN IN WHICH A
#HAPTER ADDRESSES THE DESIGN OF OPENINGS IN 3037 SIMILAR SPECIAL DUCTILE STEEL PLATE IS INSERTED AT MID SPAN OF
%QUATIONS ARE DEVELOPED FOR SIZING THE WEB PLATES AROUND A COLUMN THE TOP AND BOTTOM PARTS OF THE COLUMN SERVE THE
THE OPENING AND FOR COMPUTING THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF LOCAL SAME ROLE AS THE BRACES OR CONCRETE WALLS USED TO SUPPORT THE
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ! DESIGN EXAMPLE IS INCLUDED TO ILLUS SHEAR PLATES IN THE PREVIOUS CONCEPT BUT BEING VERTICAL ELE
TRATE THE PROCEDURE MENTS THEY ARE MORE ACCOMMODATING FOR ARCHITECTURAL PUR
#HAPTER INCLUDES DISCUSSION OF VARIOUS OTHER TOPICS RE POSES &IGURE n 4HESE TWO MORE RECENT CONlGURATIONS
LATED TO THE DESIGN OF 3037 SUCH AS AVAILABLE AND APPROPRI HAVE SOMEWHAT ECLIPSED THE CONVENTIONAL 307 IN POPULAR
ATE STEEL MATERIALS SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS CONlGURA ITY .AKASHIMA )N ALL CASES THE SHEAR YIELDING PLATE
TION ISSUES TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION AND lRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS ARE TREATED AS HYSTERETIC DAMPERS DURING THE DESIGN
!PPENDIX ! INCLUDES A LIST OF SYMBOLS DElNED IN THE $E PROCESS AND ARE NOT DESIGNED TO RESIST GRAVITY LOADS
SIGN 'UIDE /THER SYMBOLS USED IN THE $ESIGN 'UIDE ARE DE %XAMPLES OF EARLY 307 BUILDINGS IN *APAN INCLUDE THE
lNED IN !)3# !)3# OR !3#% !PPENDIX ! ALSO .IPPON 3TEEL "UILDING AND THE 3HINJUKU .OMURA "UILDING
CONTAINS A GLOSSARY OF THE TERMS THAT ARE USED IN THE TEXT SUCH BOTH IN 4OKYO AND BUILT IN THE S &IGURE n 0LAN LAY
AS HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT AND OUT OF THE 307 IN THE .IPPON 3TEEL "UILDING IS SHOWN IN
VERTICAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT &IGURE n 9OKOYAMA ET AL 4HE 307 WERE USED AT
!N EXTENSIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY IS INCLUDED 4HIS BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABOVE THE FOURTH STORY WHILE 307 EMBEDDED IN CONCRETE
INCLUDES ALL REFERENCES MADE IN THE $ESIGN 'UIDE AS WELL WERE USED FOR THE LOWER STORIES 7ALL PANELS WERE TYPICALLY
AS OTHER PUBLICATIONS CONCERNING THE SYSTEM !DDITIONALLY FT s FT STIFFENED HORIZONTALLY AND VERTICALLY AND EITHER
SEVERAL PAPERS ON SHEAR BUCKLING OF PLATES AND THE DESIGN OF s IN IN * IN OR ! IN MM MM MM
PLATE GIRDERS ARE LISTED OR MM THICK 4HE 3HINJUKU .OMURA "UILDING 4OKYOS
THIRD TALLEST BUILDING AT THE TIME AT FT AND STORIES IS AN
53!'% ). *!0!. EXAMPLE OF EARLY 307 CONSTRUCTION IN *APAN %.2
3TEEL PANELS FT HIGH BY FT LONG WERE REINFORCED WITH
*APANESE DESIGN PRACTICE REQUIRES THAT THE DESIGN OF ANY
VERTICAL STIFFENERS ON ONE SIDE AND HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS ON THE
BUILDING OVER M FT IN HEIGHT OR ANY BUILDING IMPLE
OTHER AND EACH PANEL WAS REPORTEDLY CONNECTED TO ITS SUR
MENTING SPECIAL DEVICES IRRESPECTIVE OF HEIGHT BE THE OBJECT
ROUNDING STEEL FRAME WITH TO BOLTS 4HE PRECISION
OF A PEER REVIEW 4RADITIONALLY THE "UILDING #ENTER OF *APAN
REQUIRED FOR SUCH BOLTING OPERATIONS PROVED CHALLENGING
HAS OVERSEEN THE PEER REVIEW PROCESS AND STEEL PLATE SHEAR
AND THE PROJECT MANAGER FOR THE CONTRACTOR +UMAGAI 'UMI
WALL BUILDINGS ARE REFERRED TO ITS 3PECIAL 3TEEL 3TRUCTURES
EXPRESSED A STRONG DETERMINATION TO WELD THE PLATES IN FU
COMMITTEE !S A RESULT A VARIETY OF APPROACHES HAVE BEEN
TURE SUCH PROJECTS AS APPARENTLY WAS DONE IN ANOTHER 4OKYO
TAKEN TO DESIGN THESE SYSTEMS (OWEVER ONE COMMON DE
HIGH RISE AT THE TIME ! TOTAL OF EIGHT 4 SHAPED STEEL WALLS
NOMINATOR IS THAT PEER REVIEW COMMITTEES TYPICALLY REQUIRE
WERE LOCATED AROUND ELEVATOR CORES AND SERVICE SHAFTS /THER
THAT SOME LEVEL OF NON LINEAR DYNAMIC TIME HISTORY ANALYSIS
*APANESE BUILDINGS AT THE TIME WERE DESIGNED WITH PATENTED
BE CONDUCTED TO VERIFY THE DESIGN OF THESE SYSTEMS ALTHOUGH
PRECAST CONCRETE SEISMIC WALL CORES 4HE MOTIVATION TO USE A
THE COMPLEXITY OF THESE ANALYSES CAN VARY FROM PROJECT TO
STEEL PLATE WALL STEMMED FROM THE DESIRE TO USE AN INNOVATIVE
PROJECT
AND NONPATENTED CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
)N MOST CASES ONE OF THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF STEEL PLATE
4HE STORY +OBE #ITY (ALL 4OWER &IGURE n HAS STIFF
SHEAR WALL APPROACHES HAVE BEEN USED IN *APAN 4HE lRST
ENED 307 FROM THE THIRD mOOR AND ABOVE REINFORCED CON
IMPLEMENTATIONS CONSISTED OF WALLS WITH STEEL PLATES lLLING
CRETE WALLS WERE USED IN THE BASEMENT LEVELS AND COMPOSITE
THE ENTIRE BAY WIDTH BETWEEN COLUMNS AND BETWEEN GIRDERS
WALLS OVER TWO STORIES WERE USED AS A TRANSITION BETWEEN THE
MUCH LIKE THE .ORTH !MERICAN PRACTICE 4HESE WALLS WERE
STEEL AND REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
ALWAYS STIFFENED SOMETIMES HEAVILY AS BUCKLING IS NOT PER
4HE STRUCTURE WAS SUBJECTED TO THE +OBE EARTHQUAKE
MITTED FOR MEMBERS PROVIDING LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE IN *A
&UJITANI ET AL REPORTED MINOR LOCAL BUCKLING OF THE
PAN &IGURE n -ORE RECENTLY AND PARTLY AS A RESULT OF THE
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&IG n 0LAN AND ELEVATION OF +OBE #ITY (ALL "UILDING &UJITANA ET AL
&IG n 3KETCH OF PLATE BUCKLING AT TH STORY OF +OBE #ITY (ALL "UILDING &UJITANA ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

STIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ON THE TH STORY &IGURE AND DETAIL THESE WALLS 4HE FOLLOWING EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATE A
n AND RESIDUAL BUILDING DRIFTS ROOF OFFSETS OF IN ; SAMPLE OF APPROACHES ADOPTED TO SATISFY DIFFERENT PROJECT
MM= AND IN ; MM= FROM THE VERTICAL IN THE NORTH AND CONSTRAINTS
WEST DIRECTIONS RESPECTIVELY &OR A NEW STORY BUILDING THAT EXPANDED THE EXISTING
.OTE THAT AN UPPER STORY OF THE LOWER RISE BUILDING OF THE (# -OFlTT (OSPITAL AT THE 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA 3AN
+OBE #ITY (ALL COMPLEX SEEN IN THE FOREGROUND OF &IGURE n &RANCISCO -EDICAL #ENTER $EAN ET AL 7OSSER AND
COLLAPSED IN A SOFT STORY MECHANISMMORE SPECIlCALLY 0OLAND VARIOUS TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS WERE CON
THIS FAILURE OCCURRED AT THE LEVEL WHERE A MOMENT RESISTING SIDERED 3HEAR WALLS WERE DETERMINED TO BE THE BEST STRUC
FRAME SYSTEM HAVING STEEL SECTIONS EMBEDDED IN REINFORCED TURAL SYSTEM TO ACCOMMODATE THE CONSTRAINTS OF HIGH DESIGN
CONCRETE TRANSITIONED INTO A REGULAR MOMENT RESISTING REIN SEISMIC FORCES AND HIGH STIFFNESS ASSUMED ADEQUATE AT THE
FORCED CONCRETE FRAME .AKASHIMA ET AL HOWEVER TIME TO PROTECT ESSENTIAL HOSPITAL SYSTEMS FROM DAMAGE SO
THIS BUILDING HAD A SIGNIlCANTLY LOWER PERIOD THAN THE ADJA THEY COULD STAY IN SERVICE AFTER A SEVERE EARTHQUAKE AND
CENT TOWER WHICH ATTRACTED GREATER SEISMIC FORCES PRECLUD LIMITED AVAILABLE STORY HEIGHT TO MATCH THE mOOR LEVELS OF
ING COMPARISON OF THE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE BETWEEN THE TWO THE ADJACENT EXISTING BUILDING AND THUS ACCOMMODATE THE
STRUCTURES MANY DUCTS PIPES AND OTHER MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL ITEMS
&OLLOWING THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIAL ,OW 9IELD 3TEEL IN THE CEILING SPACE 7OSSER AND 0OLAND REPORT THAT
,93 BY .IPPON 3TEEL SOME 307 PROJECTS HAVE INCLUDED REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS MORE THAN FT THICK WOULD
,93 PLATES TO DISSIPATE ENERGY 9AMAGUCHI ET AL HAVE BEEN REQUIRED TO RESIST THE SUBSTANTIAL SPECIlED DESIGN
4HESE SPECIAL STEELS START TO YIELD AT RELATIVELY LOW STEEL FORCES WHICH WAS DEEMED ARCHITECTURALLY UNACCEPTABLE AND
STRENGTH NAMELY BETWEEN AND -0A AND KSI STEEL PLATE WALLS WERE USED INSTEAD 3TATIC ANALYSES AS WELL
FOR ,93 CALCULATED BY THE PERCENT OFFSET METHOD AND AS RESPONSE SPECTRUM MODAL ANALYSIS WERE CONDUCTED FOR
BETWEEN AND -0A AND KSI FOR ,93 THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEM &INITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS WAS USED TO
STRAIN HARDEN SIGNIlCANTLY UP TO TO -0A TO MODEL THE SHEAR WALLS HAVING IRREGULAR SHAPES AND OPENINGS
KSI AND TO -0A TO KSI RESPECTIVELY AND 7OSSER AND 0OLAND REPORT
EXHIBIT MORE THAN PERCENT ELONGATION BEFORE FRACTURE
!S A RESULT OF THE STRINGENT DESIGN CRITERIA THE CONlGU
4HEIR LARGE DUCTILITY IS ADVANTAGEOUS FOR SEISMIC DESIGN
RATION OF THE STRUCTURE AND THE CHOSEN STRUCTURAL SOLUTION
&URTHERMORE BECAUSE OF THEIR LOWER STRENGTH THICKER PLATES
A NUMBER OF UNUSUAL STRUCTURAL DETAILS WERE REQUIRED AND
ARE REQUIRED TO RESIST A GIVEN LATERAL LOAD THAN WITH CONVEN
DEVELOPED !MONG THESE WERE SPECIAL FOUNDATION DETAILS TO
TIONAL STEEL RESULTING IN FEWER STIFFENERS REQUIRED TO PREVENT
HANDLE HIGH OVERTURNING FORCES AND OFFSET SHEAR WALL FOOT
BUCKLING 4HE 3AITAMA 7IDE !REA *OINT !GENCY "UILDINGS
INGS THE CREATION AND PRESENTATION OF AN ENTIRE DETAILING SYS
AND STORIES PROVIDE AN EXAMPLE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF
TEM FOR THE STEEL PLATED SHEAR WALLS AND SPECIAL DIAPHRAGM
A STIFFENED 307 WITH ,93 &IGURE n 0LATES VARY
DETAILS TO HANDLE THE HIGH SHEAR TRANSFERS INHERENT IN THE
FROM IN TO IN MM TO MM THICK ALONG THE HEIGHT
STRUCTURAL CONlGURATION 4HE WALL PLATES OF THE STEEL PLATED
OF THE BUILDING WITH PANELS OF UP TO FT s FT M s
SHEAR WALLS WERE SIZED TO TAKE THE TOTAL SHEAR FORCES IN THE
M IN SIZE 4HE WALLS ARE POSITIONED AROUND THE STAIRWELLS IN
WALL 4HE CONCRETE COVER PROVIDED STIFFNESS TO THE STRUCTURE
SOMEWHAT OF A CHECKERBOARD PATTERN TO MINIMIZE THE EFFECT
AND WAS REINFORCED TO THE EXTENT THAT IT WOULD BE COMPAT
OF BENDING IN THE WALLS .OTE THAT ,93 STEELS ARE NOT YET PRO
IBLE WITH THE STEEL IN TERMS OF STRAIN 4HE CONCRETE WAS ALSO
DUCED IN .ORTH !MERICA
USED TO STIFFEN THE STEEL PLATE .UMBER TIES AT FEET ON CEN
)N REVIEWING THE *APANESE EXPERIENCE WITH 307 IT IS
TER EACH WAY WERE USED TO TIE TOGETHER THE CONCRETE WALLS AT
IMPORTANT TO RECOGNIZE THAT THE TRADITIONAL STRUCTURAL ENGI
EACH SIDE OF THE PLATE %ACH STEEL PLATED WALL IS COMPOSED
NEERING PRACTICE IN *APAN HAS BEEN TO MAKE ALL THE BEAM
OF SEVERAL ELEMENTS INCLUDING COLUMNS GIRDERS WALL PLATES
TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN THE BUILDING FULLY RESTRAINED MO
AND TRIM MEMBERS AS SHOWN ON THE DIAGRAMMATIC ELEVATION
MENT CONNECTIONS EVEN WHEN BRACES OR WALLS ARE INTRODUCED
&IGURE n 4HE COLUMNS ARE EITHER HEAVY STANDARD
IN PARTS OF THE STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS )N THAT CONTEXT 307 ARE
7& SECTIONS OR SPECIAL BUILT UP ( COLUMNS 0LATE GIRDERS ARE
TREATED AS HYSTERETIC DAMPERS WITH THE PRIMARY FUNCTION TO
GENERALLY INCHES DEEP WITH EITHER OR INCH mANGES
REDUCE MAXIMUM BUILDING RESPONSE DURING AN EARTHQUAKE
7ALL PLATES ARE STRUCTURAL STEEL PLATES EXTENDING VERTICALLY
4HE PRESENCE OF 307 AND COMPLETE MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
BETWEEN PLATE GIRDERS AND HORIZONTALLY BETWEEN COLUMNS
NONETHELESS PROVIDES SIGNIlCANT REDUNDANCY COMPARED WITH
TRIM MEMBER ETC &IGURE n
.ORTH !MERICAN PRACTICE
4YPICAL WALL DETAILS ARE SHOWN IN &IGURES n AND n
53!'% ). 4(% 5.)4%$ 34!4%3 $ESIGN OF THIS PROJECT WAS COMPLETED IN AND CONSTRUC
TION SPANNED OVER YEARS
/RIGINALLY IN THE ABSENCE OF CODIlED DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR
307 DESIGNED IN THE S WERE STIFFENED TO PREVENT
307 ENGINEERS RELIED ON ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES TO SIZE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n #ONCEPT FOR BUILDING WITH 307 OF ,93 9AMAGUCHI ET AL
&IG n ( # -OFlTT (OSPITAL !DDITION TYPICAL STEEL SHEAR WALL DETAIL 7OSSER AND 0OLAND
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

BUCKLING OF THE WALL PLATE &OR EXAMPLE 307 WERE USED FOR REMAINED IN OPERATION DURING THE RETROlT AND TO ALLOW
THE WIND CONTROLLED DESIGN OF THE (YATT 2EGENCY (OTEL IN FOR FUTURE EXPANSION 4HE STEEL WALLS WERE DEEMED MORE
$ALLAS %.2 A SHOWN IN &IGURE n )N THE EXPENSIVE THAN THEIR CONCRETE COUNTERPARTS BUT UNINTERRUPTED
NARROW DIRECTION OF THE TOWER STEEL PLATE WALLS WERE USED USE OF THE MEDICAL FACILITY PROVIDED SAVINGS EXCEEDING
BECAUSE BRACING WOULD HAVE ENCROACHED ON INTERIOR SPACE THE COST DIFFERENCE 4HE WALLS CONSISTED OF t IN THICK
AND CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS WOULD HAVE SLOWED DOWN THE PACE PLATES CONNECTED TO A . IN s IN PERIMETER PLATE ITSELF
OF CONSTRUCTION 3TEEL PLATES FT s FT IN THICK WERE CONNECTED TO THE EXISTING CONCRETE mOORS USING DRILLED IN
USED THROUGHOUT )T IS REPORTED THAT THE GRAVITY SUPPORT PRO EPOXY ANCHORS SPACED IN TO IN &IGURE n 0LATE AND
VIDED BY THE IN THICK PLATES WAS TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT TO RE CHANNEL STIFFENERS WERE DESIGNED TO PREVENT THE SUBPANELS
DUCE THE COLUMN AND BEAM SIZES PROVIDING SAVINGS IN CON FROM BUCKLING BY LIMITING COMPRESSION AND SHEAR STRESSES
STRUCTION COST TO ONE FOURTH OF THE BUCKLING STRESSES )T WAS RECOGNIZED
307 WERE ALSO USED FOR THE /LIVE 6IEW -EDICAL #ENTER AT THAT A THINNER PLATE AND SMALLER STIFFENERS WOULD HAVE BEEN
3YLMAR IN #ALIFORNIAS 3AN &ERNANDO 6ALLEY !RCHITECTURAL THEORETICALLY POSSIBLE BY CONSIDERING THE STRENGTH PROVIDED
2ECORD %.2 B 4HIS FACILITY WAS CONSTRUCTED BY DIAGONAL TENSION lELD ACTION WITHIN EACH SUBPANEL BUT
TO REPLACE THE REINFORCED CONCRETE HOSPITAL BUILT IN AT NO ACTUAL SUCH REDUCTIONS WOULD HAVE BEEN POSSIBLE SINCE
THAT SAME LOCATION THAT HAD TO BE DEMOLISHED DUE TO THE EX THE WALL STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS WERE FOUND TO GOVERN IN THIS
TENSIVE DAMAGE IT SUFFERED DURING THE 3AN &ERNANDO PARTICULAR CASE
EARTHQUAKE ! COMBINATION OF PERIMETER AND INTERIOR SHEAR 307 HAVE BEEN USED IN THE SEISMIC RETROlTS OF OTHER TYPES
WALLS WAS USED WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE WALLS IN THE LOWER OF FACILITIES &OR EXAMPLE THE /REGON 3TATE ,IBRARY
TWO STORIES AND 307 IN THE UPPER FOUR STORIES 7ALL PLATES A REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURE WAS REINFORCED WITH
VARIED IN THICKNESS FROM 6 IN TO 9 IN WITH VARIOUS WIN 307 TO ALLOW THE STRUCTURE TO REMAIN OPEN DURING RENOVA
DOW OPENINGS AND WERE ERECTED IN FT s FT MODULES TION AND TO PRESERVE EXISTING HISTORICAL lNISHES 2OBINSON
&IGURE n WITH BOLTED SPLICES 4HE WALL DESIGN WAS CON AND !MES 3TEEL WALLS WERE ALSO ADVANTAGEOUS IN THIS
SIDERED LESS COSTLY THAN MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES AND STEEL CASE BECAUSE THE MOISTURE AND HUMIDITY GENERATED DURING
WALLS WERE USED IN THE UPPER STORIES AS A MEASURE TO REDUCE CONCRETE PLACEMENT WOULD HAVE REQUIRED RELOCATING THE HIS
THE WEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE TORICAL BOOK COLLECTION TO PROTECT IT AGAINST POSSIBLE DAMAGE
)T IS WORTH NOTING THAT THIS HOSPITAL WAS SEVERELY SHAKEN 3TEEL PLATES WERE ALSO DESIGNED IN SMALL PANELS THAT COULD
BY THE .ORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE !CCELEROMETERS AT THE BE INSTALLED BY HAND TO AVOID USING HEAVY MACHINERY &IG
SITE RECORDED PEAK GROUND ACCELERATIONS OF G AND IN URES n AND "OLTED SPLICES USING STRUCTURAL 74
STRUMENTS AT THE ROOF RECORDED PEAK VALUES OF G #ELEBI SHAPES WERE USED AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE TO MINIMIZE THE RISK
OF lRE FROM WELDING IN THE LIBRARY &INITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
.O STRUCTURAL DAMAGE WAS REPORTED BUT SUBSTANTIAL WATER AND SITE SPECIlC RESPONSE SPECTRUM ANALYSIS WERE USED TO
DAMAGE OCCURRED ! NUMBER OF UNBRACED SPRINKLER BRANCH DETERMINE BUILDING RESPONSE 4HE EXISTING STRUCTURE WAS AS
LINES BROKE OR LEAKED AT THREADED JOINTS SPRINKLER HEADS WERE SUMED TO PROVIDE NO RESISTANCE TO LATERAL LOADS AND STIFFNESS
BROKEN OFF WHEN STRUCK BY SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS VARIOUS REQUIREMENTS OFTEN CONTROLLED DESIGN AS MANY OF THE EXISTING
PIPES BROKE AT THEIR CONNECTION TO EQUIPMENTS AND VALVES TO STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WERE ASSESSED TO BE SENSITIVE TO EXCESSIVE
CHILLED WATER LINES FRACTURED AT THE PENTHOUSE LEVEL 5PPER DEmECTIONS 3TEEL MEMBERS WITH DRILLED IN EXPANSION TYPE
STORIES WERE CONTAMINATED WITH WATER mOWING DOWN AND OR ADHESIVE TYPE ANCHORS WERE USED TO DELIVER THE SEISMIC
FORCING EVACUATION /3(0$ %XTENSIVE NONSTRUCTURAL LOADS TO THE NEW WALLS &IGURE n 4HE FOOTINGS ALSO RE
DAMAGE SUCH AS FAILURE OF SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEMS STORAGE QUIRED RETROlTTING TO RESIST THE OVERTURNING FORCES FROM THE
RACKS BOOK RACKS AND DUCTWORK WAS ALSO REPORTED .AEIM NEW 307
AND ,OBO AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n 4HIS HIGHLIGHTED THE )MPLEMENTATION OF UNSTIFFENED 307 IN THE 5NITED 3TATES
IMPORTANCE OF PROPER DESIGN AND DETAILING FOR NONSTRUCTURAL IS MORE RECENT AND IS INDIRECTLY INmUENCED BY THE RECOGNITION
SYSTEMS WHICH IS TRUE FOR ALL STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS OF 307 SYSTEMS IN THE .ATIONAL "UILDING #ODE OF #ANADA
3TIFFENED 307 WERE ALSO USED FOR THE SEISMIC RETROlT OF ."## AND #ANADIAN 3TEEL $ESIGN 3TANDARD #!.#3!
THE 6ETERANS !DMINISTRATION -EDICAL #ENTER IN #HARLESTON 3 SINCE 3IMILAR PROVISIONS WERE INCLUDED IN
3OUTH #AROLINA "ALDELLI 4HE DECISION TO USE STEEL &%-! .%(20 2ECOMMENDED 0ROVISIONS FOR 3EISMIC
WALLS INSTEAD OF CONCRETE WALLS WAS BASED ON THE NEED 2EGULATIONS FOR .EW "UILDINGS AND /THER 3TRUCTURES IN
TO MINIMIZE DISRUPTION OF SERVICE IN THE HOSPITAL WHICH AND !)3# IN

-ORE INFORMATION IS AVAILABLE AT THE 53'3 WEB SITE HTTPPUBSUSGSGOVFSFS PERFHTML
53'3 FACT SHEET
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

A
B
C
&IG n (# -OFlT (OSPITAL !DDITION TYPICAL STEEL SHEAR WALL &IG n (YATT 2EGENCY $ALLAS A COMPLETED BUILDING FROM
AND EXAMPLE CROSS SECTION $EAN ET AL HTTPDALLASREGENCYHYATTCOM B STIFFENED STEEL PLATE WALL
7OSSER AND 0OLAND DETAIL !RCHITECTURAL 2ECORD C DURING CONSTRUCTION
!RCHITECTURAL 2ECORD
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

! SIGNIlCANT PROJECT FOR A STORY HIGH RISE IN 3AN &RAN BOTH NONLINEAR STATIC PUSHOVER METHODS USING THE &%-!
CISCO 4HE #ENTURY PROPOSED TO USE A CORE WALL SYSTEM HAV &%-! B TARGET DISPLACEMENT METHOD TO ESTI
ING UNSTIFFENED 307 AND LARGE COMPOSITE CONCRETE lLLED MATE ROOFTOP DISPLACEMENTS 4HE NONLINEAR PUSHOVER MODEL
STEEL PIPE COLUMNS AS BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 4HE COMPOSITE CONSISTED OF UNIDIRECTIONAL EQUIVALENT DIAGONAL hSTRIPSv TO
COLUMNS CONTRIBUTE SUBSTANTIALLY TO THE mEXURAL STIFFNESS MODEL THE TENSILE lELD BEHAVIOR OF SHEAR PANEL AND THE FORCE
AND RESISTANCE TO OVERTURNING IN THE SYSTEM &IGURE nB TRANSFERS IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS &IGURE n 4HIS ANAL
!LTHOUGH THAT PROJECT WAS EVENTUALLY CANCELLED AFTER ITS YSIS WAS FURTHER VALIDATED BY NONLINEAR TIME HISTORY ANALY
DESIGN WAS COMPLETED AND BUILDING PERMITS OBTAINED THE SIS USING TENSION ONLY DIAGONAL STRIPS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS TO
SAME CONCEPT WAS REUSED IN THE NARROW .ORTH 3OUTH DIREC MODEL THE TENSILE lELD BEHAVIOR IN BOTH DIRECTIONS DURING THE
TION OF THE CORE FOR THE 53 &EDERAL #OURTHOUSE A STORY TIME HISTORY RESPONSES 4HE STRIPS POSSESSED TENSILE STIFFNESS
BUILDING IN 3EATTLE &IGURES nA n AND n BRACED AND STRENGTH WITH NO COMPRESSION STRENGTH OR STIFFNESS SEE
FRAMES WERE USED IN THE %AST 7EST DIRECTION 3ELECTION OF #HAPTERS AND FOR A DETAILED DISCUSSION OF THIS METHOD OF
307 FOR THESE PROJECTS WAS BASED ON FOUR ADVANTAGES ASSOCI ANALYSIS
ATED WITH THIS SYSTEM &IRST THE 307 SYSTEM REQUIRED WALLS 4HE 307 SYSTEM PROVIDED SIGNIlCANT STIFFNESS TO THE ORIG
THINNER THAN THOSE NEEDED FOR AN EQUIVALENT CONCRETE SHEAR INAL MOMENT FRAME AND DID NOT TAKE UP AS MUCH SPACE AS A
WALL IN INCLUDING THE FURRING FOR THE 3037 VERSUS COMPARABLE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL OR STEEL BRACED FRAME 4HE
IN FOR THE CONCRETE SHEAR WALL RESULTING IN SAVINGS OF AP CONCEPT ALSO ALLOWED THE BUILDING TO REMAIN OCCUPIED DURING
PROXIMATELY PERCENT IN GROSS SQUARE FOOTAGE 3ECOND THE CONSTRUCTION
SYSTEM WAS LIGHTER THAN CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS APPROXIMATELY 307 HAVE RECENTLY FOUND APPLICATIONS IN LOW RISE RESI
PERCENT LESS THAN USING AN EQUIVALENT CONCRETE SHEAR WALL DENTIAL BUILDINGS THAT HAVE SIZEABLE OPEN mOOR PLANS AND
CORE SYSTEM WITH A CORRESPONDING REDUCTION IN FOUNDATION ARE REQUIRED TO BE BUILT WITH AN ENGINEERED FRAMING SYSTEM
LOADS DUE TO GRAVITY AND OVERALL BUILDING SEISMIC LOADS 4HE %ATHERTON 4HESE WERE DESIGNED USING 307 AS THIS
THIRD ADVANTAGE WAS THE REDUCED CONSTRUCTION TIME AS THE SYSTEM WAS DEEMED LESS EXPENSIVE THAN THE MOMENT FRAME
WALL WAS FAST TO ERECT DID NOT REQUIRE A CURING PERIOD AND ALTERNATIVE AND FASTER TO CONSTRUCT BY HAVING THE 307 SHOP
WAS ACCORDING TO THE STEEL ERECTOR FOR THAT PROJECT EASIER FABRICATED 7ALLS WERE DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE #A
TO ASSEMBLE THAN EQUIVALENT SPECIAL CONCENTRICALLY BRACED NADIAN 307 REQUIREMENTS #!.#3! 3 CONTAINED THE
FRAMES 4HE FOURTH ADVANTAGE OF THIS SYSTEM WAS ITS EXCELLENT ONLY CODIlED 307 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS AVAILABLE AT
POST BUCKLING STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY EXPERIMENTS CONDUCTED THE TIME !S SUCH A PUSHOVER ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED WITH
TO VALIDATE THE SYSTEM USED FOR THIS PARTICULAR PROJECT ARE DE THE PLATE IN EACH PANEL MODELED AS TENSION STRIPS "OUND
SCRIBED IN #HAPTER ARY MEMBERS WERE DESIGNED TO REMAIN ELASTIC UP TO THE EX
307 HAVE BEEN USED TO STRENGTHEN BUILDINGS HAVING MO PECTED YIELD STRENGTH OF THE PLATE
MENT RESISTING FRAMES THAT WERE DAMAGED BY THE .ORTH &OR A FT RESIDENCE IN !THERTON #ALIFORNIA &IGURE
RIDGE EARTHQUAKE 4HE TWO STORY PLUS BASEMENT STRUCTURE n THE 307 COLUMNS ARE FT CENTER TO CENTER AND THE
SHOWN IN &IGURE n LOCATED IN THE 3AN &ERNANDO 6ALLEY WEB PLATE IS GAGE !34- ! MATERIAL SPECIlED WITH
NEAR THE EPICENTER EXPERIENCED DAMAGE TO NEARLY ONE HALF OF YIELD STRENGTH OF KSI #OUPON TESTS WERE CONDUCTED ON THE
ITS MOMENT FRAME CONNECTIONS IN THE .ORTH 3OUTH DIRECTION PLATE MATERIAL TO VERIFY ACTUAL YIELD STRENGTH AND ELONGATION
OF THE BUILDING 4HE LATERAL SYSTEM FOR THE BUILDING CONSIST 307 WERE ALSO USED FOR A FT RESIDENCE IN 3AN -ATEO
ED OF TWO MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES IN EACH DIRECTION OF THE #OUNTY %ATHERTON AND *OHNSON TO MEET THE OWNER
BUILDING %ACH FRAME CONSISTED OF THREE BAYS FOUR COLUMNS SPECIlED REQUIREMENT THAT NO SIGNIlCANT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE
INTERCONNECTED BY THREE GIRDERS BE SUFFERED IN A PROBABLE EARTHQUAKE &IGURE n &OR THE
$UE TO THE ESSENTIAL FACILITY OCCUPANCY THE PERFORMANCE GIVEN OPEN mOOR PLAN WITH FEW SOLID LENGTHS OF WALLS MO
CRITERION FOR STRENGTHENING THIS BUILDING WAS TO MEET IMME MENT FRAMES WOULD HAVE REQUIRED THICKER WALLS TO ACCOMMO
DIATE OCCUPANCY REQUIREMENTS FOR THE YEAR EVENT AT THAT DATE LARGE COLUMNS 4HE 307 LATERAL SYSTEM WAS DESIGNED
SITE WHICH WAS DEEMED POSSIBLE USING A 307 SYSTEM TO LIM TO REMAIN ELASTIC AND CAPABLE OF RESISTING SEVERAL TIMES THE
IT HORIZONTAL DRIFT AND THEREFORE ROTATIONAL DEMAND ON THE CODE SPECIlED LEVEL OF BASE SHEAR 4YPICAL WALL LENGTH IS
EXISTING MOMENT CONNECTIONS 3TEEL PLATES IN THICK MADE FT CENTER TO CENTER OF COLUMNS SOMETIMES WITH WALL PANELS
WITH MATERIAL WITH &Y FROM TO KSI WERE ADDED TO EACH SIDE BY SIDE WHERE IT WAS POSSIBLE 0LATE WAS TYPICALLY
OF THE TWO MOMENT FRAME LINES IN EACH DIRECTION WELDED TO A GAGE WITH THE SAME MATERIAL SPECIlCATIONS AND COUPON TESTS
IN CONTINUOUS lSH PLATE WITHOUT SPECIAL CORNER REINFORCE AS THE RESIDENCE IN !THERTON
MENT 4HE WALLS WERE SPLICED WITH GROOVE WELDS &IGURE n SHOWS A FT TWO STORY STRUCTURE IN ,OS
4HE EXISTING STEEL MOMENT FRAME COLUMNS AND GIRDERS !LTOS #ALIFORNIA WITH SIGNIlCANTLY OPEN mOOR PLAN WHERE
WERE USED TO PROVIDE THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY 307 WERE DEEMED TO BE A SUPERIOR AND MORE ECONOMICAL
ELEMENTS OF THE 307 PANELS 4HE DESIGN WAS VALIDATED BY ALTERNATIVE OVER MOMENT FRAMES
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

A
B
&IG n .ONSTRUCTURAL DAMAGE IN /LIVE 6IEW (OSPITAL DUE TO
&IG n /LIVE 6IEW (OSPITAL STEEL PLATE ASSEMBLY %.2
.ORTHRIDGE EARTHQUAKE .AEIM AND ,OBO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IGURE n SHOWS A FOUR STORY RESIDENCE IN 3AN ! 307 SYSTEM WAS ALSO SELECTED FOR THE SEVEN STORY ).'
&RANCISCO IN WHICH 307 WERE USED 4HE LATERAL FORCE BUILDING IN 3TE (YACINTHE 1UEBEC ON THE BASIS OF FASTER
RESISTING ELEMENTS WERE SELECTED TO lT WITHIN THE RESTRICTIVE CONSTRUCTION TIME AND GAIN OF USABLE mOOR SPACE COMPARED
ARCHITECTURAL GEOMETRY 307 WERE THE ONLY SOLUTION THAT TO THE OTHER STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS CONSIDERED REINFORCED CON
ALLOWED DEEP ARCHITECTURAL RECESSES IN THE WALL SURFACE WHILE CRETE WALLS AND STEEL BRACED FRAMES AMONG MANY 4HE DE
STILL PROVIDING ADEQUATE STIFFNESS IN A MODEST LENGTH 4HE SIGN CONCEPT RELIED ON A CORE OF WALLS LOCATED IN THE MIDDLE
PLATE WAS WELDED DIRECTLY TO THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS IN THE OF THE BUILDING &IGURE n &ULL HEIGHT FT WALLS WERE
SHOP BOLTED SOLUTIONS WERE CONSIDERED TOO DIFlCULT TO lT UP PREFABRICATED IN THE SHOP SOME OF THE WALLS WERE FABRICATED
AND WELDING THE PLATE TO ANOTHER PIECE WELDED TO THE BEAM IN HALF WIDTH SEGMENTS AND JOINED TOGETHER ON SITE WITH A
OR COLUMN WOULD HAVE BEEN MORE EXPENSIVE 4HE STEEL PLATE VERTICAL WELDED SEAM SPANNING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM EXCEPT
SHEAR WALL PROVED MORE ECONOMICAL THAN BRACES FOR THE TALLER FOR THE BEAM SPLICES THAT WERE BOLTED &IGURE n 4HE
MORE SLENDER FRAMES BASE OF THE WALL WAS CONTINUOUSLY ANCHORED TO THE FOUNDA
)N ADDITION TO PROVIDING IN PLANE RESISTANCE TO WIND OR TION &IGURE n
SEISMIC LOADS 307 ARE ALSO lNDING APPLICATIONS IN BLAST 307 WERE ALSO USED FOR A TWO STORY ADDITION TO AN EXISTING
RESISTANT DESIGN )NNOVATION ON THE BASIS OF THEIR OUT SINGLE STORY BUILDING OF THE )NSTITUT DE 2ECHERCHES #LINIQUES
OF PLANE STRENGTH !S ONE EXAMPLE THE NEW 53 &EDERAL DE -ONTRÏAL )#2- IN -ONTREAL &IGURE n /NE OF THE
!VIATION !DMINISTRATION SECURITY PROTOCOLS CALL FOR BLAST 307 SPANNED TWO STORIES FROM THE TOP OF THE EXISTING ONE
AND IMPACT RESISTANT AIR TRAFlC CONTROL TOWERS AND PREVENTION STORY STEEL FRAME TO THE ROOF ANOTHER SPANNED THREE STORIES
OF TOWER COLLAPSE IN THE EVENT OF MAJOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE WITH RESPECTIVE DIMENSIONS OF FT s FT M s M
SUCH AS LOSS OF A COLUMN 2ELYING ON 307S ABILITY TO AND FT s FT M BY M WITH IN THICK
INELASTICALLY DISSIPATE ENERGY A TOWER CONCEPT BUILT FROM MM PLATES %ACH WALL WAS SHIPPED AS A UNIT TO THE SITE
STACKED PANELS FT LONG BY FT WIDE WITH IN THICK
PLATES WAS PROPOSED TO SATISFY THE NEW REQUIREMENT &IGURE 53!'% ). -%8)#/
n .ONLINEAR TIME HISTORY lNITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THE
! STORY CONDOMINIUM BUILDING LOCATED ON A HILLSIDE WAS
SYSTEM WAS CONDUCTED USING PLATE AND MEMBRANE ELEMENTS
ORIGINALLY PLANNED IN REINFORCED CONCRETE WITH STORY HEIGHTS
AND LARGE DEmECTION CAPABILITIES UNDER BLAST IMPULSE LOADING
OF FT M AND TOTAL HEIGHT OF FT M (OWEVER
CONDITIONS
A STEEL ALTERNATIVE WAS DESIGNED FOR COST COMPARISON AT THE
OWNERS REQUEST 0RELIMINARY CALCULATIONS SHOWED THAT DUC
53!'% ). #!.!$!
TILE STEEL FRAMES COMBINED WITH CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS LOCATED
3INCE THE EARLY S UNSTIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS AROUND THE ELEVATOR CORES WERE MORE ECONOMICAL AND THIS
HAVE BEEN CONSTRUCTED IN #ANADA AS THESE WERE THE TYPES OF STRUCTURAL SYSTEM WAS SELECTED FOR CONSTRUCTION 3AVINGS
307 ON WHICH #ANADIAN RESEARCH FOCUSED !N EIGHT STORY WERE MOSTLY OBTAINED IN THE LOWER mOOR WEIGHT AND IN FASTER
BUILDING WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 6ANCOUVER "RITISH #OLUMBIA TO CONSTRUCTION TIME (OWEVER THE CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE COULD
PROVIDE ADEQUATE SEISMIC PERFORMANCE IN THE NARROW BUILD NOT BE MET BECAUSE THE CONTRACTOR COULDNT KEEP THE CON
ING DIRECTION WHERE THE ONLY LOCATIONS AVAILABLE FOR LATERAL CRETE SHEAR WALL CONSTRUCTION ON PACE WITH THAT OF THE STEEL
LOAD RESISTING STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS WERE ADJACENT TO ELEVATOR FRAMETHE WALLS WERE NEEDED TO STABILIZE THE STEEL FRAME
SHAFTS AND STAIRCASES ECCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES WERE USED LATERALLY BUT TYPICALLY THE STEEL COLUMNS WERE ERECTED OVER
IN THE OTHER DIRECTION 'LOTMAN THREE STORIES AND THEN HAD TO WAIT FOR THE CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS
7ITH THE PUBLICATION OF 307 SEISMIC DESIGN REQUIREMENTS TO CATCH UP
IN THE #ANADIAN 3TEEL $ESIGN 3TANDARD #!.#3! 3 4HE SAME OWNERS SUBSEQUENTLY BUILT A NEARLY IDENTICAL
IMPLEMENTATION ACCELERATED SIGNIlCANTLY ! SERIES OF BUILDING ON AN ADJACENT SITE &IGURES n TO n "ASED
307 LOCATED AROUND ELEVATOR SHAFTS WAS FOUND TO BE THE BEST ON THEIR PRIOR EXPERIENCE IT WAS DECIDED TO REPLACE THE CON
SOLUTION TO RESIST LATERAL LOAD ON A SIX STORY BUILDING WITH AN CRETE SHEAR WALLS WITH 307 4HESE WALLS WERE DESIGNED FOL
IRREGULAR mOOR PLAN &IGURE n THAT PROVIDED A FT LOWING THE DESIGN CRITERIA AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF #ANADIAN
EXPANSION TO THE #ANAM -ANAC 'ROUP HEADQUARTERS IN 3T 3TANDARD #!.#3! 3 BECAUSE THIS SYSTEM WAS NOT YET
'EORGES 1UEBEC $RIVER 3IMPLICITY IN CONSTRUCTION COVERED BY THE APPLICABLE -EXICAN DESIGN CODE 2EGLAMEN
DETAILS CONTRIBUTED TO THE COST EFFECTIVENESS OF THE 307 TO DE #ONSTRUCCIONES DEL $ISTRITO &EDERAL IE 0OLICIES FOR
SYSTEM 7ALLS WERE FT WIDE CENTER TO CENTER OF COLUMNS #ONSTRUCTION IN THE &EDERAL $ISTRICT ALTHOUGH THE SYSTEM
AND FT TALL DELIMITED BY THE DIMENSIONS OF THE ELEVATOR WAS CONTEMPLATED FOR INCLUSION IN FUTURE EDITIONS OF THE
CORES )NlLL PLATES WERE IN THICK THROUGHOUT &IGURE -EXICAN CODE AT THAT TIME 4HAT BUILDING WAS CONSTRUCTED
n 4WO STORY TIERS WERE SHOP FABRICATED AND ASSEMBLED AS SCHEDULED SIGNIlCANTLY FASTER AND AT A LOWER COST THAN THE
IN THE lELD WITH SLIP CRITICAL BOLTED SPLICES PREVIOUS ONE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n %LEVATIONS OF STEEL PLATE PANELS IN 6ETERANS !DMINISTRA &IG n )NSTALLATION OF NEW STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS COURTESY OF
TION -EDICAL #ENTER IN #HARLESTON 3# "ALDELLI +0&& #ONSULTING %NGINEERS 0ORTLAND /2

&IG n .EW STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS COURTESY OF +0&& &IG n #ONNECTION OF 307 TO EXISTING 2# FRAME COURTESY OF
#ONSULTING %NGINEERS 0ORTLAND /2 +0&& #ONSULTING %NGINEERS 0ORTLAND /2
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
&IG n #ORE WALLS WITH COMPOSITE CONCRETE INlLL STEEL PIPE COLUMNS 3EILIE AND (OOPER
&IG n 53 &EDERAL #OURTHOUSE 3EATTLE COURTESY OF *OHN (OOPER -AGNUSSON +LEMENCIC !SSOCIATES 3EATTLE 7!
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 3TRUCTURAL SYSTEM FOR 53 &EDERAL #OURTHOUSE 3EATTLE COURTESY OF *OHN (OOPER -AGNUSSON +LEMENCIC !SSOCIATES 3EATTLE 7!
&IG n 3TRIP MODELS USED IN PROJECT USING 307 FOR STRENGTHENING COURTESY OF *AY ,OVE $EGENKOLB %NGINEERS /AKLAND #!
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 2ESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH 307 IN !THERTON #! COURTESY OF - %ATHERTON '&$3 %NGINEERS 3AN &RANCISCO
&IG n 2ESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH 307 IN 3AN -ATEO #OUNTY #! COURTESY OF - %ATHERTON '&$3 %NGINEERS 3AN &RANCISCO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 2ESIDENTIAL BUILDING WITH 307 IN ,OS !LTOS #! &IG n 307 IN FOUR STORY RESIDENCE IN 3AN &RANCISCO COURTESY
COURTESY OF - %ATHERTON '&$3 %NGINEERS 3AN &RANCISCO OF *ON "RODY *ON "RODY 3TRUCTURAL %NGINEERS 3AN &RANCISCO
B
A C
&IG n 0ROPOSED BLAST AND IMPACT RESISTANT AIR TRAFlC CONTROL TOWERS USING 307 IN -EDFORD /2 A ELEVATION B DEmECTED SHAPE AND
C EFFECTIVE STRESS CONTOURS FROM lNITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS COURTESY OF *OHN 0AO "0! 'ROUP 3TRUCTURAL %NGINEERS "ELLEVUE 7!
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n #ANAM -ANAC 'ROUP HEADQUARTERS EXPANSION
&IG n #ORE WALL AT MIDDLE OF ).' BUILDING
COURTESY OF 2ICHARD 6INCENT #ANAM -ANAC 'ROUP
COURTESY OF ,OUIS #REPEAU AND *EAN "ENOIT $UCHARME
3T 'EORGE 1UEBEC #ANADA
'ROUPE 4EKNIKA -ONTREAL #ANADA
&IG n 307 IN #ANAM -ANAC 'ROUP HEADQUARTERS EXPANSION &IG n #LOSE UP VIEW OF WALL AT MID SPAN SPLICE LOCATION ).'
COURTESY OF 2ICHARD 6INCENT #ANAM -ANAC 'ROUP BUILDING COURTESY OF ,OUIS #REPEAU AND *EAN "ENOIT $UCHARME
3T 'EORGE 1UEBEC #ANADA 'ROUPE 4EKNIKA -ONTREAL #ANADA
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 307 AND DETAILS AT BASE OF 307 ).' BUILDING COURTESY OF ,OUIS #REPEAU AND *EAN "ENOIT $UCHARME
'ROUPE 4EKNIKA -ONTREAL #ANADA
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 307 BUILDING IN -EXICOINSIDE VIEW OF WALLS
AROUND ELEVATOR CORE -ARTINEZ 2OMERO
&IG n 307 DETAILS FOR )#2- BUILDING

COURTESY OF ,OUIS #REPEAU AND *EAN "ENOIT $UCHARME 'ROUPE
4EKNIKA -ONTREAL #ANADA
&IG n 307 BUILDING IN -EXICOOUTSIDE VIEW OF WALLS

AROUND ELEVATOR CORE -ARTINEZ 2OMERO &IG n 307 BUILDING IN -EXICO -ARTINEZ 2OMERO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER
,ITERATURE 3URVEY
,)4%2!452% 3526%9 SIGNED 307 WITH HEAVILY STIFFENED INlLL PLATES (OWEVER
SEVERAL EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES USING BOTH QUASI
! STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL 307 IS A LATERAL LOAD RESISTING
STATIC AND DYNAMIC LOADING SHOWED THAT THE POST BUCKLING
SYSTEM CONSISTING OF VERTICAL STEEL PLATE INlLLS CONNECTED
STRENGTH AND DUCTILITY OF SLENDER WEB 307 CAN BE SUBSTANTIAL
TO THE SURROUNDING BEAMS AND COLUMNS AND INSTALLED IN ONE
4HORBURN ET AL 4IMLER AND +ULAK 4ROMPOSCH
OR MORE BAYS ALONG THE FULL HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE TO FORM
AND +ULAK 2OBERTS AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI 3AB
A CANTILEVERED WALL &IGURE n 307 SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC
OURI 'HOMI AND 2OBERTS #ASSESE ET AL %LGAALY
INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS EXHIBIT HIGH INITIAL STIFFNESS BEHAVE
ET AL $RIVER ET AL %LGAALY AND ,IU %LGAA
IN A VERY DUCTILE MANNER AND DISSIPATE SIGNIlCANT AMOUNTS
LY 2EZAI ,UBELL ET AL "ERMAN AND "RU
OF ENERGY 4HESE CHARACTERISTICS MAKE THEM SUITABLE TO
NEAU A 6IAN AND "RUNEAU "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
RESIST SEISMIC LOADING 307 CAN BE USED NOT ONLY FOR THE
"ASED ON SOME OF THIS RESEARCH #ANADIAN 3TANDARDS
DESIGN OF NEW BUILDINGS BUT ALSO FOR THE RETROlT OF EXISTING
!SSOCIATION STEEL DESIGN STANDARD #!.#3! 3 PROVID
CONSTRUCTION "EAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN 307 MAY IN
ED DESIGN CLAUSES FOR 307 WITH THE WALL ALLOWED TO BUCKLE IN
PRINCIPLE BE EITHER OF THE SIMPLE TYPE OR MOMENT RESISTING
SHEAR AND DEVELOP TENSION lELD ACTION #3! 3IMILAR
TYPE .OTE THAT ONLY THE LATTER ARE ALLOWED BY !)3# FOR
BEHAVIOR IS NOW ALSO ALLOWED IN THE .%(20 2ECOM
HIGH SEISMIC APPLICATIONS
MENDED 0ROVISIONS &%-! AND !)3#
0RIOR TO KEY RESEARCH PERFORMED IN THE S THE DESIGN
4HE POST BUCKLING STRENGTH AND TENSION lELD ACTION
LIMIT STATE FOR 307 WAS CONSIDERED TO BE OUT OF PLANE BUCK
MECHANISM OF UNSTIFFENED PLATES CAN BE DESCRIBED AS
LING OF THE INlLL PANEL 4O PREVENT BUCKLING ENGINEERS DE
&184+479-* 7*974+.94+*=.89.3, (43897:(9.43*&294 FOLLOWS )T IS ASSUMED THAT THE STEEL PANELS OF 307 DO NOT
(41:23 (433*(9.438 .3 " % 2&> .3 57.3(.51* '* CARRY GRAVITY LOADS AND EXPERIENCE ONLY SHEAR DEFORMATIONS
*.9-*7 4+ 9-* 8.251* 9>5* 47 242*397*8.89.3, 9>5* WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS SUBJECTED TO LATERAL LOADS AND THAT EACH
49*9-&9431>9-*1&99*7&7*&114<*)'>" +47 PANEL IS BOUNDED BY RIGID BEAM AND COLUMN ELEMENTS !T
-.,-8*.82.(&551.(&9.438 THE CENTER OF THE SHEAR WALL PANEL AWAY FROM THE BOUNDARY
RESTRAINTS THE PLATE IS THEN SUBJECT TO ESSENTIALLY PURE
SHEAR WITH PRINCIPAL STRESSES ORIENTED AT A ANGLE TO
THE DIRECTION OF LOAD AND THE PRINCIPAL STRESSES BEING BOTH
COMPRESSION AND TENSION 4HE BUCKLING STRENGTH OF THE
PLATE IN COMPRESSION IS DEPENDENT UPON THE SLENDERNESS OF
THE PLATE DEPTH TO THICKNESS RATIO AND WIDTH TO THICKNESS
RATIO 4HESE RATIOS ARE TYPICALLY RELATIVELY HIGH FOR NORMAL
BUILDING GEOMETRIES AND REASONABLE WALL THICKNESSES AND
BUCKLING STRENGTH IS CORRESPONDINGLY VERY LOW )N ADDITION
IT IS INEVITABLE THAT THE PLATE WILL NOT BE STRAIGHT OR mAT DUE
TO FABRICATION AND ERECTION TOLERANCES POTENTIALLY RESULTING
IN REDUCED COMPRESSION STRENGTH 7HEN THE LATERAL LOAD
APPLIED TO THE WALL GENERATES PRINCIPAL COMPRESSIVE STRESSES
THAT EXCEED THE COMPRESSION STRENGTH OF THE PLATE THE PLATE
BUCKLES GENERATING FOLD LINES IN THE PLATE PERPENDICULAR TO
THESE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES AND PARALLEL TO THE PRINCIPAL
TENSILE STRESSES !T THIS POINT LATERAL LOADS ARE TRANSFERRED
THROUGH THE PLATE BY THE PRINCIPAL TENSION STRESSES 4HIS POST
BUCKLING BEHAVIOR IS TYPICALLY REFERRED TO AS hTENSION lELD
ACTIONv 4HIS IS ILLUSTRATED IN &IGURE n
4HIS MECHANISM HAS BEEN RECOGNIZED AS EARLY AS IN THE
S IN AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 7AGNER AND AS EARLY
&IG n 4YPICAL STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL "RUNEAU ET AL AS IN THE S IN STEEL BUILDING CONSTRUCTION WHEN IT WAS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

INCORPORATED INTO THE DESIGN PROCESS OF PLATE GIRDERS "ASLER W/
4HE APPROPRIATENESS OF POST BUCKLING STIFFNESS AND
$F
STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF 307 TO RESIST SERVICE LATERAL LOADS A DUFWDQ
WAS ANALYTICALLY PREDICTED BY 4HORBURN ET AL AND EX ¥ K ´µµ n
WK ¦¦¦ µ
PERIMENTALLY CONlRMED BY 4IMLER AND +ULAK ¦§ $E , F / µ¶
2ESEARCH ON UNSTIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS HAS INVESTI
GATED THE EFFECT OF SIMPLE VERSUS RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CON
WHERE T IS THE THICKNESS OF THE INlLL PLATE H IS THE STORY HEIGHT
NECTIONS ON THE OVERALL BEHAVIOR #ACCESE ET AL THE
, IS THE BAY WIDTH )C IS THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE VERTICAL
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS 3ABOURI 'HOMI
BOUNDARY ELEMENT !C IS THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE VERTI
AND 2OBERTS 2EZAI THE EFFECTS OF HOLES IN THE
CAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT AND !B IS THE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF
INlLL PLATES 2OBERTS AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI 6IAN AND
THE HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT 4HE mEXURAL STIFFNESS OF THE
"RUNEAU THE USE OF LOW YIELD POINT STEEL AND LIGHT
HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS WAS EXCLUDED IN THE DERIVATION
GAUGE STEEL 6IAN AND "RUNEAU "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
BECAUSE THE OPPOSING TENSION lELDS THAT DEVELOP ABOVE AND
AND INlLL CONNECTIONS %LGAALY 3CHUMACHER ET
BELOW THESE INTERMEDIATE HORIZONTAL MEMBERS APPROXIMATELY
AL &URTHERMORE lNITE ELEMENT MODELING OF UNSTIFF
CANCEL OUT AND INDUCE LITTLE SIGNIlCANT mEXURE THERE
ENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED IN SOME
5SING THE INCLINATION ANGLE GIVEN BY %QUATION n AN
OF THE AFOREMENTIONED PAPERS AS WELL AS BY %LGAALY ET AL
ANALYTICAL MODEL KNOWN AS A STRIP MODEL IN WHICH THE INlLL
AND $RIVER ET AL 3OME OF THE ABOVE RESEARCH
PLATES ARE REPRESENTED BY A SERIES OF PIN ENDED TENSION ONLY
IS REVIEWED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS .OTE THAT THIS CHAP
STRIPS WAS DEVELOPED BY 4HORBURN ET AL AND SUBSE
TER FOCUSES ON UNSTIFFENED 307 AND THAT IN THE FOLLOWING
QUENTLY RElNED BY 4IMLER AND +ULAK ! TYPICAL STRIP
THE ACRONYM 307 REFERS TO AN UNSTIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR
MODEL REPRESENTATION OF A 307 IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND
WALL
THE ACCURACY OF THE STRIP MODEL HAS BEEN VERIlED THROUGH
COMPARISONS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS SUCH AS IN &IGURE
!.!,94)#!, 345$)%3
n WHICH HAS BEEN ADAPTED FROM $RIVER ET AL .OTE
! TYPICAL 307 &IGURE n CONSISTS OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTI
CAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS THAT MAY OR MAY NOT CARRY GRAVITY
LOADS AND THIN INlLL PLATES THAT BUCKLE IN SHEAR AND FORM A
DIAGONAL TENSION lELD TO RESIST LATERAL LOADS "ASED ON AN
ELASTIC STRAIN ENERGY FORMULATION 4IMLER AND +ULAK
DERIVED THE FOLLOWING EQUATION FOR THE INCLINATION ANGLE OF
THE TENSION lELD A IN A 307 INlLL PLATE AS MEASURED BY
THE ANGLE BETWEEN THE DIRECTION OF THE STRIPS AND THE VERTICAL
DIRECTION

&IG n )DEALIZED TENSION lELD ACTION IN A TYPICAL 307

COURTESY OF $IEGO ,ØPEZ 'ARCÓA 0ONTIlCIA &IG n 3TRIP MODEL REPRESENTATION OF A 307
5NIVERSIDAD #ATØLICA DE #HILE #HILE "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU A
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

THAT EACH STRIP HAS A CROSS SECTIONAL AREA EQUAL TO THE TRIBU 4HE SPECIMEN USING MOMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN
TARY WIDTH OF THE STRIP TIMES THE INlLL THICKNESS 0ARAMETRIC CONNECTIONS AND THE IN MM THICK PLATE WAS ALSO
STUDIES 4HORNBURN ET AL RECOMMENDED USING AT LEAST MODELED USING THE MULTI STRIP METHOD 4WELVE STRIPS WERE
STRIPS PER PANEL TO ENSURE ACCURACY OF RESULTS AND NOTED USED TO REPRESENT THE PLATE AT EACH STORY 4HE ANGLE OF INCLINA
THAT LITTLE GAIN IN ACCURACY IS ACHIEVED WHEN A LARGER NUMBER TION OF THE STRIPS WAS FOUND TO BE WHICH AGREED WELL
OF STRIPS IS USED WITH THE RESULTS OF THE lNITE ELEMENT MODEL THAT PREDICTED THE
/THER ANALYTICAL STUDIES OF INTEREST ARE SUMMARIZED AS FOL PRINCIPAL STRAINS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PLATES ORIENTED BETWEEN
LOWS AND WITH THE VERTICAL 5SING AN ELASTIC PERFECTLY PLAS
TIC STRESS STRAIN CURVE FOR THE STRIPS THE MODEL WAS FOUND TO
%LGAALY #ACCESE AND $U PRODUCE RESULTS IN REASONABLE AGREEMENT WITH THE EXPERIMEN
TAL RESULTS WITH RESPECT TO INITIAL STIFFNESS ULTIMATE STRENGTH
%LGAALY ET AL USED lNITE ELEMENT MODELS AND MOD
AND DISPLACEMENT AT THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH 5SING AN EM
ELS BASED ON THE REVISED MULTI STRIP METHOD PROPOSED BY
PIRICALLY OBTAINED TRILINEAR STRESS STRAIN RELATIONSHIP FOR THE
4IMLER AND +ULAK TO REPLICATE RESULTS EXPERIMEN
STRIPS EVEN BETTER AGREEMENT WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
TALLY ACHIEVED BY #ACCESE ET AL 4HE lNITE ELEMENT
WAS OBTAINED 4HIS MODEL ALSO PROVED TO PROVIDE EQUALLY
MODEL USED NONLINEAR MATERIAL PROPERTIES AND GEOMETRY A
GOOD RESULTS FOR THE SPECIMENS HAVING IN AND IN
s MESH TO REPRESENT THE PLATES ON EACH STORY AND SIX
MM AND MM PLATE THICKNESSES
BEAM ELEMENTS FOR EACH FRAME MEMBER 4HE IN AND
!N ANALYTICAL MODEL FOR PREDICTING THE HYSTERETIC CYCLIC
IN MM AND MM PLATE THICKNESSES USED IN
BEHAVIOR OF THIN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS WAS ALSO DEVELOPED
THE lNITE ELEMENT MODELS WERE IDENTICAL TO THOSE FROM THE
4HIS MODEL WAS BASED ON THE STRIP MODEL BUT INCORPORATED
EXPERIMENTAL WORK -OMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CON
STRIPS IN BOTH DIRECTIONS SEE &IGURE n WHICH IS NECESSARY
NECTIONS WERE ASSUMED ,ATERAL LOAD WAS MONOTONICALLY AP
TO CAPTURE CYCLIC BEHAVIOR 4HE HYSTERETIC MODEL INVOLVED THE
PLIED UNTIL LOSS OF STABILITY DEVELOPED DUE TO COLUMN PLASTIC
USE OF AN EMPIRICALLY DERIVED HYSTERETIC STRESS STRAIN RELA
HINGING AND mANGE LOCAL BUCKLING )T WAS FOUND THAT THE WALL
TIONSHIP FOR THE STRIPS AND GOOD AGREEMENT WITH EXPERIMEN
WITH THICKER PLATES WAS NOT SIGNIlCANTLY STRONGER BECAUSE
TAL RESULTS WAS REPORTED
COLUMN YIELDING WAS THE GOVERNING FACTOR FOR BOTH CASES
4HE lNITE ELEMENT MODELS USING SHELL ELEMENTS SIGNIlCANTLY
8UE AND ,U
OVERPREDICTED BOTH CAPACITY AND STIFFNESS COMPARED WITH THE
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 4HESE DISCREPANCIES WERE ATTRIBUTED 8UE AND ,U PERFORMED AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON A THREE
TO DIFlCULTY IN MODELING INITIAL IMPERFECTIONS IN THE PLATES BAY STORY MOMENT RESISTING FRAME STRUCTURE WHICH HAD
AND THE INABILITY TO MODEL OUT OF PLANE DEFORMATIONS OF THE THE MIDDLE BAY INlLLED WITH A STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL 4HE
FRAME MEMBERS
#! !"## ! !$$
&IG n #OMPARISON OF STRIP MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

&IG n #YCLIC STRIP MODEL %LGAALY ET AL
$RIVER ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

EFFECT OF BEAM TO COLUMN AND PLATE CONNECTIONS WAS THE HELPED AVOID PREMATURE COLUMN FAILURE (OWEVER BECAUSE
FOCUS OF THIS STUDY &OUR SCENARIOS WERE CONSIDERED THE SMALL NUMBER OF CASES CONSIDERED DOES NOT ALLOW GEN
ERALIZATION OF THIS OBSERVATION THIS RECOMMENDATION HAS NOT
-OMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND INlLL
BEEN IMPLEMENTED IN THE .%(20 0ROVISIONS OR !)3#
PLATES FULLY CONNECTED TO THE SURROUNDING FRAME
-OMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND THE "RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR
INlLL PLATES ATTACHED TO ONLY THE BEAMS "RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR CONDUCTED NONLINEAR INELASTIC
DYNAMIC ANALYSES TO INVESTIGATE HOW STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOR
3IMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND FULLY CONNECTED IS AFFECTED WHEN THIN INlLLS OF STEEL LOW YIELD STEEL AND
INlLL PLATES OTHER NONMETALLIC MATERIALS ARE USED TO SEISMICALLY RETROlT
STEEL FRAMES LOCATED IN REGIONS OF LOW AND HIGH SEISMICITY
3IMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS WITH INlLL PLATES
NAMELY .EW 9ORK #ITY AND -EMPHIS ! TYPICAL THREE BAY
CONNECTED ONLY TO THE BEAMS
FRAME EXTRACTED FROM AN ACTUAL STORY HOSPITAL BUILDING IN
0LATE THICKNESSES WERE THE SAME FOR EACH CONlGURATION BUT .EW 9ORK #ITY WAS CONSIDERED FOR THIS PURPOSE &ULLY RIGID
VARIED ALONG THE HEIGHT 3TORIES TO TO AND TO AND PERFECTLY mEXIBLE FRAME CONNECTION RIGIDITIES WERE CON
RESPECTIVELY HAD IN IN AND IN MM SIDERED TO CAPTURE THE EXTREMES OF FRAME BEHAVIOR 4HIN STEEL
MM AND MM THICK PLATES 4HE EXTERIOR BAYS WERE INlLL PANELS WERE FOUND TO REDUCE STORY DRIFTS WITHOUT SIGNIl
IN MM WIDE THE INTERIOR INlLLED BAY WAS CANT INCREASES IN mOOR ACCELERATIONS AND LOW YIELD STEEL WAS
IN MM WIDE AND ALL STORIES WERE IN MM FOUND TO LEAD TO SLIGHTLY BETTER SEISMIC BEHAVIOR THAN !
TALL EXCEPT THE lRST STORY WHICH WAS IN MM 'RADE STEEL UNDER EXTREME SEISMIC CONDITIONS BUT AT THE
TALL COST OF SOME EXTRA MATERIAL
4HE lNITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS CONSIDERED BEAMS AND COL 4HE STUDY ALSO ILLUSTRATED THAT THEORETICALLY WITH INlNITE
UMNS MODELED USING ELASTIC BEAM ELEMENTS AND PLATES MOD LY ELASTIC BOUNDARY ELEMENTS UNDESIRABLE BEHAVIOR COULD BE
ELED USING ELASTO PLASTIC SHELL ELEMENTS )NITIAL IMPERFECTIONS DEVELOPED IN 307 HAVING HIGH WIDTH TO HEIGHT ASPECT RATIO
IN THE INlLL PLATES WERE MODELED TO CONSERVATIVELY MATCH THE OF THE PANEL AND LOW STIFFNESS IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS )N
SHAPE OF THE BUCKLING MODES OF THE PLATES %ACH MODEL WAS ONE SUCH THEORETICAL CASE &IGURE n TRUSS MEMBERS TO
SUBJECTED TO PUSHOVER ANALYSIS WITH FORCES APPLIED AT EACH ARE IN COMPRESSION AS A RESULT OF THE BEAM AND COLUMN DE
STORY mECTIONS INDUCED BY THE OTHER STRIPS IN TENSION )N THIS CASE
)T WAS FOUND THAT THE TYPE OF BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION THE ENTIRE TENSION lELD IS TAKEN BY THE LAST FOUR TRUSS MEM
IN THE INlLLED BAY HAD AN INSIGNIlCANT EFFECT ON THE GLOBAL BERS "EHAVIOR WOULD BE WORSE IF THE BOTTOM BEAM WERE ALSO
FORCE DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM AND THAT CONNECT FREE TO DEmECT 7HILE THIS EXTREME EXAMPLE IS NOT PRACTICAL
ING THE INlLL PANELS TO THE COLUMNS PROVIDED ONLY A MODEST IT ILLUSTRATES THAT THE INlLL PLATE YIELDS PROGRESSIVELY ACROSS ITS
INCREASE IN THE ULTIMATE CAPACITY OF THE SYSTEM 8UE AND ,U WIDTH AS A FUNCTION OF THE STIFFNESS OF ITS SURROUNDING BEAMS
CONCLUDED THAT CONNECTING THE INlLL PLATES TO ONLY THE AND COLUMNS SIMULTANEOUS YIELDING ACROSS THE ENTIRE INlLL
BEAMS AND USING SIMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN THE PLATE WIDTH WOULD REQUIRE RIGID COLUMNS AND BEAMS AS WELL
INTERIOR BAY WAS THE OPTIMAL CONlGURATION BECAUSE THIS DRAS AS PINNED BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS
TICALLY REDUCED THE SHEAR FORCES IN THE INTERIOR COLUMNS AND
!" !,+(,*,"'',!(
&$&$'/+,"&++,',!
&IG n $EmECTION OF ELASTIC EXCESSIVELY mEXIBLE 307 PANEL "RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

+HARRAZI 6ENTURA 0RION AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI IN THOSE HAVING SIMPLE CONNECTIONS 3OME OF THESE TESTS ARE
REVIEWED IN THE FOLLOWING TEXT 4ESTS ON NONCONVENTIONAL WALL
+HARRAZI ET AL INVESTIGATED THE DESIGN OF 307 SYS
CONlGURATIONS SUCH AS WALLS WITH SPECIALLY DETAILED VERTICAL
TEMS IN TERMS OF THE SEPARATE SHEAR AND BENDING DEFORMA
SLITS (ITAKA AND -ATSUI AND WALLS WITH CORRUGATED
TIONS OCCURRING IN A MULTI STORY FRAME 4HEY PROPOSED A
PANELS -O AND 0ERNG "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B
MODIlED PLATE FRAME INTERACTION MODEL FOR THE ANALYSIS OF
ARE BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE
SHEAR AND BENDING DEFORMATIONS AND RESULTING FORCES IN 307
4HE OBJECTIVE WAS TO DESCRIBE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THOSE
#/-0/.%.4 4%343
COMPONENTS AND CHARACTERIZE THE RESPECTIVE CONTRIBUTIONS TO
DEFORMATIONS AND STRENGTH
4IMLER AND +ULAK
! TRILINEAR SHEAR LOAD DISPLACEMENT DIAGRAM IS DEVELOPED
BY CONSIDERING THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PANEL UP TO THE POINTS OF 4IMLER AND +ULAK TESTED A SINGLE STORY LARGE SCALE
SHEAR BUCKLING AND PERFECTLY PLASTIC YIELDING OF THE TENSION 307 SPECIMEN TO VERIFY THE ANALYTICAL WORK OF 4HORBURN
lELD IN THE PLATE #RITICAL STRENGTH AND DISPLACEMENT VALUES ET AL BRIEmY SUMMARIZED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION !
ARE DERIVED FOR BOTH SHEAR BUCKLING AND TENSION lELD YIELD SPECIMEN CONSISTING OF TWO 307 PANELS WITH CENTERLINE BAY
ING THEN COMBINED INTO A BILINEAR MODEL )T SHOULD BE NOTED WIDTH OF IN BY A STORY HEIGHT OF IN MM BY
THAT IF THE CRITICAL SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH IS ASSUMED NEGLI MM AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n WAS TESTED UNDER MONO
GIBLE IE A VERY THIN PANEL THE DERIVED EQUATIONS FOR PANEL TONICALLY INCREASING LOADING TO THE SERVICEABILITY DRIFT LIMIT
STRENGTH STIFFNESS AND YIELD DISPLACEMENT REDUCE TO THOSE OF FOLLOWED BY LOADING TO FAILURE 3IMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CON
4HORBURN ET AL
4HE BENDING COMPONENT OF PLATE WALL BEHAVIOR WAS IN
VESTIGATED %QUATIONS FOR MOMENT AND DISPLACEMENT WERE
DERIVED FOR A SINGLE STORY PANEL AT THE CRITICAL POINT AT WHICH
PANEL BUCKLING OCCURS ASSUMING A LINEAR STRAIN DISTRIBUTION
ACROSS THE WALL CROSS SECTION 4HE PROCEDURE ASSUMES THAT
AFTER PANEL BUCKING THE NEUTRAL AXIS WILL MOVE TOWARD THE
COLUMN IN TENSION SINCE COMPRESSIVE STRESSES IN THE WEB
WILL BE RELEASED SIMILAR TO THE NEUTRAL AXIS MIGRATION IN A
REINFORCED CONCRETE BEAM FOLLOWING SECTION CRACKING ON THE
TENSION SIDE %XPRESSIONS WERE DEVELOPED FOR BEHAVIOR OF
THE PANEL AFTER THIS EVENT %QUATIONS FOR SHEAR BEHAVIOR AND
BENDING BEHAVIOR ARE COMBINED USING INTERACTION EQUATIONS
TO COMPLETE THE PROPOSED METHOD
4%34).'
%XPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK 2OBERTS
AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI #ACCESE ET AL %LGAALY AND
,IU $RIVER ET AL A ,UBELL ET AL SUGGESTS
THAT WHEN SUBJECTED TO CYCLIC DEFORMATION LEVELS WELL BEYOND
THE ELASTIC LIMIT 307 POSSESS ADEQUATE HYSTERETIC RESPONSE
CHARACTERISTICS )N THESE EXPERIMENTS SINGLE AND MULTI
STORY 307 MODELS OF VARIOUS SCALE LEVELS WERE SUBJECTED TO
QUASI STATIC CYCLIC LOADS )N ALL CASES RESULTING EXPERIMENTAL
HYSTERESIS LOOPS ARE STABLE UP TO RELATIVELY LARGE DUCTILITY RATIOS
AND INDICATE THAT A SIGNIlCANT AMOUNT OF ENERGY IS DISSIPATED
THROUGH INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS (YSTERESIS LOOPS HOWEVER
ARE INVARIABLY hPINCHEDv BECAUSE WHEN A 307 IS LOADED IN
A GIVEN DIRECTION TENSILE STRESSES DO NOT DEVELOP DIAGONALLY
UNTIL THE DEFORMATION LEVEL IS EQUAL TO THE MAGNITUDE OF
RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS LEFT BY FORMER INELASTIC INCURSIONS
IN THE SAME DIRECTION %XPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE HOWEVER
INDICATES THAT PINCHING EFFECTS ARE LESS PRONOUNCED IN 307
HAVING MOMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS THAN &IG n 3PECIMEN TESTED BY 4IMLER AND +ULAK
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

NECTIONS WERE USED TO CONNECT THE 7s 7s LOADING STAGE WAS IN MM OR HS PERCENT
BEAMS TO THE 7s 7s COLUMN SECTIONS 4HE DRIFT
IN MM INlLL PANEL WAS WELDED TO THE BOUNDARY !FTER THAT SEQUENCE THE PRESTRESSING RODS WERE REMOVED
FRAME BY MEANS OF A IN MM THICK hlSH PLATEv .O FROM THE COLUMNS AND LOADING INCREASED MONOTONICALLY TO
EFFECTIVE GRAVITY LOADS WERE APPLIED TO THE SYSTEM !T THE DETERMINE THE FAILURE LOADS AND ASSOCIATED DEFORMATIONS
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION OF THE TENSION &IGURE n 4HE lNAL DISPLACEMENT REACHED WAS IN
lELD ALONG THE CENTERLINE OF THE PANEL WAS FOUND TO VARY MM OR HS PERCENT DRIFT &AILURE OF THE SPECIMEN
FROM TO 4HE MAXIMUM LOAD ATTAINED WAS KIPS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO BOLT SLIPPAGE AT THE BEAM TO COLUMN CON
K. &AILURE OF THE SPECIMEN RESULTED FROM TEARING OF NECTIONS AND TEARING OF THE WELDS ATTACHING THE INlLL PLATE
THE WELD USED TO CONNECT THE INlLL PLATE TO THE lSH PLATE AND TO THE lSH PLATE (OWEVER TESTING WAS STOPPED BECAUSE THE
IT WAS CONCLUDED THAT HAD THIS BEEN AVOIDED THE SPECIMEN ACTUATOR REACHED ITS MAXIMUM CAPACITY WHILE THE TEST SPECI
COULD HAVE RESISTED A LARGER ULTIMATE LOAD MEN COULD HAVE TAKEN MORE LOAD (YSTERETIC LOOPS OBTAINED
FROM THE EXPERIMENT WERE PINCHED BUT STABLE AND SHOWED
4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK STABLE ENERGY DISSIPATION
4HE MULTI STRIP MODEL WAS USED TO PREDICT THE TEST RESULTS
4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK TESTED A LARGE SCALE STEEL PLATE
AND WAS FOUND TO BE ADEQUATE IN PREDICTING THE ULTIMATE
SHEAR WALL &IGURE n SIMILAR TO THAT TESTED BY 4IMLER AND
STRENGTH OF THE WALL AND IN PREDICTING THE ENVELOPE OF CYCLIC
+ULAK 4HE MAJOR DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO WERE
RESPONSE )N ORDER TO ACHIEVE THIS RESULT IT WAS NECESSARY TO
A CHANGE IN THE BAY DIMENSIONS TO IN MM WIDTH
TREAT THE FRAME CONNECTIONS AS RIGID AT LOW LOAD LEVELS AND
BY IN MM STORY HEIGHT THE USE OF BOLTED RATHER
PINNED AFTER BOLT SLIPPAGE HAD OCCURRED
THAN WELDED BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS THINNER PLATES
IN MM MADE OF HOT ROLLED STEEL STIFFER BEAMS
2OBERTS AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI
7s 7s PRESTRESSING OF COLUMNS TO SIMULATE
THE EFFECT OF GRAVITY LOAD AND A MORE COMPREHENSIVE CYCLIC 2OBERTS AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI CONDUCTED A SERIES OF
AND MONOTONIC LOADING REGIMEN 3TIFFER BEAMS WERE USED IN QUASI STATIC CYCLIC LOADING TESTS ON UNSTIFFENED STEEL PLATE
ORDER TO SIMULATE THE EFFECT OF A TENSION lELD ABOVE AND BE SHEAR PANELS WITH CENTRALLY PLACED CIRCULAR OPENINGS 4HE
LOW THE PANEL BEING TESTED SO THAT THE RESULTS COULD BE APPLIED TEST SETUP CONSISTED OF A PLATE CLAMPED BETWEEN PAIRS OF STIFF
TO MULTI STORY STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS PIN ENDED FRAME MEMBERS 4WO DIAGONALLY OPPOSITE PINNED
4WENTY EIGHT FULLY REVERSED QUASI STATIC LOAD CYCLES WERE CORNERS WERE CONNECTED TO THE HYDRAULIC GRIPS OF A KIP
APPLIED UP TO A LOAD LEVEL OF PERCENT OF THE ULTIMATE K. SERVO HYDRAULIC TESTING MACHINE WHICH APPLIED THE
STRENGTH 4HE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT REACHED DURING THIS LOADING
-*!& , !+ $'!& +, /+ !& %% '*
! (*&,*!,

&IG n 3PECIMEN TESTED BY 4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK A GEOMETRY AND SPECIMEN DETAILS B SPECIMEN DAMAGE STATE AFTER TESTING
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

3PECIMEN PANEL DEPTH D WAS IN MM FOR ALL ELEMENT ANALYSIS 4HE FOUR INlLL PANEL CONNECTION DETAILS
SPECIMENS PANEL WIDTH B WAS EITHER IN OR IN CONSIDERED ARE SHOWN IN &IGURE n )N $ETAIL ! THE INlLL
MM OR MM PANEL THICKNESS H WAS EITHER PLATE IS WELDED DIRECTLY TO THE BOUNDARY MEMBERS WHICH IS
IN OR IN MM OR MM WITH THE PANELS HAV A MORE DIFlCULT DETAIL TO IMPLEMENT IN PRACTICE $ETAIL " HAS
ING PERCENT OFFSET YIELD STRESS VALUES OF KSI -0A lSH PLATES WELDED TO EACH OF THE BOUNDARY MEMBERS AND THE
AND KSI -0A RESPECTIVELY AND FOUR VALUES WERE SE INlLL PLATE LAPPED AND WELDED OVER THE lSH PLATES -ODIlED
LECTED FOR THE DIAMETER OF THE CENTRAL CIRCULAR OPENING $ " IS A VARIATION WITH A CORNER CUT OUT TO REDUCE CONCENTRATION
IN IN IN AND IN MM MM MM AND OF STRESSES $ETAIL # HAS THE INlLL PLATE WELDED TO BOUNDARY
MM ! SCHEMATIC OF A SPECIMEN AND HINGE DETAIL ARE MEMBERS ON ONE SIDE OF EACH CORNER AND TO A lSH PLATE ON THE
SHOWN IN &IGURE n OTHER SIDE .OTE THAT 4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK DEVELOPED
/N THE BASIS OF EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS THE APPROXIMATE AN EARLIER VERSION OF $ETAIL " THAT INCLUDES A SUPPLEMENTAL
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS REDUCTION FACTOR PROPOSED IN %QUA STRAP PLATE BRIDGING THE GAP AND THAT WAS USED BY $RIVER ET
TION n FOR A PERFORATED PANEL WITH A SINGLE HOLE WAS FOUND AL #YCLIC INELASTIC RESPONSE AND ENERGY DISSIPATION
TO GIVE CONSERVATIVE RESULTS CAPACITY OF ALL SPECIMENS WAS COMPARABLE 4EARS ULTIMATELY
DEVELOPED IN ALL SPECIMENS EXCEPT THE ONE WITH $ETAIL ! BUT
9\S SHUI . SHUI ¨ '· THE TEARS HAD NEGLIGIBLE IMPACT ON BEHAVIOR AND DID NOT RESULT
© ¸ n IN STRUCTURAL FAILURE
9\S . SDQHO ©ª G ¸¹
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B AND
)N %QUATION n 6YPPERF 6YP AND +PERF +PANEL ARE THE RATIOS 6IAN AND "RUNEAU
OF STRENGTH AND ELASTIC STIFFNESS RESPECTIVELY OF A PERFORATED
/NE DIFlCULTY IN THE SELECTION OF 307 SYSTEMS IS THAT THE
PANEL SPECIMEN WITH A SINGLE HOLE TO AN IDENTICAL SOLID PANEL
AVAILABLE PANEL MATERIAL MAY BE STRONGER OR THICKER THAN
SPECIMEN AND THE REMAINING PARAMETERS ARE DElNED ABOVE
NEEDED FOR A GIVEN DESIGN SITUATION 4HIS WILL INCREASE THE
%QUATIONS FOR PANELS HAVING MULTIPLE HOLES ARE PRESENTED IN
NECESSARY SIZES OF HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BOUNDARY MEMBERS
A LATER SECTION
AS WELL AS FOUNDATION DEMANDS SINCE THESE MEMBERS ARE
GENERALLY DESIGNED FOR THE STRENGTH OF THE PLATE 4O ALLEVIATE
3CHUMACHER 'RONDIN AND +ULAK
THIS CONCERN RECENT WORK HAS FOCUSED ON THE USE OF LIGHT
3CHUMACHER ET AL INVESTIGATED THE CYCLIC INELASTIC GAUGE COLD ROLLED "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B AND
BEHAVIOR OF THE CONNECTION OF 307 PLATE TO BOUNDARY BEAMS LOW YIELD STRENGTH ,93 STEEL FOR THE INlLL PANEL 6IAN
AND COLUMNS USING FULL SIZED PANEL CORNER DETAILS AND lNITE AND "RUNEAU AND ON THE PLACEMENT OF A PATTERN OF
&IG n #YCLIC RESPONSE OF 307 TESTED BY &IG n 4EST SETUP AND QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF SOLID LEFT
4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK AND PERFORATED RIGHT 307 TESTED BY 2OBERTS
AND 3ABOURI 'HOMI
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

PERFORATIONS TO DECREASE THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE
PANEL 6IAN AND "RUNEAU )N ADDITION THE USE OF
REDUCED BEAM SECTIONS AT THE ENDS OF THE HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY
MEMBERS WAS INVESTIGATED AS A MEANS OF REDUCING THE OVERALL
SYSTEM DEMAND ON THE VERTICAL BOUNDARY MEMBERS 6IAN AND
"RUNEAU
! 307 TEST SPECIMEN UTILIZING A LIGHT GAUGE INlLL PANEL
WITH IN MM THICKNESS IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B 4HE SPECIMEN USED 7s
7s COLUMNS AND 7s 7s BEAMS
4HIS TEST WAS PERFORMED USING QUASI STATIC CYCLIC LOADING
CONFORMING TO THE RECOMMENDED LOADING PROTOCOL OF !4#
!4# 2ESULTS ARE SHOWN IN &IGURE n ALONG
WITH THE BOUNDARY FRAME CONTRIBUTION !FTER SUBTRACTING THE
BOUNDARY FRAME CONTRIBUTION THE HYSTERESIS OF &IGURE n
IS OBTAINED &IG n ,IGHT GAUGE 307 PRIOR TO TESTING
4HIS SPECIMEN REACHED A DUCTILITY RATIO OF AND DRIFT OF "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B
PERCENT AND THE INlLL PANEL WAS FOUND TO PROVIDE APPROX
IMATELY PERCENT OF THE INITIAL STIFFNESS OF THE SYSTEM 4HE
LIMIT STATE OF THE SPECIMEN WAS DUE TO FRACTURES IN THE INlLL
PANEL PROPAGATING FROM THE CORNERS &IGURES n AND n
SHOW THE BUCKLING OF THE INlLL PLATE AT THE PEAK DISPLACEMENT
OF CYCLE DUCTILITY RATIO OF PERCENT DRIFT AND THE
FRACTURE AT THE INlLL PANEL CORNER DURING CYCLE DUCTILITY
RATIO OF PERCENT DRIFT
&IG n ,IGHT GAUGE 307 AND BOUNDARY FRAME HYSTERESIS

"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B
&IG n )NlLL PLATE CONNECTION DETAILS TESTED BY 3CHUMACHER &IG n ,IGHT GAUGE 307 HYSTERESISINlLL ONLY
ET AL $IMENSIONS SHOWN ARE IN MILLIMETERS "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

/THER POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES TO A 307 WITH OVERSIZED DEFORMATIONS LEVELS BEYOND A PERCENT DRIFT RATIO DUE TO
PLATES HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED BY 6IAN AND "RUNEAU EXPERIMENTAL SETUP PROBLEMS
4HESE ALTERNATIVES ARE A ,93 PANELS &IGURE n B !LL SPECIMENS TESTED IN THIS EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM EX
PERFORATED STEEL PANELS &IGURE n AND C STEEL PANELS HIBITED STABLE FORCE DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR WITH VERY LITTLE
WITH REINFORCED CUT OUT CORNERS &IGURE n 4HE REDUCED PINCHING OF HYSTERESIS LOOPS UNTIL SIGNIlCANT ACCUMULATION
YIELD STRESS OF ,93 PANELS REDUCES FORCES IMPOSED ON FRAME OF DAMAGE AT LARGE DRIFTS 4HE SPECIMENS WITH PERFORATED
MEMBERS 0ERFORATED STEEL PANELS REACH THE SAME OBJECTIVE PLATE PERFORMED WELL EXHIBITING STABLE HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR
WHILE ALLOWING WIRES PIPES AND PLUMBING TO PASS THROUGH 4HE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH WERE BOTH REDUCED AS ANTICIPATED
THE PANEL A CONVENIENT FEATURE WHEN DISRUPTION OF BUILDING FROM THE SOLID PANEL SPECIMEN 3 VALUES AS SHOWN IN
FUNCTIONALITY MUST BE KEPT TO A MINIMUM )N OTHER SITUATIONS &IGURE n
PANELS WITH REINFORCED CUT OUT CORNERS PROVIDE THE SAME 6IAN AND "RUNEAU DEVELOPED EQUATIONS FOR ESTI
STRENGTH AS A SOLID PANEL WHILE ALLOWING SOME THROUGH ACCESS MATING THE REDUCTION IN PANEL STIFFNESS DUE TO THE PRESENCE
FOR UTILITIES 0ERFORATIONS THROUGH THE WALL MAY HELP EXPAND OF PERFORATIONS &OR A PANEL WITH MULTIPLE PERFORATIONS AR
THE RANGE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF 307 WHILE ALSO SERVING AS A RANGED IN DIAGONAL STRIPS SUCH AS THE TESTED SPECIMEN SHOWN
METHOD OF REDUCING THE PANEL STRENGTH AND THEREFORE THE DE IN &IGURE n A STIFFNESS REDUCTION FACTOR CAN BE DERIVED
MAND ON THE SURROUNDING FRAMING 4HIS LATTER CHARACTERISTIC ASSUMING THAT THE ELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF A TYPICAL PERFORATED
MAY PROVE BENElCIAL IN MARKETS THAT DO NOT HAVE ,93 READILY STRIP AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n CAN REPRESENT THE STRIPS IN THE
AVAILABLE FOR STRUCTURAL APPLICATIONS ENTIRE PANEL AS A GROUP OF PARALLEL AXIALLY LOADED MEMBERS
4HREE 307 SPECIMENS OF SIMILAR SIZE AND DIMENSION BUT &IVE VARIABLES DElNE THE PANEL PERFORATION LAYOUT GEOMETRY
UTILIZING ,93 INlLL PANELS WERE DESIGNED BUILT AND SUBJECT THE PERFORATION DIAMETER $ THE DIAGONAL STRIP SPACING 3DIAG
ED TO QUASI STATIC CYCLIC LOADING 6IAN AND "RUNEAU THE NUMBER OF HORIZONTAL ROWS OF PERFORATIONS .R THE PANEL
4HE FRAMES CONSISTED OF KSI -0A STEEL MEMBERS HEIGHT (PANEL AND THE DIAGONAL STRIP ANGLE Q 5SING THESE
WHILE THE INlLL PANELS WERE IN MM THICK ,93 PARAMETERS THE TOTAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE PERFORATED STRIP CAN
STEEL PLATES WITH AN INITIAL YIELD STRENGTH OF KSI -0A BE CALCULATED AND THE RESULTING STIFFNESS IS SET EQUAL TO THE
AND TENSILE STRENGTH OF KSI -0A !LL SPECIMENS STIFFNESS OF A TENSION MEMBER OF UNIFORM EFFECTIVE WIDTH
ALSO HAD BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION DETAILS THAT INCLUDED 4HIS EFFECTIVE WIDTH DIVIDED BY THE GROSS WIDTH OF THE PER
REDUCED BEAM SECTIONS 2"3 AT EACH END INTRODUCED ONLY FORATED STRIP IS THE STIFFNESS REDUCTION FACTOR PROPOSED IN
FOR THE PURPOSE OF REDUCING THE SIZE OF THE TOP AND BOTTOM %QUATION n
BEAMS WHILE PREVENTING MID SPAN HINGES 6IAN AND "RU
NEAU P ¥¦ ' ´µµ
¦¦ µ
%XPERIMENTAL RESULTS INDICATE THAT THESE ALTERNATIVE 307 . SHUI ¦§ 6GLDJ µµ¶
ASSEMBLIES POSSESS ADEQUATE HYSTERETIC CHARACTERISTICS n
ALTHOUGH THESE SPECIMENS COULD NOT BE SUBJECTED TO
. SDQHO P ¥¦ ' ´µµ¥¦ 1 U ' VLQ Q ´µµ
¦¦ µ¦ µ
¦§ 6GLDJ µµ¶¦¦§ + SDQHO µµ¶
&IG n "UCKLING OF INlLL PANEL AT PERCENT DRIFT &IG n &RACTURE OF INlLL PANEL CORNER AT PERCENT DRIFT
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU B
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

TO BE USED ONLY WHEN $3DIAG b 4HIS EQUATION PROVIDED USE VALUES OF 9T EQUAL TO FOR &Y &U b OR OTHERWISE
VERY GOOD AGREEMENT WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OBSERVED AS SUGGESTED BY $EXTER ET AL AND SPECIlED FOR DESIGN
DURING THE SPECIMEN 0 TESTS DESCRIBED ABOVE DIFFERING BY OF TENSION mANGES WITH HOLES BY !)3# B )T WAS ALSO
APPROXIMATELY PERCENT RECOMMENDED THAT THE STEEL MOMENT FRAMES WITH PERFORATED
%QUATION n WAS RECOMMENDED WITH D SUBSTITUTED FOR 3037 BE DESIGNED FOR MAXIMUM INTER STORY DRIFTS OF
3DIAG FOR ESTIMATING STRENGTH REDUCTION IN SIMILAR SYSTEMS PERCENT &OR SIMPLICITY IT WAS SUGGESTED THAT THE PERFORATION
4HIS PANEL STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTOR SHOWED VERY GOOD LAYOUT ANGLE Q BE ADOPTED AS A CONSTANT ANGLE
AGREEMENT WITHIN PERCENT WITH THE OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF
SPECIMEN 0 AS COMPARED WITH SOLID PANEL SPECIMEN 3 -5,4) 34/29 4%343
6IAN AND "RUNEAU ALSO PROPOSED GEOMETRIC CON
STRAINTS TO ENSURE DUCTILE PERFORMANCE OF THE PERFORATED INlLL #ACCESE %LGAALY AND #HEN
PANELS )T WAS RECOMMENDED THAT THE RATIO OF PERFORATION DI
!N EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION INTO THE EFFECTS OF PANEL SLEN
AMETER TO SPACING $3DIAG BE SUCH THAT
DERNESS RATIO AND TYPE OF BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION WAS
¥ PERFORMED BY #ACCESE ET AL 4HEY TESTED lVE ONE
' )\ ´µ
b ¦¦¦ <W µµ n FOURTH SCALE MODELS OF THREE STORY STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS WITH
6GLDJ ¦§ )X µ¶ VARYING PLATE THICKNESSES AND BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION
TYPES SEE &IGURE n 0LATE THICKNESSES USED WERE
IN IN AND IN MM MM AND MM
WHERE &Y AND &U ARE THE YIELD AND TENSILE STRENGTH RESPEC
WITH MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS AND IN AND
TIVELY OF THE INlLL PANEL MATERIAL AND IT IS RECOMMENDED TO
IN MM AND MM SIMPLE SHEAR BEAM TO COLUMN
&IG n 4EST SETUP AND QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF THE mAT &IG n 0ERFORATED PANEL SPECIMEN 0 AT PERCENT DRIFT
,93 307 TESTED BY 6IAN AND "RUNEAU 6IAN AND "RUNEAU
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

CONNECTIONS 4HE WALL HEIGHT WAS FT IN MM WITH !S THE PLATE THICKNESS INCREASED THE FAILURE MODE WAS GOV
FT IN MM STORIES AND A IN MM DEEP STIFF ERNED BY COLUMN INSTABILITY /NCE INSTABILITY GOVERNED FUR
STRUCTURAL MEMBER AT THE TOP OF THE THIRD STORY TO ANCHOR THE THER INCREASES IN THE PLATE THICKNESS WERE FOUND TO HAVE ONLY
TENSION lELD "AYS WERE FT IN MM WIDE AND INlLL A NEGLIGIBLE EFFECT ON THE STRENGTH OF THE SYSTEM #ACCESE
PANELS WERE CONTINUOUSLY WELDED TO THE BOUNDARY FRAME ET AL CONCLUDED THAT THE USE OF SLENDER PLATES WILL THEREFORE
,OADING WAS APPLIED AT THE TOP OF THE THIRD STORY ONLY #OL RESULT IN MORE STABLE SYSTEMS BECAUSE THEY WILL NOT BE GOV
UMNS WERE NOT PRELOADED AXIALLY AND THE EFFECTS OF GRAVITY ERNED BY COLUMN BUCKLING PRIOR TO THE PLATE REACHING A FULLY
LOAD WERE NOT CONSIDERED 4HE LOADING PROGRAM CONSISTED OF YIELDED STATE +ENNEDY ET AL COMMENTING ON THOSE
THREE CYCLES AT EACH OF EIGHT DISPLACEMENT LEVELS INCREMENTED RESULTS ARGUED THAT THE COLUMNS IN A STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL
BY IN MM 4HE MAXIMUM DISPLACEMENT REACHED SYSTEM CAN BE DESIGNED TO SUPPORT THE LOAD INDUCED BY THE
WAS IN MM OR PERCENT DRIFT !FTER THESE CYCLES INlLL PANEL AND THAT COLUMN BUCKLING PRIOR TO PLATE YIELDING
WERE COMPLETE THE SAME CYCLIC DISPLACEMENT PROGRAM WAS CAN THEREFORE BE AVOIDED
REAPPLIED )F THE SPECIMEN WAS STILL INTACT AT THIS POINT IT WAS #ACCESE ET AL ALSO REPORTED THAT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
PUSHED MONOTONICALLY TO THE DISPLACEMENT LIMIT OF THE ACTUA USING SIMPLE AND MOMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CON
TOR NECTIONS WAS SMALL 4HIS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO THE FACT THAT THE
4HIS TEST SERIES REVEALED A TRANSITION IN FAILURE MODES DE INlLL PLATE WAS FULLY WELDED ALL AROUND TO THE FRAME WHICH
PENDING ON THE PLATE THICKNESS USED 7HEN SLENDER PLATES IN ESSENCE CREATES A MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTION 4HIS POINT
WERE USED THE PLATES BUCKLED AND YIELDED IN THE TENSION lELD WAS LATER ADDRESSED BY +ULAK ET AL WHO ARGUED THAT
BEFORE ANY BOUNDARY MEMBERS AND FAILURE OF THE SYSTEM WAS THE DIFFERENCES IN THE MATERIAL PROPERTIES PLATE THICKNESSES
GOVERNED BY THE FORMATION OF PLASTIC HINGES IN THE COLUMNS AND THE FAILURE OF A WELD IN ONE OF THE SPECIMENS PRECLUDED
&IG n 3OLID PANEL 3 AND PERFORATED PANEL 0 SPECIMEN

HYSTERESIS CURVES 6IAN AND "RUNEAU
&IG n 3PECIMEN CONDITION AT PERCENT DRIFT AND QUASI STATIC &IG n $ETAILS OF TYPICAL DIAGONAL STRIPSEGMENT LENGTHS AND
CYCLIC RESPONSE OF THE ,93 307 WITH REINFORCED CUT OUT CORNERS WIDTHS 6IAN AND "RUNEAU
TESTED BY 6IAN AND "RUNEAU
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

A DIRECT COMPARISON IN THE CONTEXT OF CONNECTION TYPE 4HEY !CTUATORS WERE MOUNTED AT EACH STORY TO PROVIDE A DIS
ALSO POINTED OUT THAT 4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK SHOWED TRIBUTED FORCE OVER THE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE 'RAVITY LOAD
ANALYTICALLY THAT GREATER ENERGY DISSIPATION COULD BE ACHIEVED ING WAS ALSO APPLIED #YCLIC QUASI STATIC LOADING WAS APPLIED
WITH THE USE OF MOMENT CONNECTIONS FOR CYCLES OF INCREASING LATERAL DISPLACEMENT 4HE YIELD
DISPLACEMENT AND CORRESPONDING BASE SHEAR OF THE SPECIMEN
$RIVER +ULAK +ENNEDY AND %LWI WERE RESPECTIVELY FOUND TO BE IN MM AND
KIPS K. BASED ON OBSERVATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL
$RIVER ET AL TESTED A LARGE SCALE MULTI STORY 307 TO
LOAD VERSUS DEFORMATION CURVE !T THREE TIMES THE YIELD DIS
BETTER IDENTIFY THE ELASTIC STIFFNESS THE lRST YIELD DUCTILITY
PLACEMENT TEARING OF A lRST STORY PLATE WELD OCCURRED AND
AND ENERGY ABSORPTION CAPACITY CYCLIC STABILITY AND FAILURE
YIELDING OF THE COLUMN PANEL ZONE AT THE TOP OF THE lRST STO
MODE OF THE WALL 4HE TEST SPECIMEN WAS CONSTRUCTED WITH
RY WAS OBSERVED !T THIS POINT THE BASE SHEAR WAS KIPS
MOMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND A BETTER
K. ,OCAL BUCKLING OF THE COLUMN mANGE BELOW THE
UNDERSTANDING OF THE INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PLATES AND MO
lRST STORY WAS OBSERVED AT FOUR TIMES THE YIELD DISPLACE
MENT FRAME WAS SOUGHT
MENT 3EVERAL TEARS IN THE lRST STORY PLATE AND SEVERE LOCAL
4HE SPECIMEN &IGURE n WAS FOUR STORIES TALL WITH A
BUCKLING OF THE SAME COLUMN WERE OBSERVED AT SIX TIMES THE
lRST STORY HEIGHT OF FT IN MM A HEIGHT OF FT
YIELD DISPLACEMENT &IGURE n !T THIS POINT THE STRUCTURE
MM FOR THE OTHER STORIES AND A BAY WIDTH OF FT
WAS STILL HOLDING PERCENT OF THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH REACHED
MM 4HE PLATE THICKNESSES WERE IN MM
&AILURE OCCURRED AT NINE TIMES THE YIELD DISPLACEMENT WHEN
AND IN MM FOR THE LOWER TWO AND UPPER TWO STO
THE COMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELD AT THE BASE OF
RIES RESPECTIVELY ! RELATIVELY LARGE AND STIFF BEAM WAS USED
A COLUMN FRACTURED &IGURES n AND %VEN AT THIS
AT THE ROOF LEVEL TO ANCHOR THE TENSION lELD FORCES THAT WOULD
POINT THE STRUCTURE WAS HOLDING PERCENT OF THE ULTIMATE
DEVELOP ! lSH PLATE CONNECTION WAS USED TO CONNECT THE IN
STRENGTH REACHED
lLL PLATES TO THE FRAME AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
&IG n 4EST SETUP AND GLOBAL QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF 4YPE LEFT AND 4YPE RIGHT 307 TESTED BY #ACCESE ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

/BSERVATION OF THE SPECIMEN FOLLOWING THE TEST REVEALED THE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL TESTED WITH MOMENT RESISTING CON
MINIMAL WHITEWASH mAKING IN THE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNEC NECTIONS EXHIBITED EXCELLENT DUCTILITY AND STABLE BEHAVIOR
TIONS LEADING THE RESEARCHERS TO CONCLUDE THAT MOST OF THE EN 4HE SPECIMEN WAS THEN MODELED ANALYTICALLY CONSIDER
ERGY DISSIPATION WAS ACHIEVED THROUGH YIELDING OF THE PLATES ING BOTH lNITE ELEMENT AND STRIP MODEL APPROACHES 4HE l
!DDITIONALLY IT WAS FOUND BY INVESTIGATING THE HYSTERESIS NITE ELEMENT SIMULATION PREDICTED THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND
LOOPS FOR EACH STORY THAT THE lRST STORY PLATE ABSORBED THE INITIAL STIFFNESS WELL FOR ALL STORIES SEE EARLIER &IGURE n
MAJORITY OF THE DAMAGE &IGURE nNOTE THAT UNSYMMET (OWEVER AT DISPLACEMENTS LARGER THAN THE YIELD DISPLACE
RICAL LOOPS WERE RECORDED AFTER ONE OF THE ACTUATORS REACHED MENT THE SIMULATION OVERESTIMATED THE STIFFNESS OF THE STEEL
ITS MAXIMUM STROKE IN ONE DIRECTION )T WAS CONCLUDED THAT PLATE SHEAR WALL )T WAS CONCLUDED THAT THIS DISCREPANCY WAS
DUE TO THE INABILITY TO INCLUDE SECOND ORDER GEOMETRIC EF
FECTS 4HE STRIP MODEL ALSO GAVE GOOD OVERALL AGREEMENT WITH
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS WITH THE EXCEPTION OF UNDERESTIMATING
THE INITIAL STIFFNESS !T LOADS OF PERCENT OF THE ULTIMATE
STRENGTH AND ABOVE THE TANGENT STIFFNESS OF THE STRIP MODEL
BECAME APPROXIMATELY EQUAL TO THAT OF THE EXPERIMENT
&IG n &ISH PLATE CONNECTIONS DETAIL $RIVER ET AL
&IG n 4EST SETUP AND QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE PANEL OF &IG n 4EARS AT TOP CORNER OF lRST STORY PANEL COURTESY OF
THE 307 TESTED BY $RIVER ET AL A 2OBERT $RIVER 5NIVERSITY OF !LBERTA %DMONTON #ANADA
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

!LSO INCLUDED IN THIS INVESTIGATION WAS A REVISION OF FOUR STORY 307 STRUCTURE TESTED DURING AN EARLIER STUDY BY
THE HYSTERETIC MODEL PROPOSED BY 4ROMPOSCH AND +ULAK $RIVER ET AL !LTHOUGH THE INlLL PANEL IN THE lRST STORY
4HE MODEL WAS REVISED BY EXPLICITLY SEPARATING THE BUCKLED AND UNDERWENT SOME PLASTIC DEFORMATIONS DURING
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE MOMENT RESISTING FRAME AND INlLL THAT PREVIOUS TEST IT IS REPORTED THAT THERE WAS NO SIGNIlCANT
PANEL 4HE TWO COMPONENTS WERE ASSIGNED EMPIRICALLY NOTICEABLE PERMANENT DAMAGE IN THE UPPER THREE STORIES 4HE
DERIVED BILINEAR HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR WHICH WHEN COMBINED BEAM AT THE TOP OF LEVEL WAS REMOVED AND THE REMAINDER
RESULTED IN A TRILINEAR BEHAVIOR OF THE SYSTEM AND FURTHER OF THE SPECIMEN WELDED TO A MM THICK BASE PLATE 4HE
IMPROVED AGREEMENT WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS TESTED WALL REACHED A STRENGTH OF KIPS K. AT A
ROOF DISPLACEMENT OF IN MM AFTER CYCLES OF LOAD
"EHBAHANIFARD 'RONDIN AND %LWI ING INCLUDING CYCLES AFTER lRST YIELDING 4HE RESULTING
HYSTERETIC BEHAVIOR MEASURED AT EACH STORY IS SHOWN IN &IG
"EHBAHANIFARD ET AL CONDUCTED QUASI STATIC LATERAL
URE n ! TEAR DEVELOPED IN THE lRST STORY PANEL AT A DRIFT
CYCLIC TESTING WITH SIMULATED GRAVITY LOADS ON A THREE STORY
OF IN MM AS A RESULT OF LOW CYCLE FATIGUE FROM RE
FRAME STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF THE UPPER THREE STORIES IN THE
&IG n ,OCAL BUCKLING AND FRACTURE OF COLUMN AT END OF TEST

COURTESY OF 2OBERT $RIVER 5NIVERSITY OF !LBERTA
%DMONTON #ANADA
&IG n &IRST STORY PANEL DEFORMATION AT END OF TEST COURTESY OF &IG n (YSTERETIC BEHAVIOR AT EACH STORY
2OBERT $RIVER 5NIVERSITY OF !LBERTA %DMONTON #ANADA "EHBAHANIFARD ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

PEATED KINKING UNDER CYCLIC PLATE BUCKLING &LANGE BUCKLING RESULTS IT WAS USED WITHIN A PARAMETRIC STUDY TO IDENTIFY
AT THE COLUMN BASE AND IN THE BEAM AT THE lRST LEVEL STARTED TO PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF 307 SYS
DEVELOP AT A DRIFT OF IN MM AND BEAM mANGE FRACTURE TEMS !N INTERIOR 307 PANEL WAS IDEALIZED FOR THIS ANALY
OCCURRED AT A DRIFT OF IN MM #OLUMN BUCKLING ALSO SIS BY MODELING A SINGLE 307 WITH RIGID mOOR BEAMS AND
INITIATED 4HE BEAM WAS REWELDED AND TESTING RESUMED UNTIL SUBJECTED TO SHEAR FORCE AND CONSTANT GRAVITY LOADING )T WAS
THE ACTUATOR MAXIMUM STROKE OF IN MM WAS REACHED FOUND THAT A DECREASE IN THE ASPECT RATIO PRODUCED AN INCREASE
&INAL STATE OF THE SPECIMEN IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n IN THE STRENGTH AND NON DIMENSIONAL STIFFNESS OF 307 4HIS
! lNITE ELEMENT MODEL WAS DEVELOPED BASED ON THE NON INCREASE IS NEGLIGIBLE WITHIN THE ASPECT RATIO RANGE OF
LINEAR DYNAMIC EXPLICIT FORMULATION IMPLEMENTING A KINE TO BUT NOTICEABLE FOR ASPECT RATIOS LESS THAN 0ANEL
MATIC HARDENING MATERIAL MODEL TO SIMULATE THE "AUSCHINGER OUT OF PLANE IMPERFECTIONS WERE FOUND TO BE OF NO SIGNIl
EFFECT AFTER EXPERIENCING CONVERGENCE PROBLEMS ANALYZING CANT CONSEQUENCE PROVIDED THEY WERE LIMITED TO PERCENT
THE MODEL USING THE IMPLICIT lNITE ELEMENT MODEL FORMULA OF / s K BASED ON THIS STUDY WHICH IS WITHIN NORMAL FABRI
TION !FTER VALIDATING THIS MODEL AGAINST THE EXPERIMENTAL CATION TOLERANCES )T WAS ALSO FOUND THAT INCREASES IN GRAVITY
LOADS AND OVERTURNING MOMENTS ON 307 REDUCES THE ELASTIC
STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF THE SHEAR WALL PANEL AS WELL AS THE
DRIFT AT WHICH THE PEAK STRENGTH IS REACHED
2EZAI
/NE FOUR STORY SCALE 307 SPECIMEN WAS SUBJECTED TO
SHAKE TABLE TESTS 2EZAI 4HE SHAKE TABLE TEST SPECI
MEN WAS ONE BAY WIDE AND FOUR STORIES HIGH WITH A BAY WIDTH
OF FT MM AND A STORY HEIGHT OF FT IN MM
0LATES WERE IN MM THICK AND WERE WELDED TO A
IN MM THICK lSH PLATE WHICH IN TURN WAS WELDED
TO THE MEMBERS OF THE BOUNDARY FRAME &IGURE n SHOWS
THE TEST SPECIMEN ALONG WITH THE INSTRUMENTATION LAYOUT
$UE TO LIMITATIONS IN THE SHAKE TABLE CAPABILITY THE PLATES
REMAINED MOSTLY ELASTIC FOR ALL GROUND MOTIONS APPLIED
3OME LIMITED ENERGY DISSIPATION WAS OBSERVED IN THE lRST
TWO STORIES 3OME YIELDING WAS REPORTED TO HAVE DEVELOPED
IN A lRST STORY COLUMN AND ITS BASE PLATE
&INITE ELEMENT AND STRIP MODELS OF THE TEST SPECIMEN OF
A ,UBELL ET AL WHICH ARE REVIEWED IN THE FOLLOWING SEC
TION WERE GENERATED )N BOTH CASES THE MODELS OVERPREDICTED
THE INITIAL STIFFNESS 4HE STRIP MODEL WAS ABLE TO ADEQUATELY
PREDICT THE lRST YIELD AND ULTIMATE STRENGTHS WHEN COMPARED
WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS OF ,UBELL ET AL (OW
EVER IT WAS FOUND THAT THE INmUENCE OF OVERTURNING MOMENT
ON THE BASE SHEAR VERSUS ROOF DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR IS SIG
NIlCANT IN THE ACCURACY OF THE STRIP MODEL &OR TALL SLENDER
WALLS LARGE OVERTURNING MOMENTS RESULT IN HIGH mEXURAL AND
AXIAL COLUMNS FORCES THAT DECREASE THE OVERALL SYSTEM STIFF
NESS &OR TALL AND NARROW PANELS THE STRIP MODEL ALSO LESS
ACCURATELY PREDICTS THE WALL STIFFNESS &OR SHORTER AND WIDER
WALLS SUCH AS THE $RIVER ET AL TEST THE STRIP MODEL
WAS REPORTED TO GIVE MORE SATISFACTORY RESULTS )T WAS ALSO
FOUND THAT MODELING INDIVIDUAL STORIES INSTEAD OF THE ENTIRE
WALL AS SUGGESTED AT THAT TIME IN !PPENDIX - OF #!.#3!
3 DOES NOT ACCURATELY REPRESENT THE WALL BECAUSE IT
NEGLECTS THE EFFECTS OF GLOBAL OVERTURNING MOMENT ON THE
B BASE SHEAR VERSUS ROOF DISPLACEMENT BEHAVIOR
&IG n 3PECIMEN AT END OF TEST A GLOBAL VIEW B LOCAL
COLUMN BUCKLING AND TEAR IN PANEL "EHBAHANIFARD ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

!N ALTERNATIVE STRIP MODEL WAS PROPOSED IN WHICH THE ,UBELL 0RION 6ENTURA AND 2EZAI
STRIPS ARE REORGANIZED TO CAPTURE THE VARIATION IN THE INCLINA
,UBELL ET AL TESTED ONE FOUR STORY AND TWO SINGLE
TION OF THE TENSION lELD ACROSS THE PLATE USING lVE STRIPS TO
STORY STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS !LL SPECIMENS HAD ASPECT RATIOS
MODEL EACH WEB PLATE AND USING ONLY THE CORNER NODES OF THE
OF WITH BAY WIDTHS AND STORY HEIGHTS EQUAL TO FT
FRAME AND THE MID POINTS OF THE COLUMNS AND BEAMS &IG
IN MM !LL INlLL PANELS USED IN MM THICK
URE n 2EZAI GIVES EQUATIONS FOR THE AREAS TO BE USED FOR
PLATES WITH A YIELD STRESS OF KSI -0A AND THE BOUND
THESE TENSION ELEMENTS !DDITIONALLY AN EFFECTIVE WIDTH CON
ARY FRAMES USED MOMENT CONNECTIONS 4HE LOADING WAS AP
CEPT WAS EMPLOYED SO THAT INCOMPLETE TENSION lELD ACTION
PLIED IN A CYCLIC QUASI STATIC MANNER FOLLOWING THE !4#
COULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR 4HIS EFFECTIVE WIDTH DEPENDS ON THE
PROTOCOL !4#
STIFFNESS OF THE BOUNDARY MEMBERS 4HE PROPOSED MODEL WAS
4HE lRST SINGLE STORY SPECIMEN WAS PUSHED TO SEVEN TIMES
ABLE TO BETTER REPRESENT THE INITIAL STIFFNESS OF THE WALL BUT DID
THE YIELD DISPLACEMENT OF THE STRUCTURE 4HIS TEST WAS TERMI
NOT ACCURATELY CAPTURE ITS YIELD AND ULTIMATE STRENGTHS
NATED BECAUSE OF THE FAILURE OF A LATERAL BRACE DUE TO EXCES
SIVE OUT OF PLANE DEmECTION OF THE TOP OF THE SPECIMEN !S A
RESULT THE TOP BEAM OF THE SECOND TEST WAS STIFFENED TO PRE
VENT OUT OF PLANE DISPLACEMENT OF THE FRAME 4HE ULTIMATE
STRENGTH OF THE lRST SINGLE STORY SPECIMEN WAS FOUND TO BE
KIPS K. WITH A YIELD STRENGTH OF KIPS K.
AND YIELD DISPLACEMENT OF IN MM &IGURE n
)N THE SECOND TEST THE YIELD STRENGTH WAS FOUND TO BE
KIPS K. AT A DISPLACEMENT OF IN MM WITH
A ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF KIPS K. AT FOUR TIMES THE
YIELD DISPLACEMENT &AILURE OF THE SECOND SPECIMEN OCCURRED
WHEN A COLUMN FRACTURED AFTER SIGNIlCANT PLASTIC HINGING AT A
LOAD OF KIPS K. AND DISPLACEMENT OF SIX TIMES THE
YIELD DISPLACEMENT &IGURE n 4HE SIGNIlCANT INCREASE
IN THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS OF THE SECOND TEST WAS
ATTRIBUTED TO THE STIFFENED UPPER BEAM !NCHORAGE OF THE TEN
SION lELD BY USE OF A SUBSTANTIALLY STIFF TOP BEAM WAS FOUND
TO BE OF PARAMOUNT IMPORTANCE IN THE PERFORMANCE OF STEEL
PLATE SHEAR WALLS AND IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE OPTIMAL PERFOR
MANCE
4HE FOUR STORY STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL SPECIMEN WAS SUB
JECTED TO EQUAL LATERAL LOADS APPLIED AT EACH mOOR LEVEL 'RAV
&IG n %XPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE 307

&IG n 2EZAIS TENSION STRIP MODEL 2EZAI
TESTED ON A SHAKING TABLE 2EZAI
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

ITY LOADS WERE APPLIED USING STEEL PLATES STACKED AT EACH STO IS NECESSARY TO ENSURE THAT THE INlLL PANELS YIELD PRIOR TO COL
RY 4HIS SPECIMEN WAS FOUND TO YIELD AT A BASE SHEAR OF UMN HINGING AND TO MINIMIZE PULL IN OF THE COLUMNS
KIPS K. AND A lRST mOOR DISPLACEMENT OF IN 3TRIP MODELS OF THE SPECIMEN WERE ALSO DEVELOPED TO EVAL
MM &AILURE FROM GLOBAL INSTABILITY DUE TO COLUMN YIELDING UATE THE ACCURACY OF THE MODELING TECHNIQUE )T WAS FOUND
OCCURRED AT TIMES THE YIELD DISPLACEMENT &IGURE n THAT THE STRIP MODEL OVERPREDICTED THE ELASTIC STIFFNESS OF THE
)T WAS OBSERVED FROM THE HYSTERESIS LOOPS OF THE INDIVIDUAL lRST SINGLE STORY TEST AND THE FOUR STORY TEST BUT ACCURATELY
STORIES THAT THE lRST STORY ABSORBED MOST OF THE INELASTIC AC PREDICTED THE YIELD AND ULTIMATE STRENGTHS AS WELL AS THE POST
TION AND DAMAGE 4HIS TREND WAS CONSISTENT WITH WHAT $RIVER YIELD STIFFNESS 7HEN A STIFFER UPPER BEAM WAS PRESENT AS IN
ET AL AND 2EZAI FOUND IN THEIR MULTI STORY STEEL THE SECOND SINGLE STORY TEST THE STRIP MODEL WAS FOUND TO
PLATE SHEAR WALL EXPERIMENTS )N ALL EXPERIMENTS BY ,UBELL ET GIVE BETTER RESULTS FOR THE ELASTIC STIFFNESS )T WAS CONCLUD
AL SIGNIlCANT PULL IN OF THE COLUMNS WAS OBSERVED ED THAT THE STRIP MODEL CAN ACCURATELY REPRESENT PANELS THAT
)T WAS REPORTED THAT ALL WALLS ENDED UP IN AN hHOUR GLASSv ARE DOMINATED BY INELASTIC BEHAVIOR IN SHEAR 7HEN mEXURAL
SHAPE AFTER SIGNIlCANT LATERAL CYCLIC DISPLACEMENTS WERE AP INELASTIC BEHAVIOR GOVERNS IT WAS RECOMMENDED THAT OTHER
PLIED &IGURE n 4HIS LED TO THE CONCLUSION THAT A CAPAC MORE ADVANCED MODELING TECHNIQUES BE EMPLOYED
ITY DESIGN OF THE BOUNDING COLUMNS IN A STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL
&IG n 4EST SETUP TAKEN FROM 2EZAI AND QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF SPECIMEN 307 TESTED BY ,UBELL ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

!STANEH !SL AND :HAO THE UPPER mOOR COUPLING BEAM FRACTURED AT THE FACE OF THE
COLUMN &IGURE n SHOWS THE RESULTING HYSTERESIS LOOPS
)N SUPPORT OF THE #ENTURY 4OWER PROJECT DESCRIBED IN
FOR THE WALLS IN lRST mOOR AND SECOND mOOR OF THE SECOND
#HAPTER HALF SCALE THREE STORY 307 TEST SPECIMENS WERE
SPECIMEN .OTE THAT THE CONCRETE lLLED PIPE COLUMNS RESISTED
TESTED SUBJECTED TO A UNIFORM SHEAR FORCE &IGURE n
APPROXIMATELY PERCENT OF THE TOTAL LATERAL LOAD AND THAT
4HE SPECIMEN BEHAVED ELASTICALLY UP TO INTER STORY DRIFTS
BEAMS THAT CONNECTED TO THE COLUMNS TRANSFERRED THEIR LOAD
OF PERCENT WHEN lRST YIELD LINES WERE OBSERVED ON THE
USING REINFORCING BARS EXTENDED INTO THE PIPE COLUMN AND
WALL PLATE AND 7 SHAPE COLUMN THE NONGRAVITY COLUMN
WELDED TO THE BEAM mANGES (OOPER
OF THE SYSTEM THAT SERVES TO FRAME AN OPENING IN THE WALL
"EYOND THAT POINT THE COMPRESSION DIAGONAL AND TENSION
!.!,93)3 )335%3
lELD ACTION DEVELOPED IN THE WALL PANELS !T PERCENT
DRIFT THE 7 SHAPE COLUMN DEVELOPED mANGE LOCAL BUCKLING 7HILE PAST RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT THE BEHAVIOR OF 307 CAN
4HE SPECIMEN WAS SUBJECTED TO ELASTIC CYCLES AND BE ADEQUATELY PREDICTED BY INELASTIC lNITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
INELASTIC CYCLES UP TO AN INTER STORY DRIFT OF PERCENT ACCURATE ESTIMATES OF RESPONSE QUANTITIES ARE OBTAINED ONLY
AND MAXIMUM SHEAR STRENGTH OF KIPS !T THAT POINT THE WHEN STEEL PANELS ARE MODELED USING A LARGE NUMBER OF
UPPER mOOR COUPLING BEAM COMPLETELY FRACTURED AT THE FACE SHELL ELEMENTS %LGAALY ET AL CAPABLE OF REALISTICALLY
OF THE COLUMN ! SECOND SPECIMEN BEHAVED SIMILARLY )T WAS ACCOUNTING FOR MATERIAL AND GEOMETRIC NONLINEARITIES $RIVER
SUBJECTED TO ELASTIC CYCLES UP TO PERCENT DRIFT AND ET AL B 4HESE LIMITATIONS LEAD TO SOPHISTICATED TIME
SUBSEQUENT INELASTIC CYCLES UP TO AN INTER STORY DRIFT OF CONSUMING MODELS THAT WHILE SUITABLE FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES
PERCENT AND MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE OF KIPS WHEN ARE GENERALLY NOT APPROPRIATE FOR PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS
&IG n 4EST SETUP TAKEN FROM 2EZAI AND QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF SPECIMEN 307 TESTED BY ,UBELL ET AL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

5NFORTUNATELY USAGE OF SIMPLER ELEMENTS RESULTS IN MODELS
THAT ARE NOT CAPABLE OF PROVIDING RELIABLE ESTIMATES OF
STIFFNESS STRENGTH AND HYSTERETIC CHARACTERISTICS %LGAALY ET
AL )N PARTICULAR MODELS USING hSTANDARDv IE ELASTIC
AND ISOTROPIC SHELL ELEMENTS DO NOT PROVIDE MEANINGFUL
INFORMATION BECAUSE THEY DO NOT CAPTURE TRANSVERSE FORCES
ON BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 3INCE STEEL PANELS OF TYPICAL 307
BUCKLE AT VERY LOW DEFORMATION LEVELS AND TENSION lELD
ACTION DEVELOPS WELL BEFORE ANY YIELDING OCCURS THE PRE
BUCKLING STIFFNESS PREDICTED BY ELASTIC ISOTROPIC SHELL
ELEMENTS OVERESTIMATES THE ACTUAL RIGIDITY OF 307 %LASTIC
lNITE ELEMENT ANALYSES CAN ALSO BE MISLEADING AS THEY MAY
CONSIDER THE WALL PLATE AS CONTRIBUTING TO RESIST GRAVITY LOADS
AND OVERTURNING MOMENTS IN WAYS NOT ACTUALLY POSSIBLE WITH
THIN INlLL PLATES
! MORE PRACTICAL AND CONVENIENT ANALYTICAL TOOL IS THE STRIP
MODEL ORIGINALLY PROPOSED BY 4HORBURN ET AL !S DE
SCRIBED EARLIER THIS APPROACH CONSISTS OF MODELING THE STEEL
PANEL AS A SET OF PARALLEL UNIFORMLY SPACED TENSION ONLY
STRIPS PINNED AT BOTH ENDS IE ELEMENTS CAPABLE OF RESISTING
&IG n .EAR AND FAR VIEW OF LOCAL INSTABILITY OF COLUMNS AT lRST
STORY OF 307 COURTESY OF #ARLOS 6ENTURA 5NIVERSITY OF "RITISH
#OLUMBIA 6ANCOUVER #ANADA
&IG n (OUR GLASS SHAPE OF SPECIMEN DUE TO hPULL INv OF

COLUMNS AND BEAMS COURTESY OF #ARLOS 6ENTURA 5NIVERSITY OF &IG n 3PECIMEN TESTED BY !STANEH !SL AND :HAO
"RITISH #OLUMBIA 6ANCOUVER #ANADA
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

TENSILE AXIAL FORCES ONLY WHILE THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS ARE BEEN USED TO REASONABLY PREDICT MONOTONIC FORCE DISPLACE
MODELED WITH CONVENTIONAL BEAM ELEMENTS &IGURE n )N MENT RELATIONSHIPS OF COMPLETE 307 AS WELL AS THOSE OF IN
A WAY THE STRIPS REPRESENT THE POST BUCKLING DIAGONAL FOLDS DIVIDUAL STORIES &IGURE $RIVER ET AL
DESCRIBED IN 3ECTION 4HE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF THE 4HE STRIP MODEL HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN TO BE CAPABLE OF SUC
STRIPS IS SET EQUAL TO THAT OF STEEL AND THE AREA OF EACH STRIP IS CESSFULLY PREDICTING THE QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF 307
SET EQUAL TO THE STEEL PANEL THICKNESS MULTIPLIED BY THE DIS %LGAALY ET AL %LGAALY AND ,IU ,UBELL ET AL
TANCE BETWEEN THE STRIPS MEASURED ALONG A DIRECTION PERPEN 4HIS KIND OF ANALYSIS REQUIRES MODELS THAT HAVE A
DICULAR TO THAT OF THE STRIPS SYMMETRIC LAYOUT OF STRIP ELEMENTS TO ACCOUNT FOR TENSION
)T HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THE STRIP MODEL CAN ADEQUATELY PRE lELD ACTION IN BOTH LOADING DIRECTIONS &IGURE n )T MUST
DICT THE INITIAL PRE YIELDING STIFFNESS OF A 307 AND FORCES BE NOTED THAT SINCE THE STRIPS ARE TENSION ONLY ELEMENTS THE
IN FRAME MEMBERS UNDER SERVICE LOADS 4IMLER AND +ULAK STRIP FORCE VERSUS STRIP DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIP SHOULD HAVE
)T CAN ALSO BE USED IN NONLINEAR PUSHOVER ANALYSIS TO THE CHARACTERISTICS SCHEMATICALLY DESCRIBED IN &IGURE nB
OBTAIN THE FULL FORCE DISPLACEMENT RELATIONSHIP FOR THE WALL 3INCE WHEN UNLOADED AFTER AN INCURSION INTO THE INELASTIC
AND ULTIMATE FORCES IN THE SYSTEM ELEMENTS &OR STATIC NON RANGE POINT hAv A STRIP EXHIBITS RESIDUAL DEFORMATIONS
LINEAR ANALYSIS IT IS SUGGESTED THAT AN ELASTO PLASTIC IE ZERO POINT hBv TENSILE STRESSES WILL NOT DEVELOP IN THE NEXT CYCLE
POST YIELDING STIFFNESS AXIAL FORCE VERSUS AXIAL DEFORMATION IN THE SAME DIRECTION UNTIL POINT hBv IS REACHED THESE HYSTER
RELATIONSHIP BE USED FOR EACH STRIP !DDITIONALLY BEAM ELE ETIC CHARACTERISTICS CAUSE THE hPINCHINGv BEHAVIOR DESCRIBED
MENTS CAPABLE OF ACCOUNTING FOR INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS IN EARLIER ! COMPARISON BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTI
FRAME MEMBERS WHICH ARE LIKELY TO OCCUR AT LARGE DEFORMA CAL RESULTS CAN BE SEEN IN &IGURE n WHICH SHOWS A CASE
TIONS LEVELS SHOULD BE USED 4HIS APPROACH HAS SUCCESSFULLY WHERE A TRILINEAR HYSTERETIC MODEL WAS USED 3IMILAR MODELS
&IG n )NELASTIC DEFORMATION OF 307 AND HYSTERETIC RESPONSE !STANEH !SL AND :HAO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

HAVE ALSO BEEN USED TO PERFORM NONLINEAR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS EQUATION FOR MAXIMUM SHEAR STRENGTH "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
"RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR A
)N THE CASE OF MULTI STORY 307 EQUALLY SPACED STRIPS ORI
ENTED AT ALL STORIES AS INDICATED BY %QUATION n RESULT IN 9 )\ W/ VLQ A n

MODELS HAVING STAGGERED NODE POINTS AT THE BEAMS 4IMLER
ET AL "RUNEAU AND "HAGWAGAR !N EXAMPLE WHERE &Y IS THE INlLL PANEL YIELD STRESS AND OTHER TERMS ARE AS
CAN BE SEEN IN &IGURE nA 3UCH MODELS ARE UNNECESSARILY PREVIOUSLY DElNED
COMPLICATED AND ARE LIKELY TO INDICATE ARTIlCIAL BENDING IN &OR A SINGLE STORY 307 IN A FRAME WITH RIGID BEAM TO
BEAMS DUE TO DIFFERENTIAL PULLING FORCES 4HE STRIP INCLINATION COLUMN CONNECTIONS PLASTIC ANALYSIS CAN AGAIN BE USED TO
ANGLES AT DIFFERENT STORIES ARE TYPICALLY SIMILAR &OR PRACTICAL lND THE MAXIMUM SHEAR STRENGTH AS
PURPOSES IT IS THEN PREFERABLE TO USE MODELS WHERE THE STRIPS
HAVE THE SAME INCLINATION AT ALL STORIES AND COMMON NODES AT 0 S
9 )\ W/ VLQ A n
THE BEAMS &IGURE nB 4HE INCLINATION ANGLE CAN BE CAL K
CULATED AS THE AVERAGE OF THE VALUES CALCULATED AT EACH STORY
)T HAS BEEN SHOWN THAT THIS SIMPLIlCATION HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON WHICH CONSIDERS mEXURAL HINGING IN BEAMS OR COLUMNS IN AD
ANALYTICAL RESULTS 4IMLER ET AL 4HIS RECOMMENDATION DITION TO PLATE YIELDING AND WHERE -P IS THE SMALLER OF THE
ALSO APPLIES FOR MODELS HAVING A SYMMETRIC ARRAY OF STRIP BEAM AND COLUMN PLASTIC MOMENTS )T ALSO ASSUMES THAT THIS
ELEMENTS STRENGTH CAN BE ATTAINED PRIOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF UNDESIR
ABLE LIMIT STATES SUCH AS PLATE FRACTURE
$%3)'. -%4(/$3 7HILE THIS APPROACH DOES NOT PROVIDE INFORMATION ABOUT
THE MAGNITUDE OF THE DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE IT GIVES EQUA
$ESIGN METHODS PRESCRIBED IN VARIOUS 3PECIlCATIONS ARE
TIONS TO ESTIMATE THE ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH OF A 307 BY
REVIEWED IN THE SUBSEQUENT SECTION AND CHAPTER (OWEVER
HAND CALCULATIONS 4HESE EXPRESSIONS CAN ALSO BE USED TO
PLASTIC ANALYSIS CAN BE A USEFUL COMPLEMENTARY TOOL FOR DE
GAIN INSIGHT INTO THE MOST PROBABLE COLLAPSE MECHANISM IE
SIGN 5SING THE COLLAPSE MECHANISM OF A SINGLE STORY 307
IN A FRAME WITH SIMPLE CONNECTIONS REPRESENTED BY THE STRIP
MODEL AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n RESULTS IN THE FOLLOWING
A
B
&IG n 3TRIP MODEL FOR CYCLIC STATIC AND DYNAMIC NONLINEAR
&IG n 3TRIP MODEL FOR STATIC LINEAR AND NONLINEAR ANALYSIS ANALYSIS A DIAGRAM OF PANEL MODEL B HYSTERETIC STRIP FORCE VS
OF 307 COURTESY OF $IEGO ,ØPEZ 'ARCÓA 0ONTIlCIA 5NIVERSIDAD STRIP DEFORMATION RELATIONSHIP COURTESY OF $IEGO ,ØPEZ 'ARCIA
#ATØLICA DE #HILE #HILE 0ONTIlCIA 5NIVERSIDAD #ATØLICA DE #HILE #HILE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

THE ONE FOR WHICH THE CORRESPONDING ULTIMATE SHEAR STRENGTH CAN BE USED TO DETERMINE AN INlLL PANEL THICKNESS FOR USE IN
IS A MINIMUM &OR INSTANCE THE SHEAR STRENGTH AT STORY hIv DEVELOPMENT OF THE STRIP MODEL
DEVELOPING AN UNDESIRABLE SOFT STORY MECHANISM IE PLASTIC )DEALLY A 307 USED IN SEISMIC APPLICATIONS SHOULD BE DE
HINGES AT THE ENDS OF THE COLUMNS IN A GIVEN STORY IN A MUL SIGNED IN SUCH A WAY THAT ALL ITS STEEL PANELS DISSIPATE ENERGY
TISTORY 307 WITH MOMENT RESISTING CONNECTIONS IS GIVEN BY THROUGH INELASTIC DEFORMATIONS WHEN THE STRUCTURE IS SUBJECT
Q ED TO THE EXPECTED SEISMIC ACTIONS (ENCE FOR A GIVEN FRAME
0 SFL
¤ 9 M )\ WZL / VLQ A GEOMETRY WHICH IS OFTEN DICTATED BY ARCHITECTURALFUNCTIONAL
KL n
ML CONSIDERATIONS THE THICKNESS OF THE STEEL PANEL AT A GIVEN
STORY SHOULD BE DETERMINED AS A FUNCTION OF THE CORRESPOND
WHERE 6J LATERAL LOADS APPLIED ABOVE STORY I AND TWI -PCI ING STORY SHEAR DEMAND ! PRACTICAL APPROACH CONSISTS OF
AND HI ARE THICKNESS OF THE STEEL PANEL PLASTIC MOMENT CA SOLVING %QUATION n FOR TW WHICH GIVES
PACITY OF COLUMNS AND HEIGHT OF STORY I RESPECTIVELY 3IMI
LAR EXPRESSIONS FOR OTHER POSSIBLE COLLAPSE MECHANISMS ARE 9L
WZL n
PRESENTED IN "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU A 4HESE EQUATIONS )\ / VLQ A L
&IG n 4RILINEAR HYSTERETIC MODEL FOR STRIP ELEMENTS PROPOSED BY %LGAALY AND ,IU AND COMPARISON
BETWEEN EXPERIMENTAL LEFT AND ANALYTICAL RIGHT QUASI STATIC CYCLIC RESPONSE OF 307 SPECIMENS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

WHERE SUBSCRIPT hIv REFERS TO STORY I %QUATION n IS SLIGHTLY HEKAR THAT THE MOMENT OF INERTIA )C SHOULD BE SUCH
CONSERVATIVE FOR SIMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND THAT
SOMEWHAT CONSERVATIVE FOR MOMENT RESISTANT CONNECTIONS
SINCE THE CONTRIBUTION OF THIS TYPE OF CONNECTION TO THE LATERAL ¥ WZ ´µ
K ¦¦¦ µ b n
RESISTANCE OF THE 307 IS NEGLECTED IN %QUATION n )T MUST ¦§ / , F µµ¶
BE NOTED THAT %QUATION n INDICATES THAT STEEL PANELS SHOULD
HAVE DIFFERENT THICKNESS AT DIFFERENT STORIES A CONDITION THAT WHICH LEADS TO
IS SOMETIMES DIFlCULT TO ACHIEVE IN PRACTICE DUE TO THE AVAIL
ABILITY OF STEEL PLATES WZ K n
!S MENTIONED BEFORE THE ULTIMATE STRENGTH OF A STEEL ,F r
/
PANEL IS FULLY DEVELOPED ONLY WHEN THE CORRESPONDING FRAME
MEMBERS ARE SUFlCIENTLY STIFF AND STRONG TO hANCHORv THE TEN 7HILE NO PRACTICAL EXPRESSIONS SIMILAR TO %QUATION n HAVE
SION DIAGONALS &URTHERMORE FOR VERTICAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS BEEN PROPOSED FOR THE HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ("%
6"% IT HAS BEEN RECOMMENDED -ONTGOMERY AND -ED AT THE ROOF AND FOUNDATION LEVELS IT IS POSSIBLE TO MODIFY THE
SAME EQUATION TO BE APPLICABLE TO ("% (OWEVER SECTIONS
PROVIDING THE STRENGTH NECESSARY TO SATISFY THE CORRESPONDING
mEXURAL DEMANDS ARE LIKELY TO PROVIDE AN ADEQUATE STIFFNESS
)T MUST BE REMEMBERED THAT THE ("% AT THE ROOF AND FOUNDA
TION LEVELS MUST ANCHOR THE PULLING ACTION FROM A YIELDING
STEEL PANEL WHICH GENERALLY RESULTS IN SUBSTANTIAL SIZES
)T HAS BEEN ARGUED THAT SINCE THE BEHAVIOR OF 307 IS SIMI
LAR TO THAT OF VERTICALLY CANTILEVERED PLATE GIRDERS 6"% ARE
ANALOGOUS TO THE PLATE GIRDER mANGES ("% TO THE PLATE GIRD
ER STIFFENERS AND STEEL PANELS TO THE PLATE GIRDER WEB THE
FORMER COULD BE DESIGNED USING WELL ESTABLISHED PROCEDURES
SUITABLE FOR THE LATTER !STANEH !SL (OWEVER WHILE
THE PLATE GIRDER ANALOGY IS CONCEPTUALLY VALID AND USEFUL IT
IS QUANTITATIVELY INADEQUATE AND LEADS TO OVERLY CONSERVATIVE
DESIGNS $ETAILED EXPLANATIONS INCLUDING QUANTITATIVE COM
PARISONS ARE PRESENTED IN "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
#/$% $%6%,/0-%.4

A #3! 3
#ANADIAN STANDARD #!.#3! 3 ,IMIT 3TATES $ESIGN OF
3TEEL 3TRUCTURES #3! HAS INCLUDED SPECIlCATIONS FOR
THE DESIGN OF 307 SINCE )N THIS DOCUMENT THE EQUIVA
B
&IG n 3TRIP MODELS HAVING A STAGGERED AND B COMMON

STRIP NODES AT THE BEAMS COURTESY OF $IEGO ,ØPEZ 'ARCÓA &IG n 3INGLE STORY COLLAPSE MECHANISM
0ONTIlCIA 5NIVERSIDAD #ATØLICA DE #HILE #HILE "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU A
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

LENT TRUSS MODEL 4HORBURN ET AL IS RECOMMENDED FOR EITHER IN SPECIlCATIONS OR IN COMMENTARY AND ARE THEREFORE
PRELIMINARY DESIGN PURPOSES 4HE APPROACH CONSISTS OF lRST NOT PRESENTED IN DETAIL IN THIS SECTION (OWEVER AN IMPORTANT
DESIGNING A TENSION ONLY BRACED FRAME BY USING DIAGONAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE 5NITED 3TATES AND #ANADIAN PRACTICE
STEEL TRUSS MEMBERS WHERE STEEL PANELS WOULD BE OTHERWISE IS THAT ANALYSIS METHODS FOR OBTAINING FORCES TO BE USED IN
BE USED IN THE 307 4HE AREAS OF THE DIAGONAL STEEL TRUSS CAPACITY DESIGN OF 3037 ARE NOT INCLUDED IN THE REQUIREMENTS
MEMBERS ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE SPECIlED LATERAL LOADS OF 5NITED 3TATES SPECIlCATIONS BUT RATHER PRESENTED IN THEIR
AND TO MEET DRIFT REQUIREMENTS 4HE TRUSS MEMBERS ARE THEN COMMENTARIES )N THAT CASE THE #!.#3! 3 REQUIRES
CONVERTED INTO STEEL PANELS 4HE THICKNESS TWI OF THE STEEL CAPACITY DESIGN OF THE COLUMNS IN DUCTILE PLATE WALLS AND
PANEL AT STORY I IS GIVEN BY SPECIlES THAT THIS CAN BE ACHIEVED INDIRECTLY BY THE USE OF A
FACTOR " DElNED AS THE RATIO OF PROBABLE SHEAR RESISTANCE 6RE
$L VLQ QL VLQ QL AT THE BASE OF THE WALL TO THE CALCULATED FACTORED DESIGN BASE
WZL n SHEAR 4HE PROBABLE SHEAR RESISTANCE AT THE BASE OF THE WALL IS
/ VLQ A L GIVEN BY 6RE 2Y&YT, SIN A WHERE 2Y IS THE RATIO OF THE
EXPECTED MEAN STEEL YIELD STRESS TO THE SPECIlED MINIMUM
WHERE !I AND QI ARE THE AREA AND THE ANGLE OF INCLINATION YIELD STRESS SPECIlED AS FOR ! 'R STEEL &Y IS
MEASURED WITH RESPECT TO A VERTICAL AXIS OF THE EQUIVALENT THE SPECIlED MINIMUM YIELD STRESS OF THE PLATE , IS THE BAY
TRUSS MEMBER AT STORY I RESPECTIVELY 7HILE THIS APPROACH IS WIDTH AND A HAS BEEN DElNED EARLIER 4HE DESIGN AXIAL FORCES
USEFUL AT THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN STAGE THE RESULTING STRENGTH AND LOCAL MOMENTS IN THE COLUMNS ARE THEN AMPLIlED BY THIS
OF THE STEEL PANELS CAN BE SOMEWHAT UNCONSERVATIVE WHEN FACTOR -ORE SPECIlCALLY THE COLUMN AXIAL FORCES DETERMINED
THE WIDTH TO HEIGHT RATIO IS NOT EQUAL TO UNITY "ERMAN AND FROM THE FACTORED DESIGN OVERTURNING MOMENT AT THE BASE OF
"RUNEAU A 4HE PLATE IS THEN DIVIDED INTO STRIPS PER THE WALL ARE AMPLIlED BY " AND KEPT CONSTANT FOR A HEIGHT OF
THE APPROACH DESCRIBED EARLIER AND ANALYZED FOR THE SPECI EITHER TWO STORIES OR , THE BAY WIDTH WHICHEVER IS GREATER
lED LOADS 4HE AXIAL FORCES THEN ARE ASSUMED TO LINEARLY DECREASE
4HE #!.#3! 3 STANDARD RECOGNIZES LIMITED DUC TO " TIMES THE AXIAL FORCES FOUND FROM THE ACTUAL FACTORED
TILITY PLATE WALLS IE 307 WITH NO SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR OVERTURNING MOMENT AT ONE STORY BELOW THE TOP OF THE WALL
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND ASSIGNED A FORCE MODIlCA 4HE MAXIMUM VALUE OF " WHICH IS MEANT TO ENSURE A DUCTILE
TION FACTOR 2 AND DUCTILE PLATE WALLS IE 307 WITH FAILURE MODE CAN BE LIMITED TO THE VALUE OF THE DUCTILITY FACTOR
MOMENT RESISTING BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS AND A FORCE 2M ASSIGNED BY #!.#3! 3
MODIlCATION FACTOR 2 THE LARGEST 2 VALUE ASSIGNED TO
THE MOST DUCTILE SYSTEMS IN THIS STANDARD $UCTILE WALLS ARE .%(20 2ECOMMENDED 0ROVISIONS
DESIGNED ACCORDING TO CAPACITY DESIGN PRINCIPLES WITH PLATE &%-! AND !)3# 3EISMIC 0ROVISIONS
YIELDING PROVIDING THE hFUSEv &OR LIMITED DUCTILITY PLATE
4HE .%(20 2ECOMMENDED 0ROVISIONS FOR 3EISMIC 2EGULA
WALLS THERE ARE NO SPECIAL SEISMIC REQUIREMENTS
TIONS FOR .EW "UILDINGS AND /THER 3TRUCTURES &%-!
&OR DUCTILE 307 HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL BOUNDARY ELE
REFERRED TO HERE AS &%-! AND THE 3EISMIC 0ROVI
MENTS ARE REQUIRED TO BE DESIGNED TO ELASTICALLY RESIST DE
SIONS FOR 3TRUCTURAL 3TEEL "UILDINGS !)3# REFERRED TO
VELOPMENT OF THE FULL EXPECTED YIELD STRENGTH OF THE INlLL
HERE AS !)3# INCLUDE MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR
PLATES 4HIS ENSURES THAT THE INlLL PLATE CAN YIELD IN TENSION
307 )T MUST BE NOTED THAT 307 ARE DENOTED AS 3PECIAL 3TEEL
PRIOR TO PLASTIC HINGING OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS PROVID
0LATE 7ALLS IN &%-! AND AS 3PECIAL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
ING FOR SUBSTANTIAL ENERGY DISSIPATION IN SEISMIC APPLICA
IN !)3# )N BOTH DOCUMENTS COLUMNS ARE DESIGNATED AS
TIONS 3UCH CAPACITY DESIGN CAN BE ACHIEVED BY DESIGNING
6ERTICAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS 6"% BEAMS ARE REFERRED TO
THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS FOR THE FORCES FOUND FROM PUSHOVER
AS (ORIZONTAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS ("% STEEL PANELS ARE
ANALYSIS OF THE STRIP MODEL OR INDIRECTLY FROM A PROCEDURE IN
DENOTED SIMPLY AS WEBS AND A WEB AND ITS SURROUNDING ("%
#!.#3! 3 4HE CONNECTION OF THE INlLL PLATE TO THE
AND 6"% CONSTITUTE A PANEL THIS LAST DElNITION IS NOT EXPLICIT
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS SHOULD ALSO BE DESIGNED FOR THE EXPECTED
IN !)3#
YIELD STRENGTH OF THE INlLL PLATE AND CAN USE EITHER A WELDED
)N THESE DOCUMENTS THE NOMINAL STRENGTH OF A WEB IS SET
OR BOLTED CONlGURATION &URTHERMORE THE VERTICAL BOUNDARY
EQUAL TO
ELEMENTS SHOULD SATISFY A MINIMUM STIFFNESS REQUIREMENT
TO PREVENT EXCESSIVE DEFORMATIONS UNDER THE TENSION lELD
9Q )\ WZ /FI VLQ A n
ACTION OF THE WEB PLATE %QUATION n &INALLY HORIZONTAL
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS SHOULD BE PROVIDED AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM
WHERE ,CF IS THE CLEAR DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% mANGES )N
OF A 307 TO ANCHOR THE TENSION lELD
%QUATION n A IS TO BE CALCULATED USING %QUATION n
-OST FEATURES OF #!.#3! 3 HAVE BEEN
)T MUST BE NOTED THAT %QUATION n IS IDENTICAL TO %QUA
IMPLEMENTED IN THE 5NITED 3TATES SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS
TION n EXCEPT THAT , DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES IS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

REPLACED BY ,CF AND THE FACTOR IS REPLACED BY WHICH ARE SPECIlED FOR ("% 6"% CONNECTIONS &INALLY &%-!
IS SIMPLY DIVIDED BY AN OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR EQUAL TO IMPOSES A LIMIT ON THE SLENDERNESS OF THE WEB QUANTITATIVELY
FOR CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER LATERAL LOAD RESISTING STRUCTURAL EXPRESSED BY
SYSTEMS THAT ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE SPECIlED LOADS WITHOUT
CONSIDERING THEIR OVERSTRENGTH 4HE AVAILABLE SHEAR STRENGTH PLQ / K (
b n
OF A WEB IS DETERMINED AS F6N OR 6N7 WHERE F AND WZ )\
7 !CCORDING TO THESE REGULATIONS ("% AND 6"% ARE
TO REMAIN ESSENTIALLY ELASTIC UNDER FORCES GENERATED BY FULLY 4HIS LIMIT IS WELL INTO THE ELASTIC SHEAR BUCKLING RANGE )T
YIELDED WEBS BUT mEXURAL HINGES ARE ALLOWED AT THE ENDS OF IS BASED ON THE TESTED RANGE OF SLENDERNESS RATHER THAN ON
("% "OTH DOCUMENTS REQUIRE THAT 6"% SATISFY %QUATION SEPARATING MODES OF BEHAVIOR
n AND THAT ,H b )N ADDITION SEVERAL DETAILS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER
3YSTEM "EHAVIOR AND $ESIGN -ETHODS

/6%26)%7 ARE THUS AN ECONOMICAL MEANS TO PROVIDE LATERAL STRENGTH AND
STIFFNESS 4HE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE ADJOINING
4HIS CHAPTER PROVIDES A GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE BEHAVIOR
FRAME ELEMENTS CONSTITUTE A CENTRAL PART OF THE UNDERSTANDING
AND DESIGN OF 3PECIAL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS 3037 AND OTHER
OF WALLS WITH THIS TYPE OF WEB PLATE
TYPES OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
!S DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER STIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
4HE FUNDAMENTAL MECHANICS OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ARE
HAVE ALSO BEEN USED TO RESIST SEISMIC FORCES PRIMARILY IN *A
DISCUSSED HERE AS THEY PERTAIN TO THE DESIGN OF THE SYSTEM
PAN !S IS THE CASE WITH PLATE GIRDERS THE REDUCTION OF WEB
,IKEWISE THE ANALYTICAL METHODS DISCUSSED HEREIN ARE IN
PLATE SLENDERNESS BY THE INTRODUCTION OF STIFFENERS INCREASES
TENDED TO BE USED TO DERIVE DESIGN FORCES FOR MEMBERS OF
ITS STRENGTH 3TIFFENING TYPICALLY CONSISTS OF PLATES WELDED TO
3037 AND TO ESTIMATE THE DISPLACEMENT OF 3037 IN A MAN
ONE OR BOTH SIDES OF THE STEEL WEB PLATE #ONCRETE CAN ALSO
NER THAT IS CONSISTENT WITH BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS -ORE
BE USED TO STIFFEN WEB PLATES TYPICALLY WALLS STIFFENED IN THIS
PRECISE MODELING OF THE BEHAVIOR OF 3037 IS BEYOND THE
MANNER QUALIFY AS COMPOSITE PLATE SHEAR WALLS DISCUSSED BE
SCOPE OF THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE
LOW 7HILE STIFFENING INCREASES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE WEB
-ETHODS OF ANALYSIS ARE PRESENTED IN THIS CHAPTER 4HE AP
PLATE IT IS NOT TYPICALLY AS ECONOMICAL AS THE UNSTIFFENED WEB
PLICATION OF THE RECOMMENDED METHODS IS MORE FULLY ILLUS
PLATE &OR THIS REASON THE 3037 SYSTEM IS BASED ON UNSTIFF
TRATED IN #HAPTERS AND
ENED SLENDER WEBS
#OMPOSITE STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS # 307 SIMILARLY PRO
-%#(!.)#3
VIDE STIFFENING OF THE STEEL WEB PLATE PERMITTING UTILIZATION
3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS TYPICALLY RESIST LATERAL LOADS PRIMARILY OF THE FULL YIELD STRENGTH OF THE STEEL MATERIAL !DDITIONALLY
THROUGH DIAGONAL TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE AND OVERTURNING THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE CONCRETE IS EFFECTIVE TO SOME DEGREE
FORCES IN THE ADJOINING COLUMNS 4HIS BEHAVIOR IS IDEALIZED IN THE RESISTANCE TO LATERAL LOADS ALTHOUGH !)3# DOES
IN &IGURE n !S IS EXPLAINED LATER THIS IS A SIMPLIlCATION NOT PERMIT IT TO BE UTILIZED IN DESIGN !S IS THE CASE FOR STIFF
OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL BEHAVIOR AND THE INTERNAL FORCES OF ENED SHEAR WALLS # 307 ARE TYPICALLY LESS ECONOMICAL THAN
SLENDER WEB STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS SUCH AS 3037 MUST BE WALLS WITH SLENDER UNSTIFFENED WEBS
EXAMINED MORE CLOSELY 4HE 3037 SYSTEM AS LISTED BY !3#% AND TREATED BY
7EB PLATES IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS CAN BE CATEGORIZED !)3# IS BASED ON THE USE OF SLENDER WEB PLATES .EI
ACCORDING TO THEIR ABILITY TO RESIST BUCKLING 4YPICAL WEB THER STIFFENED WEB STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS NOR COMPOSITE STEEL
PLATES ARE UNSTIFFENED AND VERY SLENDER AND THEIR COMPRES PLATE SHEAR WALLS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED 3037 AND THE DESIGN
SION STRENGTH IS NEGLIGIBLE 3UBSEQUENT TO COMPRESSION BUCK PROVISIONS IN 0ART ) OF !)3# ARE NOT APPLICABLE TO SUCH
LING OF THE WEB PLATE ON ONE DIAGONAL A TENSION lELD WILL WALLS # 307 SHOULD BE DESIGNED IN ACCORDANCE WITH 0ART ))
DEVELOP IN THE PLATE ALONG THE OPPOSITE DIAGONAL )N THIS WAY OF !)3# THERE IS NO EQUIVALENT SET OF SEISMIC DESIGN PRO
FRAMES WITH SLENDER WEBS CAN RESIST VERY LARGE FORCES AND VISIONS APPLICABLE TO STIFFENED WEB STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
4HE DESIGN OF BOTH STIFFENED WEB STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
AND # 307 IS OUTSIDE OF THE SCOPE OF THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE
.ONETHELESS THIS CHAPTER PROVIDES A BRIEF DISCUSSION OF THEIR
BEHAVIOR 4HE DESIGN EXAMPLES THAT FOLLOW IN #HAPTERS AND
ARE LIMITED TO UNSTIFFENED SLENDER WEB 3037
5NSTIFFENED 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS

5NSTIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ARE TYPICALLY DESIGNED
AS 3PECIAL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS 3037 !)3# INCLUDES
HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR 3037 0ART ) 3ECTION
NO LOW SEISMIC DESIGN PROVISIONS FOR THE SYSTEM EXIST
"OTH DESIGN EXAMPLES IN THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE USE UNSTIFFENED
SLENDER STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS $ESIGN %XAMPLE #HAPTER
ILLUSTRATES THE USE OF THE SYSTEM FOR LOW SEISMIC DESIGN EG
&IG n )DEALIZED SHEAR WALL BEHAVIOR 3EISMIC $ESIGN #ATEGORY " $ESIGN %XAMPLE #HAPTER
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

ILLUSTRATES THE USE OF THE SYSTEM FOR HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN EG AS 6ERTICAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS OR 6"% BEAMS ARE REFERRED
3EISMIC $ESIGN #ATEGORY $ TO AS (ORIZONTAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS OR ("%
4YPICAL 3037 HAVE SLENDER WEBS THAT ARE CAPABLE OF RE 4HE TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE ACTS ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE
SISTING LARGE TENSION FORCES BUT LITTLE OR NO COMPRESSION 4HIS BOUNDARY ELEMENTS RATHER THAN ONLY AT THE INTERSECTION OF
BEHAVIOR IS ANALOGOUS TO TENSION ONLY BRACING WHICH RELIES BEAMS AND COLUMNS AS IS THE CASE FOR TENSION ONLY BRACING
ON BEAMS IN COMPRESSION TO TRANSMIT THE HORIZONTAL COMPO !S SUCH LARGE INWARD FORCES CAN BE EXERTED ON THE BOUNDARY
NENT OF A BRACE FORCE TO THE BRACE AT THE LEVEL BELOW AND IN ELEMENTS
WHICH OVERTURNING FORCES ARE IMPOSED ON COLUMNS 7HILE mANGES IN PLATE GIRDERS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO PROVIDE
&IGURE n SHOWS THE INTERNAL FORCES IN A BRACED FRAME SUFlCIENT STIFFNESS TO PERMIT THE WEBS TO DEVELOP THEIR FULL
IN WHICH THE BRACES ONLY RESIST TENSION /VERTURNING FORCES TENSION STRENGTH ALONG THEIR ENTIRE DEPTH 6"% OF 3037
ARE RESISTED BY THE COLUMNS AND ARE DELIVERED BY THE VERTICAL ARE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE SUCH STIFFNESS AND THE FULL TENSION
COMPONENT OF THE BRACE FORCES 4HE BEAMS SERVE TO TRANS STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE IS REALIZED "OTH ("% AND 6"% ARE
FER THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF THE FORCE IN THE BRACE ABOVE DESIGNED TO RESIST WEB PLATE TENSION FORCES ACTING INWARD ON
ACROSS THE FRAME TO THE CONNECTION POINT OF THE BRACE BELOW THE 3037 AT AN ANGLE DETERMINED FROM THE FRAME GEOMETRY
7HERE BRACES ONLY RESIST TENSION THE BEAMS ARE TYPICALLY AND MEMBER SECTION PROPERTIES 6"% AND ("% RESIST THESE
SUBJECT TO LARGE COMPRESSION FORCES INWARD FORCES THROUGH mEXURE &IGURE n ILLUSTRATES THE RE
4HIS BEHAVIOR IS ALSO ANALOGOUS TO THAT OF THE TRANSVERSE SULTING mEXURAL DEFORMATION OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS DUE TO
STIFFENERS IN PLATE GIRDERS 4ENSION lELD ACTION IN THE WEBS THESE INWARD FORCES SCHEMATICALLY
REQUIRES A TRANSVERSE COMPRESSION STRUT IN ORDER TO BE TRANS )T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT THE EFFECT OF THESE INWARD FORCES
MITTED ALONG THE LENGTH OF THE MEMBER &IGURE n SHOWS THE ACTING DIRECTLY ON THE ("% IS TYPICALLY COUNTERACTED TO A
ROLE OF TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS IN A PLATE GIRDER LARGE DEGREE BY SIMILAR TENSILE FORCES IN THE WEB PLATE OF THE
7HILE BOTH OF THESE ANALOGIES ARE USEFUL IN THE BASIC UN ADJACENT STORY ALTHOUGH THESE ARE OFTEN OF DIFFERENT MAGNI
DERSTANDING OF 3037 BEHAVIOR THEY ARE INSUFlCIENT FOR CAP TUDES 3UCH COUNTERACTING TENSILE FORCES ARE NOT OF COURSE
TURING MANY OF THE ASPECTS OF 3037 BEHAVIOR THAT MUST BE PRESENT AT THE TOP BEAM OF A 3037 NOR AT THE FOUNDATION
UNDERSTOOD IN ORDER TO DESIGN THE SYSTEM 4HE MECHANICS OF AND THE DESIGN OF THOSE ELEMENTS MUST INCLUDE CONSIDERATION
3037 BEHAVIOR ARE DISTINCT FROM BOTH TENSION ONLY BRACING OF THE INWARD FORCES 4HE BEAM AT THE TOP STORY OF A 3037
AND PLATE GIRDERS 7HILE THE WEB PLATES WORK ALMOST ENTIRELY IS TYPICALLY QUITE DEEP !T THE FOUNDATION A STEEL OR CONCRETE
IN TENSION THE BEAMS AND COLUMNS THAT CONSTITUTE THE FRAME
AROUND THE WEB PLATE ARE DESIGNED DIFFERENTLY FROM THE FRAME
MEMBERS OF TENSION ONLY BRACING AND FROM THE mANGES AND
STIFFENERS OF PLATE GIRDERS #OLUMNS IN 3037 ARE REFERRED TO
&IG n 0LATE GIRDER TRANSVERSE STIFFENER BEHAVIOR
&IG n "EAM AND COLUMN FORCES IN TENSION ONLY

&IG n )NWARD mEXURE OF 3037 BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
BRACING CONlGURATIONS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

GRADE BEAM WITH SUFlCIENT STRENGTH TO ANCHOR THE TENSION IN &IGURE n ALSO SHOWS THAT THE INWARD mEXURE OF THE 6"%
THE WEB PLATE IS TYPICALLY PROVIDED IS RESISTED BY THE ("% AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF THE 6"% SEG
4HESE INWARD FORCES AND THE RESISTANCE PROVIDED BY THE MENT TYPICALLY AT EACH mOOR 4HUS THE ("% ARE REQUIRED TO
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE FUNDAMENTAL TO THE UNDERSTANDING RESIST SIGNIlCANT COMPRESSION IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE mEX
OF 3037 BEHAVIOR &IGURE n SHOWS FREE BODY DIAGRAMS OF URAL FORCES INDUCED BY TENSION IN THE WEB PLATES
THE WEB PLATE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND 3037 .O END MO !DDITIONALLY THE lGURE SHOWS THAT THE COMPRESSION UNDER
MENTS ARE SHOWN AS THOUGH THE ("% TO 6"% CONNECTIONS ARE THE 6"% ON THE RIGHT 06"% RIGHT IS BALANCED BY BOTH TENSION
PINNED )N HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN THESE CONNECTIONS ARE REQUIRED IN THE LEFT HAND 6"% 06"% LEFT AND IN THE WEB PLATE STW
TO BE RIGID AND END MOMENTS RESULT FROM BOTH THE INWARD mEX 4HIS RESULTS IN INCREASED COMPRESSION IN THE RIGHT HAND 6"%
URE SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND FROM FRAME BEHAVIOR &OR PUR AS COMPARED TO THE SIMPLISTIC MODEL ILLUSTATED IN &IGURE n
POSES OF ILLUSTRATING THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION THE lGURE DUE TO THE DECREASED DISTANCE BETWEEN THE CENTROIDS OF THE
DOES NOT INCLUDE lXITY OF THE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION COMPRESSION AND TENSION FORCES )T ALSO RESULTS IN A SOMEWHAT
!S &IGURE n INDICATES THE TENSILE FORCES IN THE WEB PLATE REDUCED TENSION FORCE IN THE LEFT HAND 6"% DUE TO THE ASSIS
INDUCE mEXURE IN THE 6"% IN ADDITION TO THE AXIAL FORCES DUE TANCE PROVIDED BY THE WEB PLATE
TO OVERTURNING OF THE WALL )F THE TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS MOMENT 4HE RESTRAINT PROVIDED BY ("% ENABLES THE 6"% TO RESIST
OF INERTIA WITH RESPECT TO IN PLANE mEXURE OF THE 6"% IS SMALL THE mEXURE CAUSED BY WEB PLATE TENSION ("% TYPICALLY OC
UNIFORM TENSION CANNOT BE DEVELOPED ACROSS THE WEB PLATE AND CUR AT mOOR LEVELS WHERE THEY ALSO SERVE AS THE BEAMS OR
THE STRENGTH OF THE SYSTEM IS SIGNIlCANTLY REDUCED 3UCH BE GIRDERS SUPPORTING THE DECK )N SOME CASES DESIGNERS HAVE
HAVIOR IS SIMILAR TO THAT OF PLATE GIRDERS )F THE TRANSVERSE STIFF INTRODUCED ADDITIONAL HORIZONTAL STRUTS IN BETWEEN STORY LEV
NESS OF 6"% IS HIGH WEB PLATES CAN DEVELOP THEIR FULL TENSION ELS TO REDUCE THE mEXURAL FORCES IN AND mEXIBILITY OF THE 6"%
STRENGTH AT THE VERTICAL INTERFACES WITH THE 6"% 4HE SHEAR DUE %ATHERTON 4HIS IS ESPECIALLY EFFECTIVE AT TALL STORIES
TO WEB PLATE TENSION IS IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS IN THE 6"% ON WHERE THE mEXURAL FORCES IN 6"% ARE LARGE AND WHERE THE
EITHER SIDE OF THE WEB PLATE AND THE HORIZONTAL REACTION AT THE REQUIRED mEXURAL STIFFNESS GOVERNS THE DESIGN OF 6"% 4HE
COLUMN BASE OF THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION IS OPPOSITE THE HORI SEISMIC PROVISIONS FOR 3037 DO NOT ANTICIPATE SUCH INTER
ZONTAL REACTION OF THE WEB PLATE MEDIATE STRUTS ALTHOUGH THEIR USE IS CONSISTENT WITH METHODS
FOR DESIGN OF INTERMEDIATE ("% AT OPENINGS !DDITIONAL RE
QUIREMENTS FOR SUCH INTERMEDIATE STRUTS ARE DISCUSSED LATER IN
THIS CHAPTER
.OTE THAT IN &IGURE n THE FORCE AT THE UPPER RIGHT CON
NECTION BETWEEN THE ("% AND THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION IS
THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO COMPONENTS THE COLLECTOR FORCE
& AND THE INWARD REACTION FROM THE 6"% 0("%6"% )N
SOME CONDITIONS THIS WILL BE IN TENSION IN OTHERS IT WILL BE IN
COMPRESSION )T IS TYPICALLY IN TENSION AT THE TOP STORY AND AT
LEVELS AT WHICH THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS IS REDUCED BY A LARGE
PERCENTAGE IT IS TYPICALLY IN COMPRESSION ELSEWHERE !T THE
6"% IN TENSION THE CONNECTION IS IN COMPRESSION AND THE
TWO COMPONENTS ARE ADDITIVE
4HE SYMBOLS IN &IGURE n ARE AS FOLLOWS
& THE APPLIED LATERAL FORCE ON THE WALL
0("%6"% THE AXIAL FORCE APPLIED AT THE END OF THE ("% DUE
TO THE WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE 6"%
06"% THE AXIAL FORCE REACTION OF THE 6"%
6("% THE SHEAR REACTION OF THE ("% DUE TO THE WEB

PLATE TENSION
66"% THE SHEAR REACTION OF THE 6"% DUE TO THE WEB

PLATE TENSION
TW WEB PLATE THICKNESS
S WEB PLATE TENSION STRESS

&IG n &REE BODY DIAGRAMS OF THE WEB PLATE
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND 3037
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

)N HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 IT IS ASSUMED THAT LATERAL 4HE INTERFACE STRESSES ARE FUNCTIONS OF BOTH THE WEB PLATE
LOADS WILL BE SUFlCIENT TO CAUSE FULL TENSION YIELDING OF STRESS AND THE ANGLE OF TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE %QUATIONS
THE WEB PLATE AND THUS THE WEB PLATE FORCES ARE UNIFORM FOR THESE STRESSES ARE DERIVED FROM STATICS USING TRIGONOMET
AS SHOWN IN THE lGURE IN THE ELASTIC RANGE THE WEB PLATE RIC FUNCTIONS
TENSION STRESS IS FAR FROM UNIFORM 4HIS CONDITION OF FULL
S S COSA
TENSION YIELDING IS USED TO DElNE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE
CONNECTIONS OF THE WEB PLATE TO THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS S S SINA COSA S SINA
4HE TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE IS USED IN CONJUNC
TION WITH GRAVITY LOADS TO DElNE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE S S SINA
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS THEMSELVES &OR THIS USE IT IS CONVENIENT
TO DECOMPOSE THE DIAGONAL TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE S S SINA COSA S SINA
&IGURE n SHOWS THE STRESSES ACTING ON THE VERTICAL AND HORI )N ORDER TO APPLY THESE EQUATIONS IT IS NECESSARY TO ESTAB
ZONTAL INTERFACES OF THE WEB PLATE )N THIS ANALYSIS OF STRESSES LISH THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE 4HIS IS DONE
IT IS ASSUMED THAT THE WEB PLATE IS IN PURE TENSION AND THAT USING !)3# %QUATION n %QUATION n
NO SHEAR OR COMPRESSION STRESSES EXIST ON SECTIONS CUT IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE TENSION STRESS WZ /

4HE FOLLOWING SYMBOLS ARE USED IN &IGURE n $F
WDQ A n
A ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS MEASURED FROM VERTICAL ¨ K ·¸
WZ K ©©
©ª $E , F / ¸¸¹
$ WIDTH OF WEB PLATE SEGMENT UNDER CONSIDER
ATION
WHERE
S PRINCIPAL STRESS AT HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY
H DISTANCE BETWEEN ("% CENTERLINES
S SHEAR STRESS AT HORIZONTAL BOUNDARY
!B CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A ("%
S PRINCIPAL STRESS AT VERTICAL BOUNDARY
!C CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A 6"%
S SHEAR STRESS AT VERTICAL BOUNDARY
)C MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A 6"% TAKEN PERPENDICULAR
S WEB PLATE TENSION STRESS TO THE DIRECTION OF THE WEB PLATE LINE
&IG n $ETAIL OF STRESSES IMPOSED ON 3037 BOUNDARY ELEMENTS BY WEB PLATE YIELDING
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

, DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES TING THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH EQUAL TO THE SHEAR YIELDING
STRENGTH 5SING RELATIONSHIPS DEVELOPED BY 4IMOSHENKO
TW THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE THE LIMITING PLATE THICKNESS IS
4HIS EQUATION IS BASED ON A DERIVATION BY 4HORBURN ET
AL WHICH CONSIDERED A FRAME WITH SIMPLE BEAM )\
U
TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS 4HE DERIVATION WAS SUBSEQUENTLY
MODIlED BY 4IMLER ET AL INTO THE FORM SHOWN ABOVE WOLP
¨ ·¸
4HE EQUATION IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION THAT THE WEB PLATE P ( ©©
HAS NO COMPRESSION STRENGTH 4HE TENSION lELD IS ASSUMED TO ©ª V V ¸¸¹
BE A CONSTANT STRESS AT A CONSTANT ANGLE
4HORBURN ALSO DERIVED AN EXPRESSION OF THE ANGLE OF TEN WHERE
SION STRESS BASED ON RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS S THE SMALLER SPACING BETWEEN STIFFENERS
¨ / ·¸
WZ / ©© S THE LARGER SPACING BETWEEN STIFFENERS
©ª $F , E K ¸¸¹
WDQ A n TLIM THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS BELOW WHICH SHEAR
¨ K ·¸
WZ K ©© BUCKLING WILL OCCUR PRIOR TO SHEAR YIELDING
©ª $E , F / ¹¸¸
U 0OISSONS RATIO
WHERE 7HERE THE SPACING OF STIFFENERS IS EQUAL IN EACH DIRECTION
)C MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A ("% TAKEN PERPENDICULAR THE LIMITING WEB SLENDERNESS RATIO BELOW WHICH SHEAR BUCK
TO THE DIRECTION OF THE WEB PLATE LINE LING IS PRECLUDED IS
AND ALL OTHER VARIABLES ARE AS PREVIOUSLY DElNED V (
4HE VALUES OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE b n
WZ )\
HAVE BEEN FOUND TO BE SUFlCIENTLY CONSISTENT BETWEEN THE
TWO EQUATIONS TO PERMIT USE OF THE SIMPLER ONE 2EZAI WHERE
)T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT NEITHER WALL STRENGTH NOR INTERFACE
STRESSES ARE MARKEDLY SENSITIVE TO THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS S THE SPACING BETWEEN STIFFENERS
4HE STIFFNESS OF THE SYSTEM IS SENSITIVE TO MODERATE CHANGES
IN THE ANGLE A ON THE ORDER OF 2EZAI 4HUS !)3# TW THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS
WHICH REQUIRES RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS IN 7HERE STIFFENERS ARE USED IN ONE DIRECTION ONLY THE LIMIT
3037 DOES NOT REQUIRE CONSIDERATION OF THE BEAM mEXURAL ING WEB SLENDERNESS RATIO IS
STIFFNESS IN DETERMINING A
4HE USE OF RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS INTRODUCES V (
b n
ADDITIONAL mEXURAL FORCES IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 4HESE WZ )\
mEXURAL FORCES SHOULD BE ACCOUNTED FOR IN THE DESIGN OF THE
("% AND 6"% METHODS FOR ACCOUNTING FOR THIS ARE DISCUSSED )F THE WEB PLATE IS SUFlCIENTLY STIFFENED TO MEET THIS CRITE
LATER IN THIS CHAPTER AND ILLUSTRATED IN #HAPTERS AND RION ITS NOMINAL STRENGTH IS
6N &Y TW ,CF n
3TIFFENED 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
WHERE
3TIFFENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ARE ABLE TO DEVELOP
SIGNIlCANT COMPRESSION FORCES IN THE WEB PLATE IN ADDITION ,CF THE CLEAR LENGTH OF THE WEB PANEL BETWEEN 6"%
TO THE TENSION FORCES THAT CAN BE DEVELOPED IN UNSTIFFENED FLANGES
3037 "ECAUSE OF THIS THE DESIGN OF BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 3TIFFENERS PROVIDED TO REDUCE THE WEB PLATE SLENDERNESS
DOES NOT INCLUDE SUCH LARGE mEXURAL FORCES )N FACT WALLS WOULD HAVE TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF #HAPTER ' OF !)3#
CAN BE SUFlCIENTLY STIFFENED SO THAT NO INWARD FORCES ARE INCLUDING THE REQUIRED TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS
EXERTED ON THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND THE INTERFACES OF THE
WEB PLATES CAN BE DESIGNED FOR PURE SHEAR )N CASES WHERE )ST r ATWJ n
WALLS ARE STIFFENED TO A LESSER DEGREE A COMBINATION OF SHEAR WHERE
BUCKLING AND TENSION lELD ACTION CAN BE USED
4HE LIMITING SLENDERNESS OF THE WEB PLATE FOR WHICH FULL J HA n r
SHEAR YIELDING CAN BE ACHIEVED CAN BE CALCULATED BY SET
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

7HERE THE LIMITING WEB PLATE SLENDERNESS RATIO IS EXCEED STIFFNESS AND CANNOT ANCHOR THE TENSION lELD ACTION &OR STEEL
ED PROCEDURES MUST BE USED TO DETERMINE THE SHEAR BUCKLING PLATE SHEAR WALLS A STEEL OR CONCRETE GRADE BEAM DESIGNED
STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE MUST BE DETERMINED !S IS THE CASE TO RESIST THE TENSION lELD ACTION CAN BE PROVIDED AT THE BASE
WITH PLATE GIRDERS THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH CAN BE SUPPLE AND A STRONG BEAM CAN BE PROVIDED AT THE ROOF THUS PERMIT
MENTED BY TENSION lELD ACTION 0ROCEDURES DERIVED FOR PLATE TING THE INCLUSION OF TENSION lELD ACTION IN THE CALCULATION OF
GIRDER DESIGN CAN BE APPLIED TO THE DESIGN OF SUCH STIFFENED THE AVAILABLE STRENGTH
STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS 4HESE PROCEDURES ARE GIVEN IN #HAP "EAMS ANCHORING THE TENSION lELD IN THE WEB PLATE SHOULD
TER ' OF !)3# 3LENDERNESS LIMITS SEPARATING MODES OF BE DESIGNED FOR TRANSVERSE LOADING CORRESPONDING TO THE
SHEAR LIMIT STATES SHEAR YIELDING FROM SHEAR BUCKLING WITH DIAGONAL TENSION STRESS CALCULATED IN THE SAME WAY AS FOR
TENSION lELD ACTION ARE BASED ON THE RATIO OF THE DISTANCE UNSTIFFENED SHEAR WALLS &OR HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN A LIBERAL
BETWEEN mANGES H IN THE !)3# EQUATIONS TO THE WEB ESTIMATE OF THE TENSION STRESS ACTING ON THE DIAGONAL SHOULD BE
PLATE THICKNESS TW USED FOR THE DESIGN OF BEAMS THUS RESULTING IN A CONSERVATIVE
"ECAUSE THE 6"% OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ACT LIKE THE DESIGN
mANGES OF PLATE GIRDERS THE DIMENSIONS AND ELEMENTS THAT
STF 2Y &Y #V n
ARE VERTICAL IN PLATE GIRDERS ARE HORIZONTAL IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR
WALLS 4HE DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTICAL STIFFENERS SX IS USED WHERE
FOR H IN THE EQUATIONS FOR SHEAR STRENGTH 6ERTICAL STIFFENERS
#V THE RATIO OF SHEAR BUCKLING STRESS TO SHEAR YIELD
ARE ADDED TO REDUCE THE WEB PLATE SLENDERNESS 7HERE THE
STRESS AS GIVEN IN !)3# %QUATIONS 'n
SPACING IS VERY LARGE GREATER WALL STRENGTH CAN BE CALCULATED
'n AND 'n
USING THE PROCEDURES FOR 3037
4HE PROCEDURE ALSO UTILIZES THE SPACING BETWEEN TRANS 2Y &Y THE EXPECTED YIELD STRESS OF THE WEB PLATE
VERSE STIFFENERS A 7HERE THE ONLY TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS ARE MATERIAL
THE BEAMS AT EACH STORY THE DIMENSION A AS WELL AS THE RATIO
ASX AH IN THE !)3# EQUATION IS VERY LARGE AND TEN STF THE TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE
SION lELD ACTION CANNOT BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE STEEL
4HIS STRESS IS USED TO COMPUTE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE
PLATE SHEAR WALL /NLY SHEAR BUCKLING REPRESENTED BY THE
WEB PLATE RESULTING FROM SEISMIC LOAD EFFECTS AND IS COM
SYMBOL #V IS PERMITTED FOR SUCH WALLS (ORIZONTAL STIFFEN
BINED WITH STRESSES RESULTING FROM OTHER LOADS ACCORDING TO
ERS ARE TYPICALLY ADDED ON THE WALL FACE OPPOSITE THE VERTI
THE APPROPRIATE LOAD COMBINATIONS !3$ OR ,2&$
CAL STIFFENERS &IGURE n SHOWS A STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL WITH
4HE ANGLE AT WHICH THIS TENSION lELD STRESS ACTS IN STIFF
VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS
ENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS HAS NOT BEEN WELL ESTABLISHED )T
0LATE GIRDER PROCEDURES DO NOT PERMIT TENSION lELD ACTION
IS THEREFORE RECOMMENDED THAT TWO ANGLES BE CONSIDERED AND
IN THE END PANEL OF THE GIRDER 4HIS IS BECAUSE IT IS ASSUMED
THE LARGER FORCES BE USED IN DESIGN 4HE lRST ANGLE IS THAT DE
THAT THE STIFFENER AT THE END OF THE GIRDER HAS LITTLE mEXURAL
RIVED FOR UNSTIFFENED 3037 FROM !)3# %QUATION n
%QUATION n 4HE SECOND IS BASED ON PLATE GIRDER DESIGN
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
V[
WDQ G n
D
WHERE
A THE VERTICAL DIMENSION OF THE WEB PLATE BETWEEN
HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS
SX DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTICAL STIFFENERS
G THE ANGLE OF THE TENSION FIELD MEASURED FROM THE

MEMBER AXIS VERTICAL IN THE CASE OF STEEL PLATE
SHEAR WALLS
4HE TRANSVERSE LOAD CAN THUS BE EXPRESSED BY TWO EQUA
TIONS
S b 2Y &Y #V COS A n
&IG n 3TEEL PLATE SHEAR WALL WITH VERTICAL
AND HORIZONTAL STIFFENERS S b 2Y &Y #V COS G n
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE HORIZONTAL FORCE TRANSMITTED TO THE BEAMS SHOULD BE 4HE DESIGN OF THE CONNECTION OF THE WEB PLATE TO THE
ESTIMATED LIBERALLY TO AVOID FAILURE OF THESE ELEMENTS THUS BOUNDARY ELEMENTS SHOULD ALSO BE BASED ON THE EXPECTED
RESULTING IN A CONSERVATIVE DESIGN 2ATHER THAN USING THE TENSION STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE !GAIN THE ANGLE OF TENSION
SUM OF THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH AND THE HORIZONTAL COM CAN BE ASSUMED TO FALL BETWEEN A WHICH IS CALCULATED US
PONENT OF THE TENSION lELD ACTION THE FULL EXPECTED SHEAR ING EQUATIONS FOR UNSTIFFENED 3037 AND G WHICH IS CALCU
YIELD STRESS OF THE WEB PLATE SHOULD BE USED LATED BASED ON STIFFENED PLATE GIRDER BEHAVIOR "OTH ANGLES
SHOULD BE CONSIDERED AND THE DESIGN SHOULD SATISFY FORCES
S 2Y &Y n
FROM BOTH CONDITIONS
!GAIN THIS STRESS IS USED TO COMPUTE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH !S IS THE CASE FOR UNSTIFFENED 3037 STIFFENED STEEL PLATE
OF THE WEB PLATE RESULTING FROM SEISMIC LOAD EFFECTS AND IS SHEAR WALL WEB PLATES IN WHICH SHEAR BUCKLING IS ANTICIPATED
COMBINED WITH STRESSES RESULTING FROM OTHER LOADS ACCORDING SHOULD BE PROVIDED WITH PERIMETER CONNECTIONS THAT WILL NOT
TO THE APPROPRIATE LOAD COMBINATIONS !3$ OR ,2&$ BE ADVERSELY AFFECTED BY BUCKLING OF THE WEB PLATE
0LATE GIRDER PROCEDURES WILL UNDERESTIMATE THE STRENGTH &OR MORE INFORMATION ON THE DESIGN OF STIFFENED STEEL PLATE
OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS 7HERE TENSION lELD ACTION IS SHEAR WALLS SEE "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU ,EE AND 9OO
NEGLECTED THE CALCULATED STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE IS BASED AND 3UGII AND 9AMADA
ONLY ON SHEAR BUCKLING THE ADDITIONAL STRENGTH PROVIDED BY
TENSION lELD ACTION CAN BE SIGNIlCANT EVEN IN WEBS THAT DO #OMPOSITE 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS
NOT CONFORM TO THE LIMITING AH ASX RATIOS IN !)3#
#OMPOSITE 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS # 307 ARE ABLE TO
%VEN WHERE TENSION lELD ACTION IS UTILIZED THE PLATE GIRDER
DEVELOP THE FULL SHEAR YIELD STRENGTH OF THE STEEL WEB PLATE
METHODS WILL UNDERESTIMATE THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF WALLS DUE TO
4HIS IS DUE TO THE TRANSVERSE RESTRAINT PROVIDED BY CONCRETE
THE ASSUMPTION OF NEGLIGIBLE mEXURAL STIFFNESS OF THE mANGES
PORTIONS OF THE WALL 4HE DESIGN OF # 307 IS GOVERNED BY
WHICH IN THE CASE OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ARE THE COLUMNS
3ECTION OF 0ART )) OF !)3# WHICH PROVIDES SPECIlC
AT WALL BOUNDARIES
REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CONCRETE STIFFENING ELEMENTS AND THEIR
"ECAUSE OF THIS UNDERESTIMATION PLATE GIRDER PROCEDURES
CONNECTION TO THE STEEL PLATE
MUST BE USED WITH CAUTION FOR STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS IN
)N ADDITION TO STIFFENING THE STEEL PLATE THE CONCRETE POR
HIGH SEISMIC APPLICATIONS 5NDERESTIMATING WEB PANEL
TIONS OF THE WALL CAN PROVIDE SUPPLEMENTARY SHEAR STRENGTH
SHEAR STRENGTH WILL LEAD TO UNDERESTIMATION OF THE MAXIMUM
(OWEVER !)3# DOES NOT PERMIT USING THE CONCRETE
OVERTURNING MOMENTS THAT THE WALL CAN RESIST AND THUS OF
STRENGTH IN DETERMINING THE WALL SHEAR STRENGTH ONLY THE
AXIAL FORCES IN THE COLUMNS
STEEL PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH IS CONSIDERED 4HIS IS DUE TO THE
&URTHERMORE PLATE GIRDER PROCEDURES DO NOT ACCOUNT FOR
LIMITED BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR THE TRANS
6"% mEXURAL FORCES RESULTING FROM TENSION lELD ACTION IN
FER OF FORCES BETWEEN THE STEEL AND CONCRETE ELEMENTS OF THE
THE WEB PLATE 4HUS COLUMNS COULD BE SUBJECTED TO LARGER
SYSTEM 4HUS THE NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH OF # 307 IS BASED
THAN CALCULATED AXIAL FORCES IN CONJUNCTION WITH SIGNIlCANT
SOLELY ON THE STEEL STRENGTH
TRANSVERSE FORCES NOT USED IN THEIR DESIGN #ONSIDERATION OF
THESE EFFECTS IS WARRANTED WHERE PARTIALLY STIFFENED STEEL PLATE 6NS &Y TW,CF n
SHEAR WALLS ARE USED
!LTHOUGH THE CONCRETE ELEMENTS OF THE # 307 ARE NOT
4O ADDRESS THESE ISSUES ESTIMATES OF COLUMN FORCES IN STIFF
CONSIDERED IN THE CALCULATION OF THE WALL SHEAR STRENGTH THEY
ENED STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS SHOULD BE BASED ON UPPER BOUND
NEVERTHELESS CONTRIBUTE BOTH IN PLANE STRENGTH AND IN PLANE
WEB PLATE STRENGTHS RATHER THAN THE CONSERVATIVE DESIGN
STIFFNESS TO THE WALL &OR PURPOSES OF DESIGN TO RESIST DRIFT IT
VALUES IN #HAPTER ' OF !)3# 4HE WEB SHEAR STRENGTH
IS GENERALLY ACCEPTABLE TO IGNORE THE INCREASED STIFFNESS DUE
SHOULD BE TAKEN AS THE FULL EXPECTED SHEAR YIELD STRESS 4HE
TO THE PRESENCE OF THE CONCRETE IN DETERMINING SEISMIC LOADS
RESULTING STRESS CAUSING AXIAL FORCE IN THE COLUMN IS
FROM A RESPONSE SPECTRUM AS LONG AS THE SEISMIC RESPONSE
S 2Y &Y n DRIFT IS CALCULATED USING THE SAME STIFFNESS USED IN DETER
MINING THE SEISMIC LOADS
! SIMILAR LIBERAL ESTIMATE SHOULD BE MADE OF THE TRANS
!S THE CONCRETE ELEMENTS ARE NOT DESIGNED FOR THEIR CON
VERSE SEISMIC LOAD EFFECT ON THE COLUMNS IN ORDER TO ENSURE
TRIBUTION TO THE WALL SHEAR STRENGTH THEIR PRIMARY STRUCTURAL
THAT THE RESULTING DESIGN IS CONSERVATIVE 4HE SAME RANGE OF
DESIGN CRITERION IS PROVIDING SUFlCIENT STIFFENING FOR THE STEEL
ANGLE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING THE TRANSVERSE STRESSES ACT
PLATE TO PRECLUDE SHEAR BUCKLING !)3# REQUIRES AN ELAS
ING ON BEAMS SHOULD BE APPLIED TO COLUMNS
TIC PLATE BUCKLING ANALYSIS TO DEMONSTRATE SUFlCIENT STIFFEN
S b 2Y &Y #V SIN A n ING 4HIS CAN BE DONE USING A TRANSFORMED SECTION THAT IN
CLUDES THE mEXURAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONCRETE AND USING THE
S b 2Y &Y #V SIN G n REQUIRED TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS FROM %QUATION n ADAPTING
FOR THE LOWER MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF CONCRETE )N ADDITION
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

!)3# GIVES PRESCRIPTIVE MINIMUM CONCRETE THICKNESSES STRENGTH IN 3ECTION CAN BE NEGLECTED FOR PURPOSES OF
IN ON EACH SIDE WHERE THE CONCRETE OCCURS ON BOTH SIDES OF ESTABLISHING THE UPPER BOUND WALL STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT
THE WEB PLATE AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND IN WHERE THE LEVELS HIGH ENOUGH TO EXCEED THIS LIMIT WOULD BE UNUSUAL IN
CONCRETE OCCURS ON ONE SIDE ONLY OF THE WEB PLATE AS SHOWN CONCRETE ELEMENTS DESIGNED ONLY TO PROVIDE STIFFENING .OTE
IN &IGURE n THAT THIS CONCRETE STRENGTH IS COMPLETELY NEGLECTED FOR PUR
!)3# ALSO CONTAINS MINIMUM CONCRETE REINFORCEMENT POSES OF CALCULATING THE REQUIRED STEEL WEB PLATE STRENGTH
REQUIREMENTS #ONCRETE ELEMENTS MUST COMPLY WITH !#) )T HAS BEEN PROPOSED THAT LEAVING A SMALL GAP AROUND THE
3ECTION WHICH GIVES CERTAIN MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT CONCRETE ELEMENTS CAN PROVIDE MORE RELIABLE SEISMIC PERFOR
REQUIREMENTS FOR CONCRETE WALLS MUST HAVE A REINFORCEMENT MANCE !STANEH !SL 3UCH A GAP WILL ENSURE THAT THE
RATIO IN EACH DIRECTION OF AT LEAST AND MUST HAVE A CONCRETE ELEMENTS ARE NOT ACTIVE UNTIL A DETERMINED LEVEL OF
MAXIMUM SPACING OF REINFORCEMENT OF IN STORY SHEAR DEFORMATION 5PON FURTHER DEFORMATION THE STO
)N ORDER FOR THE CONCRETE ELEMENTS TO PROVIDE THE REQUIRED RY SHEAR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS WOULD INCREASE &IGURE n
STIFFENING OF THE STEEL WEB PLATE SIGNIlCANT INTERCONNECTION SHOWS A DETAIL OF A # 307 WITH SUCH A GAP ADAPTED FROM
IS NECESSARY 4HIS CAN BE ACCOMPLISHED BY HEADED OR HOOKED !STANEH !SL )N SUCH A DESIGN DETAILING THAT ENSURES
STUDS FOR CAST IN PLACE CONCRETE ELEMENTS USING PROVISIONS THE CONCRETE IS NOT COMPOSITE WITH THE STEEL IS REQUIRED IN
FOR THESE IN !)3# OR BOLTS FOR PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS
&IGURE n SHOWS THESE TYPES OF CONNECTORS
!S IS THE CASE FOR OTHER TYPES OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IN # 307 MUST BE DESIGNED CONSIDERING
THE UPPER BOUND OF THE WEB SHEAR STRENGTH &OR THE STEEL WEB
PLATE THE UPPER BOUND STRENGTH IS THE SAME AS FOR STIFFENED
STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS
6NS 2Y &Y TW,CF n
)N BOTH CASES THE STRENGTH IS THE FULL SHEAR STRENGTH CALCU
LATED USING THE EXPECTED YIELD STRESS 4HIS SHEAR VALUE MUST
BE USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE CONNECTION OF THE WEB PLATE TO
THE ADJOINING BEAMS AND COLUMNS
(OWEVER THIS VALUE BY ITSELF WILL LEAD TO UNDERESTIMATION
OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT FORCES DUE TO THE OMISSION OF ANY CON
CRETE CONTRIBUTION &OR PURPOSES OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT DESIGN
THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE CONCRETE IS REQUIRED TO BE ESTIMATED
AT THE DESIGN STORY DRIFT &OR TYPICAL CONDITIONS WHERE THE
CONCRETE ENCASES STEEL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS OR IS CAST DIRECTLY
AGAINST THEM THE FULL CONCRETE STRENGTH AS DElNED BY !#)
#HAPTER IS APPROPRIATE 4HE LIMITATION OF USABLE WALL
&IG n 4YPES OF CONNECTORS OF CONCRETE

TO STEEL WEB PLATE IN # 307
&IG n # 307 WITH CONCRETE ON BOTH SIDES OF THE WEB PLATE
&IG n $ETAIL OF A # 307 WITH A GAP BETWEEN THE CONCRETE

&IG n # 307 WITH CONCRETE ON ONE SIDE OF THE WEB PLATE ELEMENTS AND THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

ORDER TO AVOID LIMITING THE INELASTIC STRAIN TO THE GAP REGION TENSION IN THESE DIAGONALS RESULTS IN THE AXIAL AND mEXURAL
OF THE PLATE FORCES AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
)N ADDITION TO THE IN PLANE DESIGN OF # 307 THE HIGH &IGURE n SHOWS A TYPICAL TENSION STRIP MODEL 4HE
WEIGHT OF # 307 NECESSITATES THAT OUT OF PLANE SEISMIC INTERSECTION OF THE TENSION STRIPS FROM THE PANELS ABOVE
FORCES BE CONSIDERED &OR SUCH LOADING THE mEXURAL STRENGTH AND BELOW THE BEAM DO NOT NECESSARILY COINCIDE AND THUS
OF THE CONCRETE MAY BE UTILIZED )F A GAP IS PROVIDED THE mEX THE BEAM MUST BE DIVIDED INTO MANY SEGMENTS IF THE EXACT
URAL AND SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE UNSTIFFENED WEB PLATE MAY BE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS TO BE MODELED AT EACH LEVEL &OR A
CRITICAL SIMPLIFYING METHOD OF ANALYSIS BASED ON AVERAGING OF ANGLES
OF TENSION STRESS OVER THE HEIGHT OF THE WALL SEE #HAPTER
!.!,93)3 4HE LENGTH OF THE BEAM SEGMENTS REQUIRED FOR N STRIPS
CONSIDERING ONLY A SINGLE WEB PLATE IS
4HIS SECTION ADDRESSES THE ANALYSIS OF 3037 FOR LATERAL LOAD
ING INCLUDING BOTH GENERAL 2 AND HIGH SEISMIC 2 $X N ;, H TANA = n
USE OF THE SYSTEM
WHERE
4HE PURPOSE OF MODELING THE SYSTEM IS TWOFOLD &IRST THE
MODEL SERVES TO DETERMINE FORCES IN THE ELEMENTS OF THE SYS $X THE LENGTH OF BEAM SEGMENT BETWEEN NODES
TEM IN ORDER TO PERMIT THEIR DESIGN &LEXURAL AND AXIAL FORCES
IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AS WELL AS TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE , WIDTH OF PANEL
MUST BE KNOWN IN ORDER TO SIZE THOSE ELEMENTS
&OR SEISMIC DESIGN THE FORCES IN ("% AND 6"% MUST BE H HEIGHT OF PANEL
DETERMINED FOR THE CONDITION WITH THE WEB PLATE FULLY YIELD
N NUMBER OF STRIPS
ED IN TENSION 4HIS IS TYPICALLY DONE USING CAPACITY DESIGN
PROCEDURES DISCUSSED LATER IN THIS CHAPTER .EVERTHELESS ALL 4HE LOCATION OF THE NODES ON THE COLUMNS MUST BE CALCU
ELEMENTS MUST HAVE SUFlCIENT AVAILABLE STRENGTH TO RESIST THE LATED FROM THE RESULTING LOCATIONS OF NODES ON THE BEAMS
FORCES DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS REGARDLESS OF OTHER CALCULA 4HE AREA OF THE EQUIVALENT STRIP IS GIVEN BY
TIONS PERFORMED
4HE SECOND PURPOSE OF ANALYZING THE 3037 IS TO ESTIMATE < / FRV A K VLQ A >WZ
$V n
THE LATERAL DISPLACEMENT OF THE FRAME %XCESSIVE DRIFT MAY Q
CONSTITUTE UNACCEPTABLE PERFORMANCE AND FRAME STIFFNESS
MAY BE THE GOVERNING DESIGN CRITERION IN SOME CASES WHERE
! VARIETY OF MODELING TECHNIQUES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED !S AREA OF A STRIP
4HIS $ESIGN 'UIDE IS LIMITED TO THE TWO APPROACHES THAT
ARE MOST SUITABLE FOR USE BY PRACTICING STRUCTURAL ENGINEERS "ECAUSE OF THE DEPENDENCE OF STRIP MODELS ON THE ANGLE A
4HESE INCLUDE STRIP MODELS IN WHICH THE WEB PLATE IS RE THEY ARE PRONE TO SOMEWHAT TEDIOUS ALTERATION OF THE MODEL
PLACED BY A SERIES OF DIAGONAL TENSION MEMBERS AND ORTHO
TROPIC MEMBRANE MODELS WHICH UTILIZE NONISOTROPIC MEM
BRANE ELEMENTS TO MODEL THE DIFFERING COMPRESSION AND
TENSION RESISTANCE OF THE WEB PLATE
/RTHOTROPIC MEMBRANE MODELING IS USED IN THE DESIGN EX
AMPLES 4HIS METHOD IS RECOMMENDED FOR TYPICAL APPLICA
TIONS WHEN SOFTWARE WITH THIS CAPABILITY IS AVAILABLE
3TRIP -ODELS

!NOTHER MODELING TECHNIQUE USED FOR ANALYZING 3037 IS THE
USE OF A SERIES OF PARALLEL DIAGONAL TENSION ONLY MEMBERS
!S IS DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER THE TENSION STRIP METHOD SHOWS
REASONABLE CONFORMANCE TO TESTED 3037 ASSEMBLIES
4HIS METHOD IS INCLUDED IN THE #ANADIAN DESIGN PROVI
SIONS FOR 3037 #3! 4HE METHOD IS ALSO OUTLINED IN
THE #OMMENTARY TO !)3# 4HE #3! PROVISIONS REQUIRE
THAT A MINIMUM OF STRIPS BE USED TO MODEL THE WEB PLATE
IN ORDER TO APPROXIMATE THE EFFECTS OF A DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON
THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS OF THE FRAME 5NDER LATERAL LOADS THE &IG n ! TYPICAL TENSION STRIP MODEL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

DURING DESIGN ITERATIONS -ODIlCATION OF THE 6"% SECTION RECOMMENDED AT LEAST FOUR DIVISIONS IN EACH DIRECTION
COULD LEAD TO A CHANGE IN THE ANGLE A WHICH WOULD REQUIRE MAKING ELEMENTS PER PANEL &IGURE n SHOWS AN OR
MODIlCATION OF THE STRIP ELEMENT PROPERTIES AND THE NODE LO THOTROPIC MEMBRANE MODEL OF A 3037 IN WHICH EACH PANEL
CATIONS IN THE 6"% IN THE MODEL #HAPTER GIVES A METHOD HAS BEEN SUBDIVIDED INTO lVE EQUAL SPACES IN EACH DIRECTION
OF SIMPLIFYING THE STRIP MODEL METHOD BY AVERAGING THE AND THE ELEMENT LOCAL AXES HAVE BEEN ROTATED TO ALIGN WITH
ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS OVER THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING 4HIS THE CALCULATED ANGLE OF STRESS
IS TYPICALLY ACCURATE WHEN THE SAME BAY WIDTH IS USED AND 4HIS METHOD ALSO HAS ADVANTAGES OVER THE CONVENTIONAL
STORY HEIGHTS ARE SIMILAR 4HE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THAT THIS STRIP MODELING METHOD $ESIGN ITERATIONS REQUIRE ONLY RECAL
APPROACH BE USED WHEREVER THE CALCULATED ANGLE OF TENSION CULATION OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A AND REORIENTATION
STRESS IS WITHIN OF THE AVERAGE ANGLE 7HERE THE ANGLE AT A OF THE MEMBRANE ELEMENT LOCAL AXESA SIMPLE PROCEDURE IN
STORY DEVIATES BY MORE THAN THIS FROM THE AVERAGE THE DIFFER SEVERAL STRUCTURAL MODELING PROGRAMS WITH ORTHOTROPIC MEM
ENCE IN ANGLES MAY HAVE A SIGNIlCANT EFFECT BRANE ELEMENTS
/RTHOTROPIC -EMBRANE -ODEL .ONLINEAR !NALYSIS

-EMBRANE ELEMENTS CAN ALSO BE USED TO MODEL THE BEHAVIOR .ONLINEAR ANALYSIS CAN BE VERY ADVANTAGEOUS IN THE DESIGN OF
OF WEB PLATES 3037 .ONLINEAR TRUSS ELEMENTS CAN BE USED IN A STRIP MODEL
)N ORDER TO PROPERLY MODEL THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TENSION TO CAPTURE THE EFFECTS OF UNIFORM WEB TENSION YIELDING ON
AND COMPRESSION RESISTANCE OF THESE SLENDER ELEMENTS ORTHO ("% AND 6"% .ONLINEAR MEMBRANE ELEMENTS CAN BE USED
TROPIC ELEMENTS ARE REQUIRED "ECAUSE THE TENSION IS ORIENTED SIMILARLY BUT THESE ARE NOT AVAILABLE IN THE MOST WIDELY USED
IN A DIAGONAL DIRECTION THE LOCAL AXES OF THE MEMBRANE ELE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS PROGRAMS 4HE SAME METHODS OF PREVENT
MENT MUST BE SET TO MATCH THE CALCULATED ANGLE OF TENSION ING DIAGONAL AND VERTICAL COMPRESSION DESCRIBED FOR LINEAR
STRESS A 4HE MATERIAL PROPERTIES IN THE AXIS ALIGNED WITH A MEMBRANE ELEMENTS ARE APPLICABLE TO NONLINEAR ONES
ARE THE TRUE MATERIAL PROPERTIES 4HE STIFFNESS IN THE ORTHOGO )F NONLINEAR MODELING IS USED ("% AND 6"% CAN BE
NAL DIRECTION SHOULD BE ASSUMED AS ZERO OR A NEGLIGIBLE VAL CHECKED AGAINST UNFAVORABLE MODES OF INELASTIC BEHAVIOR
UE IN ORDER THAT THE STRESSES CALCULATED IN THE COMPRESSION SUCH AS BUCKLING BY IMPOSING DISPLACEMENTS ON THE FRAME
DIAGONAL ARE ESSENTIALLY ZERO 4HESE DISPLACEMENTS MAY BE THOSE THAT CAUSE FULL YIELDING OF
)N ADDITION IT IS ADVISABLE THAT THE IN PLANE SHEAR STIFF THE WEB PLATE IN TENSION OR THEY MAY BE DETERMINED BY OTHER
NESS OF THE MEMBRANE ELEMENTS BE ASSUMED AS ZERO OR A MEANS &%-! &%-! B PROVIDES INFORMATION ON
NEGLIGIBLE VALUE /THERWISE IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE ANALYSIS ESTIMATING DISPLACEMENT
WILL ASSIGN A PORTION OF THE OVERTURNING MOMENT TO VERTICAL 4HIS TYPE OF PUSHOVER ANALYSIS IS THE BEST MEANS OF DETER
STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE WHICH IN REALITY CANNOT PARTICIPATE MINING REALISTIC DESIGN FORCES FOR BOUNDARY ELEMENTS 4HE
IN RESISTING THESE FORCES TO ANY GREAT DEGREE 4HAT IS A SMALL mEXURAL AND AXIAL FORCES CALCULATED IN THIS WAY ARE OFTEN SUB
PORTION ADJACENT TO THE COLUMN CAN BE CONSIDERED SUFlCIENTLY STANTIALLY LESS THAN THOSE CALCULATED USING CAPACITY DESIGN
STIFFENED BUT ELSEWHERE BUCKLING OF THE WEB PLATE WILL OC
CUR AT VERY LOW LEVELS OF COMPRESSIVE STRESS 4HIS MODELING
INACCURACY WILL REDUCE THE DEMANDS ON THE COLUMNS SLIGHTLY
AND INCREASE THE WALL mEXURAL STIFFNESS TO A SMALL DEGREE &OR
HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN COLUMN DEMANDS ARE CALCULATED USING
CAPACITY DESIGN METHODS SO THE EFFECT ON COLUMN REQUIRED
STRENGTH IS IRRELEVANT &OR MULTI STORY WALLS IN WHICH THE WALL
mEXIBILITY DUE TO COLUMN AXIAL mEXIBILITY IS COMPARABLE TO
THE SHEAR mEXIBILITY THE ARTIlCIALLY ELEVATED mEXURAL STIFFNESS
MAY BE OF MINOR CONCERN
)N THE DESIGN EXAMPLES IN THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE THE CONTRIBU
TION OF THE WEB PLATE WITH SHEAR STIFFNESS INCLUDED REDUCED
THE mEXURAL COMPONENT OF THE WALL mEXIBILITY LESS THAN PER
CENT AND THE EFFECT ON THE OVERALL mEXIBILITY WAS SUBSTAN
TIALLY LESS &OR mANGED WALLS ORTHOGONAL WEB PLATES SHARING
A COMMON 6"% THIS EFFECT MAY BE SUBSTANTIAL
4HE MEMBRANE ELEMENT MODEL IS IN ESSENCE A TENSION
STRIP MODEL AND PURE TENSION IS CALCULATED IN THE WEB PLATE
4HE MESHING OF THE MEMBRANE SHOULD BE SUFlCIENT TO CAP
TURE mEXURAL FORCES IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS !STANEH !SL &IG n !N ORTHOTROPIC MEMBRANE MODEL OF A 3037
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

'%.%2!, $%3)'. 2%15)2%-%.43 &OR !3$
4HIS SECTION ADDRESSES THE BASIC DESIGN OF 307 FOR STRENGTH 79D
WZ r
!S SUCH IT APPLIES TO THE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN 2 OF )\ /FI VLQ A
3037 AS WELL AS LOW SEISMIC DESIGN 2 0ROPORTIONING
AND DETAILING REQUIREMENTS NECESSARY FOR SYSTEM DUCTILITY IN WHERE
THE SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 ARE ADDRESSED IN THE NEXT SEC 6A THE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH !3$
TION !S !)3# DOES NOT ADDRESS 3037 SOME GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS OF THE SYSTEM FROM !)3# ARE ALSO USED IN 7 THE SAFETY FACTOR GIVEN IN !)3#
LOW SEISMIC DESIGN
7EB PLATES THINNER THAN IN TYPICALLY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL
CARE AND EFFORT ON THE PARTS OF FABRICATORS AND ERECTORS IN
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN
SOME APPLICATIONS (OWEVER THE ADVANTAGES OF USING THIN
"EFORE ANY ANALYSIS CAN BE CONDUCTED PRELIMINARY SIZES OF NER MATERIAL IN 3037 USUALLY JUSTIFY THE ADDITIONAL EFFORT OF
WEB PLATES 6"% AND ("% MUST BE SELECTED 4HIS CAN BE FABRICATING AND HANDLING THE THINNER WEB PLATES
DONE BY MAKING ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES /NCE WEB PLATES ARE SELECTED PRELIMINARY SELECTION OF
IN THE MEMBERS !LTERNATIVELY AN EQUIVALENT BRACED FRAME 6"% CAN BE MADE BASED ON THE STIFFNESS REQUIREMENT GIVEN
CAN BE USED AS DESCRIBED AT THE END OF THIS SECTION IN !)3# 3ECTION G %QUATION n
&OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN THE WEB PLATES CAN BE ASSUMED
TO RESIST THE ENTIRE SHEAR IN THE FRAME 4HE ANGLE OF TENSION WZ K
, F r n
STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE MUST BE ASSUMED FOR PRELIMINARY DE /
SIGN BECAUSE IT IS DEPENDENT ON THE SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE
("% AND 6"% AS WELL AS ON THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS AND &OR LOW SEISMIC DESIGN THE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA
THE FRAME DIMENSIONS 4YPICAL DESIGNS SHOW THAT THE ANGLE MAY BE THE GOVERNING CRITERION IN THE SELECTION OF THE 6"%
OF TENSION STRESS RANGES FROM TO &OR PRELIMINARY DE 7HERE THIS CRITERION IS DIFlCULT TO SATISFY THE INTRODUCTION
SIGN THE REQUIRED WEB PLATE THICKNESS IS CALCULATED BASED ON OF AN INTERMEDIATE STRUT BETWEEN STORIES MAY BE CONSIDERED
AN ASSUMED ANGLE A IT IS CONVENIENT TO ASSUME AN ANGLE OF IN ORDER TO PROVIDE WEB PLATES WITH THE NECESSARY 6"% STIFF
THOUGH IS USED AS THE ASSUMPTION IN EXAMPLES IN THIS NESS 3UCH AN INTERMEDIATE STRUT MUST HAVE SUFlCIENT OUT
DESIGN GUIDE OF PLANE STIFFNESS TO PRECLUDE ITS PARTICIPATION IN WEB PLATE
7ITH THIS ASSUMPTION THE NOMINAL STRENGTH OF WEB PLATES BUCKLING 4HAT IS IT MUST BE RIGID ENOUGH TO FORCE THE WEB
CAN BE CALCULATED USING !)3# %QUATION n %QUATION PLATE TO FORM A BUCKLING NODE IMMEDIATELY ADJACENT TO THE
n STRUT 4HUS THE OUT OF PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA MUST MEET
THAT REQUIRED BY %QUATION n "ECAUSE THIS CONlGURATION
9Q )\ WZ /FI VLQ A n HAS NOT BEEN THE FOCUS OF TESTING IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT
DESIGNS BE WELL ABOVE THIS THEORETICAL MINIMUM &OR TYPI
4HE NOMINAL STRENGTH PREDICTED BY THIS EQUATION IS SOME CAL SECTIONS SELECTED TO RESIST OUT OF PLANE BUCKLING THIS RE
WHAT LOWER THAN THE THEORETICAL STRENGTH CORRESPONDING TO QUIREMENT MAY BE EASILY MET
UNIFORM TENSION YIELDING AT THE DETERMINED ANGLE A 4HIS 4HE ANGLE A SHOULD BE CALCULATED BASED ON THE PROPORTIONS
REmECTS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN lRST SIGNIlCANT YIELD AND FULL OF THE INDIVIDUAL WEB PLATES ABOVE AND BELOW THE INTERMEDI
YIELD OF THE WEB PLATE DUE TO UNEVEN ELASTIC DISTRIBUTION OF ATE STRUT &IGURE n SHOWS A 3037 WITH SUCH AN INTER
STRESS "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU A
4HE EQUATION CAN THEN BE REARRANGED TO DETERMINE THE RE
QUIRED WEB PLATE THICKNESS
9X
WZ r
F )\ /FI VLQ A
&OR ,2&$
WHERE
6U THE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH ,2&$
F THE RESISTANCE FACTOR GIVEN IN !)3#

&IG n 3037 WITH AN INTERMEDIATE HORIZONTAL STRUT
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

MEDIATE STRUT !LSO THE PROPORTIONS OF THE PANEL ABOVE AND
9 L 9 L
BELOW THE STRUT SHOULD COMPLY WITH THE LIMITATIONS DISCUSSED ZU n
BELOW /FI
)T IS NOT RECOMMENDED THAT SUCH INTERMEDIATE STRUTS BE RIG #URRENT DESIGN REQUIREMENTS IMPLY THAT THE DESIGN OF THE
IDLY CONNECTED TO THE 6"% AS THE FORMATION OF A PLASTIC HINGE ("% FOR THIS UNBALANCED LOADING IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE
WITHOUT LATERAL SUPPORT AND IN CONJUNCTION WITH MODERATE OR PRESENCE OF ANOTHER WEB PLATE WILL INDIRECTLY CONFER THEM AN
HIGH AXIAL FORCE MAY NOT BE STABLE )NSTEAD A CONNECTION ADEQUATE STIFFNESS TO ACHIEVE THE INTENDED BEHAVIOR THAT IS
WITH SOME ROTATIONAL mEXIBILITY SHOULD BE CONSIDERED THAT THE EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS OF THE ("% ABOVE THE WEB PLATE
3037 ARE LIMITED TO FRAMES WITH AN ASPECT RATIO OF LENGTH WILL BE SUFlCIENT TO PERMIT FULL YIELDING OF THE PLATE DUE THIS
TO HEIGHT BETWEEN AND AS DISCUSSED IN THE COMMEN DESIGN LOADING AND THE WEB PLATE ABOVE IF PRESENT (OWEVER
TARY TO 3ECTION B OF !)3# 7EB PLATES WITH LOWER THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PLATE YIELDING AT THE DESIRED RESPONSE
ASPECT RATIOS HAVE BEEN FOUND TO HAVE BEHAVIOR SIGNIlCANTLY LEVEL MAY NOT BE ASSURED AND SHOULD BE VERIlED AS PART OF THE
DIFFERENT FROM THAT PREDICTED ANALYTICALLY 2EZAI 4HE DESIGN PROCESS 4OWARD THAT END IT IS RECOMMENDED TO PRO
ASPECT RATIOS OF SUCH WEB PLATES CAN BE INCREASED BY THE IN VIDE ("% MEETING A MINIMUM STIFFNESS REQUIREMENT SIMILAR
TRODUCTION OF INTERMEDIATE STRUTS AS DISCUSSED ABOVE TO THAT FOR 6"%
7EB PLATES WITH HIGHER ASPECT RATIOS HAVE NOT BEEN STUDIED
THOROUGHLY AND THE APPLICABILITY OF DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS $WZ /
DEVELOPED FOR MORE TYPICAL PROPORTIONS TO SUCH WEB PLATES IS , +%( r n
K
NOT CLEAR /F PARTICULAR CONCERN IS THE EFFECT OF THE mEXIBILITY
OF LONG ("% SEE !)3# WHERE
&OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF ("% THE FORCES IMPOSED BY THE
WEB PLATE CAN BE DERIVED FROM THE SAME ANGLE A AS WAS AS $TW THE DIFFERENCE IN WEB PLATE THICKNESS ABOVE AND
SUMED FOR THE SELECTION OF THE WEB PLATE 4HE FORCES IMPOSED BELOW THE ("%
BY THE WEB PLATES ABOVE AND BELOW THE BEAM ARE PROPORTIONAL 3ELECTION OF ("% SECTIONS TO RESIST THE LOADING FROM %QUA
TO THE WEB PLATE STRESS AND THICKNESS )N LOW SEISMIC DESIGN TION n IN CONJUNCTION WITH GRAVITY LOADS AND TO MEET THE
THE STRESS IN EACH WEB PLATE CAN BE ASSUMED PROPORTIONAL TO STIFFNESS REQUIREMENT ABOVE %QUATION n IS SUFlCIENT
THE APPLIED LOAD AND THE RESULTING VERTICAL LOADING ON THE FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN (OWEVER THIS CRITERION IS FAIRLY STRIN
BEAM CAN BE DERIVED FROM THE TRIGONOMETRIC RELATIONSHIPS GENT AS RESEARCH IS NEEDED TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF ("%
SHOWN IN &IGURE n 4HE LOAD ON THE ("% DUE TO LATERAL AND 6"% mEXIBILITY ON REQUIRED STIFFNESS !S AN ALTERNATIVE
LOADING OF THE FRAME IS THE DIFFERENCE IN THE EFFECTS CAUSED BY DESIGNERS MAY USE NONLINEAR ANALYSIS TO DEMONSTRATE THAT THE
THE TENSION IN THE WEB PLATES ABOVE AND BELOW THE ("% REQUIRED WEB PLATE STRENGTH CAN BE ACHIEVED WITHIN THE DE
SIGN STORY DRIFT WITH MORE mEXIBLE MEMBERS
¨ 9 · ¨ 9 · 'RAVITY LOADING ON ("% MAY TEND TO CAUSE VERTICAL TENSION
ZU ©© ¸ ©
¸ © / WDQ A ¸
¸
n IN THE WEB PLATE IF IT IS NOT EQUAL FROM mOOR TO mOOR (OWEVER
/
©ª FI WDQ A
¹¸ L ©ª FI ¹¸ L THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE IS NOT SIGNIlCANTLY RE
DUCED AS LONG AS THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS NOT CHANGED BY
WHERE MORE THAN A FEW DEGREES 7HILE THE EFFECT OF SUCH FORCES ON
WR THE REQUIRED STRENGTH WU ,2&$ OR WA !3$ THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS HAS NOT BEEN STUDIED THOROUGHLY
AS A DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON THE BEAM DUE TO WEB IT IS EXPECTED THAT ("% MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF %QUA
PLATE TENSION TION n WILL PERFORM AS EXPECTED NEGLECTING THIS EFFECT FOR
TYPICAL CONDITIONS
6 THE REQUIRED STRENGTH 6U ,2&$ OR 6A !3$ AS &OR LONG SPANS TRANSVERSE LOADING DUE TO WEB PLATE TEN
APPROPRIATE SION MAY BE DIFlCULT TO RESIST AT THE TOP AND BOTTOM ("%
WHERE ONLY ONE WEB PLATE CONNECTS SO THERE IS NO COUNTER
; =I THE EFFECT DUE TO THE WEB PLATE AT LEVEL I BALANCING DISTRIBUTED LOAD 4HE LOADING AT THE BOTTOM ("%
IS TYPICALLY MORE SEVERE AS THE WEB PLATE IS OFTEN THICKER
; =I THE EFFECT DUE TO THE WEB PLATE AT LEVEL I THERE PARTICULARLY FOR TALLER 3037 7HERE PIERS OR PILES
ARE USED IN THE FOUNDATION SYSTEM ONE OR TWO OF THESE MAY
4HIS IS A SEISMIC LOAD EFFECT AND IS COMBINED WITH OTHER LOADS BE LOCATED BETWEEN COLUMNS TO REDUCE THE REQUIRED mEXURAL
ACCORDING TO THE APPROPRIATE LOAD COMBINATIONS !3$ OR STRENGTH OF THE BOTTOM ("%
,2&$ !NOTHER ALTERNATIVE THAT REDUCES THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF
)F THE VALUE OF A IS ASSUMED TO BE AT ALL LEVELS IN PRE NOT ONLY THE BOTTOM BUT ALL ("% IS A SERIES OF VERTICAL STRUTS
LIMINARY DESIGN AND ,CF IS TYPICALLY THE SAME THE LOAD ON THE AT MID SPAN AT EVERY LEVEL OF THE 3037 4HESE STRUTS PERMIT
("% DUE TO LATERAL LOADING OF THE FRAME CAN BE SIMPLIlED TO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

THE TOP ("% TO BE SUPPORTED AT MID SPAN AND ITS REACTION AT LOADING WR DElNED ABOVE 4HE SAME FRACTION OF THE BAY
THIS LOCATION COMBINES WITH THE REACTIONS OF ALL THE ("% AT LENGTH SHOULD BE USED AT EACH LEVEL TO CALCULATE THIS REACTION
INTERMEDIATE LEVELS ACCUMULATING IN THE SERIES OF STRUTS UNTIL )N THIS WAY THE FORCE REQUIRED AT THE TOP OF THE WALL TO RESIST
THE BOTTOM LEVEL WHERE THE ACCUMULATED FORCE OFFSETS THE THE DOWNWARD PULL OF THE TOP WEB PLATE PLUS THE DOWNWARD
UPWARD MID SPAN REACTION FROM THE BOTTOM ("% &IGURE n FORCES AT EACH INTERMEDIATE LEVEL BASED ON THE DIFFERENTIAL
SHOWS A 3037 WITH SUCH A SERIES OF STRUTS 3IMILAR TO THE WEB PLATE TENSION ABOVE AND BELOW THE BEAM WILL EQUAL THE
INTERMEDIATE STRUT DISCUSSED ABOVE THE OUT OF PLANE MOMENT UPWARD FORCE REQUIRED TO RESIST THE PULL OF THE BOTTOM WEB
OF INERTIA OF THESE INTERMEDIATE VERTICAL STRUTS MUST MEET THAT PLATE !SSUMING lXED lXED ("% THE RESULTING EQUATION FOR
REQUIRED BY %QUATION n IN ORDER TO FORCE THE INDIVIDUAL THE REQUIRED AXIAL STRENGTH OF THE STRUT IS
WEB PLATE PANELS ON EITHER SIDE TO BUCKLE INDEPENDENTLY !S Q
WITH THE HORIZONTAL STRUTS IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT DESIGNS BE
3 L ¤ ZU L /FI n
WELL ABOVE THE THEORETICAL MINIMUM OF %QUATION n 4HE L
ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A MAY BE CALCULATED BASED ON THE
GEOMETRY OF THE OVERALL PANEL FROM 6"% TO 6"% AS THE mEX 4HIS EQUATION COMBINED WITH %QUATION n RESULTS IN
IBILITY OF THE ("% IS NOT CONSIDERED IN %QUATION n 4HE THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSION
PANEL ASPECT RATIO SHOULD BE CALCULATED BASED ON THE PROPOR
TIONS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE VERTICAL STRUT 9L
3L n
7HERE THESE STRUTS ARE NOT CONTINUOUS FROM ROOF BEAM TO WDQ A
ANCHOR BEAM THEY ARE EFFECTIVE IN SHARING THE UNBALANCED
LOAD ON THE BEAMS THAT THEY CONNECT 3UCH AN APPROACH MAY 4HIS IS A SEISMIC LOAD EFFECT AND IS COMBINED WITH OTHER
BE USEFUL IN PROVIDING MORE UNIFORM BEAM SIZES IN THE 3037 LOADS ACCORDING TO THE APPROPRIATE LOAD COMBINATIONS !3$
FRAME OR ,2&$
4HESE VERTICAL STRUTS SHOULD BE DESIGNED FOR AXIAL FORCES 4HE USE OF THESE VERTICAL STRUTS IS ESPECIALLY CONVENIENT
CORRESPONDING TO THE ("% REACTIONS BASED ON THE TRANSVERSE FOR WIDE BAYS WHERE THE BEAM SPAN MAY OTHERWISE PRECLUDE
THE ECONOMICAL USE OF 3037 BY NECESSITATING A VERY STRONG
("% WHICH IN TURN NECESSITATES A STRONGER 6"% IF STRONG
COLUMNWEAK BEAM PROPORTIONING IS TO BE MAINTAINED AS
IS REQUIRED IN HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN 4HE ADDITIONAL COST OF
THESE STRUTS SHOULD BE WEIGHED AGAINST THE BEAM AND COLUMN
COSTS
! SIMPLIlED PRELIMINARY DESIGN METHOD HAS BEEN PROPOSED
BY 4HORBURN ET AL 4HIS METHOD INVOLVES DESIGNING A
TENSION BRACE TO RESIST THE FRAME STORY SHEAR AND CONVERTING
THAT BRACE DESIGN INTO AN EQUIVALENT WEB PLATE DESIGN 4HE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS AND THE TENSION
BRACE AREA VARIES WITH THE STIFFNESS OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
4HIS METHOD IS DETAILED IN #HAPTER
&INAL $ESIGN

/NCE THE PRELIMINARY SELECTIONS OF WEB PLATES AND BOUNDARY
ELEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE THE MODEL OF THE FRAME CAN BE
CONSTRUCTED -EMBER DESIGN FORCES CAN THEN BE OBTAINED FOR
THE SPECIlED LATERAL LOADS )F OPTIMIZATION OF THE STRUCTURE IS
DESIRED SOME ITERATION MAY BE REQUIRED AS CHANGES IN WEB
PLATE THICKNESS CAN HAVE A SIGNIlCANT IMPACT ON THE REQUIRED
STIFFNESS AND STRENGTH OF THE 6"% AND ("%
&OR LOW SEISMIC DESIGN THE DESIGNER HAS TWO CHOICES
FORCES FROM THE MODEL CAN BE USED DIRECTLY FOR SIZING WEB
PLATES ("% AND 6"% OR DESIGN OF THOSE ELEMENTS CAN BE
DONE ASSUMING A UNIFORM DISTRIBUTION OF THE AVERAGE STRESS
IN THE WEB PLATE
)F THE FORMER APPROACH IS USED IT IS IMPORTANT THAT THE WEB
&IG n 3037 WITH AN INTERMEDIATE VERTICAL STRUT PLATE IS OF SUFlCIENT THICKNESS SO THAT LOCAL YIELDING IS NOT
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE THE WEB PLATE STRENGTH )F THE WEB PLATE )N CALCULATING THE lLLET WELD STRENGTH PER UNIT LENGTH THE
MUST RELY ON INELASTIC DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS TO RESIST THE DE WELD SIZE W TIMES SHOULD BE SUBSTITUTED FOR THE WELD
SIGN SHEAR ELASTIC METHODS OF COMPUTING THE BENDING STRESS AREA !W 4HE RESULTING EXPRESSION OF lLLET WELD NOMINAL
ES IN BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE NOT VALID STRENGTH PER UNIT LENGTH IS
4HE DESIGN OF CONNECTIONS OF THE WEB PLATE TO THE BOUND
ARY ELEMENTS IS BASED ON THE STRESSES IN THE PLATE 4HESE FORC
UQ )(;; >VLQ Q @ Z n
ES CANNOT EXCEED THE EXPECTED YIELD STRENGTH OF THE PLATE IF
THIS STRESS IS ASSUMED AS IS REQUIRED FOR SEISMIC DESIGN THE
RESULTING DESIGN WILL BE CONSERVATIVE !LTERNATIVELY RESULTS WHERE
FROM THE STRUCTURAL MODEL CAN BE USED TO ESTABLISH THE RE
W THE WELD SIZE
QUIRED STRENGTH OF THESE CONNECTIONS
&OR THE CONVENTIONAL STRIP MODEL THE STRESS IN THE TENSION &OR THE WEB PLATE CONNECTION TO THE ("%
STRIP IS SIMPLY THE CALCULATED TENSILE FORCE DIVIDED BY THE Q A n
STRIP AREA /RTHOTROPIC MODELS OF THE WEB PLATE WILL REPORT
THE TENSION STRESS DIRECTLY &OR THE WEB PLATE CONNECTION TO THE 6"%
4HE EFFECTIVE FORCE ACTING AT THE ANGLE A PER UNIT LENGTH QA
ON THE CONNECTION OF THE WEB PLATE TO THE ("% IS
4HUS THE REQUIRED lLLET WELD SIZE FOR THE CONNECTION OF THE
R("% S COSA TW n WEB PLATE TO THE ("% FOR ,2&$ IS
WHERE
R RU ,2&$ OR RA !3$ FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH OF S FRV A WZ
THE CONNECTION Z+%( n
F )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
4HE EFFECTIVE FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH ON THE CONNECTION OF ª ¹̧
THE WEB PLATE TO THE 6"% IS
AND FOR !3$
R6"% S SINA TW n
"OLTED CONNECTIONS CAN BE DESIGNED USING THIS FORCE TIMES 7S FRV A WZ
Z+%(
THE BOLT SPACING )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
ª ¹̧
RBOLT R s S n
WHERE 4HE REQUIRED lLLET WELD SIZE FOR THE CONNECTION OF THE WEB
PLATE TO THE 6"% FOR ,2&$ IS
S THE SPACE BETWEEN BOLTS
4YPICALLY THE BOLT SIZE AND SPACING WILL BE THE SAME FOR S VLQ A WZ
Z9%( n
THE WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS TO THE ("% AND 6"% AND THE F )(;; ¨© VLQ A ·
ª ¹̧
LARGER OF THE TWO COMPUTED STRESSES IS USED 7HERE STRESSES
APPROACH THE YIELD STRENGTH OF THE PLATE MORE THAN ONE ROW
OF BOLTS MAY BE REQUIRED AND FOR !3$
&OR lLLET WELDED CONNECTIONS #HAPTER * OF !)3#
GIVES THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSION FOR lLLET WELD STRENGTH AS A 7S VLQ A WZ
Z9%(
FUNCTION OF ANGLE OF LOADING TO THE LONGITUDINAL AXIS )(;; ¨© VLQ A ·
ª ¹̧
2N &W !W n
&ILLET WELDED CONNECTIONS OF WEB PLATES ARE TYPICALLY
n MADE IN THE lELD TO A hlSH PLATE v WHICH IS WELDED IN THE
&W &%88 ; SIN Q =
SHOP TO THE 6"% AND ("% 4HE lSH PLATE MAY BE THICKER
WHERE THAN THE WEB PLATE IN ORDER TO PERMIT A LARGER lLLET WELD TO
!W THE AREA OF THE WELD BE DEPOSITED AGAINST ITS EDGE &IGURE n SHOWS SUCH A
CONNECTION &OR USUAL CONDITIONS THE DIAGONAL TENSION FORCE
&%88 THE ELECTRODE CLASSIFICATION NUMBER IS SHARED EQUALLY BETWEEN 7ELDS h!v AND h"v 7HEN THE
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE TWO WELDS IS LARGE OR THE lSH PLATE IS
Q THE ANGLE OF LOADING WITH RESPECT TO THE FILLET MUCH THICKER THAN THE WEB PLATE IT MAY NOT BE REASONABLE
WELD AXIS TO ASSUME THAT THE TWO WELDS SHARE THE FORCE EQUALLY AND
THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF EACH OF THE TWO WELDS SHOULD BE
PROPORTIONED FOR A PERCENTAGE OF THE TENSION FORCE EQUAL TO
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

THE RATIO OF THE THICKNESS OF THE PLATE END IT ABUTS TO THE TOTAL OR EVEN UNDER THEIR OWN WEIGHT PRIOR TO LOADING /N THE TEN
THICKNESS )T IS THE OPINION OF THE AUTHORS THAT IF THE lSH PLATE SION EDGE THE OFFSET PLATE CENTERLINES ALSO TEND TO CAUSE ROTA
IS LESS THAN TWICE THE THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE AND IF THE TION THAT WOULD OPEN THE ROOT OF A JOINT WITH ONLY 7ELD h!v
LAP LENGTH IS LESS THAN FOUR TIMES THE SIZE OF THE lLLET WELD OR 7ELD h"v 4HUS EITHER WELDS MUST BE PRESENT ON BOTH
MINIMAL DEFORMATION DEMANDS ARE NECESSARY TO PERMIT THE EDGES AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n OR THE TENDENCY TO OPEN MUST
TWO lLLETS TO SHARE THE FORCE EQUALLY OTHERWISE BE RESTRAINED )F 7ELD h!v IS DESIGNED TO RESIST THE
"ECAUSE WEB PLATES IN 3037 ARE EXTREMELY SLENDER THEY ENTIRE FORCE BY ITSELF 7ELD h"v MAY BE INTERMITTENT
SHOULD BE EXPECTED TO BUCKLE UNDER VERY SMALL LATERAL LOADS &OR THINNER PLATES LESS THAN IN 7ELD h!v MAY NOT
BE PRACTICAL TO PERFORM DUE TO THE POSSIBILITY OF BURNING
THROUGH THE BASE METAL )N THOSE CASES 7ELD h"v MUST DE
VELOP THE FULL WEB PLATE STRENGTH SUCH A WELD WILL LIKELY BE
LARGER THAN THE LARGEST POSSIBLE lLLET WELD
/PENINGS IN 3037 REQUIRE LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
4HESE ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST FORCES RESULTING FROM
THE STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE &IGURE n SHOWS A FREE BODY
DIAGRAM OF A LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENT AT AN OPENING &OR CLAR
ITY FREE BODY DIAGRAMS OF THE WEB PLATES ARE NOT SHOWN NOR
ARE END MOMENTS THAT WOULD RESULT FROM RIGID CONNECTIONS
DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION AND FRAME BEHAVIOR
,OCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS SHOULD MEET THE STIFFNESS CRITE
RION OF !)3# 3ECTION G &LEXIBLE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
MAY NOT PERMIT THE ANGLE OF STRESS IN THE WEB TO REACH THE
PREDICTED VALUE A AND THE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE
MAY BE COMPROMISED
&IG n $ETAIL OF A lLLET WELDED WEB PLATE CONNECTION
&IG n &REE BODY DIAGRAMS OF INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS OF A 3037 WITH AN OPENING
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#ONNECTIONS OF LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS TO EACH OTHER AND 7EB PLATES IN 3037 PROVIDE A LARGE AREA OF STEEL TO RE
TO THE ("% AND 6"% NEED NOT MEET THE REQUIREMENTS FOR SIST LATERAL FORCES !S THE CONVENTIONAL STRIP MODEL SUGGESTS
("% TO 6"% CONNECTIONS IE THEY NEED NOT BE DESIGNED AS A SINGLE WEB PLATE PROVIDES MULTIPLE PATHS TO RESIST SEISMIC
RIGID CONNECTIONS AND HORIZONTAL LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS LOADING %VEN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRACKS IN THE WEB PLATE
NEED NOT BE BRACED IN CONFORMANCE WITH !)3# 3ECTION DOES NOT SIGNAL THE END OF ITS RESISTANCE AND SUCH CRACKS
D 2EQUIREMENTS FOR RIGID CONNECTIONS OF ("% TO 6"% PROPAGATE SLOWLY $RIVER ET AL "ERMAN AND "RUNEAU
ARE INTENDED TO PROVIDE MORE STABLE HYSTERETIC PERFORMANCE B 4HESE CHARACTERISTICS INDICATE A TOUGH ELEMENT
OF THE FRAME THROUGH THE ADDITION OF A MOMENT FRAME 3UCH "ECAUSE THEY ARE NOT REQUIRED FOR THE RESISTANCE OF GRAV
A FRAME CONSISTING OF THE 6"% AND ("% AT DIAPHRAGM LEV ITY LOADS DAMAGE IN THE WEB PLATES IS PREFERABLE TO DAMAGE
ELS WILL BE PRESENT REGARDLESS OF THE CONNECTION TYPE OF LOCAL IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS WHICH ALSO COMPRISE PART OF THE
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS WHICH ARE DIFlCULT TO STABILIZE DUE TO THE FRAME THAT SUPPORTS THE BUILDING WEIGHT
ABSENCE OF A DIAPHRAGM AT LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS &OR THESE REASONS THE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 IS
,IMITED TESTING OF SMALL OPENINGS WITHOUT BOUNDARY ELE BASED ON CONlNING DUCTILITY DEMANDS TO THE WEB PLATES AND
MENTS HAS BEEN PERFORMED 6IAN AND "RUNEAU AND AS DISCUSSED LATER TO PLASTIC HINGES IN THE ("% AT THE 6"%
DESIGNERS MAY CONSIDER UTILIZING SUCH CONlGURATIONS )T FACE 4HIS IS ACHIEVED BY MEANS OF A CAPACITY DESIGN METH
IS RECOMMENDED THAT DESIGNS WITH OPENINGS WITHOUT LOCAL OD IN WHICH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED FOR FORCES COR
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS NOT BE EXTRAPOLATED BEYOND TESTED CON RESPONDING TO THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE )N THIS
lGURATIONS IN TERMS OF SIZE OF OPENINGS PROPORTION OF HORI MANNER FAILURE OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS DUE TO mEXURAL
ZONTAL WALL LENGTH ELIMINATED OR SHAPE OF OPENING BUCKLING LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING ETC IS PRECLUDED AND
#HAPTER PROVIDES A MORE THOROUGH TREATMENT OF THE DE THE MORE DUCTILE WEB PLATE YIELDING BEHAVIOR IS FAVORED
SIGN OF OPENINGS IN 3037 )N ORDER TO ENSURE THAT WEB PLATE YIELDING CAN TAKE PLACE
HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 ALSO REQUIRES THAT WEB PLATE
()'( 3%)3-)# $%3)'. CONNECTIONS BE DESIGNED FOR THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE
WEB PLATE ITSELF 7HILE RUPTURE OF THE WEB PLATE ATTACHMENTS
4HIS SECTION ADDRESSES THE ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS THAT APPLY
TO THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IS NOT AS UNDESIRABLE A MODE OF
TO THE USE OF 3037 TO RESIST HIGH SEISMIC LOADS 4HE GENERAL
BEHAVIOR AS FAILURE OF A 6"% IT NEVERTHELESS IS INCONSISTENT
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS DESCRIBED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION APPLY
WITH THE EXPECTED SYSTEM DUCTILITY AND THE USE OF A HIGH RE
TO HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 AS WELL
SPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT 2
&OR MULTI STORY SYSTEMS THE DESIRED BEHAVIOR REMAINS
%XPECTED 0ERFORMANCE
TENSION YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATES 4HUS THE DISTRIBUTION OF
3YSTEMS DESIGNED FOR HIGH SEISMIC LOADING WITH A RESPONSE INELASTIC DEMAND BETWEEN mOORS REQUIRES THAT WEB PLATES BE
MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT 2 GREATER THAN ARE EXPECTED TO DESIGNED WITH SIMILAR OVERSTRENGTH IE WITH SIMILAR RATIOS
UNDERGO MULTIPLE CYCLES OF LOADING INTO THE INELASTIC RANGE OF CALCULATED REQUIRED TO DESIGN STRENGTHS )F WEB PLATES AT
WITH CONTROLLED DAMAGE ACCEPTED AS A MEANS OF DISSIPATING SOME LEVELS ARE DESIGNED WITH OVERSTRENGTH MUCH GREATER
THE ENERGY OF THE EARTHQUAKE 4HE USE OF A RESPONSE MODIlCA THAN THOSE AT OTHER LEVELS THE HIGH OVERSTRENGTH WEB PLATES
TION COEFlCIENT 2 GREATER THAN REPRESENTS THE ABILITY OF THE WILL NOT PARTICIPATE IN PROVIDING SYSTEM DUCTILITY AND THE
SYSTEM TO WITHSTAND SUCH LOADING AND MAINTAIN ITS INTEGRITY SEISMIC DRIFT DEMANDS ON THE OTHER LEVELS WILL BE GREATER 5N
TO SUPPORT GRAVITY LOADS AND LIMIT DRIFT 4HE ABILITY OF A SYS EVEN DRIFT DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN STORIES CAN CAUSE LARGE mEX
TEM TO WITHSTAND SUCH LOADING IS TERMED hSYSTEM DUCTILITYv URAL DEMANDS IN THE 6"% PERHAPS LEADING TO THEIR YIELDING
,OADING OF A SYSTEM BEYOND ITS ELASTIC LIMIT NECESSITATES AND THE FORMATION OF A STORY MECHANISM 4HIS SHOULD BE CON
INELASTIC BEHAVIOR IN THE MATERIAL IN ONE OR MORE LOCATIONS SIDERED CAREFULLY WHEN THE DESIGN OF WEB PLATES IS CONTROLLED
!S STEEL IS A DUCTILE MATERIAL STEEL SYSTEMS ARE WELL SUITED BY USING A MINIMUM WEB PLATE THICKNESS SELECTED FOR EASE
TO PROVIDING THE REQUIRED DUCTILITY AS LONG AS THE INELASTIC OF CONSTRUCTION
DEMANDS ON THE STEEL MATERIAL OCCUR IN APPROPRIATE PORTIONS 4HE UPPER BOUND OF OVERTURNING FORCES ON 6"% CAN BE
OF THE STRUCTURE )N THE CASE OF 3037 THE WEB PLATE IS THE CALCULATED BASED ON THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF CONNECTING
LOCATION WHERE INELASTIC STRAIN DEMANDS ARE EXPECTED TO OC WEB PLATES AND BEAMS 4HIS FORCE CORRESPONDS TO THE DESIRED
CUR 4HIS ELEMENT IS DUCTILE TOUGH AND RELATIVELY EASIER TO MECHANISM OF WEB PLATE TENSION YIELDING AT ALL LEVELS &OR
REPLACE AFTER DAMAGE OCCURS IN A STRONG EARTHQUAKE SYSTEMS WITH MORE THAN THREE OR FOUR STORIES THE LIKELIHOOD
4HE STEEL MATERIALS APPROPRIATE FOR DESIGNATED YIELDING EL OF YIELDING ALL STORIES SIMULTANEOUSLY IN THE SAME DIRECTION IS
EMENTS OF STEEL SEISMIC SYSTEMS ARE LIMITED BY 3ECTION OF FAIRLY REMOTE AS HIGHER MODE RESPONSE BECOMES MORE SIG
!)3# -ATERIALS LISTED IN THAT SECTION CAN BE CONSIDERED NIlCANT 7HERE HIGH OVERSTRENGTH EXISTS AT CERTAIN LEVELS THE
DUCTILE FOR PURPOSES OF HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN LIKELIHOOD IS EVEN LESS 4HE EXPECTED MECHANISMS FOR TALLER
STRUCTURES INCLUDE SOME CONCENTRATIONS OF DRIFT AT CERTAIN LEV
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

ELS AND CORRESPONDING ROTATIONAL DEMANDS AT 6"% AT THESE THE PLATE TO DEVELOP THIS FORCE ACROSS THE ENTIRE CONNECTION
LEVELS CONSIDERING THE ANGLE OF THE TENSION A AS DISCUSSED IN THE
"ERMAN AND "RUNEAU A PROVIDE A COMPARISON OF PREVIOUS SECTION
THE WORK REQUIRED TO ACHIEVE TWO MECHANISMS THE YIELD ,IKEWISE THE DESIGN OF ("% AND 6"% MUST BE BASED
ING OF THE WEB PLATES OVER THE ENTIRE HEIGHT OF THE STRUCTURE ON FORCES CORRESPONDING TO FULL TENSION YIELDING OF THE WEB
AND A STORY MECHANISM 4HEIR STUDY INDICATES THAT TO ENSURE PLATE )N THIS WAY !)3# ENSURES THAT WEB PLATE TENSION
THE FORMER MECHANISM THE THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE MUST YIELDING IS THE PRIMARY YIELD MECHANISM OF 3037
CHANGE AT EACH STORY TO MATCH THE STORY SHEAR /THERWISE A !)3# ALSO REQUIRES THAT A 3037 BE DESIGNED AS A MO
MECHANISM THAT TO SOME DEGREE CONCENTRATES INELASTIC DEFOR MENT FRAME WITH A WEB PLATE INlLL 3PECIlCALLY A NUMBER
MATION IN SOME STORIES WILL FORM 4HUS IT IS RECOMMENDED OF THE PROVISIONS REQUIRE THAT BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND THEIR
TO PROPORTION THE WEB PLATES TO THE STORY SHEAR AS CLOSELY AS CONNECTIONS CONFORM TO REQUIREMENTS FOR 3PECIAL -OMENT
POSSIBLE AND NOT TO PROVIDE UNNECESSARY OVERSTRENGTH &RAMES 3-& OR /RDINARY -OMENT &RAMES /-&
)N SOME CASES FOUNDATION UPLIFT OR DIAPHRAGM DEFORMA #ONNECTIONS OF ("% TO 6"% MUST BE DESIGNED AS /-&
TION CAN BE THE PREDOMINANT MODE OF SEISMIC RESPONSE OF CONNECTIONS 3ECTION B GIVES THE REQUIREMENT FOR 3037
3037 STRUCTURES AS IS ALSO THE CASE FOR OTHER STIFF SYSTEMS REFERRING TO THE /-& 3ECTION OF !)3# !DDITION
!3#% DOES NOT FULLY ADDRESS THESE AS MODES OF SEISMIC ALLY THE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE ("% TO 6"% CONNEC
RESPONSE $ESIGN OF SYSTEMS BASED ON THAT MODE OF BEHAVIOR TION MUST BE BASED ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND STRAIN HARDENING
IS BEYOND THE SCOPE OF THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE OF PLASTIC HINGES AT EACH END OF THE ("% RATHER THAN ALLOW
ING USE OF THE AMPLIlED SEISMIC LOAD AS IS ALLOWED FOR A TYPI
2%15)2%-%.43 /& 4(% !)3# 3%)3-)# CAL /-& 4HE SEISMIC PORTION OF THE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH
02/6)3)/.3 !.3)!)3# IS GIVEN BY !)3# %QUATION n %QUATION n
!)3# ADDRESSES THE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 !S %M -PR ,H n
!)3# DOES NOT ADDRESS 3037 SOME OF THE BASIC REQUIRE
WHERE
MENTS OF THE SYSTEM CONTAINED IN !)3# ARE ALSO APPLIED
IN LOW SEISMIC DESIGN AS WELL %M 4HE MAXIMUM SEISMIC LOAD EFFECT TO BE USED IN
4HE GENERAL 3037 REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO BOTH HIGH !3#% LOAD COMBINATIONS
SEISMIC AND LOW SEISMIC DESIGN PERTAIN TO THE ANALYSIS OF
THE SYSTEM AND CERTAIN MEMBER REQUIREMENTS &OREMOST OF ,H THE DISTANCE BETWEEN PLASTIC HINGES
THESE IS THE CALCULATION OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE
, n SH n
WEB PLATE !)3# %QUATION n %QUATION n AND THE
CORRESPONDING EXPRESSION FOR WEB PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH AS A WHERE
FUNCTION OF THE ANGLE !)3# %QUATION n %QUATION
, THE DISTANCE BETWEEN COLUMN CENTERLINES
n
%QUALLY IMPORTANT ARE LIMITATIONS ON THE SYSTEMS TO WHICH SH THE DISTANCE FROM THE COLUMN CENTERLINE TO THE
THESE EQUATIONS ARE APPLICABLE 4HESE INCLUDE THE PANEL AS PLASTIC HINGE AS GIVEN IN !)3#
PECT RATIO ,H IN !)3# 3ECTION B TO THE RANGE
BETWEEN AND AS DISCUSSED UNDER THE PREVIOUS SEC &OR UNREINFORCED CONNECTIONS SUCH AS 2EDUCED "EAM
TION AND THE REQUIRED 6"% STIFFNESS GIVEN IN 3ECTION G 3ECTION 2"3 AND 7ELDED 5NREINFORCED &LANGE 7ELDED
%QUATION n 7EB 75& 7 CONNECTIONS SH CAN BE DETERMINED AS
!DDITIONALLY !)3# 3ECTION C REQUIRES THAT SH DC DB n
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS BE INCLUDED ADJACENT TO ALL OPENINGS
hUNLESS OTHERWISE JUSTIlED BY TESTING AND ANALYSISv 4HIS !)3# GIVES LIMITATIONS FOR THIS DISTANCE FOR THE 2"3
REQUIREMENT IS APPLICABLE TO BOTH HIGH SEISMIC AND LOW SEIS CONNECTION THE VALUE ABOVE IS A REASONABLE PRELIMINARY ES
MIC DESIGN OF 3037 TIMATE
)N ADDITION TO THESE GENERAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS !)3# .OTE THAT THE BEAM PLASTIC MOMENT STRENGTH IN %QUA
CONTAINS MANY REQUIREMENTS THAT ARE ONLY APPLICABLE TION n IS TYPICALLY CALCULATED IN THE ABSENCE OF ANY AXIAL
TO HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN 4HESE INCLUDE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE FORCE
WEB PLATE CONNECTION AND FOR THE FRAME -PR 2Y&Y: n
!S DISCUSSED EARLIER THE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 IS
BASED ON YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE 4HUS !)3# REQUIRES $ESIGNERS MAY WISH TO CONSIDER THE AXIAL FORCE PRESENT
THAT THE WEB PLATE CONNECTION BE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE EX AT THE ("% TO 6"% CONNECTION IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE CAL
PECTED YIELD STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE 2Y &Y TW #ONNEC CULATED mEXURAL STRENGTH AND THUS REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH
TIONS OF WEB PLATES MUST HAVE SUFlCIENT STRENGTH TO PERMIT OF THE CONNECTION 7HILE NOT EXPLICITLY DESCRIBED IN !)3#
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

THIS METHOD IS CONSISTENT WITH THE UNDERLYING CAPACITY .OTE THAT THE APPROPRIATE LOAD FACTORS FROM ,2&$ OR !3$
DESIGN METHODOLOGY IN WHICH THE YIELD MECHANISM OF THE LOAD COMBINATIONS MUST BE APPLIED TO GRAVITY FORCES IN THE
FRAME IS CONSIDERED 2EDUCTION OF THE CALCULATED ("% mEX ABOVE EQUATIONS
URAL STRENGTH CAN BE DONE ADAPTING THE INTERACTION EQUATIONS &IGURE n SHOWS THE FREE BODY DIAGRAMS FOR THE CONDI
FROM #HAPTER ( OF !)3# TION UNDER WHICH 6P IS CALCULATED
&OR FULLY RESTRAINED CONNECTIONS !)3# 3ECTION A
&OR ,2&$ THE RESULTING MODIlED BEAM STRENGTH WHEN 0U0Y
REQUIRES THAT THE CONNECTION HAVE THE STRENGTH TO RESIST THE
IS
FORMATION OF A PLASTIC HINGE IN THE BEAM INCLUDING STRAIN
¨ ´µ·
¥¦ 1 HARDENING 2Y -P THE hMAXIMUM FORCE THAT CAN BE
. QS 3Z 'Z ; ©© ¦¦ V )#& µµµ¸¸ n
©ª ¦§ 1Z µ¶¸¹ DELIVERED BY THE SYSTEMv IS A LIMITATION THAT IS NOT APPLICABLE
TO THE /-& CONNECTION IN A 3037 !DDITIONALLY THE
AND OTHERWISE IS SECTION GIVES PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTINUITY PLATES
¨ 3 · WELDS AND WELD ACCESS HOLES 4HE REQUIRED WELD ACCESS HOLE
© X +%( ¸ CONlGURATION IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n OF !)3# 3INGLE
0 SU 5\ )\ = © n
©ª 3\ ¸¸ SIDED PARTIAL JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS OR lLLET WELDS
¹
ARE NOT ALLOWED &OR PARTIALLY RESTRAINED CONNECTIONS 3ECTION
&OR !3$ THE RESULTING MODIlED BEAM STRENGTH WHEN 0U0Y B REQUIRES THE SAME STRENGTH AS DOES 3ECTION A
IS 7ELDS OF mANGES IN THESE CONNECTIONS MUST COMPLY WITH
¨ · THE REQUIREMENTS IN 3ECTION B FOR DEMAND CRITICAL WELDS
¥¦3D +%( ´µµ¸
0 SU 5\ )\ = ©© ¦¦ µµ¸ 4HESE INCLUDE A #HARPY 6 NOTCH TOUGHNESS OF FT LB AT
©ª ¦§ 3\ µ¶¸
¹ & AS DETERMINED BY THE APPROPRIATE !73 CLASSIlCATION
TEST METHOD OR MANUFACTURER CERTIlCATION AND FT LB AT
AND OTHERWISE IS & BUT NOT MORE THAN & ABOVE THE LOWEST ANTICIPATED
¨ 3 · SERVICE TEMPERATURE AS DETERMINED BY !PPENDIX 8 OF !)3#
© D +%( ¸ OR ANOTHER METHOD APPROVED BY THE ENGINEER
0 SU 5\ )\ = © ¸
©ª 3\ ¸¹ )N ADDITION 3ECTION A REQUIRES THAT BOUNDARY ELE
MENTS COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 3-& IN 3ECTION
&OR 3037 THE ADDITIONAL BEAM SHEAR DUE TO WEB PLATE 4HAT IS BOUNDARY ELEMENTS MUST BE PROPORTIONED SO THAT THE
TENSION MUST BE CONSIDERED 4HE TOTAL BEAM SHEAR IS THUS STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM REQUIREMENTS OF %QUATION n
%QUATION n ARE MET
&OR ,2&$
0 SU 3X ZJ ZX ¤ 0 SF r n
9X /FI n
/K ¤ 0 SE
WHERE
&OR !3$
0 SU 3D ZJ ZD
¤ 0 SF SUM OF COLUMN PLASTIC MOMENT STRENGTHS AT A
9D /FI CONNECTION REDUCED FOR AXIAL FORCE AND COM
/K PUTED AT THE BEAM CENTERLINE
WHERE
0 CONCENTRATED GRAVITY LOAD ON THE BEAM ASSUMED
TO BE CENTERED ON THE SPAN BASED ON ,2&$ OR
!3$ LOAD COMBINATIONS
WG DISTRIBUTED GRAVITY LOAD ON THE BEAM ASSUMED

TO BE UNIFORM BASED ON ,2&$ OR !3$ LOAD
COMBINATIONS
WU 2Y &Y TI TI COS A n
WA WU
&IG n &REE BODY DIAGRAM OF 3-& BEAM
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

¤ 0 SE SUM OF BEAM PLASTIC MOMENT STRENGTHS AT A CON !S BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE CONlGURED TO COMPRISE A MO
NECTION COMPUTED AT THE COLUMN CENTERLINE MENT FRAME THE FORMATION OF PLASTIC HINGES IN BOUNDARY ELE
&IGURE n SHOWS THIS METHOD FOR COMPUTING BEAM MENTS TYPICALLY THE ("% UNDER THE DESIGN SEISMIC LOADING
STRENGTH AT THE COLUMN CENTERLINE 4HE BEAM STRENGTH PRO IS CONSIDERED POSSIBLE !)3# THEREFORE PLACES CERTAIN
JECTED TO THE COLUMN CENTERLINE IS COMPACTNESS REQUIREMENTS ON THEM 3ECTION C &OR
mANGES THE LIMIT IS
-PB -PR 6USH n
EI (
0ANEL ZONES OF ("% TO 6"% CONNECTIONS AT THE TOP AND b n
W I )\
BOTTOM OF THE 3037 MUST ALSO COMPLY WITH 3-& REQUIRE
MENTS 3ECTION F REQUIRES COMPLIANCE WITH 3ECTION
4HIS SECTION REQUIRES THAT THE PANEL ZONE SHEAR STRENGTH BE &OR WEBS THE LIMITS ARE BASED ON THE AXIAL FORCE IN THE MEM
COMPUTED BY CALCULATING THE MOMENT AT THE COLUMN FACE DUE BER 4HE AXIAL FORCE RATIO #A IS
TO THE FORMATION OF A PLASTIC HINGE IN THE BEAM AT A DETER &OR ,2&$
MINED LOCATION &IGURE n SHOWS THIS METHOD FOR COMPUT
ING BEAM STRENGTH AT THE COLUMN FACE 4HE AUTHORS RECOM 3X
&D
MEND THAT THE REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# 3ECTION BE FE 3\
APPLIED TO PANEL ZONES AT ALL LEVELS
&OR !3$ n
4HE MINIMUM PANEL ZONE THICKNESS IS GIVEN IN !)3#
%QUATION n %QUATION n 7E 3D
&D
G] Z] 3\
Wr n

WHERE FB AND 7B ARE AS DElNED IN !)3# 4ABLE )nn
T THE SUM THICKNESS OF THE COLUMN WEB AND ANY 4HE LIMITING WEB SLENDERNESS RATIOS ARE
DOUBLER PLATES USED
IRU&D b

DZ THE PANEL ZONE DEPTH BETWEEN BEAM FLANGES OR
K (
CONTINUITY PLATES IF PRESENT b <&D > n
WZ )\
WZ THE PANEL ZONE WIDTH BETWEEN COLUMN FLANGES
IRU&D
)F DOUBLER PLATES ARE REQUIRED 3ECTION C GIVES PRE
SCRIPTIVE DETAILING REQUIREMENTS $OUBLERS ARE WELDED ALONG
K (
THEIR VERTICAL EDGES TO DEVELOP THEIR FULL SHEAR STRENGTH b < &D > n
WZ )\
&IG n &ORCES AT COLUMN CENTERLINE FROM BEAM PLASTIC HINGE &IG n &ORCES AT COLUMN FACE FROM BEAM PLASTIC HINGE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

5SING #A OF ONE CAN SEE THAT A RATIO OF HTW OF WILL REQUIRED STRENGTH IS BASED ON THE HORIZONTAL SHEAR RESISTED BY
ALWAYS SATISFY THE REQUIREMENT FOR &Y KSI THE 3037 SOME OF WHICH IS RESISTED BY THE 6"%
)N KEEPING WITH THE EXPECTED MOMENT FRAME BEHAVIOR
3ECTION D GIVES LATERAL BRACING REQUIREMENTS 4HE MAXI ("% $ESIGN
MUM BRACE SPACING IS THE SAME AS FOR 3-&
(ORIZONTAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED FOR FORCES COR
¥(´ RESPONDING TO YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE !XIAL FORCES IN ("%
/E b U\ ¦¦ µµµ n ARE LARGELY DUE TO THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE
¦¦§ )\ µ¶
6"% &LEXURAL FORCES ARE DUE IN PART TO WEB PLATE TENSION
WHERE PLATES OF DIFFERING THICKNESS ARE USED ABOVE AND BE
("% BRACING FORCE REQUIREMENTS ARE BASED ON THE SECTION
LOW THE BEAM OR WHERE ONLY ONE WEB PLATE CONNECTS TO THE
EXPECTED PLASTIC MOMENT
BEAM SUCH AS AT THE TOP OF THE 3037
3EU )\ E I W I 4HE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ("% AT THE TOP AND
n
BOTTOM OF THE 3037 CAN BE QUITE LARGE !T OTHER LEVELS THE
REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH DUE TO WEB PLATE YIELDING IS LIM
4HE BRACE STIFFNESS REQUIRED TO SATISFY !)3# %QUATION
ITED TO THE DIFFERENCE IN WEB PLATE STRENGTH ABOVE AND BELOW
!nn USING THE SECTION EXPECTED PLASTIC MOMENT AND #D
AND TO ANY DIFFERENCE IN THE ANGLE OF THE TENSION STRESS A 4HE
OF IS
LOAD THAT THE WEB PLATES ARE EXPECTED TO EXERT ON THE ("% CAN
5\ )\ = BE ESTIMATED USING %QUATION n
BEU n
/E G W I 7HERE THE SAME WEB PLATE THICKNESS IS PROVIDED BOTH
ABOVE AND BELOW THE ("% %QUATION n WILL RESULT IN NO
mEXURAL REQUIREMENT FOR THE BEAM 7HILE THIS IS CONSISTENT
&INALLY !)3# HAS SPECIlC REQUIREMENTS FOR 6"%
WITH ACHIEVING THE FULL YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATES USE OF A
SPLICES 3ECTION E WHICH REFERS TO 3ECTION 3UCH
VERY mEXIBLE BEAM WILL RESULT IN THE CONTRIBUTION OF THE MO
SPLICES MUST BE CAPABLE OF RESISTING THE SAME FORCES AS ARE
MENT FRAME BEING NEGLIGIBLE WHICH IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH THE
REQUIRED FOR THE COLUMN &OR COLUMNS SUBJECT TO NET TENSION
ASSUMED SYSTEM BEHAVIOR !T A MINIMUM THE BEAM MUST BE
TWO ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS APPLY &IRST IF PARTIAL JOINT
DESIGNED TO RESIST THE DIFFERENTIAL FORCES DUE TO THE CALCULATED
PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS ARE USED SPLICE REQUIRED STRENGTHS
STORY SHEARS TRIBUTARY TO THE FRAME %QUATION n 0ROVID
MUST BE DOUBLED 3ECOND mANGE SPLICES MUST BE ABLE TO RE
ING BEAMS OF RADICALLY DIFFERENT STRENGTHS FROM ONE LEVEL TO
SIST FORCES CORRESPONDING TO ONE HALF OF THE EXPECTED STRENGTH
THE NEXT IS NOT RECOMMENDED
OF THE SMALLER mANGE
!T THE BASE A STEEL BEAM IN THE FOUNDATION MAY BE PRO
VIDED !LTERNATIVELY A CONCRETE FOUNDATION MAY BE DESIGNED
5X 5\ )\ $ I n
TO RESIST THESE FORCES TYPICALLY BY ACTING AS A BEAM SPANNING
BETWEEN COLUMN FOOTINGS 3TRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM PRO
3PLICES ARE REQUIRED TO BE AT LEAST FOUR FT FROM THE NEAREST
PORTIONING IS NOT ADDRESSED BY THE PROVISIONS AT THIS LOCATION
("% OR AT THE MIDPOINT OF THE CLEAR HEIGHT OF THE 6"%
7HILE mEXURAL YIELDING IN THE GRADE BEAM IS PREFERABLE TO
mEXURAL YIELDING AT THE BASE OF THE COLUMN THIS MAY NOT BE
$%3)'.
FEASIBLE FOR BEAMS DESIGNED TO SPAN FROM COLUMN TO COLUMN
4HE APPLICATION OF THESE PROVISIONS IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE RESISTING THE TENSION YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE
EXPECTED PERFORMANCE IS DISCUSSED BELOW $ESIGNERS MUST 7HILE THE WEB LOCAL YIELDING LIMIT STATE IN THE ("% IS
BE AWARE THAT CONFORMANCE TO !)3# CANNOT BY ITSELF ONLY REQUIRED TO RESIST THE STRESS S &IGURE n THIS STRESS
GUARANTEE DUCTILE SYSTEM BEHAVIOR FOR ALL CONlGURATIONS AND COMBINES IN THE WEB WITH THE SHEAR STRESS S )T IS THEREFORE
APPLICATIONS !TTENTION MUST BE GIVEN TO THE SPECIlCS OF EACH ADVISABLE TO USE SECTIONS WITH WEBS THAT ARE AT LEAST AS STRONG
DESIGN AS THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE &OR SECTIONS OF A
DIFFERENT MATERIAL GRADE THE RECOMMENDED MINIMUM THICK
7EB 0LATE $ESIGN NESS OF THE ("% WEB IS
4HE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF WEB PLATES IS THE SAME AS THE WZ 5\ )\
LOW SEISMIC DESIGN OF THESE ELEMENTS 4HE DESIGN STRENGTH IS WZ +%( r n
)\ +%(
COMPUTED USING THE CALCULATED ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS !)3#
%QUATION n %QUATION n AND THE DESIGN SHEAR
WHERE
STRENGTH BASED ON THAT ANGLE !)3# %QUATION n
%QUATION n 4HIS STRENGTH IS COMPARED TO THE REQUIRED &Y ("% THE YIELD STRESS OF THE ("% MATERIAL
STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE AS DETERMINED FROM ANALYSIS 4HIS
2Y&Y THE EXPECTED YIELD STRESS OF THE WEB PLATE
MATERIAL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
TW THE THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE %QUATIONS n AND n GIVE SEISMIC LOAD EFFECTS WHICH
ARE COMBINED WITH OTHER LOADS ACCORDING TO THE APPROPRIATE
TW ("% THE THICKNESS OF THE ("% WEB LOAD COMBINATIONS ,2&$ OR !3$
&LEXURAL FORCES FROM FRAME DEFORMATION MUST ALSO BE RE 4HE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH OF ("% WAS PREVIOUSLY ES
SISTED BY THE ("% 4HESE mEXURAL FORCES CAN BE ASSUMED TO TABLISHED IN THE DISCUSSION OF THE !)3# REQUIREMENTS
CAUSE PLASTIC HINGES TO FORM AT THE ENDS OF THE BEAM 4HUS %QUATION n !S HINGING IS EXPECTED IN THE ("% THE WEB
THE mEXURAL FORCES FROM FRAME DEFORMATION CAN BE IGNORED CONNECTION SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO RESIST BOTH THE SHEAR AND
IF THE ("% ARE DESIGNED TO HAVE SUFlCIENT STRENGTH TO RE AXIAL FORCES
SIST WEB PLATE TENSION ASSUMING A SIMPLE SPAN 4HUS THE RE !S NOTED EARLIER THE PROBABLE BEAM MOMENT MAY BE RE
QUIRED MIDSPAN mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ("% IS DUCED CONSIDERING THE AXIAL FORCE PRESENT IN THE ("% TO
6"% CONNECTIONS
&OR ,2&$
ZX ZJ /K 6"% $ESIGN
3X /K
0X
4HE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 REQUIRES THAT WEB PLATE
TENSION YIELDING BE THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF SYSTEM INELASTICITY
&OR !3$ n &AILURE OF 6"% UNDER OVERTURNING FORCES MUST BE PRECLUDED
AT FORCES CORRESPONDING TO YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE
ZD ZJ /K 3D /K
0D 4HE MOST DIRECT METHOD OF ACHIEVING THIS IS TO DESIGN THE
WEB PLATES FOR THE CALCULATED FORCES WITH AS LITTLE OVERSTRENGTH
AS POSSIBLE IE WITH DEMAND TO CAPACITY RATIOS AS CLOSE TO
4HE 0, TERMS ABOVE CAN BE MODIlED APPROPRIATELY WHEN UNITY AS POSSIBLE AND TO DESIGN THE 6"% FOR THE SUM OF THE
THE ARRANGEMENT OF FRAMING BEAMS IS NOT ONE BEAM AT MID SHEAR STRENGTHS OF THE CONNECTED WEB PLATES PLUS THE GRAVITY
SPAN OF THE ("% LOAD 4HE SEISMIC AXIAL COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS THUS LIMITED TO
4HIS mEXURAL FORCE IS COMBINED WITH THE AXIAL FORCE WHICH THE SUM OF THE WEB PLATE STRENGTHS PLUS THE SUM OF THE ("%
HAS TWO SOURCES 4HE lRST IS 6"% REACTIONS DUE TO THE INWARD SHEARS DERIVED ABOVE
FORCE FROM THE WEB PLATE 4HE SECOND IS A DIFFERENCE IN THE

EFFECTS OF THE WEBS ABOVE AND BELOW DUE TO ANY DIFFERENCE IN (P ¤ 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ K ¤ 9X n
THICKNESS AND ANGLE A AND POSSIBLY MATERIAL
&IGURE n SHOWS THE ASSUMED YIELD MECHANISM OF A
TWO STORY 3037 WITH INTERNAL FORCES DUE TO A WEB PLATE
TENSION AND B mEXURAL DEFORMATION
4HE AXIAL FORCE FROM 6"% CAN BE ESTIMATED BY ASSUM
ING THAT 6"% DELIVER FORCES EQUALLY TO THE TOP AND BOTTOM OF
EACH STORY 4HUS THE AXIAL FORCE FROM THIS SOURCE IS

3+%( 9%( ¤ 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ KF n

&ROM THE WEB PLATES THE AXIAL FORCE ASSUMING EQUAL COL
LECTOR CONDITIONS ON EACH SIDE OF THE 3037 IS THE ADDITIONAL
COLLECTOR FORCE REQUIRED TO CAUSE WEB PLATE YIELDING AT THAT
LEVEL
n
3+%( ZHE 5\ )\ ¨ªWL VLQ A L WL VLQ A L
· /FI
¹

4HIS FORCE SHOULD NOT BE LESS THAN THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF

THE COLLECTOR
!T THE 6"% IN TENSION BOTH THE COLLECTOR AND THE 6"%
TEND TO CAUSE COMPRESSION IN THE ("% TO 6"% CONNECTION
!T THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION THE COLLECTOR TENDS TO CAUSE TEN
SION WHILE THE 6"% TENDS TO CAUSE COMPRESSION IN THE ("%
&IG n )NTERNAL 3037 FORCES DUE TO A WEB PLATE TENSION
TO 6"% CONNECTION B mEXURAL DEFORMATION
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

WHERE 4HIS SHEAR SHOULD BE AT LEAST EQUAL TO THE PORTION OF THE
STORY SHEAR NOT RESISTED BY THE WEB PLATE 4HIS FORCE IS DETER
¤9S THE SUM OF BEAM SHEARS FROM %QUATION n
MINED BY FRAME ANALYSIS AND CAN BE ASSUMED AS BEING SHARED
4HIS FORCE SHOULD NOT BE AMPLIlED BY THE OVERSTRENGTH EQUALLY BY THE TWO 6"% 4HE TOTAL SHEAR IS
FACTOR 7 AS IT REPRESENTS THE CAPACITY OF THE 3037 4HE
lNAL TERM IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR SHORTER BUILDINGS AS 9X 99%( ZHE 99%( +%( n
THE COMPRESSION DELIVERED TO THE COLUMN BY THE TOP ("%
CAN BE SIGNIlCANT &OR SIMPLICITY OF CALCULATION 36P CAN BE
BOUNDED BY THE SUM OF THE BEAM SHEAR STRENGTHS 3IMILARLY 6"% MOMENTS ARE DUE TO BOTH THE WEB PLATE
#OLUMN TENSION FORCES CAN BE ESTABLISHED SIMILARLY (OW TENSION AND HINGING OF THE ("% &OR A lXED lXED CONDITION
EVER ACROSS ANY HORIZONTAL SECTION OF THE 3037 THE SEISMIC THE MOMENT FROM WEB PLATE TENSION AT THE CONNECTION IS
TENSION IS SHARED BETWEEN THE WEB PLATE AND THE 6"% AND
5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF
THUS SEISMIC TENSILE FORCES IN 6"% ARE SIGNIlCANTLY LOWER 0 9%( n
ZHE
THAN THE CORRESPONDING COMPRESSIVE SEISMIC FORCES IN THE OP
POSITE 6"% )N THE CONTEXT OF %QUATION n THE TERM 36P
MUST BE SEPARATED INTO THE PART THAT ACTS UPWARD THE BEAM 4HE MOMENT DUE TO HINGING OF THE ("% CAN BE DETERMINED
SHEAR DUE TO PLASTIC HINGE FORMATION AND THE PART THAT ACTS FROM ANALYSIS OR CONSERVATIVELY ONE HALF OF THE mEXURAL
DOWNWARD THE FORCE FROM WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE ("% STRENGTHS OF THE BEAMS CAN BE APPLIED TO EACH COLUMN SEG
4HE EXPRESSION FOR SEISMIC AXIAL TENSION FORCE IS MENT AT A CONNECTION AS INDICATED BY !)3# 3ECTION
)T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT 3ECTION A WHICH INVOKES 3EC
¨ 0 SU · TION THE 3-& STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM CHECK SPECIl
ZX
(P ¤ 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF

¤ ©© /FI ¸¸ n CALLY EXCLUDES hCONSIDERATION OF THE EFFECTS OF THE WEBS v AND
©ª /K ¸¹ THUS %QUATION n IS NOT REQUIRED )T IS THE OPINION OF THE
AUTHORS HOWEVER THAT THE mEXURE FROM WEB PLATE TENSION
.OTE THAT THE FORCES FROM WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE ("% RE SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE FORCES CORRE
DUCE THE TENSION IN THE COLUMN SPONDING TO BEAM HINGING 4HUS UNDER THIS METHOD THIS DE
4HE MOST ACCURATE METHOD OF ESTABLISHING 6"% mEXURAL SIGN CHECK IS SIMILAR TO THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM CHECK
FORCES SHEARS AND MOMENTS OUTSIDE A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IS OF 3ECTION A
TO MODEL THE 6"% AS A CONTINUOUS MEMBER ON MULTIPLE SUP
PORTS "ERMAN !PPLIED TO THIS 6"% MODEL ARE THE IN
WARD FORCES DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION AND THE MOMENTS FROM
BEAM PLASTIC HINGING COMPUTED AT THE COLUMN CENTERLINE AS
SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND %QUATION n "EAM SUPPORTS
MAY BE CALCULATED AS RIGID OR AS A SPRING WITH AXIAL STIFFNESS
EQUIVALENT TO THE ("% AXIAL STIFFNESS CALCULATED BASED ON A
LENGTH EQUAL TO ,CF &IGURE n SHOWS SUCH A MODEL ("%
AXIAL mEXIBILITY IS NEGLECTED IN THE lGURE
!LTERNATIVELY THE SHEARS AND MOMENTS IN 6"% MAY BE
APPROXIMATED CONSIDERING THE CONDITIONS AT EACH STORY INDI
VIDUALLY 6"% SHEAR IS DUE TO BOTH THE WEB PLATE TENSION AND
THE PORTION OF THE STORY SHEAR NOT RESISTED BY THE WEB PLATE
4HE SHEAR DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION IS

99%( ZHE 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF n

4HE SHEAR DUE TO HINGING OF THE ("% IS

0 SE
99%( +%( ¤ n
KF
&IG n -ODEL OF A 6"% FOR COMPUTING mEXURAL FORCES
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE PROCEDURE RECOMMENDED HERE IS TWOFOLD )N THE 6"% BEAM PROPORTIONING 4HIS SHOULD BE CONSIDERED IN WEIGHING
DESIGN THE MOMENTS APPLIED FROM ("% HINGING ARE NOT AM THE ECONOMY OF THE TWO CONNECTIONS
PLIlED BY THE FACTOR 2Y NOR BY THE STRAIN HARDENING FACTOR OF )T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT IN NEITHER CASE ARE THE QUALITY RE
4HE RESULTING DESIGN IS THEREFORE LIKELY TO RESULT IN ("% QUIREMENTS OF 3-& APPLICABLE TO THE CONNECTION AS THESE
HINGING PRIOR TO 6"% HINGING ALTHOUGH IT IS NOT ASSURED THAT CONNECTIONS ARE NOT EXPECTED TO UNDERGO THE LARGE ROTATIONS
INELASTIC ROTATIONAL DEMANDS WILL BE PRECLUDED IN 6"% AS THE EXPECTED FOR 3-&
("% STRAIN HARDENS )N THIS DESIGN CHECK THE CRITICAL 6"% IS
THE ONE IN COMPRESSION FOR THREE REASONS &IRST THE 6"% AX !XIAL &ORCE 2EDUCTION IN 6"%
IAL COMPRESSION FORCE IS SUBSTANTIALLY LARGER THAN THE TENSION
!XIAL FORCES CORRESPONDING TO WEB PLATE YIELDING AT ALL LEVELS
FORCE 3ECOND THE COMPRESSION FORCE IS ADDITIVE TO GRAVITY
SIMULTANEOUSLY CAN BE EXTREMELY HIGH &OR THIS REASON ALTER
FORCES &INALLY THE ("% AXIAL FORCE IS LESS AT THIS CONNECTION
NATIVE METHODS FOR ESTIMATING MAXIMUM FORCES CORRESPOND
DUE TO THE COLLECTOR FORCE AND THE 6"% INWARD REACTION BE
ING TO THE EXPECTED MECHANISM HAVE BEEN PROPOSED 4HREE
ING IN OPPOSITE DIRECTIONS 4HUS THE MOMENT RESULTING FROM
OF THESE ARE OUTLINED IN THE #OMMENTARY TO !)3#
("% HINGING IS LARGER
4HE lRST METHOD IS hNONLINEAR PUSH OVER ANALYSISv 0/!
)N ORDER TO HELP PREVENT ANY 6"% HINGING FROM LEADING TO
4HIS METHOD INVOLVES AN ANALYSIS WITH INCREMENTALLY IN
A WEAK STORY CONDITION A STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM CHECK
CREASING LOAD AND ELEMENT STIFFNESS PROPERTIES CORRESPOND
IS PERFORMED )N THIS CASE THE FACTORS 2Y AND ARE USED BUT
INGLY MODIlED AS YIELDING OCCURS 4HE FORCE DISTRIBUTION SE
THE RESISTANCE FACTOR ON THE 6"% STRENGTH IS NOT 4HE STRONG
LECTED SHOULD FAVOR HIGH OVERTURNING MOMENTS FOR PURPOSES
COLUMNWEAK BEAM CHECK IS MODIlED TO ADDRESS THE ENTIRE
OF DESIGN OF THE 6"% 0/! METHODS ARE OUTLINED IN DETAIL IN
3037 4HE GREATER mEXURAL STRENGTH THAT CAN BE UTILIZED FROM
&%-!
THE 6"% IN TENSION IS USED TO SUPPLEMENT THAT OF THE 6"%
4HE SECOND METHOD IS THE hCOMBINED LINEAR ELASTIC COM
IN COMPRESSION AND THUS A WEAK STORY CONDITION IS AVOIDED
PUTER PROGRAMS AND CAPACITY DESIGN CONCEPTv ,% #$
4HIS IS PRESENTED UNDER h#ONNECTION $ESIGNv
4HIS METHOD INVOLVES THE DESIGN OF THE 6"% AT A GIVEN LEVEL
4HE MOMENT FROM ("% HINGING IS
BY APPLYING LOADS FROM THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE CONNECT
ING WEB PLATE AND ADDING THE OVERTURNING LOADS FROM LEVELS
¤ 0 SE ABOVE USING THE AMPLIlED SEISMIC LOAD
0 9%( +%( b n
5\

(P 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ KF 7 ( DERYH n
WHERE
- PB THE MOMENT AT THE COLUMN CENTERLINE DUE TO BEAM &OR 3037 THE OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR 7 IS FOR THE BA
PLASTIC HINGING SEE h#ONNECTION $ESIGNv SIC SYSTEM AND FOR 3037 IN A DUAL SYSTEM &IGURE n
)F THE 6"% mEXURAL FORCES ARE TAKEN FROM THE ANALYSIS IN SHOWS A FREE BODY DIAGRAM OF THE 6"% UNDER THESE SEISMIC
STEAD OF FROM CAPACITY DESIGN THEY SHOULD BE AMPLIlED TO LOADS
REmECT THE CONDITION AT YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE OR EVALUATED
AT THE EXPECTED DISPLACEMENT 7HERE A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IS
USED TO MODEL WEB PLATE YIELDING THE 6"% mEXURAL FORCES
FROM THE ANALYSIS AT THE EXPECTED DRIFT MAY BE USED DIRECTLY
4HE 6"% mEXURE DUE TO BEAM HINGING IS TYPICALLY GREATER
THAN THAT DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION )N SUCH CASES THE mEXURE
AWAY FROM THE CONNECTION DOES NOT GOVERN THE DESIGN
!S THE REQUIRED ("% mEXURAL STRENGTH IS GOVERNED BY mEX
URE IN THE SPAN DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION IT IS CONVENIENT TO
USE A 2EDUCED "EAM 3ECTION 2"3 CONNECTION IN THE ("%
TO LIMIT THE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE 6"% 3EE !)3#
FOR A DETAILED TREATMENT OF THE DESIGN OF 2"3 CONNEC
TIONS
4HE 2"3 CONNECTION IS THUS PROPOSED FOR ECONOMY IN THE
DESIGN OF THE 6"% !LTERNATIVELY THE CONNECTION MAY BE A
MORE TYPICAL WELDED CONNECTION 75& 7 3UCH A CON
NECTION WILL NOT REDUCE THE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE
("% AS THIS IS BASED ON RESISTING WEB PLATE TENSION AFTER
FORMATION OF PLASTIC HINGES IT WILL HOWEVER REQUIRE A GREAT
&IG n &REE BODY DIAGRAM OF COLUMN UNDER ,% #$ LOADING
ER 6"% mEXURAL STRENGTH TO MAINTAIN STRONG COLUMNWEAK
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4O BE A TRUE CAPACITY DESIGN THE REACTION FROM THE BEAM WHERE
ABOVE SHOULD INCLUDE THE EFFECT OF WEB PLATE TENSION
( THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE BASE AT WHICH THE FORCE
4HE THIRD METHOD DESCRIBED IS THE hINDIRECT CAPACITY DE
ACTS
SIGN APPROACHv )#$ THIS METHOD IS BASED ON THE #3!
3 CODE USED IN #ANADA #3! )N THIS METHOD &IGURE n SHOWS THE DIFFERENT OVERTURNING COLUMN
AN OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR " IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE WEB PLATE COMPRESSION AND TENSION FORCES FOR THE DESIGN EXAMPLE IN
AT THE lRST LEVEL #HAPTER USING THE SUM OF WEB PLATE CAPACITIES #!0 THE
COMBINED LINEAR ELASTIC COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND CAPACITY
&OR ,2&$ DESIGN CONCEPT ,% #$ THE INDIRECT CAPACITY DESIGN AP
> 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ /@ PROACH )#$ AND PUSH OVER ANALYSIS 0/! 4ENSION FORCES
% ARE SHOWN ON THE LEFT AND COMPRESSION FORCES ON THE RIGHT
9X
&OR !3$ n

> 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ /@
%
9D
WHERE THE SUBSCRIPT hv DENOTES THAT VALUES ARE TAKEN AT THE
lRST LEVEL OF THE 3037
4HE BASE OVERTURNING IS THEN CALCULATED AS " TIMES THE
OVERTURNING MOMENT DUE TO THE DESIGN SEISMIC FORCES 4HIS
OVERTURNING MOMENT IS USED FOR THE lRST TWO LEVELS !BOVE
THAT THE OVERTURNING MOMENT IS TAKEN AS A LINEAR FUNCTION
BETWEEN THAT VALUE AND " TIMES THE OVERTURNING MOMENT DUE
TO THE DESIGN SEISMIC FORCES AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOP WEB
PLATE 4HE OVERSTRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATES AT LEVELS OTHER THAN
THE lRST IS NOT CONSIDERED IN THIS METHOD &IGURE n SHOWS
THIS DIAGRAMMATICALLY
4HIS MOMENT PROlLE CORRESPONDS TO A FORCE DISTRIBUTION
THAT IS FAIRLY SEVERE WITH RESPECT TO OVERTURNING MOMENT 4HE
CORRESPONDING LOADING PROlLE IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
&OR CONVENIENCE DESIGNERS MAY WISH TO USE A COMPUTER &IG n 3CHEMATIC OF )#$ OVERTURNING MOMENT
MODEL TO OBTAIN AXIAL FORCES CORRESPONDING TO THE )#$ METH
OD 4HE VALUE OF THE FORCE CAN BE CALCULATED AS
% < 0 0 Q >
) n
+ Q +
WHERE
- THE CALCULATED MOMENT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE FIRST
LEVEL
-N THE CALCULATED MOMENT AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOP

LEVEL
(N THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE BASE OF LEVEL N n
( THE HEIGHT ABOVE THE BASE OF THE SECOND LEVEL

4HE HEIGHT AT WHICH THIS FORCE ACTS CAN BE CALCULATED AS
¨ ·
+ < + Q + > © ¸ +
© 0 ¸ n
© Q ¸ &IG n )#$ IMPLIED FORCE DISTRIBUTION
©ª 0 ¸¹
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

.OTE THAT FOR THIS CASE TENSION FORCES CAN BE OVERESTIMATED AS IN THE VERTICAL ELEMENTS THAT RESIST THE OVERTURNING !D
ABOVE THE CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD USING THE ,% #$ AND DITIONALLY THE CONlGURATIONS INTRODUCE MORE ("% WITH WEB
)#$ METHODS PLATES ONLY ABOVE OR ONLY BELOW THESE ("% ARE THUS SUBJECT
)T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT USING METHODS OTHER THAN CAPAC TO BOTH LARGE AXIAL FORCES AND SIMULTANEOUS LARGE mEXURAL
ITY DESIGN FOR THE 6"% WILL LEAD TO DESIGNS IN WHICH 6"% FORCES !DDITIONALLY WHERE COUPLING OR OUTRIGGER WEB PLATES
FAILURE IS POSSIBLE ALTHOUGH UNLIKELY 4HE METHODS PRESENTED ARE PROVIDED AT A CERTAIN LEVEL THAT LEVEL MAY HAVE TOO MUCH
ARE INTENDED TO REASONABLY ESTIMATE 6"% AXIAL FORCES BASED STRENGTH TO PARTICIPATE IN THE INELASTIC RESPONSE $RIFT MAY
ON STUDIES OF MODEL BUILDINGS WHICH ARE TYPICALLY REGULAR THEN BE CONCENTRATED AT OTHER LEVELS
7HERE STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES EXIST DESIGNERS SHOULD CON !DDITIONALLY BEAMS CAN BE USED AS OUTRIGGERS OR COUPLERS
SIDER CAREFULLY WHETHER THE ,% #$ AND )#$ METHODS ARE BETWEEN WALLS &IGURE n SHOWS TWO SUCH CONlGURATIONS
SUFlCIENT A OUTRIGGER BEAMS THAT DELIVER OVERTURNING FORCES TO OUTER
#ONlGURATION
4HE HIGH OVERTURNING FORCES EXPECTED IN 3037 CAN BE MITI
GATED BY THE USE OF SPECIAL CONlGURATIONS TO DISTRIBUTE THE
OVERTURNING OVER MULTIPLE BAYS &IGURE n SHOWS FOUR OF
THESE CONlGURATIONS A WEB PLATE OFFSET AT ONE LEVEL B WEB
PLATE OFFSET AT EACH LEVEL C ADDITIONAL WEB PLATES AT CERTAIN
LEVELS ACTING AS OUTRIGGERS TO DELIVER OVERTURNING FORCES TO
OUTER COLUMNS AND D ADDITIONAL WEB PLATES AT CERTAIN LEVELS
ACTING AS COUPLING BEAMS BETWEEN SHEAR WALLS
$ESIGNERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT EACH OF THESE CONlGURA
TIONS INCORPORATES STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES !LL USE AN IN
PLANE OFFSET WHICH REQUIRES CONSIDERATION OF THE STRUCTURAL
OVERSTRENGTH IN DESIGNING BOTH THE HORIZONTAL ELEMENTS THAT
TRANSFER THE SEISMIC FORCES FROM ONE PANEL TO ANOTHER AS WELL
&IG n #ONlGURATIONS THAT REDUCE OVERTURNING

BY MEANS OF WEB PLATE LOCATION
&IG n #ONlGURATIONS THAT REDUCE 6"% OVERTURNING

&IG n #OLUMN AXIAL FORCES FORCES BY MEANS OF BEAMS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

COLUMNS AND B COUPLING BEAMS BETWEEN SHEAR WALLS !S MENTIONED EARLIER DESIGNERS MAY WISH TO CALCULATE
"EAMS USED TO DISTRIBUTE OVERTURNING FORCES SHOULD COMPLY A REDUCED BEAM mEXURAL STRENGTH BASED ON THE AXIAL FORCE
WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF ("% !S IN THE CASE OF ("% TO PRESENT IN THE ("% TO 6"% CONNECTION 4HIS WILL PERMIT THE
6"% CONNECTIONS IT IS PREFERABLE THAT A TESTED BEAM TO CALCULATION OF A LESSER REQUIRED PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS FOR
COLUMN CONNECTION BE USED AND THAT DESIGNS CONFORM TO THE 6"%
LIMITATIONS IN !)3# SUCH AS SPAN TO DEPTH RATIO !S DISCUSSED EARLIER FOR THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM
CHECK DESIGNERS MAY WISH TO CONSIDER BOTH 6"% TO ENSURE
#ONNECTION $ESIGN THAT A WEAK STORY CONDITION DOES NOT EXIST 4HIS PERMITS UTI
LIZATION OF THE mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE 6"% IN TENSION WHICH
!)3# CONTAINS NUMEROUS REQUIREMENTS PERTAINING TO THE
IS FAR GREATER DUE TO ITS LOWER AXIAL FORCE &OR THIS CHECK BOTH
CONNECTION OF BEAMS ("% TO COLUMNS 6"% IN 3037
6"% ARE CONSIDERED AS IS THE AXIAL FORCE IN EACH END OF THE
4WO OF THESE THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM REQUIREMENT
("% AND THE mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ADJOINING BEAMS OUT
AND THE PANEL ZONE STRENGTH REQUIREMENT REQUIRE CALCULATION
SIDE THE 3037 IF RIGIDLY CONNECTED
OF MOMENTS CORRESPONDING TO PLASTIC HINGE FORMATION IN THE
4HE REQUIRED COLUMN PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS ASSUMING A
("% 4HE ("% PROBABLE MOMENT STRENGTH IS COMBINED WITH
6"% ABOVE AND BELOW THE CONNECTION IS
SHEAR IN THE BEAM TO CALCULATE THE MOMENT AT THE COLUMN CEN
TERLINE FOR THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM REQUIREMENT OR AT &OR ,2&$
THE COLUMN FACE FOR THE PANEL ZONE STRENGTH REQUIREMENT
4HE PROBABLE MOMENT FOR EACH BEAM IS =F r
¤ 0 SE
¨ ·
© ) 3X& 3X7 ¸
0 SE 0 SU 9X H n © \F $J ¸
©ª ¸¹
WHERE
&OR !3$ n
6P THE SHEAR AT THE PLASTIC HINGE
=F r
¤ 0 SE
E THE DISTANCE FROM THE PLASTIC HINGE TO THE POINT ¨ ·
© ) 3D& 3D7 ¸
AT WHICH MOMENTS ARE COMPUTED THE COLUMN © \F $J ¸
CENTERLINE FOR THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM ©ª ¸¹
REQUIREMENT AND THE COLUMN FACE FOR THE PANEL
ZONE STRENGTH REQUIREMENT WHERE
-PR THE PROBABLE BEAM MOMENT AS GIVEN IN %QUATION &YC THE 6"% YIELD STRENGTH
n n OR n
0U# THE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUD
&OR THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM REQUIREMENT THE EC ING THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION FOR ,2&$
CENTRICITY E IS
E SH n 0U4 THE AXIAL TENSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUDING THE
EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION FOR ,2&$
&OR THE PANEL ZONE STRENGTH REQUIREMENT THE ECCENTRICITY E
IS 0A# THE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUD
ING THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION FOR !3$
H VK G F n
0A4 THE AXIAL TENSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUDING THE
WHERE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION FOR !3$
DC THE COLUMN DEPTH !G THE 6"% AREA
4HE PLASTIC HINGE LOCATION SHOULD BE ESTABLISHED BY PLAS
TIC ANALYSIS WHERE THE mEXURAL FORCES DUE TO GRAVITY LOADING ¤ 0 SE SUM OF THE EXPECTED FLEXURAL STRENGTHS OF THE
EXCEED PERCENT OF THE BEAM PLASTIC MOMENT 4HIS CONCEPT BEAMS FRAMING INTO EACH 6"% IE EACH END OF
MAY BE EXTENDED TO INCLUDE THE mEXURAL FORCES DUE TO THE THE ("% PLUS THE ADJOINING BEAMS OUTSIDE THE
WEB PLATE TENSION FOR PURPOSES OF THE BEAM DESIGN (OW 3037 IF RIGIDLY CONNECTED
EVER TYPICAL BEAMS THOSE AT LEVELS OTHER THAN THE TOP AND 4HE REQUIRED COLUMN WEB THICKNESS IS BASED ON THE RE
BOTTOM OF THE 3037 HAVE MODERATE mEXURAL DEMAND DUE TO QUIRED PANEL ZONE SHEAR
WEB PLATE TENSION
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

RU("% 2Y &Y COSA TW n
5X
¤ 0 SE 9 n
9%( +%(
G] RU6"% 2Y&Y SINA TW n
WHERE 66"%("% IS THAT CALCULATED IN %QUATION n AND - PB &OR BOLTED JOINTS THE MAXIMUM SPACING CAN BE EXPRESSED
IS CALCULATED AT THE FACE OF THE COLUMN FOR THE DESIGN OF THE AS
PANEL ZONE SEE "RUNEAU ET AL &OR ,2&$
.OTE THAT ONLY THE SHEAR IN THE 6"% DUE TO THE MOMENT 5\ )\ FRV A WZ
FRAME BEHAVIOR 66"%("% IS CONSIDERED IN REDUCING THE PAN V[ b
EL ZONE SHEAR AS THE 6"% SHEAR DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION FUQ
66"%WEB IS BALANCED BY THE CORRESPONDING FORCE IN THE ("%
n
0("%6"% &OR !3$
4HE PANEL ZONE STRENGTH MAY BE COMPUTED USING EITHER 75\ )\ FRV A WZ
!)3# %QUATIONS *n OR *n AND A RESISTANCE FAC V[ b
UQ
TOR OF PER !)3# 3ECTION A .OTE THAT *n AND
*n REQUIRE THAT PANEL ZONE DEFORMATIONS ARE ACCOUNTED
FOR IN THE ANALYSIS IN THE CASE OF 3037 PANEL ZONE DEFOR &OR ,2&$
MATIONS DO NOT CONTRIBUTE TO DRIFT TO THE DEGREE THEY DO IN 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ
MOMENT FRAMES AND %QUATIONS *n AND *n MAY BE V\ b
CONSIDERED APPLICABLE REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE ANALYSIS IN FUQ
CLUDES PANEL ZONE DEFORMATION
n
4HE CONNECTION OF THE ("% WEB TO THE 6"% MUST BE DE &OR !3$
SIGNED TO RESIST THE SHEAR IN THE 6"% IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE 75\ )\ VLQ A WZ
AXIAL FORCE TRANSFERRED FROM THE 6"% TO THE ("% 4HIS LATTER V\ b
UQ
FORCE CONSISTS OF BOTH THE STORY COLLECTOR FORCE AND THE INWARD
REACTION FROM THE TRANSVERSE LOADING ON THE 6"% FROM WEB WHERE
PLATE TENSION 4HE COLLECTOR FORCE IS AMPLIlED AS REQUIRED BY
!3#% %QUATIONS FOR THE TWO FORCES ARE GIVEN BELOW 4HE SX THE HORIZONTAL BOLT SPACING AT THE ("%
VERTICAL FORCE IS
SY THE VERTICAL BOLT SPACING AT THE 6"%
2UVERT 6("% n 4HIS SPACING REQUIREMENT CANNOT BE ACHIEVED USING A SIN
4HE HORIZONTAL FORCE IS THE GREATER OF GLE LINE OF BOLTS UNLESS THE WEB PLATE IS REINFORCED FOR THE
BOLTED CONNECTION 4HIS IS DUE TO THE SPACING REQUIREMENT
2UHORIZ r 0("%6"% 7 0COLLECTOR n TO PRECLUDE FRACTURE OF THE WEB PLATE FROM OCCURRING PRIOR TO
AND YIELD 4HE MINIMUM BOLT SPACING IN A LINE ON THE CONNECTION
TO THE ("% IS
2UHORIZ r 0("%6"% 0("%WEB n
&OR ,2&$
4HIS IS A COMPRESSION FORCE )F DESIRED A LOWER TENSION FORCE
EI r JO
MAY BE CALCULATED TY r
¨ 3 'U ·
© Z Z X ¸
7EB 0LATE #ONNECTION $ESIGN © F3 ' U a ¸
©ª U V X ¸¹
&OR HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN THE WEB PLATE IS ASSUMED TO REACH &OR !3$ n
ITS EXPECTED YIELD STRESS EI r JO
n TY r
S 2Y &Y ¨ 73Z 'Z U X ·
© ¸
WHERE © 3 ' U a ¸
©ª U V X ¸¹
2Y &Y THE EXPECTED YIELD STRESS OF THE WEB PLATE

MATERIAL WHERE
4HIS STRESS IS USED IN THE EQUATIONS DEVELOPED PREVIOUSLY DH THE HOLE SIZE MEASURED PARALLEL TO S
FOR FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH AT THE WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS TO THE
BOUNDARY ELEMENTS TaW THE REINFORCED THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE EQUAL
TO TW WHERE NO REINFORCEMENT IS USED
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

2T RATIO OF EXPECTED TO SPECIFIED MINIMUM TENSILE ARE OFTEN MORE PRACTICAL
STRESS FROM 3ECTION OF !)3# &OR lLLET WELDED CONNECTIONS THE REQUIRED WELD SIZE AT
THE ("% CAN BE EXPRESSED AS
&U THE SPECIFIED MINIMUM TENSILE STRESS OF THE WEB
PLATE MATERIAL 5\ )\ FRV A WZ
Z+%(
4HE SPACING REQUIREMENT FOR THE CONNECTION TO THE 6"% F )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
IS ª ¹̧
&OR ,2&$ &OR ,2&$ n
EI r JO 75\ )\ FRV A WZ
TZ r Z+%(
¨ 3 'U ·
© Z Z X ¸ )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
© F3 ' U a ¸ ª ¹̧
©ª U V X ¸¹
&OR !3$ n &OR !3$

EI r JO 4HE REQUIRED WELD SIZE AT THE 6"% CAN BE EXPRESSED AS
TZ r
¨ 73Z 'Z U X ·
© ¸ 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ
© 3 ' U a ¸ Z9%(
©ª U V X ¸¹
F )(;; ¨© VLQ A ·
ª ¹̧
)T IS CLEAR THAT FOR A PRACTICAL DESIGN REINFORCEMENT OF THE &OR ,2&$ n
WEB PLATE IS ADVANTAGEOUS !LTHOUGH TESTS OF UNREINFORCED
BOLTED WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS HAVE NOT SHOWN FRACTURE !S 75\ )\ FRV A WZ
TANEH !SL SUCH CONNECTIONS ARE DIFlCULT TO MAKE Z+%(
COMPLIANT WITH !)3# REQUIREMENTS &OR BOTH REINFORCED )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
ª ¹̧
AND UNREINFORCED CONNECTIONS MULTIPLE LINES OF BOLTS MAY
BE REQUIRED !LTHOUGH TESTING INDICATES THAT THE STRENGTH OF &OR !3$
BOLTED CONNECTIONS OF 3037 WEB PLATES IS GREATER THAN THAT 4YPICALLY THE ANGLE IS NEAR AND THE WELD SIZE REQUIRED
CORRESPONDING TO THIS APPLICATION OF !)3# REQUIREMENTS IS THE SAME AT 6"% AND ("% CONNECTIONS
CONSTRUCTION HAS SHOWN THAT WELDED WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS !S MENTIONED PREVIOUSLY WELDED CONNECTIONS SHOULD RE
STRAIN THE WEB PLATE FROM ROTATION IN ORDER TO RESIST THE EX
PECTED PLATE BUCKLING
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER
$ESIGN %XAMPLE ) ,OW 3EISMIC $ESIGN
/6%26)%7 4HE BUILDING DESIGN INCLUDES FOUR 307 PANELS ON THE
PERIMETER )T IS ALSO COMMON TO UTILIZE WALLS OF THE BUILD
4HIS CHAPTER ILLUSTRATES THE DESIGN OF A BUILDING UTILIZING STEEL
INGS CORE AS 307 )N SUCH A CONlGURATION BUILDING TORSION
PLATE WALLS 307 AS THE LATERAL LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM IN A
SHOULD BE RESTRAINED BY A SUPPLEMENTARY PERIMETER SYSTEM
ZONE OF LOW SEISMICITY FOR 2 WITHOUT APPLICATION OF THE
-OMENT FRAMES ARE A COMMON CHOICE FOR SUCH A SUPPLEMEN
DUCTILE DETAILING REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# 4HE BUILDING
TARY PERIMETER SYSTEM .OTE THAT FOR 3EISMIC $ESIGN #ATEGO
WILL BE DESIGNED FOR A SITE IN DOWNTOWN #HICAGO
RIES " AND # THE REDUNDANCY FACTOR R IS REGARDLESS OF
CONlGURATION PER !3#% 3ECTION
34!.$!2$3
)N ORDER TO FOCUS ON THE 307 SYSTEM RATHER THAN THE IN
4HE GOVERNING CODES WILL BE ASSUMED TO BE THE EDI TRICACIES OF THE DESIGN OF DUAL SYSTEMS THE BUILDING IN THIS
TIONS OF !3#% INCLUDING 3UPPLEMENT .O AND !)3# DESIGN EXAMPLE HAS THE 307 LOCATED ON THE PERIMETER !
#ERTAIN DESIGN EQUATIONS FROM !)3# WILL BE USED TYPICAL ELEVATION OF A 307 IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
BUT FULL COMPLIANCE WITH THAT STANDARD IS NOT REQUIRED WHEN
2 IS TAKEN EQUAL TO
"5),$).' ).&/2-!4)/.

4HE BUILDING FOOTPRINT SIZE AND TYPICAL PLAN ARE SHOWN IN
&IGURE n 4HE BUILDING WEIGHT 7 IS KIPS 0LATE
MATERIAL IS !34- ! &Y KSI &U KSI AND BEAM
("% AND COLUMN 6"% MATERIAL IS !34- ! &Y
KSI &U KSI
&IG n 4YPICAL mOOR PLAN &IG n 307 ELEVATION
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

! HORIZONTAL STRUT IS USED AT MID HEIGHT OF THE lRST mOOR LIKELY TO BE A RESERVE CAPACITY OF APPROXIMATELY PERCENT AT
4HIS PERMITS USE OF A 6"% AT THE FOUNDATION LEVEL WITH A DESIGN LEVEL 4HIS IS EQUIVALENT TO DESIGN USING -#% VALUES
LOWER MOMENT OF INERTIA THAN WOULD OTHERWISE BE REQUIRED AND A PERCENT GREATER RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT
4HE BUILDING IS LOCATED IN DOWNTOWN #HICAGO ON THE COR 4HE DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETERS ARE
NER OF 7ACKER $RIVE AND 3TATE 3TREET 4HE SEISMIC GROUND CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUATIONS n AND n
MOTION VALUES ARE OBTAINED FROM 53'3 MAPS BASED ON THE
BUILDING LOCATION )N THIS DESIGN THE 53'3 WEB SITE IS USED
6 '6 6 06
TO OBTAIN THE INFORMATION BY ENTERING THE BUILDING LATITUDE n
AND LONGITUDE 4HE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE VALUES FOR THE SITE J
ARE AND RESPECTIVELY
4HE SOIL AT THE SITE CORRESPONDS TO 3ITE #LASS $ REmECT
6 ' 60
ING THE STIFF SOIL IN THIS LOCATION 4HE "UILDING /CCUPANCY n
#ATEGORY IS ) BASED ON ITS USE AS AN OFlCE BUILDING !3#% J
4ABLE n
4HESE VALUES ARE USED TO ESTABLISH THE BUILDING 3EISMIC
,/!$3 $ESIGN #ATEGORY 3$# 4ABLE n IS USED TO COMPARE
3$3 TO CERTAIN LIMITS 4ABLE n IS USED SIMILARLY WITH 3$
&OR THIS LOCATION THE 0EAK 'ROUND !CCELERATION 0'! FOR THE
%ACH TABLE GIVES A 3$# BASED ON THE BUILDING OCCUPANCY
-AXIMUM #ONSIDERED %ARTHQUAKE -#% IS G WHERE
CATEGORY AND THE DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION PA
G IS THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY 3PECTRAL ACCELERATIONS FOR THE
RAMETER 3$3 OR 3$ 4HE MORE SEVERE 3$# OBTAINED FROM THE
-#% ARE G AT A PERIOD OF SECOND AND G AT
TWO TABLES IS USED &OR THIS BUILDING DESIGN THE 3$# IS "
A PERIOD OF SECOND 4HESE VALUES ARE EXPRESSED AS 3S AND
4HE 3$# IS USED TO DETERMINE MANY ASPECTS OF THE SEIS
3 RESPECTIVELY
MIC DESIGN OF THE BUILDING !3#% 4ABLE n LIMITS THE
3S G ANALYSIS PROCEDURES THAT ARE PERMITTED BASED ON 3$# PE
RIOD AND IRREGULARITIES
3 G &OR 3$# " THE DESIGNER HAS TWO OPTIONS 4HE lRST IS TO
4HESE SPECTRAL VALUES ARE MODIlED BASED ON THE SITE CLASS DESIGN WITH 3037 CONFORMING TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF !)3#
4HE MODIlCATION VALUES ARE SELECTED FROM !3#% 4ABLES AND USING A RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT 2 OF
n AND n BASED ON SITE CLASS AND SPECTRAL ACCELERA 3UCH A DESIGN WOULD LIKELY HAVE THE WEB PLATE STRENGTH GOV
TION 4HE MODIlCATION VALES ARE ERNED BY WIND LOADS AND THE DESIGN OF 6"% AND ("% GOV
ERNED BY THE REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# BASED ON WEB PLATE
&A STRENGTH )F THIS OPTION IS SELECTED THE REQUIREMENTS IN !)3#
MUST BE MET EVEN IF WIND CONTROLS
&V
!LTERNATIVELY THE BUILDING MAY BE DESIGNED WITH 307
4HE ADJUSTED -#% SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAM USING A RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT 2 h3TRUCTURAL
ETERS ARE CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUATIONS n AND 3YSTEM .OT 3PECIlCALLY $ETAILED FOR 3EISMIC 2ESISTANCEv
n WITHOUT CONFORMING TO ALL OF THE !)3# REQUIREMENTS
THIS LATTER APPROACH WILL BE FOLLOWED IN THIS CHAPTER #ERTAIN
6 06 )D 6 V DESIGN EQUATIONS FROM !)3# WILL BE USED BUT THE FRAME
n
J NEED NOT BE FULLY COMPLIANT WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THAT
STANDARD &OR EXAMPLE THE !)3# COMPACTNESS LIMITS
6 0 )Y 6 WILL NOT BE APPLIED TO MEMBERS AND THE ("% AND 6"% WILL
n NOT BE DESIGNED AS A RIGID FRAME
J
4HE EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE PROVIDED IN !3#%
&OR DESIGN PURPOSES TWO THIRDS OF THESE -#% PARAMETERS 3ECTION WILL BE USED IN THIS EXAMPLE 4HE BUILDING PE
ARE USED 4HIS REmECTS THE ASSUMPTION IN !3#% THAT THERE IS RIOD IS ESTIMATED USING !3#% %QUATION n

HTTPEARTHQUAKEUSGSGOVRESEARCHHAZMAPSDESIGNINDEXPHP

4HE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF A STREET ADDRESS CAN BE FOUND USING ONE OF THE MANY MAPPING WEB SITES
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

5B $5 IO Y 4ABLE 6ERTICAL $ISTRIBUTION &ACTORS
n AND 3TORY &ORCES
s GU
TFD 6ERTICAL
3TORY &ORCE &X
,EVEL $ISTRIBUTION
4HE COEFlCIENT #4 AND THE EXPONENT X ARE TAKEN FROM KIPS
&ACTOR #VX
!3#% 4ABLE n 4HE VARIABLE HN IS BUILDING HEIGHT IN
2OOF
FEET
4HE PARAMETERS 3$3 AND 3$ CAN BE USED IN CONJUNCTION .INTH &LOOR
WITH !3#% %QUATIONS n THROUGH n TO CONSTRUCT %IGHTH &LOOR
A GENERALIZED SPECTRUM AS IS SHOWN IN !3#% &IGURE n 3EVENTH &LOOR
4HE SPECTRUM FOR THIS BUILDING IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
3IXTH &LOOR
&OR THIS CASE THE BUILDING PERIOD IS GREATER THAN 4S AND LESS
THAN 4, SEE !3#% 3ECTION 4HEREFORE IT IS GOV &IFTH &LOOR
ERNED BY !3#% %QUATION n 4HE ASSOCIATED SEISMIC &OURTH &LOOR
RESPONSE COEFlCIENT #S IS COMPUTED BASED ON THIS SPECTRUM 4HIRD &LOOR
THE RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT 2 AND THE IMPORTANCE
3ECOND &LOOR
FACTOR ) &OR BUILDING OCCUPANCY CATEGORY ) THE IMPORTANCE
FACTOR ) IS PER !3#% 4ABLE n
6
&V '
¥5´
7D ¦¦ µµµ
¦§ , ¶
J n 4HIS BASE SHEAR IS DISTRIBUTED VERTICALLY USING !3#%

¥ ´ %QUATIONS n AND n
VHF ¦¦ µµµ
¦§ ¶
'Y $WY7 nA
J
Z[ K[ N
4HE DESIGN BASE SHEAR IS CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUA &Y[ Q
nB
TION n ¤ ZL KL N
9 &V: L
NLSV n 4HE EXPONENT K IS INTERPOLATED FOR PERIODS BETWEEN AND
NLSV SECONDS &OR THIS BUILDING DESIGN K IS 4HE RESULTING
VALUES OF #VX FOR EACH LEVEL ARE SHOWN IN 4ABLE n
4HESE FORCES ARE DISTRIBUTED HORIZONTALLY BASED ON THE
STIFFNESS AND LOCATION OF EACH WALL !N ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE
FRAMES IS PERFORMED BOTH TO DETERMINE THIS HORIZONTAL DIS
TRIBUTION AND TO DESIGN THE FRAMES THEMSELVES 4HE ELASTIC
ANALYSIS INCLUDES ACCIDENTAL TORSION AS REQUIRED BY !3#%
3ECTION
4HE DESIGN FORCES FOR EACH 307 ARE BASED ON THIS HORIZON
TAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES 4ABLE n SHOWS THESE FORCES
4HE WIND LOADS WERE FOUND TO BE SIMILAR IN INTENSITY AND
THEIR DETERMINATION WILL BE OMITTED FOR THE SAKE OF SIMPLICITY
IN PRESENTING THIS EXAMPLE
307 $%3)'.

4HE LOW SEISMIC DESIGN OF 307 IS INTENDED TO ENSURE NOMI
NALLY DUCTILE PERFORMANCE $ESIGN EQUATIONS FOR THE WEB
PLATE ARE BASED ON LIMITED TENSION YIELDING 4HE DESIGN OF
BEAMS AND COLUMNS WHICH ARE REFERRED TO AS ("% AND 6"%
&IG n 'ENERALIZED SITE RESPONSE SPECTRUM RESPECTIVELY IS BASED ON FORCES CORRESPONDING TO THE AVER
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n &ORCES AND 3HEARS IN %ACH 307 4ABLE n !34- ! 7EB 0LATE $ESIGN 3TRENGTHS
&RAME &ORCE &RAME 3HEAR TW IN FVN KIPSIN F6N KIPS

,EVEL
KIPS KIPS
2OOF
.INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR

F6N IS CALCULATED BASED UPON ,CF FT MINUS IN
AGE WEB PLATE TENSION STRESS 4HE WEB PLATE STRENGTH IS SET TO 5SING THE DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR VARIOUS PLATE THICKNESSES
MEET THE DEMANDS CORRESPONDING TO THE SEISMIC LOAD ANALY IN !34- ! MATERIAL FROM 4ABLE n PRELIMINARY PLATE
SIS )N THIS DESIGN THE WEB PLATE DEMANDS WERE DETERMINED THICKNESSES ARE SELECTED AT EACH LEVEL 4HOSE SIZES ARE PRE
IN 3ECTION USING THE EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE SENTED IN 4ABLE n
4HE DESIGN OF 6"% MUST SATISFY BOTH STRENGTH AND STIFF
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN NESS REQUIREMENTS 4HE IN PLANE mEXURAL STIFFNESS IS REQUIRED
TO ENSURE THAT THE WEB PLATE CAN DEVELOP SUFlCIENT TENSION
&OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN AS THE SIZE OF ("% AND 6"% ARE NOT
THROUGHOUT ITS HEIGHT 4HIS REQUIREMENT IS GIVEN IN !)3#
KNOWN THE WEB PLATES ARE ASSUMED TO RESIST THE ENTIRE SHEAR
3ECTION G
IN THE FRAME !S THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE IS
DEPENDENT ON THE SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE ("% AND 6"% AS WZ K
WELL AS ON THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS AND THE FRAME DIMENSIONS , F r n
/
FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS ASSUMED
4YPICAL DESIGNS SHOW THAT THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS RANGES
WHERE
FROM TO MEASURED FROM A VERTICAL LINE 4HE ANGLE
A IS CONSERVATIVELY ASSUMED AS H THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ("% CENTERLINES
"ASED ON THIS ANGLE THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF WEB PLATES CAN
BE CALCULATED USING !)3# %QUATION n , THE DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES
F6N &Y TW ,CF SINA n 4HE REQUIRED COLUMN STIFFNESS AT EACH LEVEL IS SHOWN IN
4ABLE n &OR PURPOSES OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN THE BEAM
WHERE ,CF IS THE CLEAR LENGTH OF THE WEB PANEL BETWEEN 6"% DEPTHS AT ALL LEVELS ARE ASSUMED TO BE IDENTICAL AND THUS THE
mANGES DISTANCE H IS EQUAL TO THE mOOR TO mOOR HEIGHT
"ASED ON THIS EQUATION AND THE ASSUMED ANGLE OF TENSION .OTE THAT THE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA AT THE lRST mOOR IS
STRESS THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF WEB PANELS CAN BE CALCULATED VERY LOW !T THIS LEVEL AN INTERMEDIATE ("% WILL BE DESIGNED
IN TERMS OF DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH PER UNIT LENGTH FVN !S TO REDUCE THE HEIGHT OVER WHICH THE 6"% MUST RESIST THE IN
SUMING A VALUE EQUAL TO THE BAY LENGTH FT MINUS IN WARD mEXURE DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION
THE PLATE DESIGN STRENGTHS IN 4ABLE n CAN BE DETERMINED 0RELIMINARY 6"% DESIGN IS BASED ON THESE STIFFNESS RE
WHERE QUIREMENTS 3TRENGTH REQUIREMENTS MAY CONTROL BUT THEIR
CALCULATION IS DEPENDENT ON ANALYSIS OF THE FRAME AND COMBI
FVN &Y TW SINA n NATION WITH GRAVITY LOADS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 0RELIMINARY $ESIGN OF !34- ! 7EB 0LATES
$EMAND#APACITY
7EB 0LATE $ESIGN 3HEAR 2ATIO
2EQUIRED 3HEAR
,EVEL 4HICKNESS TW 3TRENGTH F6N 9X
3TRENGTH 6U KIPS
IN KIPS
F9Q
.INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR
4ABLE n 2EQUIRED #OLUMN -OMENT OF )NERTIA
0ANEL 0ROPORTIONS 2EQUIRED #OLUMN

7EB 0LATE 4HICKNESS
,EVEL -OMENT OF )NERTIA
TW IN H IN , IN )C IN
.INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR
7HERE RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS ARE USED THE &OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN A 7s WILL BE USED AT THE
DESIGN OF ("% IS DEPENDENT ON mEXURAL FORCES FROM AN ANAL ROOF LEVEL AND A 7s WILL BE USED AT ALL OTHER LEVELS .OTE
YSIS OF THE FRAME )T SHOULD BE NOTED HOWEVER THAT mEXURAL THAT THIS UNIFORM LOAD VALUE IS BASED ON THE ASSUMPTION OF AN
DEMANDS EXIST ON THE ("% BASED ON DIFFERING WEB PLATE TEN ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS OF )N MOST CASES THE ANGLE WILL
SION ABOVE AND BELOW THE BEAM 4HE LOAD THAT THE WEB PLATES BE SIGNIlCANTLY GREATER POTENTIALLY PERMITTING A REDUCTION IN
ARE EXPECTED TO EXERT ON THE ("% CAN BE ESTIMATED AS THIS LOAD ON THE BEAM
9X L 9X L
ZX n
/FI WDQ A
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n !NGLE OF 3TRESS AND 2EVISED
4ABLE n 0RELIMINARY "OUNDARY %LEMENT 3ECTIONS
7EB 0LATE 4HICKNESS
,EVEL 6"% ("% 7EB 0LATE

!NGLE OF 3TRESS
2OOF n 7s ,EVEL 4HICKNESS TW
A
IN
.INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
.INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
%IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR 7s 7s STRUT
&IRST &LOOR
4HE PRELIMINARY BOUNDARY ELEMENT SECTIONS SELECTED ARE IN TERMS OF STRENGTH .OTE HOWEVER THAT ITERATION WILL NOT
PRESENTED IN 4ABLE n FACILITATE DESIGNS WHERE DRIFT IS THE GOVERNING CRITERION
4HE DETERMINATION OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A IS DE "ASED ON THE PRELIMINARY WEB PLATE AND BOUNDARY MEM
PENDENT ON THE GEOMETRIC PROPORTIONS OF THE FRAME THE SEC BER DESIGNS THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS AT EACH LEVEL IS CALCU
TION PROPERTIES OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND THE WEB PLATE LATED 4ABLE n PRESENTS THE PRELIMINARY VALUES OF THE ANGLE
THICKNESS /NCE PRELIMINARY FRAMING MEMBERS ARE SELECTED OF TENSION STRESS AND THE REVISED WEB PLATE THICKNESS BASED
A RElNED ESTIMATE OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS CAN BE MADE ON !)3# %QUATION n
USING !)3# %QUATION n &RAMING MEMBER SIZES ARE SIMILARLY REVISED BASED ON THE
CHANGE IN ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS AND THE CHANGE IN WEB PLATE
WZ / THICKNESS 2EVISED FRAMING MEMBER SIZES ARE PRESENTED IN

$F 4ABLE n
WDQ A n
¨ K ·¸ 7HILE SUCH ITERATION CAN BE EASILY PERFORMED IN THE PRE
WZ K ©© LIMINARY DESIGN STAGE DESIGNERS SHOULD BEAR IN MIND THAT DE
©ª $E , F / ¸¸¹
SIGNS ARE SUBJECT TO MODIlCATION BASED ON FORCES DETERMINED
FROM AN ANALYSIS OF THE FRAME %FFORT IN PERFORMING NUMER
WHERE OUS ITERATIONS AT THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN STAGE MAY WELL BE
WASTED 4HE PURPOSE OF RElNING THE DESIGN AT THIS STAGE IS TO
H DISTANCE BETWEEN ("% CENTERLINES
REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ITERATIONS REQUIRED IN THE ANALYSIS STAGE
!B CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A ("% BY PROVIDING MORE REASONABLE BEGINNING SIZES 4HIS DESIGN
PROCEDURE IS BASED ON THE RELATIVE DIFlCULTY IN REVISING PRE
!C CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A 6"% LIMINARY DESIGNS WHICH CAN BE DONE USING A SIMPLE SPREAD
SHEET AND USING CURRENTLY AVAILABLE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFT
)C MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A 6"% TAKEN PERPENDICULAR WARE WHICH REQUIRES ADAPTIVE PROCEDURES DISCUSSED BELOW
TO THE DIRECTION OF THE WEB PLATE LINE
!NALYSIS
, DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES
)N ORDER TO COMPLETE THE DESIGN OF THE ("% AND 6"% DESIGN
7EB PLATE THICKNESS AND BOUNDARY MEMBER SIZES CAN BE FORCES ARE REQUIRED )N THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN IT WAS ASSUMED
RElNED IN THIS PRELIMINARY STAGE PRIOR TO A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS THAT THE ENTIRE STORY SHEAR TRIBUTARY TO THE FRAME WAS RESISTED
OF THE FRAME /NE OR TWO ITERATIONS AT THIS STAGE WILL PERMIT BY THE WEB PLATE #LEARLY 6"% WITH THE mEXURAL PROPERTIES
BEGINNING THE ANALYSIS WITH SIZES THAT ARE CLOSER TO OPTIMAL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HECK WEB PLATE STRENGTH VERSUS PORTION OF LOAD IN THE
4ABLE n 2EVISED 0RELIMINARY "OUNDARY
PLATE DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS RESIZING WOULD BE DONE FOR
%LEMENT 3ECTIONS
STRENGTH GOVERNED DESIGNS
,EVEL 6"% ("%
2OOF n 7s 2ECALCULATE THE ANGLE A BASED ON CHANGES IN WEB PLATE
("% OR 6"% SIZE
.INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
4HE ANALYSIS OF THIS FRAME IS GOVERNED BY STRENGTH REQUIRE
%IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
MENTS 4HE SIZES SHOWN IN 4ABLE n ARE SATISFACTORY FOR BOTH
3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s DRIFT AND STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s 4HESE MEMBER SIZES WERE USED TO CALCULATE ANGLES OF
&IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s TENSION STRESS A AT EACH LEVEL BOTH FOR CONSTRUCTING THE
MODEL AND FOR THE CAPACITY DESIGN CALCULATIONS THAT FOLLOW
&OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
4HESE ANGLES ARE SHOWN IN 4ABLE n
4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s 4HE ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT A PORTION OF THE SHEAR IS RESISTED
3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s BY THE COLUMNS 4ABLE n SHOWS THE PERCENTAGE OF SHEAR IN
&IRST &LOOR 7s 7s STRUT THE WEB PLATE AT EACH STORY 4HIS DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR WILL BE
CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF BOTH THE WEB PLATE AND THE 6"%
! SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS HAS BEEN PERFORMED INCLUDING 0n$
EFFECTS BUT NOT 0nD EFFECTS 4O ACCOUNT FOR 0nD EFFECTS "
WILL BE APPLIED IN THE CALCULATIONS THAT FOLLOW WHEN APPRO
PRIATE
REQUIRED WILL PARTICIPATE IN THE RESISTANCE OF THE STORY SHEAR IF

THEY ARE RIGIDLY CONNECTED TO THE ("% OR IF STORY DRIFTS VARY
SIGNIlCANTLY
!T THIS POINT IT IS CONVENIENT TO PERFORM AN ANALYSIS TO DE
TERMINE THE PORTION OF FRAME SHEAR THAT IS RESISTED BY THE WEB
PLATE 2EDUCTION IN THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATES
COULD PERMIT REDUCTION IN WEB PLATE THICKNESS #HANGES
IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS REQUIRE REANALYSIS TO CONlRM OR
MODIFY THE DISTRIBUTION OF FRAME SHEAR BETWEEN THE WEB PLATE
AND THE 6"% AS WELL AS RECALCULATION OF THE ANGLE OF STRESS
IN THE WEB PLATE !)3# %QUATION n AS IS DISCUSSED
BELOW
4HE USE OF A COMPUTER MODEL THUS PERMITS THE ITERATION
THAT IS NECESSARY TO OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN OF 307 &OR THIS
DESIGN EXAMPLE THE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING AN ORTHO
TROPIC MEMBRANE ELEMENT IN A MESH BETWEEN THE BOUNDARY
ELEMENTS 4HE MEMBRANE ELEMENT IS CONlGURED TO REPRESENT
THE THIN PLATE BY ROTATING ITS LOCAL AXES TO ALIGN WITH THE ES
TIMATED ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE PLATE AND REDUCING ITS
COMPRESSION STIFFNESS TO A NEGLIGIBLE VALUE AS EXPLAINED IN
3ECTION 4HIS METHOD OF MODELING GIVES RESULTS THAT REA
SONABLY MATCH THE BEHAVIOR OF 307 IN TESTING AS WELL AS THE
RESULTS OF THE MORE CONVENTIONAL STRIP MODEL METHOD 4HIS
METHOD IS MORE EASILY IMPLEMENTED WITH CURRENTLY AVAILABLE
ANALYSIS SOFTWARE COMPARISON OF THE METHODS IS PRESENTED
IN #HAPTER
4HE ORTHOTROPIC MODEL OF A 307 IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
4HIS MODEL IS ANALYZED WITH THE FORCES ACTING ON THE FRAME
%ACH ITERATION OF ANALYSIS WAS USED TO UPDATE A SPREAD
SHEET WHICH WAS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS
&IG /RTHOTROPIC MODEL OF 307
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n &INAL "OUNDARY %LEMENT 3ECTIONS AND 7EB 0LATES
7EB 0LATE 0ANEL 0ROPORTIONS

,EVEL 4HICKNESS 6"% ("%
TW IN H IN HC IN , IN ,CF IN
2OOF n n 7s n n n n
.INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
%IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s
3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s
&IRST &LOOR 7s 7s STRUT
ABOVE AND BELOW THE STRUT
4ABLE n 0ERCENTAGE OF 3TORY 3HEAR

4ABLE n !NGLES OF 4ENSION 3TRESS A
2ESISTED BY 7EB 0LATE
,EVEL A 0ERCENTAGE OF
!VERAGE 4ENSION
3TORY 3HEAR
.INTH &LOOR ,EVEL 3TRESS IN 7EB
2ESISTED BY
%IGHTH &LOOR 0LATE S KSI
7EB 0LATE
3EVENTH &LOOR .INTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR %IGHTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR 3EVENTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR 3IXTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR &IFTH &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR &OURTH &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR 4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR
$ESIGN OF ("% DEFORMATION OF THE FRAME MUST BE RESISTED AS WELL AS ANY
GRAVITY LOADING
4HE DESIGN OF THE 7s !34- ! ("% AT THE NINTH
4HE FORCES FROM WEB PLATE TENSION CAN BE CALCULATED OUT
mOOR WILL BE ILLUSTRATED
SIDE OF AN ANALYSIS 4HE AXIAL FORCE CAN BE COMPUTED FROM
("% IN 307 ARE SUBJECTED TO SIGNIlCANT AXIAL FORCES DUE
THE HORIZONTAL ANCHORAGE FORCES ON THE 6"% ABOVE AND BE
TO THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE 6"% AS DISCUSSED
LOW THE ("% AND mEXURAL FORCES FROM WEB PLATE YIELDING CAN
IN #HAPTER 4HEY ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO mEXURAL FORCES WHERE
BE COMPUTED FROM THE LOADING DElNED IN %QUATION n US
WEB PLATES IMPART A DIFFERENT TRANSVERSE LOAD ABOVE AND BE
ING ,CF IN PLACE OF ,H
LOW THE ("% OR ARE NOT PRESENT AT ALL ON ONE SIDE SUCH AS
AT THE TOP STORY !DDITIONALLY SHEAR AND MOMENTS FROM THE ZX /FI 3X /FI
0X n

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

.O ADDITIONAL AXIAL FORCE IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE ("%
XV S U DPT A S U DPT A 4HIS FORCE CAN BE DIVIDED EQUALLY ON EITHER SIDE OF THE ("%
LTJ JO DPT o SO HALF OF 0("%WEB WILL BE USED IN DESIGN /N THE LEFT SIDE
ADJACENT TO THE 6"% IN TENSION THE CONNECTION FORCE IS
LTJ JO DPT o

LJQTJO n 3X NLSV NLSV NLSV

-DG - ED
/N THE RIGHT SIDE ADJACENT TO THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION THE
JO JO CONNECTION FORCE IS
JO
3X NLSV NLSV NLSV

&ROM A SECONDARY BEAM SUPPORTED AT MIDSPAN
"OTH FORCES ARE COMPRESSIVE THUS 0U KIPS IS MORE
1V LJQT CRITICAL "ASED ON THIS FORCE THE MOMENT MAGNIlCATION FAC
TOR " IS CALCULATED FOR THE 7s ("% AS
LJQTJO JO
.V &P
% r
n 3
LJQT JO X n
3H

LJQJO #M
4HE SHEAR IN THE ("% IS +, IN IN
NLSV ZJ ZX P &*
9X /FI n 1F
n
,-
WG KIPSIN
P LTJ JO

LJQT LJQTJO JO JO
7V
LJQT
LJQT

# r n
4HE AXIAL FORCE IN THE ("% IS ¥ LJQT ´µ
¦
¦ µ
¦§ LJQT µ¶
1)#& 1)#& 7#& p 1)#& XFC n
r VTF

1)#& 7#& ¤ S TJO A U X ID n
3INCE " 0nD EFFECTS INCREASE THE MOMENTS ABOVE
THOSE CALCULATED PREVIOUSLY 4HEREFORE
< LTJ TJO B
1S 1V LJQT
s JO JO LTJ
.S # . OU # .MU z # .V
sTJO B JO JO >
LJQJO
LJQT
LJQJO
¨ S J UJ TJO A J -DGJ ·
1)#& XFC ©© ¸
¸ n #HECK #OMPACTNESS
©S J UJ TJO A J -DGJ ¸
ª ¹ #OMPACTNESS WILL BE CHECKED USING !)3# TO DETERMINE
WHICH DESIGN STRENGTH EQUATIONS MAY BE USED 4HERE IS NO
< LTJ JO
RESTRICTION ON THE ELEMENT SLENDERNESS IN THIS DESIGN
sTJO s B JO LTJ &OR THE 7s ("% IN mEXURE
s JO TJO s B JO > EI ( n
LJQT b
W I )\
E I W I
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
K ( I E LEFT JO JO JO
b n
WZ )\ "FGG "H I CF U X
K WZ JO JO JO JO
JO
4HE SECTION IS COMPACT IN mEXURE
1A !EFF ! IN IN
)N COMPRESSION
EI 1 1S 1A
( n
b
W I )\ P (
)H n
E I W I ¨ ./ ·
© ¸
©ª U ¸¹
4HE mANGES ARE NONSLENDER IN COMPRESSION
P NVL
K (
b n

WZ )\
NVL
K WZ
4)\
4HE WEB IS SLENDER IN COMPRESSION
5SE !)3# %QUATION %n
#HECK 3HEAR 3TRENGTH
¨ 4)\ ·
I & © ¸ n
b )FU 4 ª© )H ¸¹ )\
UX 'Z
¨ NVL ·
F © ¸
ª NVL ¹ NVL
FV6N FV&Y !W n NVL
FC0N FC&CR!G n
KSI IN IN
KSI IN
KIPS
KIPS
FV6N 6U KIPS OK
0C FC0N KIPS
#HECK #OMBINED #OMPRESSION AND &LEXURE
0R 0C KIPS KIPS
+,RX IN IN
&OR THE mEXURAL STRENGTH THE LIMITING UNBRACED LENGTH IS
+,RY IN IN TAKEN FROM !)3# -ANUAL 4ABLE n
-INOR AXIS BUCKLING CONTROLS ,P FT IN
1 1S 1A ,R FT IN
1S ,B IN
5SING !)3# %QUATION %n WITH F CONSERVATIVELY TAKEN 3INCE ,P ,B ,R INELASTIC LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING
EQUAL TO &Y CONTROLS
¨ ·
( © ( ¸ #ONSERVATIVELY USING #B
EHZHE W © ¸
)\ © EW )\ ¸ FB-P KIP FT KIP IN
ª ¹
¨© ·¸ FB-R KIP FT KIP IN
©
©ª ¸¸¹
4HE mEXURAL STRENGTH IS OBTAINED BY LINEAR INTERPOLATION
LQ
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

¥ - - ´µ ¨ LTJ TJO s B ·
¦ C Q µ © ¸
.D FC . Q FC . Q FC .S ¦¦ µ n © ¸
¦§ -S - Q µµ¶ & ©s JO JO LTJ ¸
© ¸
LJQJO ©s TJO s B JO JO ¸
ª ¹
.S .D LJQJO LJQJO LJQTJO JO

LJQTJO JO
!S 0R 0C USE %QUATION (nB

1S .S LJQT
PL n
1D .D 7ITH THE ADDITIONAL KIPS OF GRAVITY LOAD 0U KIPS
$ESIGN OF 6"% "ASED ON THIS FORCE THE MOMENT MAGNIlCATION FACTOR " IS
CALCULATED FOR THE 7s 6"% AS
4HE DESIGN OF THE 7s 6"% AT THE EIGHTH mOOR WILL BE
ILLUSTRATED 4HE TOTAL FACTORED GRAVITY LOAD IN THIS 6"% IS &P
% r
KIPS 3 n
X
6"% IN 307 ARE SUBJECT TO HIGH AXIAL FORCES DUE TO OVER 3H
TURNING FROM LEVELS ABOVE 4HESE AXIAL FORCES ARE CONCURRENT
#M n
WITH mEXURAL DEMANDS FROM TWO SOURCES 4HE lRST SOURCE IS
THE DEFORMATION OF THE COLUMN DUE TO UNEVEN STORY DRIFTS +, IN n
4HE SECOND SOURCE IS THE TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE
WHICH EXERTS AN INWARD FORCE ON THE 6"% 4HIS FORCE ACTS ON IN
THE COLUMN IN COMPRESSION IN THE DIRECTION OPPOSITE OF THE P &*
FRAME SHEAR AND ON THE COLUMN IN TENSION IN THE DIRECTION OF 1F n

THE FRAME SHEAR "OTH OF THESE SOURCES OF mEXURAL FORCES ARE ,-
REPRESENTED IN THE ANALYTICAL MODEL P LTJ JO
6"% IN 307 ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST FORCES CORRESPONDING
JO
TO THE AVERAGE STRESS IN THE WALL
4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUDES THE EF LJQT
FECTS OF THE WEB PLATE AT THE EIGHTH AND NINTH mOORS AND THE
SHEAR 6U FROM THE ("% AT THE NINTH mOOR AND THE ROOF 4HE
# r n
RESULTING COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS ¥ LJQT ´µ
¦
¦¦ µ
µ
§ LJQT µ¶
( ¤ S VLQ A WZ KF ¤ 9X n
r VTF
4HE SUM OF SEISMIC SHEARS 36U SHOULD INCLUDE ALL OF THE 4HE AXIAL TENSION FORCE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE SHEAR IN
BEAMS ABOVE 4HE SEISMIC SHEAR IN THE ("% IS THE BEAMS AND THE STRESS IN THE WEB PLATES
ZX ¨Z ·
9X /FI n ( ¤ S VLQ A WZ KF ¤ © X /FI ¸ n
©ª ¸¹
4HUS THE COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS

< LTJ TJO s B

¨ ZX · s JO JO LTJ
( ¤ S VLQ A WZ KF ¤ ©© /FI ¸ n
ª ¸¹
s TJO s B JO JO >
4HE RESULTING COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS LJQTJO JO

LJQTJO JO

LJQT
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE GRAVITY LOAD EXCEEDS THIS TENSILE FORCE 66"% 66"%FRAME 66"%WEB n
4HE mEXURAL FORCE IS THE SUM OF THE EFFECTS OF WEB TENSION
AND THAT OF FRAME BEHAVIOR 4HE mEXURE FROM WEB TENSION IS KIPS KIPS
¥ I ´µ KIPS
¦ n
.7#& XFC S TJO A U X ¦¦ D µµµ
§ ¶
#HECK #OMPACTNESS
LTJ TJO B JO
&OR THE 7s 6"% IN mEXURE
s JO
EI (
LJQJO b
W I )\ n
4HE MOMENT FROM COLUMN DEFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM THE E W I
MODEL 4HIS FORCE INCLUDES SOME OF THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE
TENSION FOR SIMPLICITY OF THE DESIGN PROCESS THAT PORTION
I &
OF THE FORCE IS ACCOUNTED FOR TWICE )N ORDER TO SEPARATE THE b
TWO SOURCES OF mEXURE SEPARATE MODELING OF THE FRAME IS UX 'Z n
REQUIRED I U X
-6"%FRAME KIP IN
4HE SECTION IS COMPACT IN mEXURE
-U -6"%FRAME -6"%WEB n )N COMPRESSION
KIP IN KIP IN CG &
b
U G 'Z
KIP IN
CG
3INCE " 0 D EFFECTS INCREASE THE MOMENTS ABOVE
THOSE CALCULATED PREVIOUSLY 4HEREFORE U G
0R 0U KIPS I &

b
UX 'Z
-R " -NT " -LT z " -U n
I

KIP IN UX
KIP IN 4HE SECTION IS NOT SLENDER IN COMPRESSION

4HE SHEAR IN THE 6"% IS THE SUM OF THE EFFECT OF WEB TEN #HECK 3HEAR 3TRENGTH
SION AND THE PORTION OF SHEAR NOT RESISTED BY THE WEB PLATE
I &
n b
77#& XFC S TJO A U X ID UX 'Z

F W
LTJ
F W7O F W 'Z "X n
sTJO B JO JO LTJ JJO JO
LJQT LJQT
4HE ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT PERCENT OF THE SHEAR IS IN THE F W7O 7V LJQTPL
WEB PLATE SEE 4ABLE n )T IS ASSUMED THAT THE REMAINING
SHEAR IS SHARED SEE 4ABLE n EQUALLY BY THE TWO 6"% #HECK #OMBINED #OMPRESSION AND &LEXURE
"Y INSPECTION THE COMPRESSION STRENGTH IS GOVERNED BY
77#& GSBNF LJQT
MINOR AXIS BUCKLING
LJQT +,RY IN IN
4HE TOTAL SHEAR IN THE 6"% IS THUS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#ONNECTION OF 7EB 0LATE TO "OUNDARY %LEMENTS
P &
'F n
¨ ,- · "ECAUSE THE DESIGN OF WEB PLATES UTILIZES A STRENGTH BASED
© ¸ ON SPREADING OF YIELDING OVER SOME PORTION OF THE PLATE IT IS
©ª S ¸¹
NECESSARY TO PRECLUDE FRACTURE OF THE WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS
P LTJ AT LOCAL AREAS OF HIGHER STRESS 4HUS THE WEB PLATE WELDS WILL

BE SIZED SO THAT WEB PLATE TENSION YIELDING WILL OCCUR PRIOR
TO WELD FRACTURE
LTJ 'Z LTJ .OTE THAT THE FACTOR 2Y WHICH IS USED TO DETERMINE THE
EXPECTED YIELD STRENGTH IS NOT USED HERE IN THIS LOW SEISMIC
5SE %QUATION %n DESIGN EXAMPLE 7HILE 2Y IS STRICTLY A MATERIAL PROPERTY AND
¨ )\ · IS NOT RELATED TO THE TYPE OF LOADING SOME JUDGMENT MUST
© ¸ n BE APPLIED IN CONSIDERING THE NUMEROUS VARIABLES THAT AFFECT
)FU ª )H
© ¸¹ )\
THE RELIABILITY OF THIS ASPECT OF THE CONNECTION DESIGN )N THIS
¨ NVL ·
EXAMPLE AND BECAUSE THE SEISMIC RESPONSE MODIlCATION FAC
ª NVL ¸¹ NVL
©
TOR 2 IS TAKEN EQUAL TO IT IS CONSIDERED SUFlCIENTLY RELIABLE
NVL TO COMPARE THE SPECIlED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH OF THE WEB
PLATE &Y WITH THE SPECIlED MINIMUM WELD STRENGTH &%88
FC0N FC&CR !G n REDUCED BY THE RESISTANCE FACTOR 7HILE IT IS PROBABLE THAT THE
ACTUAL WEB PLATE YIELD STRENGTH IS SIGNIlCANTLY GREATER THAN
KSI IN THE SPECIlED MINIMUM IT IS ALSO LIKELY THAT THE WELD STRENGTH
IS GREATER THAN ITS SPECIlED MINIMUM AND THE RESISTANCE FAC
KIPS TOR OF PROVIDES AN ADEQUATE MARGIN OF SAFETY
&OR lLLET WELDED CONNECTIONS THE REQUIRED TOTAL WELD SIZE
0C FC0N KIPS AT THE ("% CAN BE EXPRESSED AS
0R 0C KIPS KIPS
)\ FRV A WZ
&OR THE mEXURAL STRENGTH THE LIMITING UNBRACED LENGTH IS Z+%( n
TAKEN FROM !)3# -ANUAL 4ABLE n F )(;; ¨© FRV A ·
ª ¹̧
,P FT IN
,B IN 4HE REQUIRED TOTAL WELD SIZE AT THE 6"% CAN BE EXPRESSED AS
3INCE ,B ,P LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING DOES NOT CONTROL
)\ VLQ A WZ
4HE mEXURAL STRENGTH IS Z9%( n
n F )(;; ¨© VLQ A ·
-C FB-N ª ¹̧
FB&Y :X 4HESE WELD SIZES ARE THE TOTAL REQUIRED )N THIS CASE TWO
PARALLEL WELDS ARE USED TO RESIST THE WEB PLATE TENSION AS
KSI IN SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND THE OVERLAP OF THE WEB PLATE AND
THE lSH PLATE IS SMALL 4HUS THE TWO WELDS ARE ASSUMED TO
KIP IN
SHARE THE FORCE EQUALLY AND THE SUM OF THE TWO WELD SIZES
-R -C KIP IN KIP IN MUST EQUAL OR EXCEED THE TOTAL REQUIRED WELD SIZE CALCULATED
ABOVE 4ABLE n SHOWS THE TOTAL REQUIRED lLLET WELD SIZE
AT EACH LEVEL FOR &Y KSI AND &%88 KSI AS WELL AS THE
SIZE OF EACH WELD FOR THE TWO PARALLEL WELDS
!S 0R F0C USE %QUATION (nA &IGURE n SHOWS A CONNECTION DETAIL FOR THE s IN WEB
1S ¥¦ .S ´µ PLATE TO THE 6"% AT THE lRST mOOR )N THIS CASE TWO IN lLLET
¦ µ PL WELDS ARE USED
1D ¦§ .D µµ¶
!T THE FOUNDATION THE s IN WEB PLATE MUST BE ANCHORED
TO THE GRADE BEAM (ERE A 74 IS USED TO SPAN BETWEEN AN
#HECK #OMBINED 4ENSION AND &LEXURE CHORS
"Y INSPECTION TENSION WILL NOT CONTROL THE DESIGN OVER COM
PRESSION 7HEN TENSION AND mEXURE DOES CONTROL SEE !)3#
3PECIlCATION 3ECTION (
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
4ABLE n 2EQUIRED &ILLET 7ELD 3IZE
7EB 0LATE
!NGLE OF
,EVEL 4HICKNESS 7ELD 3IZE AT ("% IN 7ELD 3IZE AT 6"% IN
3TRESS A
TW IN
4WO 7ELDS
4OTAL 4OTAL 4WO 7ELDS %ACH
%ACH
.INTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
%IGHTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
3EVENTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
3IXTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
&IFTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR
4HE SHEAR AND TENSION ON EACH ANCHOR ROD MUST BE CONSID !SSUMING A IN SPACING EACH ANCHOR MUST RESIST
ERED 4HE SHEAR ON EACH ANCHOR ROD IS KIPS OF SHEAR AND KIPS OF TENSION &IGURE n SHOWS THE
BASE CONNECTION
WV 'Z TJO A U X T n
!LTERNATIVELY A STEEL BEAM CAN BE PROVIDED AS THE ("% AT
THE BOTTOM 4HIS BEAM WOULD CONNECT TO THE BOTTOM 6"% ON

LTJ TJO sB s JO T EITHER SIDE OF THE 307

LJQTJOsT #ONNECTION OF ("% TO 6"%
4HE TENSION ON EACH ANCHOR ROD IS 4HE CONNECTION OF THE 7s ("% TO THE 7s 6"%
AT THE NINTH mOOR WILL BE DESIGNED ! SINGLE PLATE SHEAR CON
UV 'Z DPT A U X T n
LTJ s DPT B s JO s T

LJQTJOs T
&IG n #ONNECTION OF s IN WEB PLATE &IG n #ONNECTION OF s IN WEB PLATE AT BASE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

NECTION WILL BE DESIGNED TO RESIST THE COMBINED SHEAR AND MORE OF THE FORCE IN THE WEB PLATE BELOW IS BEING DELIVERED
AXIAL FORCE 4HIS CONNECTION IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n THROUGH THE COLLECTOR 4HUS .COLL IS MORE CRITICAL IN THIS CASE
4RY A IN s IN PLATE IN DEEP WITH SEVEN / IN 7HEN THE COLLECTOR IS IN TENSION THE COLLECTOR FORCE .#OLL
DIAMETER !34- !8 BOLTS IN 34$ HOLES 4HE HORIZONTAL IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE INWARD REACTION OF THE 6"% 0("%6"%
EDGE DISTANCE IS IN THE VERTICAL EDGE DISTANCE IS IN %QUATION n RESULTING IN A SMALL COMPRESSION FORCE
AND THE BOLTS ARE SPACED AT IN
/ V 1)#& 7#& /$PMM
2EQUIRED 3TRENGTH
LJQT LJQT LJQT
4HE CONNECTION WILL BE DESIGNED CONSIDERING THE COLLECTOR
FORCES THE SHEAR IN THE COLUMN AND THE END FORCES CALCULATED 7HEN THE COLLECTOR IS IN COMPRESSION THE COLLECTOR FORCE
FOR THE ("% 4HE VERTICAL FORCE COMPONENT IS DUE ONLY TO IS ADDED TO THE INWARD REACTION OF THE 6"% 0("%6"% %QUA
THE ("% TION n
6U KIPS /V /$PMM 1)#& 7#&
4HE HORIZONTAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE END OF THE ("% IS LJQT LJQT LJQT
.("% KIPS
"ECAUSE BOTH CONDITIONS RESULT IN COMPRESSION THIS AXIAL
4HIS FORCE IS PARTLY DUE TO THE COLLECTOR AND PARTLY DUE TO COMPRESSION FORCE GOVERNS THE DESIGN OF THE SHEAR PLATE
THE INWARD REACTION OF THE 6"% 4HE COLLECTOR PORTION IS THAT
CAUSED BY THE DIFFERENCE IN WEB FORCES ABOVE AND BELOW THE #HECK 0LATE 9IELDING
("% 0("%WEB %QUATION n !N ELLIPTICAL INTERACTION APPROACH WILL BE USED WITH
4HE HORIZONTAL FORCE COMPRESSION OR TENSION AT THE END
OF THE COLLECTOR IS HALF THE FRAME FORCE GIVEN IN 4ABLE n ¥ 9 ´µ ¥ 1X ´µ
¦¦ X µ ¦¦ µµ b
SINCE IT IS TRANSFERRED AT BOTH ENDS OF THE COLLECTOR ¦¦ µµ ¦¦§ F 1
§ F \9Q µ¶ F Q¶
µ
.#OLL KIPS KIPS
4HIS FORCE IS LARGER THAN HALF OF 0("%WEB WHICH RESULTS FY6N &YT, n
FROM A CONDITION WHERE THE WEB PLATE ABOVE THE BEAM IS LESS
HEAVILY STRESSED THAN WAS ASSUMED IN THE DESIGN OF THE ("% KSI IN IN
AND
KIPS

3+%( ZHE NLSV &OR THIS SHORT COMPRESSION ELEMENT +LR AND &CR &Y

4HUS
FC.N &YT, n
KSI IN IN
KIPS
¥ NLSV ´µ ¥ NLSV ´µ
¦¦ µ ¦¦ µ b RN
¦§ NLSV µµ¶ ¦§ NLSV µµ¶
#HECK 0LATE 2UPTURE

7HILE SHEAR RUPTURE CAN OCCUR RUPTURE IS NOT APPLICABLE FOR
THE HORIZONTAL COMPRESSION COMPONENT #ONSERVATIVELY THE
FOLLOWING INTERACTION WILL BE CHECKED
¥ 9X ´µ ¥ 1X ´µ
¦¦ µµ ¦¦ µµ b
¦¦§ F 9 µ ¦¦§ F 1 µ
Q Q¶ F Q¶
FN6N &U !NV n
&IG n 3INGLE PLATE CONNECTION OF ("% TO 6"%
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

!NV !G NDB IN T n "EARING CONTROLS AND
FRN FDBT&U n
IN IN
/ IN IN IN IN IN KSI
IN KIPS

&OR THE BOLT GROUP
FN6N KSI IN
F2NV KIPS KIPS
KIPS
KIPS
¥ NLSV ´µ ¥ NLSV ´µ &OR THE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT ALL BOLTS HAVE DB ,C AND
¦¦ µ ¦¦ µ
¦§ NLSV µµ¶ ¦§ NLSV µµ¶ b RN
F2NN KIPS
#HECK "OLT 3HEAR
KIPS
4HE RESULTANT FORCE ON THE BOLT GROUP IS
4HEREFORE

7V /V LJQT LJQT n ¥ 7V ´µ ¥ /V ´µ
¦¦ µµ ¦¦ µµ b
LJQT ¦§ F3 µ ¦§ F3 µ
OW ¶ OO ¶
4HE DESIGN STRENGTH OF THE BOLT GROUP IS ¥ LJQT ´µ ¥ LJQT ´µ
¦¦ µ ¦¦ µ b PL
F3O FO'OW "C ¦§ LJQQT µµ¶ ¦§ LJQT µµ¶
¨P ·
LTJ © / JO ¸ n #HECK "LOCK 3HEAR 2UPTURE
©ª ¸¹
LJQT LJQTPL !S WITH PLATE RUPTURE BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE IS NOT APPLICABLE
FOR THE HORIZONTAL COMPRESSION COMPONENT !DDITIONALLY
#HECK "OLT "EARING WITH A HORIZONTAL EDGE DISTANCE OF IN AND A VERTICAL EDGE
DISTANCE OF IN THE BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE CHECK FOR THE VER
4HE BEAM WEB AND PLATE ARE OF SIMILAR THICKNESS BUT THE
TICAL COMPONENT WILL EXCEED THE CHECK PREVIOUSLY MADE FOR
PLATE IS !34- ! MATERIAL WHILE THE BEAM IS !34- !
SHEAR RUPTURE 4HUS IT DOES NOT CONTROL
MATERIAL 4HEREFORE BEARING ON THE PLATE IS MORE CRITICAL &OR
THE VERTICAL COMPONENT AT THE BOTTOM BOLT 7ELD 3IZE
4HE lLLET WELDS ARE SELECTED AS t IN lLLET WELDS TO EQUAL 6
-D < JO y JO >
TIMES TP 4HIS DEVELOPS THE STRENGTH OF THE PLATE
JO 4HE SHEAR PLATE CONNECTION SATISlES ALL OF THE CHECKS AND
EC / JO THEREFORE IS ACCEPTABLE
JJO -D
$ESIGN OF )NTERMEDIATE 3TRUT AT &IRST &LOOR
4EAROUT CONTROLS AND 4HE INTERMEDIATE STRUT AT THE lRST mOOR IS SUBJECTED TO AN AXIAL
n FORCE 4HIS FORCE CAN BE DETERMINED IN THE SAME WAY AS THE
FRN F,CT&U
("% AXIAL FORCE BASED ON THE STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE
IN IN KSI
3VWUXW ¤ S VLQ A WZ KF n

KIPS
&OR THE REMAINING BOLTS
> NVL VLQ B
,C IN yIN
IN s IN IN KSI
DB IN ,C s SIN IN IN =
KIPS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4RY A 7s FC0N FC&CR!G n
#HECK #OMPACTNESS KSI IN
EI (
b n KIPS
W I )\
FC0N 0U KIPS OK
BTF
4HE INTERMEDIATE STRUT IS ACTING AS A STIFFENER AND THERE
K ( FORE MUST HAVE A MINIMUM TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS AS DElNED
b n BY %QUATION n
WZ )\
)ST r ATWJ n
HTW
WHERE
4HE SECTION IS NOT SLENDER IN COMPRESSION
A SPACING BETWEEN TRANSVERSE STIFFENERS
#HECK #OMPRESSION
H LENGTH OF STIFFENER
+,RX IN IN
J HA n r
+,RY IN IN
¥ LQ LQ ´µ
¦¦ µµ r
-INOR AXIS BUCKLING CONTROLS ¦§ LQ ¶
P (
)H n )ST r IN IN
¨ ./ ·
© ¸
©ª U ¸¹ IN
P NVL )Y IN r IN OK

4HE 7s IS ADEQUATE
NVL )\ NVL
5SE %QUATION %n

)FU )H n
NVL
NVL
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
#HAPTER
$ESIGN %XAMPLE )) (IGH 3EISMIC $ESIGN
/6%26)%7 4HE BUILDING DESIGN INCLUDES EIGHT 3037 PANELS ON THE
PERIMETER SO THAT THE PRESCRIPTIVE REQUIREMENTS OF !3#%
4HIS CHAPTER ILLUSTRATES THE DESIGN OF A BUILDING UTILIZING
3ECTION ARE MET AND THE REDUNDANCY FACTOR R MAY
3PECIAL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS 3037 IN A ZONE OF HIGH SEIS
BE TAKEN AS 4HE LENGTH OF EACH WALL PANEL HAS BEEN SE
MICITY FOR 2 WITH APPLICATION OF THE DUCTILE DETAILING
LECTED TO COMPLY WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THIS PROVISION
REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# 4HE EXAMPLE BUILDING USED IN
)T IS ALSO COMMON TO UTILIZE WALLS OF THE BUILDING CORE
#HAPTER WILL BE REDESIGNED ASSUMING A SITE IN DOWNTOWN
AS 3037 )N SUCH A CONlGURATION BUILDING TORSION SHOULD
3AN &RANCISCO
BE RESTRAINED BY A SUPPLEMENTARY PERIMETER SYSTEM IN ORDER
TO AVOID AN EXTREME TORSIONAL IRREGULARITY !3#% 4ABLE
34!.$!2$3
n -OMENT FRAMES ARE A COMMON CHOICE FOR SUCH A
4HE DESIGN WILL AGAIN BE GOVERNED BY THE EDITIONS OF SUPPLEMENTARY PERIMETER SYSTEM AND A PERIMETER MOMENT
!3#% INCLUDING 3UPPLEMENT .O AND !)3# !DDI FRAME WITH A 3037 CORE IS AN EXCELLENT CHOICE FOR BUILDINGS
TIONALLY AS WILL BE SEEN BELOW THE SEISMIC DESIGN CATEGORY OF OVER FT TALL WHERE !3#% REQUIRES THAT A DUAL SYSTEM
THE STRUCTURE AND USE OF 2 WILL NECESSITATE USE OF !)3# BE USED
#ONCRETE ELEMENTS TO THE EXTENT THAT THEY ARE ADDRESSED )N ORDER TO FOCUS ON THE 3037 SYSTEM RATHER THAN THE
IN THIS EXAMPLE ARE REQUIRED TO CONFORM TO !#) INTRICACIES OF THE DESIGN OF DUAL SYSTEMS OR THE CALCULATION
OF THE REDUNDANCY FACTOR THE BUILDING IN THIS DESIGN EXAMPLE
"5),$).' ).&/2-!4)/. HAS THE 3037 LOCATED ON THE PERIMETER ! TYPICAL ELEVATION
OF A 3037 IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n .OTE THAT THE ADJACENT
4HE BUILDING FOOTPRINT AND SIZE ARE IDENTICAL TO THAT USED IN
THE PREVIOUS DESIGN EXAMPLE 4HE TYPICAL PLAN IS SHOWN IN
&IGURE n 4HE BUILDING WEIGHT AND MATERIAL GRADES ARE AS
GIVEN IN #HAPTER
&IG n 4YPICAL mOOR PLAN &IG n 3037 ELEVATION
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

BAYS ARE ALSO MODELED AS THE REDUCTION IN OVERTURNING FORCES &OR DESIGN PURPOSES TWO THIRDS OF THESE -#% PARAMETERS
DUE TO THE mEXURE OF THE ADJOINING BEAMS IS INSTRUMENTAL IN ARE USED 4HIS REmECTS THE ASSUMPTION IN !3#% THAT THERE
LIMITING THE STORY DRIFT WITHIN ALLOWABLE LIMITS FOR THIS BUILDING IS LIKELY TO BE A RESERVE CAPACITY OF APPROXIMATELY PERCENT
5NLIKE THE PREVIOUS DESIGN EXAMPLE IN #HAPTER THE DE AT DESIGN LEVEL 4HIS IS EQUIVALENT TO USING -#% VALUES AND A
SIGN DOES NOT INCLUDE A HORIZONTAL STRUT AT MID HEIGHT OF THE PERCENT GREATER RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFlCIENT
lRST mOOR 7ERE SUCH A STRUT USED SEE #HAPTER EXCEPT THAT 4HE DESIGN SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETERS ARE
THE DESIGN SHOULD BE BASED ON THE WEB PLATE ACHIEVING ITS CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUATIONS AND
EXPECTED YIELD STRESS
4HE BUILDING IS LOCATED IN DOWNTOWN 3AN &RANCISCO ON 6 '6 6 06
n
THE CORNER OF -ONTGOMERY AND -ARKET 3TREETS 4HE SEISMIC
J
GROUND MOTION VALUES ARE OBTAINED FROM 53'3 MAPS BASED
ON THE BUILDING LOCATION )N THIS DESIGN THE 53'3 WEB SITE
IS USED TO OBTAIN THE INFORMATION BY ENTERING THE BUILDING 6 ' 60
n
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE 4HE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE VALUES FOR
J
THE SITE ARE AND RESPECTIVELY
4HE SOIL AT THE SITE CORRESPONDS TO 3ITE #LASS $ REmECTING 4HESE VALUES ARE USED TO ESTABLISH THE BUILDING 3EISMIC
THE STIFF SOIL IN THIS LOCATION 4HE BUILDING OCCUPANCY CAT $ESIGN #ATEGORY 3$# !3#% 4ABLE IS USED
EGORY IS ) BASED ON ITS USE AS AN OFlCE BUILDING !3#% TO COMPARE 3$3 TO CERTAIN LIMITS !3#% 4ABLE IS
4ABLE n USED SIMILARLY WITH 3$ %ACH TABLE GIVES A 3$# BASED ON
THE BUILDING OCCUPANCY CATEGORY AND THE DESIGN SPECTRAL RE
,/!$3 SPONSE ACCELERATION PARAMETER 3$3 OR 3$ 4HE MORE SEVERE
3$# OBTAINED FROM THE TWO TABLES IS USED &OR THIS BUILDING
&OR THIS LOCATION THE 0EAK 'ROUND !CCELERATION 0'! FOR THE
DESIGN THE 3$# IS $
-AXIMUM #ONSIDERED %ARTHQUAKE -#% IS G WHERE
4HE 3$# IS USED TO DETERMINE MANY ASPECTS OF THE SEIS
G IS THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY 3PECTRAL ACCELERATIONS FOR THE
MIC DESIGN OF THE BUILDING !3#% 4ABLE LIMITS THE
-#% ARE G AT A PERIOD OF SECOND AND G AT
ANALYSIS PROCEDURES THAT ARE PERMITTED BASED ON 3$# PE
A PERIOD OF SECOND 4HESE VALUES ARE EXPRESSED AS 3S AND
RIOD AND IRREGULARITIES
3 RESPECTIVELY
&OR 3$# $ IT MUST BE DETERMINED WHETHER THE BUILDING
3S G PERIOD IS GREATER THAN TIMES 4S THE PERIOD THAT SEPARATES
THE CONSTANT ACCELERATION RANGE FROM THE PERIOD SENSITIVE
3 G RANGE OF THE SEISMIC RESPONSE SPECTRUM "UILDINGS WITH
4HESE SPECTRAL VALUES ARE MODIlED BASED ON THE SITE CLASS SUCH LONG PERIODS ARE NOT PERMITTED TO BE DESIGNED USING THE
4HE MODIlCATION VALUES ARE SELECTED FROM !3#% 4ABLES EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE 4HE BUILDING PERIOD IS ES
n AND n BASED ON SITE CLASS AND SPECTRAL ACCELERA TIMATED USING !3#% %QUATION
TION 4HE MODIlCATION VALUES ARE 4A #4 HNX n
&A
s FT
&V
SEC
4HE ADJUSTED -#% SPECTRAL RESPONSE ACCELERATION PARAM
ETERS ARE CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUATIONS AND 4HE COEFlCIENT #4 AND THE EXPONENT X ARE TAKEN FROM
!3#% 4ABLE 4HE VARIABLE HN IS BUILDING HEIGHT IN
FEET
3-3 &A 3S n 4HE PERIOD VALUE 4S IS CALCULATED BASED ON 3$3 AND 3$
G
6 '
n 7V VHF n
3- &V 3 6 '6
G

HTTPEARTHQUAKEUSGSGOVRESEARCHHAZMAPSDESIGNINDEXPHP

4HE LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE OF A STREET ADDRESS CAN BE FOUND USING ONE OF THE MANY MAPPING WEB SITES
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE BUILDING PERIOD EXPRESSED IN TERMS OF 4S IS 6 #S 7 n
4A 4S 4S n KIPS
4HUS 4A IS WITHIN THE LIMIT FOR WHICH USE OF THE EQUIVALENT
LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE IS PERMITTED KIPS
&OR 3$# $ IT MUST BE DETERMINED WHETHER THE BUILDING 4HIS BASE SHEAR IS DISTRIBUTED VERTICALLY USING !3#%
HAS ANY OF THE FOLLOWING IRREGULARITIES 4YPE A OR B IN %QUATIONS AND
!3#% 4ABLE OR 4YPES A OR B OR IN !3#% nA
&X #VX6
4ABLE )T IS ASSUMED THAT THE BUILDING WILL BE DE
SIGNED SO AS TO AVOID ALL OF THESE IRREGULARITIES AND THEREFORE
THE USE OF THE EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE PER !3#% Z[ K[ N
&Y[ Q
3ECTION IS PERMITTED IN !3#% 4ABLE !LTER nB
NATIVELY A MODAL ANALYSIS PROCEDURE CAN BE USED AND AVOID ¤ ZL KL N
L
ANCE OF THOSE IRREGULARITIES NEED NOT BE ASSUMED ALTHOUGH A
REGULAR STRUCTURE IS PREFERABLE WHERE POSSIBLE 4HE EXPONENT K IS INTERPOLATED FOR PERIODS BETWEEN AND
4HE PARAMETERS 3$3 AND 3$ CAN BE USED IN CONJUNCTION SECONDS &OR THIS BUILDING DESIGN K IS 4HE RESULTING
WITH !3#% %QUATIONS THROUGH TO CONSTRUCT A VALUES OF #VX FOR EACH LEVEL ARE SHOWN IN 4ABLE n
GENERALIZED SPECTRUM AS IS SHOWN IN !3#% &IGURE 4HESE FORCES ARE DISTRIBUTED HORIZONTALLY BASED ON THE
4HE SPECTRUM FOR THIS BUILDING IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n STIFFNESS AND LOCATION OF EACH WALL !N ELASTIC ANALYSIS OF THE
!S THE BUILDING PERIOD IS LESS THAN 4S IT IS WITHIN THE CONSTANT FRAMES IS PERFORMED BOTH TO DETERMINE THIS HORIZONTAL DIS
ACCELERATION RANGE GOVERNED BY !3#% %QUATION TRIBUTION AND TO DESIGN THE FRAMES THEMSELVES 4HE ELASTIC
4HE ASSOCIATED SEISMIC RESPONSE COEFlCIENT #S IS COMPUTED ANALYSIS INCLUDES ACCIDENTAL TORSION AS REQUIRED BY !3#%
BASED ON THIS SPECTRUM THE RESPONSE MODIlCATION COEFl 3ECTION
CIENT 2 AND THE IMPORTANCE FACTOR ) &OR BUILDING OCCUPANCY 4HE DESIGN FORCES FOR EACH 3037 ARE BASED ON THIS HORI
CATEGORY ) THE IMPORTANCE FACTOR ) IS PER !3#% 4ABLE ZONTAL DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES 4ABLE n SHOWS THESE FORCES
&OR PURPOSES OF THIS DESIGN EXAMPLE IT IS ASSUMED THAT
WIND LOADS ARE SMALLER THAN SEISMIC LOADS AND DO NOT AFFECT
6 '6
&V THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE 3037
5,
J n 3037 $%3)'.

4HE HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN OF 3037 IS INTENDED TO ENSURE DUC
J
TILE PERFORMANCE BASED ON TENSION YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE
4HE DESIGN OF BEAMS AND COLUMNS WHICH ARE REFERRED TO AS
4HE DESIGN BASE SHEAR IS CALCULATED USING !3#% %QUA
("% AND 6"% RESPECTIVELY IS BASED ON FORCES CORRESPOND
TION
ING TO THE WEB PLATE STRENGTH 4HE WEB PLATE STRENGTH IS SET TO
MEET THE DEMANDS CORRESPONDING TO THE SEISMIC LOAD ANALY
SIS )N THIS DESIGN THE WEB PLATE DEMANDS WERE DETERMINED
IN 3ECTION USING THE EQUIVALENT LATERAL FORCE PROCEDURE
2EDUCED "EAM 3ECTION 2"3 MOMENT CONNECTIONS WILL
BE USED FOR ALL ("% TO 6"% CONNECTIONS &OR SIMPLICITY THE
REDUCED mEXURAL STRENGTH WILL BE SET TO TWO THIRDS OF THE UN
REDUCED BEAM EXPECTED STRENGTH FOR ALL BEAMS AND THE HINGE
LOCATION WILL BE SET AT DB FROM THE COLUMN FACE
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN

&OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN AS THE SIZE OF ("% AND 6"% ARE NOT
KNOWN THE WEB PLATES ARE ASSUMED TO RESIST THE ENTIRE SHEAR
IN THE FRAME !S THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE IS
DEPENDENT ON THE SECTION PROPERTIES OF THE ("% AND 6"% AS
WELL AS ON THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS AND THE FRAME DIMENSIONS
FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN AN ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS ASSUMED
&IG n 'ENERALIZED SITE RESPONSE SPECTRUM 4YPICAL DESIGNS SHOW THAT THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS RANGES
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 6ERTICAL $ISTRIBUTION
4ABLE n &ORCES AND 3HEARS IN %ACH 3037
&ACTORS AND 3TORY &ORCES
6ERTICAL $ISTRIBUTION 3TORY &ORCE &RAME 3HEAR
,EVEL ,EVEL &RAME &ORCE KIPS
&ACTOR KIPS KIPS
2OOF 2OOF
.INTH &LOOR .INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR %IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR 3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR 3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR &IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR &OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR 4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR 3ECOND &LOOR
FROM TO MEASURED FROM A VERTICAL LINE 4HE ANGLE THROUGHOUT ITS HEIGHT 4HIS REQUIREMENT IS GIVEN IN !)3#
A IS CONSERVATIVELY ASSUMED AS 3ECTION G
"ASED ON THIS ANGLE THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF WEB PLATES
WZ K
OF UNIT LENGTH CAN BE CALCULATED USING !)3# %QUATION , F r n
/
WHERE
F6N &Y TW,CF SINA n
H THE DISTANCE BETWEEN ("% CENTERLINES
WHERE ,CF IS THE CLEAR LENGTH OF THE WEB PANEL BETWEEN 6"%
mANGES , THE DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES
"ASED ON THIS EQUATION AND THE ASSUMED ANGLE OF TENSION
STRESS THE DESIGN STRENGTH OF WEB PANELS CAN BE CALCULATED 4HE REQUIRED COLUMN STIFFNESS AT EACH LEVEL IS SHOWN IN 4A
IN TERMS OF DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH PER UNIT LENGTH FVN !S BLE &OR PURPOSES OF PRELIMINARY DESIGN THE BEAM DEPTHS
SUMING A VALUE EQUAL TO THE BAY LENGTH FT MINUS IN AT ALL LEVELS ARE ASSUMED TO BE IDENTICAL AND THUS THE DISTANCE
THE PLATE DESIGN STRENGTHS IN 4ABLE n CAN BE DETERMINED H IS EQUAL TO THE mOOR TO mOOR HEIGHT
WHERE 0RELIMINARY 6"% DESIGN IS BASED ON THESE STIFFNESS RE
QUIREMENTS 3TRENGTH REQUIREMENTS MAY CONTROL BUT THEIR
FVN &Y TW SINA n CALCULATION IS DEPENDENT ON ANALYSIS OF THE FRAME AND COMBI
)T SHOULD BE NOTED THAT WEB PLATES THINNER THAN IN ARE NATION WITH GRAVITY LOADS
TYPICALLY CONSIDERED MUCH LESS PRACTICAL THAN THICKER PLATES 7ITH RIGID BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS THE DESIGN OF
&ABRICATORS MUST OBTAIN THEM IN ROLLS AND mATTEN THEM FOR USE ("% IS LIKEWISE DEPENDENT ON mEXURAL FORCES FROM AN ANALY
IN 3037 .EVERTHELESS IT IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO OVERDESIGN SIS OF THE FRAME )T SHOULD BE NOTED HOWEVER THAT mEXURAL
3037 WEB PLATES AS THE CAPACITY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF DEMANDS EXIST ON THE ("% WHEN THE WEB PLATE THICKNESS
!)3# MAY MAKE SUCH DESIGNS IMPRACTICAL DIFFERS ABOVE AND BELOW THE BEAM !S THE PRELIMINARY WEB
5SING THE DESIGN STRENGTHS FOR VARIOUS PLATE THICKNESSES PLATE THICKNESS MAY BE CHANGED AS THE DESIGN IS RElNED IT
IN !34- ! MATERIAL FROM 4ABLE n PRELIMINARY PLATE IS NOT NECESSARY TO COMPUTE THOSE DEMANDS AT THIS STAGE
THICKNESSES ARE SELECTED AT EACH LEVEL 4HOSE SIZES ARE PRE .EVERTHELESS EXCEPT AT THE ROOF THE MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN
SENTED IN 4ABLE n PLATE THICKNESS CAN BE USED TO ESTIMATE THE DEMANDS &OR A
4HE DESIGN OF 6"% MUST SATISFY BOTH STRENGTH AND STIFF MAXIMUM DIFFERENCE IN PLATE THICKNESS OF r IN THE LOAD
NESS REQUIREMENTS 4HE IN PLANE mEXURAL STIFFNESS IS REQUIRED THAT THE WEB PLATES ARE EXPECTED TO EXERT ON THE ("% CAN BE
TO ENSURE THAT THE WEB PLATE CAN DEVELOP SUFlCIENT TENSION ESTIMATED AS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 7EB 0LATE $ESIGN 3TRENGTHS
4ABLE n 0RELIMINARY $ESIGN OF 7EB 0LATES
TW IN FVN KIPSIN F6N KIPS
$EMAND
2EQUIRED $ESIGN #APACITY
7EB 0LATE
3HEAR 3HEAR 2ATIO
,EVEL 4HICKNESS
3TRENGTH 3TRENGTH 9X
TW IN
6U KIPS F6N KIPS
F9Q
.INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR
F6N IS CALCULATED BASED UPON ,CF FT MINUS IN
WU 2Y &Y TI TI COSA n WHERE
KSI r IN COS H DISTANCE BETWEEN ("% CENTERLINES
KIPSIN OR KIPSFT !B CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A ("%
2Y IS GIVEN IN !)3# 4ABLE ) !C CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A 6"%

&OR PRELIMINARY DESIGN A 7s WILL BE USED AT ALL
LEVELS .OTE THAT THIS UNIFORM LOAD VALUE IS BASED ON THE )C MOMENT OF INERTIA OF A 6"% TAKEN PERPENDICULAR
ASSUMPTION OF AN ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS OF )N MOST TO THE DIRECTION OF THE WEB PLATE LINE
CASES THE ANGLE WILL BE SIGNIlCANTLY GREATER POTENTIALLY
PERMITTING A REDUCTION IN THIS LOAD ON THE BEAM , DISTANCE BETWEEN 6"% CENTERLINES
&OR THE ROOF BEAM NO COUNTERBALANCING WEB PLATE ABOVE 7EB PLATE THICKNESS AND BOUNDARY MEMBER SIZES CAN BE
EXISTS AND THE ENTIRE mEXURAL FORCE FROM THE WEB PLATE MUST RElNED IN THIS PRELIMINARY STAGE PRIOR TO A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
BE RESISTED BY THE BEAM OF THE FRAME /NE OR TWO ITERATIONS AT THIS STAGE WILL PERMIT
4HE PRELIMINARY BOUNDARY ELEMENT SECTIONS SELECTED ARE BEGINNING THE ANALYSIS WITH SIZES THAT ARE CLOSER TO OPTIMAL
PRESENTED IN 4ABLE IN TERMS OF STRENGTH .OTE HOWEVER THAT ITERATION WILL NOT
4HE DETERMINATION OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A IS DE FACILITATE DESIGNS WHERE DRIFT IS THE GOVERNING CRITERION
PENDENT ON THE GEOMETRIC PROPORTIONS OF THE FRAME THE SEC "ASED ON THE PRELIMINARY WEB PLATE AND BOUNDARY MEM
TION PROPERTIES OF THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AND THE WEB PLATE BER DESIGNS THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS AT EACH LEVEL IS CALCU
THICKNESS /NCE PRELIMINARY FRAMING MEMBERS ARE SELECTED LATED 4ABLE PRESENTS THE PRELIMINARY VALUES OF THE ANGLE
A RElNED ESTIMATE OF THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS CAN BE MADE OF TENSION STRESS AND THE REVISED WEB PLATE THICKNESS BASED
USING !)3# %QUATION ON !)3# %QUATION
&RAMING MEMBER SIZES ARE SIMILARLY REVISED BASED ON THE
WZ / CHANGE IN ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS AND THE CHANGE IN WEB PLATE

$F THICKNESS 2EVISED FRAMING MEMBER SIZES ARE PRESENTED IN
WDQ A
¨ K ·¸ n 4ABLE
WZ K ©© 7HILE SUCH ITERATION CAN BE EASILY PERFORMED IN THE PRE
©ª $E , F / ¸¸¹
LIMINARY DESIGN STAGE DESIGNERS SHOULD BEAR IN MIND THAT DE
SIGNS ARE SUBJECT TO MODIlCATION BASED ON FORCES DETERMINED
FROM AN ANALYSIS OF THE FRAME %FFORT IN PERFORMING NUMER
OUS ITERATIONS AT THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN STAGE MAY WELL BE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 2EQUIRED #OLUMN 4ABLE n 0RELIMINARY "OUNDARY
-OMENT OF )NERTIA %LEMENT 3ECTIONS
0ANEL 2EQUIRED ,EVEL 6"% ("%
7EB 0LATE 0ROPORTIONS #OLUMN
,EVEL 4HICKNESS 2OOF n 7s
H , -OMENT OF
TW IN .INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
IN IN )NERTIA )C IN
.INTH &LOOR %IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
%IGHTH &LOOR 3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3EVENTH &LOOR 3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3IXTH &LOOR &IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&IFTH &LOOR &OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&OURTH &LOOR 4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s
4HIRD &LOOR 3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s
3ECOND &LOOR &IRST &LOOR 7s 7s
&IRST &LOOR
4ABLE n !NGLE OF 3TRESS AND 2EVISED 4ABLE n 2EVISED 0RELIMINARY "OUNDARY
7EB 0LATE 4HICKNESS %LEMENT 3ECTIONS
7EB 0LATE ,EVEL 6"% ("%
!NGLE OF
,EVEL 4HICKNESS TW
3TRESS A 2OOF n 7s
IN
.INTH &LOOR .INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
%IGHTH &LOOR %IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3EVENTH &LOOR 3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3IXTH &LOOR 3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&IFTH &LOOR &IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&OURTH &LOOR &OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
4HIRD &LOOR 4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s
3ECOND &LOOR 3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s
&IRST &LOOR &IRST &LOOR 7s 7s
WASTED 4HE PURPOSE OF RElNING THE DESIGN AT THIS STAGE IS TO BY THE WEB PLATE #LEARLY 6"% WITH THE mEXURAL PROPERTIES
REDUCE THE NUMBER OF ITERATIONS REQUIRED IN THE ANALYSIS STAGE REQUIRED WILL PARTICIPATE IN THE RESISTANCE OF THE STORY SHEAR
BY PROVIDING MORE REASONABLE BEGINNING SIZES 4HIS DESIGN !T THIS POINT IT IS CONVENIENT TO PERFORM AN ANALYSIS TO
PROCEDURE IS BASED ON THE RELATIVE DIFlCULTY IN REVISING PRE DETERMINE THE PORTION OF FRAME SHEAR THAT IS RESISTED BY THE
LIMINARY DESIGNS WHICH CAN BE DONE USING A SIMPLE SPREAD WEB PLATE 2EDUCTION IN THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE WEB
SHEET AND USING CURRENTLY AVAILABLE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS SOFT PLATES COULD PERMIT REDUCTION IN WEB PLATE THICKNESS WHICH
WARE WHICH REQUIRES ADAPTIVE PROCEDURES DISCUSSED BELOW IN TURN REDUCES THE STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS REQUIREMENTS ON
THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS #HANGES IN THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
!NALYSIS REQUIRE REANALYSIS TO CONlRM OR MODIFY THE DISTRIBUTION OF
FRAME SHEAR BETWEEN THE WEB PLATE AND THE 6"% AS WELL AS
)N ORDER TO COMPLETE THE DESIGN OF THE ("% AND 6"% DESIGN
RECALCULATION OF THE ANGLE OF STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE !)3#
FORCES ARE REQUIRED )N THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN IT WAS ASSUMED
%QUATION AS IS DISCUSSED BELOW
THAT THE ENTIRE STORY SHEAR TRIBUTARY TO THE FRAME WAS RESISTED
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n &INAL "OUNDARY %LEMENT 3ECTIONS AND 7EB 0LATES
7EB 0LATE 0ANEL 0ROPORTIONS

,EVEL 4HICKNESS 6"% ("%
TW IN H IN HC IN , IN ,CF IN
2OOF n n 7s n n n n
.INTH &LOOR 7s 7s
%IGHTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3EVENTH &LOOR 7s 7s
3IXTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&IFTH &LOOR 7s 7s
&OURTH &LOOR 7s 7s
4HIRD &LOOR 7s 7s
3ECOND &LOOR 7s 7s
&IRST &LOOR 7s 7s
4HE USE OF A COMPUTER MODEL THUS PERMITS THE ITERATION

THAT IS NECESSARY TO OPTIMIZE THE DESIGN OF 3037 &OR THIS
DESIGN EXAMPLE THE ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED USING AN ORTHO
TROPIC MEMBRANE ELEMENT IN A MESH BETWEEN THE BOUNDARY
ELEMENTS 4HE MEMBRANE ELEMENT IS CONlGURED TO REPRESENT
THE THIN PLATE BY ROTATING ITS LOCAL AXES TO ALIGN WITH THE ES
TIMATED ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN THE PLATE AND REDUCING ITS
COMPRESSION STIFFNESS TO A NEGLIGIBLE VALUE AS EXPLAINED
IN 3ECTION 4HIS METHOD OF MODELING GIVES RESULTS THAT
REASONABLY MATCH THE BEHAVIOR OF 3037 IN TESTING AS WELL
AS THE RESULTS OF THE MORE CONVENTIONAL STRIP MODEL METH
OD 4HIS METHOD IS MORE EASILY IMPLEMENTED WITH CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE ANALYSIS SOFTWARE COMPARISON OF THE METHODS IS
PRESENTED IN #HAPTER
4HE ORTHOTROPIC MODEL OF A 3037 IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
4HIS MODEL IS ANALYZED WITH THE FORCES ACTING ON THE FRAME
%ACH ITERATION OF ANALYSIS WAS USED TO UPDATE A SPREAD
SHEET WHICH WAS USED FOR THE FOLLOWING CALCULATIONS
#HECK WEB PLATE STRENGTH VERSUS PORTION OF LOAD IN THE
PLATE DETERMINED BY ANALYSIS RESIZING WOULD BE DONE FOR
STRENGTH GOVERNED DESIGNS
#HECK ("% STRENGTH VERSUS mEXURAL FORCES FROM GRAVITY

LOADS WEB PLATE YIELDING AND AXIAL FORCES FROM 6"%
DUE TO WEB PLATE YIELDING
#HECK 6"% STRENGTH VERSUS FORCES FROM GRAVITY WEB

PLATE YIELDING AND FORCES FROM ("% DUE TO GRAVITY LOADS
WEB PLATE YIELDING AND PLASTIC HINGE FORMATION
&IG n /RTHOTROPIC MODEL OF 3037
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n !NGLES OF 4ABLE n 0ERCENTAGE OF 3TORY 3HEAR
4ENSION 3TRESS A 2ESISTED BY 7EB 0LATE
0ERCENTAGE OF 3TORY 3HEAR
,EVEL A ,EVEL
2ESISTED BY 7EB 0LATE
.INTH &LOOR .INTH &LOOR
%IGHTH &LOOR %IGHTH &LOOR
3EVENTH &LOOR 3EVENTH &LOOR
3IXTH &LOOR 3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR &IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR &OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR 4HIRD &LOOR
3ECOND &LOOR 3ECOND &LOOR
&IRST &LOOR &IRST &LOOR
2ECALCULATE THE ANGLE A BASED ON CHANGES IN WEB PLATE STORY !DDITIONALLY SHEAR AND MOMENTS FROM THE DEFORMA
("% OR 6"% SIZE TION OF THE FRAME MUST BE RESISTED AS WELL AS ANY GRAVITY
4HE ANALYSIS INDICATES THIS FRAME IS GOVERNED BY DRIFT LOADING
LIMITS FOR MOST OF THE FRAME )N CALCULATING THE DRIFT THE 4HE FORCES FROM WEB PLATE TENSION CAN BE CALCULATED OUT
FORCES SHOULD BE DETERMINED USING THE BUILDING PERIOD ESTAB SIDE OF AN ANALYSIS USING CAPACITY DESIGN METHODS AS DIS
LISHED BY ANALYSIS RATHER THAN THE APPROXIMATE PERIOD 4HE CUSSED IN #HAPTER 4HE AXIAL FORCE CAN BE COMPUTED FROM
STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATES CAN BE CHECKED USING THIS CALCU THE HORIZONTAL ANCHORAGE FORCES ON THE 6"% ABOVE AND BE
LATED PERIOD OR A COEFlCIENT MULTIPLIED BY THE APPROXIMATE LOW THE ("% AND mEXURAL FORCES FROM WEB PLATE YIELDING CAN
PERIOD WHICHEVER IS LESS SEE !3#% 3ECTION 4HE BE COMPUTED FROM THE LOADING DElNED IN %QUATION n
SIZES SHOWN IN 4ABLE n ARE SATISFACTORY FOR BOTH DRIFT AND ZX /K ¥/ G G ´
STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS 0X 3X ¦¦¦ F E µµµ n
§ ¶
4HESE MEMBER SIZES WERE USED TO CALCULATE ANGLES OF TEN
SION STRESS A AT EACH LEVEL USING %QUATION n !)3# WU 2Y&Y;T COS A T COSA = n
%QUATION 4HE ANGLE OF STRESS IS USED BOTH FOR CON
STRUCTING THE MODEL AND FOR THE CAPACITY DESIGN CALCULATIONS KSI ; IN COS
THAT FOLLOW 4HESE ANGLES ARE SHOWN IN 4ABLE
4HE ANALYSIS INDICATES THAT A PORTION OF THE SHEAR IS RESISTED IN COS
BY THE COLUMNS 4ABLE SHOWS THE PERCENTAGE OF SHEAR IN
THE WEB PLATE AT EACH STORY 4HIS DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR WILL BE KIPSIN
CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN OF BOTH THE WEB PLATE AND THE 6"% &OR THE 7s ("% AND 7s 6"%
! SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS HAS BEEN PERFORMED INCLUDING
,H , n SH , n ; DC DB = n
0 $ EFFECTS BUT NOT 0 D EFFECTS 4O ACCOUNT FOR 0 D EFFECTS
" WILL BE APPLIED IN THE CALCULATIONS THAT FOLLOW WHEN AP IN n ; IN IN =
PROPRIATE
IN
$ESIGN OF ("%
&ROM TWO SECONDARY BEAMS SUPPORTED AT THE THIRD POINTS
4HE DESIGN OF THE 7s ("% AT THE NINTH mOOR WILL BE n
0U KIPS
ILLUSTRATED
("% IN 3037 ARE SUBJECTED TO SIGNIlCANT AXIAL FORCES DUE NLSVLQ LQ
0X
TO THE EFFECTS OF WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE 6"% AS DISCUSSED
IN #HAPTER 4HEY ARE ALSO SUBJECT TO mEXURAL FORCES WHERE ¥ LQ LQ LQ ´µ
WEB PLATES ARE OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS ABOVE AND BELOW THE NLSV ¦¦¦ µ
§ µ¶
("% OR ARE NOT PRESENT AT ALL ON ONE SIDE SUCH AS AT THE TOP
NLSLQ
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
4HE AXIAL FORCE IN THE ("% IS 3INCE " 0 D EFFECTS INCREASE THE MOMENTS ABOVE
THOSE CALCULATED PREVIOUSLY 4HEREFORE
1)#& 1)#& 7#& p 1)#& XFC n
0R 0U KIPS
n -R "-NT "-LT z "-U

3+%( 9%( ¤ 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF

KIP IN

NVL
KIP IN
¨VLQ B LQ LQ ·
4HE SHEAR IN THE ("% IS
s ©© ¸
¸
B
©ª VLQ LQ LQ ¸¹
0 SU ZJ ZX
NLSV 9X 3X /FI n
/K

3+%( ZHE 5\ )\ ¨©WL VLQ A L WL VLQ A L
· /FI n 4HE PROBABLE BEAM mEXURAL STRENGTH -PR UPON WHICH THE
ª ¹̧
SHEAR 6U IS BASED IS THE STRENGTH OF THE REDUCED BEAM SECTION

NVL LQ AMPLIlED BY THE MATERIAL OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR 2Y AND A FACTOR
TO ACCOUNT FOR STRAIN HARDENING 4HE REDUCED BEAM SEC
¨ LQ VLQ s B · TION IS HERE ASSUMED TO HAVE TWO THIRDS THE PLASTIC SECTION
s ©© ¸
¸ MODULUS OF THE 7s ("%
©ª LQ VLQ s B ¸¹
NLSV 0 SU 5\ )\ = 5%6 n
.O ADDITIONAL AXIAL FORCE IS TRANSMITTED THROUGH THE ("% 5\ )\ 4= [

4HIS FORCE CAN BE DIVIDED EQUALLY ON EITHER SIDE OF THE ("% NVL 4 LQ
SO HALF OF 0("%WEB WILL BE USED IN DESIGN /N THE LEFT SIDE
ADJACENT TO THE 6"% IN TENSION THE CONNECTION FORCE IS NLSLQ
WHERE
3X NLSV NLSV NLSV
:2"3 THE PLASTIC SECTION MODULUS OF THE REDUCED BEAM
/N THE RIGHT SIDE ADJACENT TO THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION THE SECTION
CONNECTION FORCE IS !S DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER AXIAL FORCES PRESENT IN THE ("%
AT THE CONNECTIONS MAY BE USED TO CALCULATE A REDUCED mEX
3X NLSV NLSV NLSV URAL STRENGTH AT THE PLASTIC HINGE AND THUS A REDUCED VALUE

OF 6U
"OTH FORCES ARE COMPRESSIVE THUS 0U KIPS IS MORE CRITI
CAL "ASED ON THIS FORCE THE MOMENT MAGNIlCATION FACTOR " 0Y &Y !G
IS CALCULATED FOR THE 7s ("% AS
KSI IN
$N
#
1 KIPS
V
1F !T THE LEFT SIDE
$N
0U 0Y KIPS KIPS
,- JO JO
P &* 0U 0Y
1F
,- ¨ 3 ·
0 SU 5\ )\ = 5%6 © X +%( ¸
© 3\ ¸¸
P LTJ JO ©ª ¹

JO NLSLQ
LJQT !T THE RIGHT SIDE

# r 0U 0Y KIPS KIPS
¥ LJQT ´µ
¦¦ µ
¦§ LJQT µ¶
0U 0Y
r VTF $%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
¨ · 4HE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE LATERAL BRACE IS PERCENT OF
0 SU 5\ )\ = 5%6 © ¥¦ 3X +%( ´µµ¸ THE mANGE STRENGTH
© ¦¦ µ¸
©ª ¦§ 3\ µ¶¸¹
0BR &Y BF TF n
NLSLQ
#ONTINUING WITH THE CALCULATION OF 6U THERE IS NO DISTRIB KSI IN IN
UTED GRAVITY LOADING ON THE BEAM
KIPS
WG KIPSIN 4HE REQUIRED STIFFNESS OF LATERAL BRACING IS DETERMINED
NLSLQ NLSLQ FROM %QUATION !n
9X
LQ
¨© 0 U &G ·
¸
NLSV BEU n
F ©ª /E KR ¸
¹
NLSVLQ LQ
NLSV WHERE
F
.OTE THAT NEGLECTING THE AXIAL FORCE IN THE ("% WOULD HAVE
RESULTED IN A CALCULATED 6U OF KIPS -R 2Y &Y :X
#HECK #OMPACTNESS
KSI IN
EI (
b KIP IN
W I )\
n
E #D

W I
HO D TF n
3
&D X n IN n IN
FE 3\
IN
KIPS KIPS
¨© NLSV ·¸ n
BEU
©ª LQ LQ ¸¹
K ( NLSVLQ
b < &D > IRU&D n
WZ )\
4HE LATERAL BRACING ELEMENTS THE SECONDARY BEAMS FRAM
ING INTO THE ("% AT THE THIRD POINTS ARE DESIGNED TO RESIST
(
< &D > n THE CALCULATED FORCE AND PROVIDE THE REQUIRED STIFFNESS 4HE
)\ DESIGN OF THESE ELEMENTS IS NOT SHOWN HERE
#HECK 3HEAR 3TRENGTH
HTW
4HE 7s MEETS THE APPLICABLE SEISMIC COMPACTNESS RE I &
QUIREMENTS b
UX 'Z
#HECK ,ATERAL "RACING
F W
,B b RY%&Y n
FV6N FV&Y !W n
RY %&Y IN KSI KSI
KSI IN IN
IN
KIPS
,B IN IN OK
F6N 6U KIPS OK
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HECK #OMBINED #OMPRESSION AND &LEXURE #HECK -OMENT OF )NERTIA
+, RX IN IN 4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA IS
+, RY IN IN $WZ / n

, +%( r
-INOR AXIS BUCKLING CONTROLS K
P ( IN IN IN IN

)H n
¨ ./ · IN
© ¸
©ª U ¸¹
)X IN IN OK
P NVL

#HECK 7EB 4HICKNESS
NVL )\ NVL WZ 5\ )\
WZ +%( r n
5SE !)3# %QUATION %n )\ +%(
¨ )\ · n
© ¸ r IN KSI KSI
)FU ª© )H ¸¹ )\
¨ NVL · r IN
©ª NVL ¸¹ NVL
TW IN IN OK
NVL
n $ESIGN OF 6"%

FC0N FC&CR !G
4HE DESIGN OF THE 7s 6"% AT THE EIGHTH mOOR WILL BE
KSI IN ILLUSTRATED
6"% IN 3037 ARE SUBJECT TO HIGH AXIAL FORCES DUE TO OVER
KIPS TURNING FROM LEVELS ABOVE 4HESE AXIAL FORCES ARE CONCURRENT
WITH SIGNIlCANT mEXURAL DEMANDS FROM TWO SOURCES 4HE lRST
0C FC0N KIPS
SOURCE IS THE DEFORMATION OF THE RIGID FRAME OF WHICH THE
0R 0C KIPS KIPS 6"% COLUMNS FORM A PART 6"% AND ("% IN 3037 ARE
REQUIRED TO FORM RIGID FRAMES 4HE SECOND SOURCE IS THE TEN
&OR THE mEXURAL STRENGTH THE LIMITING UNBRACED LENGTH IS SION STRESS IN THE WEB PLATE WHICH EXERTS AN INWARD FORCE ON
TAKEN FROM !)3# -ANUAL 4ABLE n THE 6"% 4HIS FORCE ACTS ON THE COLUMN IN COMPRESSION IN
,P FT IN THE DIRECTION OPPOSITE OF THE FRAME SHEAR AND ON THE COLUMN
IN TENSION IN THE DIRECTION OF THE FRAME SHEAR "OTH OF THESE
,B IN SOURCES OF mEXURAL FORCES ARE REPRESENTED IN THE ANALYTICAL
3INCE ,B ,P LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING DOES NOT CONTROL MODEL
4HE mEXURAL STRENGTH IS 6"% IN 3037 MUST BE DESIGNED TO RESIST FORCES
CORRESPONDING TO THE EXPECTED YIELD STRENGTH OF THE WALL
-C FB-N FB&Y :X n 4HE ANALYSIS OF THE WALL IS BASED ON LOADS CORRESPONDING
TO THE BASE SHEAR NOT THE STRENGTH OF WEB PLATE PROVIDED
KSI IN !CCORDINGLY THE MEMBER FORCES FROM THE ANALYSIS MUST BE
INCREASED TO A LEVEL CORRESPONDING TO THE WEB PLATE STRENGTH
KIP IN
FOR 3037
-R -C KIP IN KIP IN #HAPTER PROVIDES METHODS FOR CALCULATING THE ESTIMATED
FORCES WHICH ARE SUBSTANTIALLY HIGHER THAN THE FORCES COR
RESPONDING TO THE DESIGN BASE SHEAR &OR THIS EXAMPLE THE
CAPACITY DESIGN METHOD WILL BE USED TO DETERMINE THE AXIAL
!S 0R 0C USE %QUATION ( A FORCES IN THE 6"%
4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IN THE 6"% INCLUDES THE EF
3U ¥¦ 0 U ´µ
¦ µ RN n FECTS OF THE WEB PLATE AT THE EIGHTH AND NINTH mOORS AND THE
3F ¦§ 0 F µµ¶ SHEAR 6U FROM THE ("% AT THE NINTH mOOR AND THE ROOF 4HE
RESULTING COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

"ASED ON THIS FORCE THE MOMENT MAGNIlCATION FACTOR " IS
(P ¤ 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ K ¤ 9X n CALCULATED FOR THE 7s 6"% AS

4HE SUM OF SEISMIC SHEARS 36U SHOULD INCLUDE ALL OF THE &P
% r
BEAMS ABOVE 4HE SEISMIC SHEAR IN THE ("% IS ¥ 3X ´µ n
¦
¦ µµ
0 SU ZX ¦§ 3( µ¶
9X /FI n
/K #M n
)N THE CASE OF THE ADJOINING RIGIDLY CONNECTED BEAMS OUT ./ LQ n
SIDE THE 3037 BAY THEIR UPWARD FORCE DUE TO FRAME BEHAVIOR
LQ
CAN BE TAKEN AS
n P (,
6U -PR ,H 3H
./
ASSUMING RIGID CONNECTIONS AT EACH END OF THE BEAM 4HUS
THE COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS P NVL LQ n
3
n LQ
(P ¤ 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ KF
NLSV
¨ 0 SU +%( Z ·
¤ ©© X
/FI ¸¸
©ª /K ¸¹ % r n
¥ NLSV ´µ
¨ 0 SU $GM · ¦
¦ µ
¤ ©© ¸ ¦§ NLSV µ¶
¸
©ª /K ¸¹ r XVH
WHERE 4HE AXIAL TENSION FORCE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE EXPECTED
-PR !DJ THE EXPECTED FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ADJOINING STRENGTH OF THE BEAMS AND WEB PLATES
BEAMS
(P ¤ 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ KF n
&OR SIMPLICITY THE SEISMIC SHEARS ADJUSTED FOR THE AXIAL FORCE
PRESENT IN THE COMPRESSION CASE WILL BE GIVEN AS FOLLOWS 0 SU Z
¤ ¤ X /FI
36U KIPS KIPS n KIPS n KIPS /K
KIPS
(P NVL
4HESE ARE FOR THE NINTH mOOR BEAM ROOF BEAM AND ADJOINING
BEAMS RESPECTIVELY 4HE DETERMINATION OF SUCH VALUES WAS ¨VLQ s B LQ LQ ·
PREVIOUSLY ILLUSTRATED FOR THE NINTH mOOR ("% FOR WHICH 6U s ©© ¸
¸
©ª VLQ s B LQ LQ ¸¹
KIPS IN THE ABOVE CALCULATION
)N THE TENSION CASE NLSV
36U n KIPS n KIPS n KIPS n KIPS NLS SV
.EXT 6"% mEXURAL FORCES SHEAR AND MOMENT MUST BE
n KIPS
CALCULATED 4HE MOST ACCURATE METHOD OF ESTABLISHING 6"%
4HE RESULTING COMPRESSIVE FORCE IS mEXURAL FORCES OUTSIDE A NONLINEAR ANALYSIS IS TO MODEL THE
6"% AS A CONTINUOUS MEMBER ON MULTIPLE SUPPORTS 4HIS
(P NVL METHOD IS ILLUSTRATED IN #HAPTER )N THIS DESIGN EXAMPLE

THE mEXURAL FORCES WILL BE ESTIMATED STORY BY STORY ASSUMING
¨VLQ s B LQ LQ · lXED ENDS FOR THE 6"% 4HE CONTRIBUTIONS OF WEB PLATE TEN
s ©© ¸
¸
©ª VLQ s B LQ LQ ¸¹ SION AND ("% PLASTIC HINGING WILL BE ESTIMATED SEPARATELY
AND COMBINED
NLSV 4HE mEXURE FROM WEB TENSION AT THE CONNECTION IS
NLSVV ¥ K ´µ n
0 9%( ZHE 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ ¦¦¦ F µµµ
7ITH THE ADDITIONAL KIPS OF GRAVITY LOAD AND THE CON § ¶
TRIBUTION OF 3$3$ THE TOTAL AXIAL FORCE 0U KIPS NVL VLQ B LQ
s LQ
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
NLSLQ
4HE MOMENT FROM ("% PLASTIC HINGING IS CALCULATED BASED -U -6"%WEB -6"%("% n
ON THE mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ADJOINING BEAMS REDUCED DUE
TO THE AXIAL FORCE PRESENT 4HE MOMENT IN THE 6"% SEGMENT KIP IN KIP IN
AT THE CONNECTION FROM ("% PLASTIC HINGING IS ONE HALF THE
mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE TWO BEAMS AT THE CONNECTION THE KIP IN
("% AND THE ADJOINING BEAM WHICH IS RIGIDLY CONNECTED IN )N THE MIDDLE OF THE 6"% THE mEXURAL FORCES FROM THE ("%
THIS DESIGN 4HE STAIN HARDENING FACTOR OF AND THE MATE PLASTIC HINGING ARE MUCH LOWER THAN AT THE CONNECTION !S
RIAL OVERSTRENGTH FACTOR OF WILL NOT BE USED HERE THEY WILL THESE FORCES DOMINATE OVER THE mEXURAL FORCES DUE TO WEB
BE USED IN A SIMILAR CHECK FOR STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM PLATE TENSION THE CONDITION AT MIDDLE OF THE 6"% WILL NOT BE
IN WHICH THE RESISTANCE FACTOR IS NOT USED EXPLICITLY EVALUATED
4HE CONDITION AT THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION IS EVALUATED 3INCE " 0 D EFFECTS INCREASE THE MOMENTS ABOVE
HERE AS IT WILL CONTROL THE DESIGN THOSE CALCULATED PREVIOUSLY 4HEREFORE
n 0R 0U KIPS
0 9%( +%(

¤ 0 SE
-R "-NT "-LT z "-U
-PB -PR 2Y 6USH n
KIP IN
&ROM THE 7s
KIP IN
NLSLQ
0 SE 4HE SHEAR IN THE 6"% IS THE SUM OF THE EFFECT OF WEB TEN

SION AND THE PORTION OF SHEAR NOT RESISTED BY THE WEB PLATE
NLSV < LQ LQ >

NLSLQ 99%( ZHE 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF n

4HE ADJOINING BEAM A 7s IN A FT BAY DOES NOT
HAVE A WEB PLATE AND THUS ITS SHEAR IS MUCH LOWER )TS mEX NVL

URAL STRENGTH IS REDUCED ONLY BY THE COLLECTOR FORCE NOT BY
sVLQ B LQ LQ
THE INWARD 6"% REACTION DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION
NLSV

3X 3+%( ZHE 4HE SHEAR DUE TO ("% HINGING CAN BE APPROXIMATED AS

NLSV NLSV ¥ 0 SF ´µ
99%( +%( ¤ ¦¦¦ µµ
¦§ KF µ¶
0U 0Y KIPS KIPS

NLSLQ NLSSLQ
0U 0Y
¨ LQ
¥3 ´·
0 SU 5\ )\ = ©© ¦¦ X +%( µµµ¸¸ NLSV
©ª ¦¦§ 3\ µ¶¸¹
4HE ANALYSIS SHOWS THAT THE PERCENT OF THE SHEAR IS IN
NNLSLQ
THE WEB PLATE SEE 4ABLE n AND PERCENT IN THE ADJA
NLSLQ CENT BAYS MODELED )T IS ASSUMED THAT THE REMAINING SHEAR IS
0 SE SHARED EQUALLY BY THE TWO 6"%

NLSV < LQ LQ >
99%( +%( r NLSV
NLSLQ
r NLSV

0 9%( +%(

¤ 0 SE 4HE TOTAL SHEAR IS
6U 66"%("% 66"%WEB n
NLSLQ NLSLQ

NNLSLQ KIPS KIPS
KIPS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HECK #OMPACTNESS 5SE %QUATION %n
EI ( n ¨ )\ · n
b © ¸
W I )\ )FU ©ª )H ¸¹ )\
E W I ¨ NVL ·
©ª NVL ¸¹ NVL
3X n NVL
&D
FE 3\ n
FC0N FC&CR !G

NLSV NVL LQ
KSI IN

KIPS
K ( n
b < &D > IRU&D 0C FC0N KIPS
WZ )\
( 0R 0C KIPS KIPS
< &D >
)\ &OR THE mEXURAL STRENGTH THE LIMITING UNBRACED LENGTH IS
K WZ TAKEN FROM !)3# -ANUAL 4ABLE n
,P FT IN
4HE 7s MEETS THE APPLICABLE SEISMIC COMPACTNESS
REQUIREMENTS ,B IN
#HECK 3HEAR 3TRENGTH 3INCE ,B ,P LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING DOES NOT CONTROL
4HE mEXURAL STRENGTH IS
I &
b -C FB-N n
UX 'Z
F W FB&Y :X
FV6N FV &Y !W n KSI IN
KSI IN IN KIP IN
KIPS -R -C KIP IN KIP IN
FV6N 6U KIPS OK

#HECK #OMBINED #OMPRESSION AND &LEXURE !S 0U F0N USE %QUATION ( A
"Y INSPECTION THE COMPRESSION STRENGTH IS GOVERNED BY 3X 0 X

RN
MINOR AXIS BUCKLING F3Q F0 Q
+,RY IN IN #HECK #OMBINED 4ENSION AND &LEXURE
P ( n "Y INSPECTION TENSION WILL NOT CONTROL THE DESIGN OVER COM
)H PRESSION 7HEN TENSION AND mEXURE DOES CONTROL SEE !)3#
¨ ./ ·
© ¸ 3PECIlCATION 3ECTION (
©ª U ¸¹
P NVL #ONNECTION OF 7EB 0LATE TO "OUNDARY %LEMENTS

!)3# REQUIRES THAT SUCH CONNECTIONS BE DESIGNED FOR THE
NVL )\ EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE PLATE !S DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER
THESE FORCES ARE DEPENDENT ON THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A
4HE STRENGTH OF lLLET WELDS IS ALSO DEPENDENT ON THIS ANGLE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 2EQUIRED &ILLET 7ELD 3IZE FOR 3037
7EB 0LATE 7ED 3IZE AT ("% IN 7ELD 3IZE AT 6"% IN
!NGLE OF 3TRESS
,EVEL 4HICKNESS
A
TW IN 4OTAL 4WO 7ELDS %ACH 4OTAL 4WO 7ELDS %ACH
.INTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW

%IGHTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
3EVENTH &LOOR EQUAL TO TW EQUAL TO TW
3IXTH &LOOR
&IFTH &LOOR
&OURTH &LOOR
4HIRD &LOOR s s
3ECOND &LOOR s s
&IRST &LOOR s s
&OR lLLET WELDED CONNECTIONS THE REQUIRED TOTAL WELD SIZE EQUAL OR EXCEED THE TOTAL REQUIRED WELD SIZE CALCULATED ABOVE
AT THE ("% CAN BE EXPRESSED AS 4ABLE n SHOWS THE TOTAL REQUIRED lLLET WELD SIZE AT EACH
LEVEL FOR &Y KSI AND &%88 KSI AS WELL AS THE SIZE OF
5\ )\ FRV A WZ EACH WELD FOR THE TWO PARALLEL WELDS
Z +%( n &IGURE n SHOWS A CONNECTION DETAIL FOR THE IN WEB
F )(;; ¨© FRV A · PLATE TO THE 6"% AT THE lRST mOOR )N THIS CASE TWO s IN
ª ¹̧
WELDS ARE USED
4HE REQUIRED TOTAL WELD SIZE AT THE 6"% IS
#ONNECTION OF ("% TO 6"%
5\ )\ VLQ A WZ 4HE CONNECTION OF THE 7s ("% TO THE 7s 6"%
Z 9%( n
F )(;; ¨© VLQ A · AT THE NINTH mOOR WILL BE DESIGNED 4HE CONNECTION IS AN 2"3
ª ¹̧ MOMENT CONNECTION AS DESCRIBED IN !)3# 4HIS CON
NECTION UTILIZES COMPLETE JOINT PENETRATION GROOVE WELDS TO
4HESE WELD SIZES ARE THE TOTAL REQUIRED )N THIS CASE TWO
CONNECT THE BEAM mANGES AND WEB TO THE COLUMN mANGE )T
PARALLEL WELDS ARE USED TO RESIST THE WEB PLATE TENSION AS
THUS SATISlES THE mEXURAL STRENGTH AND DETAILING REQUIREMENT
SHOWN IN &IGURE n AND THE OVERLAP OF THE WEB PLATE AND
OF !)3# 3ECTION B
lSH PLATE IS SMALL 4HUS THE TWO WELDS ARE ASSUMED TO SHARE
THE FORCE EQUALLY AND THE SUM OF THE TWO WELD SIZES MUST #HECK 3TRONG #OLUMN7EAK "EAM
!S DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM
CHECK IS PERFORMED CONSIDERING BOTH 6"% EACH END OF THE
("% AND THE ADJOINING BEAMS OUTSIDE THE 3037
3-PC r 3-PB n
-PB -PR 6USH n
&ROM THE 7s AT THE 6"% IN COMPRESSION
-PB KIP IN
KIPS ; IN IN =
KIP IN
&IG n #ONNECTION OF IN WEB PLATE TO 6"%
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&ROM THE 7s AT THE 6"% IN TENSION 4HE REQUIRED PANEL ZONE SHEAR STRENGTH IS
-PB KIP IN ¨ ¥ G ´·
¤ ©©ª 0 SE 9 S ¦¦¦ E µµµ¸ n
KIPS ; IN IN = § ¶¸¹
5X
G]
KIP IN ¨ NLSLQ NLSLQ·
&OR THE ADJOINING 7s BEAM © ¸
5X ©© NLSV LQ ¸
¸
-PB KIP IN © ¸
©ª NLSV LQ ¸¹
3-PB KIP IN KIP IN < LQ s LQ >
NLSV
KIP IN
4HIS SHEAR MAY BE REDUCED CONSIDERING THE SHEAR IN THE
KIP IN
6"% CORRESPONDING TO ("% HINGING 4HIS SHEAR IS AT LEAST
4HE 6"% mEXURAL STRENGTH IS REDUCED CONSIDERING THE AXI
AL FORCE 4HIS AXIAL FORCE IS CALCULATED BASED ON THE EXPECTED

STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE AND BEAM ABOVE &OR THE 6"% IN 99%( +%( s NLSV NLSV
COMPRESSION
5X NLSV NLSV NLSV
3-PC# &Y 0U !G :X
KSI n KIPS IN IN n 4HIS FORCE NEED NOT EXCEED THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE
CONNECTED mANGES A 7s AND A 7s
KIP IN
5X b ¤ 5\ )\ E IE W I E n
&OR THE 6"% IN TENSION
3-PC4 &Y 0U !G : NVL LQ LQ
NVL LQ LQ
KSI n KIPS IN IN n
NLSV
KIP IN
4HUS 2U KIPS
3-PC KIP IN KIP IN KIP IN 4HE PANEL ZONE SHEAR STRENGTH CHECK IS PERFORMED NEGLECT
ING THE AXIAL FORCE DUE TO WEB PLATE YIELDING IN THE BEAM
3-PC 3-PB OK ¨ EFI WFI ·¸ n
.OTE THAT THE CHECK WOULD NOT WORK AT THE 6"% IN COM F5Q s )\F G F WZF ©© ¸
©ª GE G F WZ ¸
PRESSION IF EACH 6"% WERE CONSIDERED SEPARATELY ¹
¨ NVL LQ LQ ·
0ANEL :ONE #HECK © ¸
©© LQ LQ
¸
¸
4HE MINIMUM WEB THICKNESS IS ©s ¸
©ª L Q LQ LQ ¸¹
G] Z] n
Wr NLSV

¨ LQ s LQ · F5Q 5X RN
©© ¸
¸
©ª LQ s LQ ¸¹ #HECK &LANGE ,OCAL "ENDING
LQ 4HE REQUIRED STRENGTH CAN BE CALCULATED EITHER BY COMPUTING
WZF LQRN THE MOMENT AT THE COLUMN FACE OR SIMPLY BY USING TIMES
THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE BEAM mANGE 4HE STRENGTH OF THE
mANGE IS THE LOWER OF THE TWO
2U b 2Y&YBFB TFB n
KSI IN IN
KIPS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

F2N FTF&Y n 4HE WEB AREA IS
IN KSI IN n IN IN IN ! OK
KIPS 6"% 3PLICES AND "ASE #ONNECTION

4HE 6"% IS SPLICED AT THE FOURTH AND SIXTH mOORS 4HE SEISMIC
F2N 2U OK
TENSION FORCES ON THESE SPLICES AND ON THE ANCHORAGE AT THE
#HECK 7EB 9IELDING BASE PLATE IS CALCULATED USING CAPACITY DESIGN PROCEDURES
AS DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER
F5Q F N 1 WZ )\ n #HECK 6"% 3PLICE AT 3IXTH &LOOR
¨ LQ ·
© ¸ LQ NVL 4HE SPLICES OF 6"% ARE REQUIRED TO COMPLY WITH 3ECTION
© LQ¸ OF !)3# 4HE REQUIRED STRENGTH IS CALCULATED BASED ON
ª ¹
NLSV THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF THE 3037 ABOVE IN COMBINATION
WITH DEAD LOADS AND THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF SEISMIC AC
F5Q 5X RN
CELERATION
#HECK 7EB #RIPPLING 4HE 3037 COMPONENT IS CALCULATED USING %QUATION n
¨ AT THE STORY MID HEIGHT
¥ 1 ´¥ W ´ ·

()\ W I
F5Q FWZ ©© ¦¦¦ µµµ¦¦ Z µµµ ¸¸ n
©ª § G ¶¦¦§ W I µ¶ ¸ WZ (P ¤ 5 \ )\ VLQ A WZ KF n
¹
¨ ¥ LQ ´µ¥ LQ ´µ ·¸ ¨ 0 SU Z ·
LQ ©©

¦¦¦ µ¦ µ ¤ ©© X /FI ¸¸
©ª § LQ µ¶¦¦§ LQ µ¶ ¸¸¹
ª /K ¹
NVL NVL LQ 4HIS COMPONENT WILL BE GIVEN AS %M KIPS
s
LQ 4HE DEAD LOAD EFFECT ON THE COLUMN IS SUBTRACTED FROM THE
NLSV SEISMIC LOAD AND THE VERTICAL COMPONENT OF SEISMIC ACCEL
F5Q 5X RN ERATION IS ADDED TO IT 4HE RESULTING AXIAL FORCE IS
0U $ n %M n 3$3 n
#HECK 7EB #ONNECTION
4HIS AXIAL FORCE WILL BE GIVEN AS KIPS
4HE CONNECTION OF THE ("% WEB TO THE 6"% MUST RESIST THE
4HE REQUIRED mEXURAL AND SHEAR STRENGTHS OF THE SPLICE ARE
COMBINED EFFECTS OF THE SHEAR 6U AND THE COMPRESSION
COMPUTED IN THE SAME WAY AS FOR THE EIGHTH mOOR 6"% 4HE
0U ("% IN THE ("% AT THE CONNECTION 4HESE ARE COMBINED
FORCES HOWEVER ARE CALCULATED AT THE SPLICE LOCATION RATHER
USING THE VON -ISES YIELD CRITERION AND A REQUIRED CONNEC
THAN AT THE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION 4HE REQUIRED mEX
TION AREA IS COMPUTED !T THE LEFT END
URAL STRENGTH IS

6U ! 0U ("% ! b F&Y
n
0 X 0 9%( +%( 0 9%( ZHE n
9X 3X+%( n ¥ K ´µ
$r 0 9%( ZHE 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ ¦¦¦ F µµµ
F)\ § ¶

NLSV NLSV 0X NLSLQ NLSLQ
$r
NVL NLSLQ

LQ
4HE COMPONENT OF SHEAR FROM WEB PLATE TENSION IS NEG
!T THE OTHER END LIGIBLE IF THE SPLICE IS LOCATED NEAR THE CENTER OF THE CLEAR
HEIGHT 4HE SHEAR IS DUE MAINLY TO THE FRAME BEHAVIOR
LJQT LJQT
"r 66"%("% KIPS
LTJ
4HE mANGES AND WEB WILL BE JOINED BY COMPLETE JOINT PEN
JO
ETRATION WELDS 4HE STRENGTH IS THUS THAT OF THE SMALLER SEC
TION AND THE CONNECTION IS SATISFACTORY
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HECK "ASE #ONNECTION ,CF , n ; DC DBC= n
4HE REQUIRED TENSION STRENGTH IS COMPUTED BASED ON THE DE IN n ; IN IN=
SIGN STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATES ABOVE
IN
(P ¤ 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ KF

-U KIP IN IN IN
¨ 0 SU Z ·
¤ ©© X /FI ¸¸
KIP IN
ª /K ¹
F0 Q F)\ = [ n
4HIS COMPONENT WILL BE GIVEN AS %M KIPS
! PORTION OF THE DEAD LOAD EFFECT ON THE COLUMN IS SUB NVL LQ
TRACTED FROM THE SEISMIC LOAD AND THE VERTICAL COMPONENT
NLSLQ
OF SEISMIC ACCELERATION IS ADDED TO IT 4HE RESULTING AXIAL
FORCE IS F0 Q 0 X RN
N
0U $ n %M n 3$3 n

4HE REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH IS COMPUTED THE SAME AS FOR
4HIS AXIAL FORCE WILL BE GIVEN AS KIPS THE 6"% AT THE EIGHTH mOOR
4HE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE BASE ("% 2"3 CON
NECTION IS COMPUTED BASED ON A lXED END CONDITION IN THE 99%( 99%( +%( 99%( ZHE
n
("% BOTH FOR FRAME TYPE mEXURE AND FOR WEB PLATE TENSION ¨ ¥ ´µ·
&OR FRAME TYPE mEXURE THE MOMENT CORRESPONDING TO THE RE 99%( © 5 \ )\ = ¦¦ ¤ 0 SE µµ¸¸ KF
+%( ©ª +%( ¦§ ¶¹
QUIRED 6"% mEXURAL STRENGTH AT THE LEVEL ABOVE IS USED SO
THAT THE INmECTION POINT CAN BE AT LEAST AT COLUMN MID HEIGHT WHERE
4HE MOMENT DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION IS SIMPLY THE lXED
END MOMENT F-PB THE MOMENTS AT THE COLUMN CENTERLINE AT THE
SECOND FLOOR DUE TO ("% HINGING
0 X 0 9%( 0 9%( n
+%( ZHE
KIPS KIPS
¥ K µ´
0 9%( ZHE 5\ )\ VLQ A WZ ¦¦¦ F µµµ

KIPS
§ ¶
0 X NLSLQ NLSLQ 4HE SHEAR AND mEXURE ARE RESISTED BY CONNECTION TO THE
NLSLQ STEEL GRADE BEAM CONNECTING THE TWO 6"% AT THE BASE
)N ORDER TO REDUCE THE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH DUE TO
!LTHOUGH NOT REQUIRED BY !)3# IT IS PREFERABLE THAT A WEB PLATE TENSION THE BEAM WILL BE CONNECTED TO A PILE AT
STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM CONDITION BE MAINTAINED HERE MID SPAN THUS REDUCING THE SPAN TO TEN FEET .OTE THAT THE
&Y n 0! :6"% 2Y &Y :("% n mEXURE IN THE ("% CAUSED BY TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE IS
NOT ADDITIVE WITH THE mEXURE DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION ON THE
:("% b &Y n 0! :6"% 2Y &Y 6"% TRANSMITTED TO THE ("%
4HE TENSION IN THE 6"% IS RESISTED BY TWELVE IN
IN !34- & 'RADE ANCHORS WHICH WILL TRANSFER THE
! 7s WILL BE USED .OTE THAT THE 2"3 WILL NOT BE TENSION INTO THE PILE CAP
USED AT THIS LEVEL SINCE THE ROTATIONAL DEMAND IS SMALL 4HE
MOMENT AT THE HINGE IS
-Ua -U ,CF , n
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER
$ESIGN OF /PENINGS
/6%26)%7 4HE INTERNAL FORCES IN THE ,"% CAN BE COMPLICATED TO COM
PUTE %ACH ,"% IMPOSES REACTIONS ON ADJOINING ,"% DUE TO
/PENINGS ARE OFTEN REQUIRED IN 307 AND 3037 7HERE 307
THE LOADING CAUSED BY THE DIAGONAL TENSION IN THE WEB PLATE
OR 3037 ARE USED IN THE BUILDING CORE OPENINGS OFTEN MUST
!DDITIONALLY THE 6"% IMPOSE REACTIONS ON THE HORIZONTAL
BE PROVIDED TO ALLOW ENTRY TO STAIRS OR ELEVATORS OR FOR THE
,"% WHICH ACT AS HORIZONTAL STRUTS 7HERE VERTICAL ,"% OC
PASSAGE OF DUCTS 4HIS CHAPTER PROVIDES A GENERAL TREATMENT
CUR AT EVERY LEVEL THEY MAY ALSO ACT AS STRUTS 3UCH ,"%
OF THE DESIGN OF OPENINGS IN THE WEB PLATE OF 3037 ! DE
SHOULD BE DESIGNED TO MEET THE CRITERIA FOR STRUTS DESCRIBED IN
SIGN EXAMPLE IS INCLUDED TO ILLUSTRATE THE PROCEDURE
#HAPTER IN ADDITION TO THE REQUIREMENTS GIVEN IN THIS CHAP
!)3# REQUIRES THAT ("% AND 6"% BE PROVIDED AROUND
TER 4HE LOCAL OVERTURNING AT THE OPENING CREATES FORCES ON THE
OPENINGS TO ANCHOR THE WEB PLATE TENSION UNLESS TESTING HAS
("% ABOVE AND BELOW THE OPENING &IGURE n SHOWS SOME
BEEN PERFORMED TO JUSTIFY USE OF UNREINFORCED OPENINGS 3EE
OF THESE EFFECTS DIAGRAMMATICALLY .OTE THAT COMPLETE FREE
#HAPTER FOR A DESCRIPTION OF TESTING OF A 3037 WITH UN
BODY DIAGRAMS WOULD REQUIRE ALSO SHOWING THE MOMENTS AT
REINFORCED PERFORATIONS BY 6IAN AND "RUNEAU 4HESE
THE END OF EACH MEMBER 4HESE HAVE BEEN OMITTED IN &IGURE
SPECIAL ("% AND 6"% ARE TERMED ,OCAL "OUNDARY %LEMENTS
n FOR CLARITY
,"% HERE 6ERTICAL ,"% ARE REQUIRED TO EXTEND THE FULL
4HIS CHAPTER ILLUSTRATES THE DESIGN OF AN OPENING IN THE
STORY HEIGHT FROM ("% TO ("% AND HORIZONTAL ,"% ARE RE
3037 OF #HAPTER 4HE SAME PROCESS CAN BE USED WITH THE
QUIRED TO EXTEND THE FULL BAY WIDTH FROM 6"% TO 6"% 4HESE
307 OF #HAPTER WITH S USED IN PLACE OF 2Y &Y
HORIZONTAL ,"% THUS REDUCE THE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA
AND REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION OF
THE 6"%
&IG n 3037 WITH OPENING MOMENTS AT ENDS OF ("% 6"% AND ,"% NOT SHOWN FOR CLARITY
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. 02/#%$52% BASED ON THE EXPECTED STRENGTH OF EACH OF THE WEB PLATE
PANELS
4HE DESIGN OF 3037 WITH OPENINGS IS SIMILAR TO THE TYPICAL
!T HORIZONTAL SECTIONS OF 3037 WITH OPENINGS THE
DESIGN OF 3037 THAT IS THE DESIGN OF 3037 WITHOUT OPEN
WEB PLATES ON EITHER SIDE OF THE OPENING MUST BE THICKER
INGS 7EB PLATES ARE SIZED TO PROVIDE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH
THAN WOULD OTHERWISE BE REQUIRED IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A
AND THE FORCES ON BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE COMPUTED BASED ON
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF A SOLID PANEL
THE WEB PLATE STRENGTH AND THE COMPUTED ANGLE OF TENSION
WITHOUT OPENINGS FOR RESISTING SHEAR IN THE 3037 4YPICALLY
STRESS A ! PRELIMINARY DESIGN MAY BE PERFORMED WITH AN
PROVIDING THE SAME TOTAL AREA OF WEB PLATE WILL RESULT IN
ASSUMED ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS FOLLOWED BY A lNAL DESIGN
SIMILAR STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS 7HERE THE RESULTING PANELS ARE
WITH THE ANGLE CALCULATED USING THE ACTUAL SIZES OF THE BOUND
OF SLENDER PROPORTIONS THIS MAY NOT BE THE CASE !T SECTIONS
ARY ELEMENTS
OF THE 3037 AT THE SAME mOOR LEVEL IMMEDIATELY ABOVE AND
4YPICALLY A DESIGN WILL HAVE ALREADY BEEN PERFORMED OF THE
BELOW THE OPENING WEB PLATES ARE PROVIDED THAT ARE THINNER
3037 WITHOUT OPENINGS 4HE INTRODUCTION OF OPENINGS AND
THAN THOSE ON EITHER SIDE OF THE OPENING IE THE WEB PLATES
,"% WILL NOT REQUIRE REDESIGN OF 6"% ALTHOUGH REDUCTIONS
ARE THE SAME THICKNESS AS WOULD BE PROVIDED IF THERE WERE
IN 6"% mEXURAL FORCES MAY PERMIT USE OF A SMALLER SECTION
NO OPENING
("% ABOVE AND BELOW THE OPENING MUST BE REDESIGNED HOW
&IGURE n SHOWS A 3037 PANEL WITH AN OPENING 7EB
EVER DUE TO THE LOCAL OVERTURNING DEMANDS AND THE WEB PLATE
PLATE PANELS ARE NUMBERED IN THE lGURE AND SEGMENTS OF THE
MUST BE REDESIGNED DUE TO THE REDUCED HORIZONTAL LENGTH AS
,"% ARE GIVEN LETTER DESIGNATIONS &OUR TYPES OF ,"% ARE
WELL AS A POSSIBLE SIGNIlCANT CHANGE TO THE ANGLE OF TENSION
DESIGNATED THE FORCES ACTING ON THE OTHERS ARE SIMILAR AS DIS
STRESS 7HERE THE DESIGN IS GOVERNED BY DRIFT THE INTRODUC
CUSSED BELOW %QUATIONS CORRESPONDING TO THIS CONlGURATION
TION OF LARGE OPENINGS SHOULD BE INCLUDED IN THE ANALYSIS IN
ALSO MAY BE USED FOR DOOR TYPE OPENINGS AS SHOWN IN &IGURE
WHICH DRIFT IS CALCULATED
n WHERE PANELS AND IN &IGURE n DO NOT EXIST AND
0USH OVER ANALYSIS CAN BE USEFUL IN THE DETERMINATION OF
PANELS AND EXTEND TO THE ("% BELOW
FORCES ON THE ,"% 4HE PUSH OVER ANALYSIS OF A 3037 IS ES
)F THE REQUIRED THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE WITHOUT AN OPEN
SENTIALLY THE SAME WITH AND WITHOUT OPENINGS )N THIS CHAPTER
ING IS T AT THE LEVEL OF THE OPENING WEB PLATES AND IN
CAPACITY DESIGN METHODS ARE DEVELOPED AND PRESENTED
&IGURE n THE WEB PLATES PROVIDED ARE OF THICKNESS T
0RELIMINARY $ESIGN ¥ /FI ´µ
W W ¦¦¦ µ n
4HE PRELIMINARY DESIGN INVOLVES SELECTING WEB PLATES FOR ¦§ / / µµ¶
STRENGTH AND ESTIMATING THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE ,"%
! WEB PLATE WITH THE SMALLEST THICKNESS SATISFYING THIS
CRITERION SHOULD BE USED 3AID ANOTHER WAY A DISCONTINUITY
IN WEB PLATE STRENGTH SHOULD BE AVOIDED 4HIS PROPORTION
ING WILL LEAD TO A MORE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF TENSION YIELDING
IN THE PANELS .OTE THAT THE INCREASED THICKNESS OF THE WEB
PLATES ACROSS THE SECTION WITH THE OPENING WILL TEND TO OFFSET
THE EFFECT OF THE OPENING ON DRIFT
$ETERMINATION OF &ORCES ON ,OCAL "OUNDARY

%LEMENTS
,"% ARE PROVIDED AROUND THE OPENING TO PERMIT THE WEB PLATES
TO YIELD IN TENSION 4HESE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ARE DESIGNED
FOR THE FORCES CORRESPONDING TO WEB PLATE TENSION YIELDING
)N THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF 3037 THE STIFFNESS CRITERION
OF !)3# 3ECTION G IS USED TO OBTAIN A PRELIMINARY
6"% DESIGN )N THE CASE OF THE DESIGN OF ,"% AT OPENINGS
THE SPANS MAY BE VERY SMALL IN WHICH CASE THE STIFFNESS CRI
TERION IS LIKELY TRIVIAL AND THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN IS TYPICALLY
BASED ON REQUIRED STRENGTH 4HE STIFFNESS OF THE VERTICAL AND
HORIZONAL ,"% SHOULD MEET THE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA
FOR BOUNDARY ELEMENTS GIVEN IN #HAPTER 4HIS MAY CONTROL
THE DESIGN FOR LARGER OPENINGS !S IS THE CASE FOR 3037 WITH
&IG n 3037 WITH OPENING OUT OPENINGS STRUTS MAY BE USED TO TIE ,"% TO THE 6"% AND
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

("% IN ORDER TO REDUCE THE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA AND ABOVE AND BELOW 4HE NET TRANSVERSE LOAD IS RESISTED BY COM
REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE ,"% PRESSION IN ,"% hCv AND THE 6"% 4HE NET AXIAL LOAD IS THE
!S THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS HAVE NOT BEEN SIZED AN AS COUNTERBALANCING FORCE FOR THE AXIAL FORCE DEVELOPED IN ,"%
SUMPTION MUST BE MADE FOR PRELIMINARY DESIGN CONCERNING hBv 7HERE THESE TWO FORCES ARE NOT EQUAL THE DIFFERENCE ACTS
THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IN EACH PORTION &OR SIMPLICITY THE AS AN APPLIED FORCE ON THE 6"%
ANGLE CAN BE ASSUMED AS IN EVERY WEB PLATE FOR PRELIMI 4HE 6"% HAS SIGNIlCANT TRANSVERSE AND AXIAL DISTRIBUTED
NARY DESIGN LOADING AS WELL 4HE TRANSVERSE LOADING IS RESISTED BY ,"%
"ASED ON THIS ASSUMPTION THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN FORCES hD v AS WELL AS BY THE ("% ! PORTION OF IT COUNTERBALANC
ON THE ,"% ARE COMPUTED 4HE SHEAR FORCE PER UNIT LENGTH ON ES THE TRANSVERSE FORCE IN ,"% hCv THE REMAINDER MUST BE
THE INTERFACES WITH BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IS TRANSMITTED TO ,"% B 4HE AXIAL FORCE IS TRANSMITTED TO THE
6"% BELOW
YX 5\ )\ VLQ s B WZ &ROM &IGURE n IT IS CLEAR THAT EACH ,"% IS SUBJECTED TO
n FORCES FROM MULTIPLE PANELS 4HE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS GIVE

5\ )\ WZ THE SHEAR AND TRANSVERSE LOADS ON EACH OF THE FOUR TYPES OF
,"% AND THE RESULTING INTERNAL FORCES AND REACTIONS $IMEN
4HIS FORCE ACTS AS A DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IN THE ,"% SIONS AND THICKNESSES ARE AS SHOWN IN &IGURE n &OR SIM
4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE FORCE ACTING ON THE ,"% IS PLICITY THE DEPTHS OF ,"% ARE NEGLECTED IN THE EQUATIONS
4HIS IS REASONABLE AS LONG AS THE ,"% WEB IS AT LEAST AS
ZX 5 \ )\ VLQ B WZ STRONG AS THE ADJOINING PLATE AND THE VERTICAL ,"% ARE AS
n SUMED NOT TO PARTICIPATE IN RESISTING ANY OF THE STORY SHEAR
5\ )\ WZ
,"% hAv
4HE ,"% ALSO IMPOSE REACTIONS ON EACH OTHER )N ADDITION 4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS
THE 6"% OF 3037 REACT AGAINST THE HORIZONTAL ,"% &IGURE
WU
n SHOWS THE FREE BODY DIAGRAMS FOR THE ,"% FOR THE FORCES
DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION ACTING DIRECTLY ON THEM ADDITIONAL 4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS
FORCES DUE TO THE REACTIONS OF ADJOINING ,"% ARE NOT SHOWN VU
4HE LOADING IS SHOWN PUSHING THE WALL TO THE RIGHT &OR SIM
PLICITY THE OPENING IS TAKEN AS SYMMETRICAL IN THE BAY , 4HE SHEAR REACTION IS
, AND THUS THERE ARE ONLY FOUR TYPES OF ,"% hA v hB v hC v 6U
AND hDv AS LABELED IN &IGURE n %ACH OF THE TOP FOUR DIA
4HE MOMENT IS
GRAMS hA v hB v hC v AND hDv SHOWS THE DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON
THE CORRESPONDING ,"% AND HOW IT IS RESISTED IN THE 3037 -U
$IAGRAM E SHOWS THE DISTRIBUTED LOADING ON THE 6"% $IA 4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IS THE REACTION FROM ,"% hCv
GRAM F SHOWS THE DESIGNATIONS FOR WEB PLATES AND ,"% AS
WELL AS THEIR DIMENSIONS
1X 5\ )\ W K n
,"% hAv TYPICALLY SERVES ONLY TO TRANSMIT AXIAL FORCE TO
THE ("% ABOVE AND BELOW THE LEVEL WITH THE OPENING $IS .OTE THAT TWO OF THE ,"% LABELED hAv ARE IN TENSION
TRIBUTED LOADING FROM THE ADJOINING WEB PLATES ON EACH SIDE )N THE OUT OF PLANE DIRECTION IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT THE
COUNTERBALANCES AND THERE IS NO NET LOADING DUE TO WEB PLATE VERTICAL MEMBERS THE CONTINUOUS MEMBERS COMPRISING ,"%
TENSION IN THE FULLY YIELDED CONDITION hAv AT EACH END AND ,"% hCv IN THE MIDDLE BE DESIGNED TO
,"% hBv HAS SIGNIlCANT TRANSVERSE AND AXIAL DISTRIBUTED MEET THE STIFFNESS CRITERION FOR STIFFENERS DISCUSSED IN #HAP
LOADING BECAUSE A WEB PLATE IS PRESENT ON ONLY ONE SIDE 4HE TER %QUATION n &OR THIS MEMBER THE REQUIRED OUT OF
TRANSVERSE LOAD BECOMES TENSION IN ,"% hC v WHILE THE AXIAL PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA IS
LOAD IS DRAGGED THROUGH TO ,"% hD v WHERE ALL OF IT IS TYPI
CALLY RESISTED BY WEB PLATES AND ) r ,TJ n
,"% hCv LIKEWISE HAS SIGNIlCANT TRANSVERSE AND AXIAL DIS WHERE
TRIBUTED LOADING BECAUSE A WEB PLATE IS PRESENT ON ONLY ONE
SIDE 4HE TRANSVERSE LOAD BECOMES COMPRESSION IN ,"% hDv J 3H, n r
4HE AXIAL LOAD IS TRANSMITTED TO ,"% hA v WHICH DELIVER IT TO WHERE
THE ("% ABOVE AND BELOW
3H H H H
,"% hDv HAS SIGNIlCANT TRANSVERSE AND AXIAL DISTRIBUTED
LOADING BECAUSE WEB PLATES OF DIFFERENT THICKNESS ARE PRESENT
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n &ORCES ACTING ON BOUNDARY ELEMENTS IN 3037 WITH OPENING
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

,"% hBv 4HE lXED END MOMENT THE VERTICAL ,"% IS CONTINUOUS IS
4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS -U WUH n
4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE TOP IS
ZX 5\ )\ W n

4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS 1X WRS 5\ )\ ¨©ªW / / W K / ·¹̧ n

YX 5\ )\ W n
4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE BOTTOM IS
4HE SHEAR REACTION IS

1X ERW 5\ )\ ¨©ªW / / W K / ·¹̧ n
n
6U WU,
4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA IS
4HE SIMPLE SPAN MOMENT IS
¥ W K ´µ
-U WU, n , r ¦¦¦ µµ n
¦§ / µ¶
!LTERNATIVELY RIGID CONNECTIONS MAY BE USED THUS REDUCING
THIS MOMENT TO XV - ,"% hDv
4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE LEFT END IS
4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS

1X / 5\ )\ <W / WK > n
ZX 5\ )\ W W n

4HIS CONNECTION MAY BE IN TENSION OR COMPRESSION &OR
THE ,"% D ON THE RIGHT SIDE BETWEEN PANELS AND THE TWO 4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS
TERMS ARE ADDITIVE AND THE CONNECTION IS IN COMPRESSION 4HE
AXIAL COMPRESSION AT THE RIGHT END IS YX 5\ )\ W W n

1X 5 5\ )\ <W / WK > n
n
6U WU,
4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR A SIMPLE SPAN IS
4HE SIMPLE SPAN MOMENT IS
¥ W / ´µ -U WU, n
, r ¦¦¦ µµ n
¦§ K µ¶ !LTERNATIVELY RIGID CONNECTIONS MAY BE USED THUS REDUCING
THIS MOMENT TO XV -
.OTE THAT IF THE MEMBER HAS RIGID END CONNECTIONS THE COEF 4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE RIGHT END IS
lCIENT MAY BE REDUCED TO

,"% hCv 1X 5 5\ )\ ¨©ªW K / W K ·¹̧ n

4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS &OR THE SIMILAR MEMBER ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF 3037 BE
TWEEN PANELS AND ALL THREE TERMS ARE POSITIVE
ZX 5\ )\ W n

1X VLP 5\ )\ ¨©ªW K / W K ·¹̧ n
4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS
4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE LEFT END IS
YX 5\ )\ W n

1X / 5\ )\ ¨ª©W K / / W K / ·¹̧ n
6U WUH n

4HE COEFlCIENT IS EXTRAPOLATED FROM THE REQUIREMENT OF !)3# 3ECTION G WHICH CORRESPONDS TO A 6"% THAT IS
CONTINUOUS FROM STORY TO STORY
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HIS REACTION IS MAINLY DUE TO THE 6"% BEING PULLED IN BY 4HE ,"% ARE TYPICALLY MUCH SMALLER THAN THE 6"% AND
THE WEB PLATE 7HERE THE HORIZONTAL AREA OF THE THICKER WEB ("% &OR PURPOSES OF CALCULATING THE ANGLE OF STRESS AVERAGE
PLATES T, DO NOT MATCH THE AREA OF THE THINNER WEB PLATES VALUES OF THE SECTION PROPERTIES ARE USED
T ;, ,= THIS REACTION WILL ALSO INCLUDE SOME ADDITIONAL &OR PANEL THE VERTICAL ,"% BOUNDING THE PLATE ARE STIFF
SHEAR THAT THE 6"% MUST RESIST AT THE ELEVATION OF THE WEAKER ENED BY THE PRESENCE OF ADJACENT WEB PLATES IN PANELS AND
SECTION OF THE WALL AND THUS THE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF ,"% hAv IS NOT RELEVANT
4HE REQUIRED IN PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR A SIMPLE SPAN !DDITIONALLY THE mEXIBILITY OF ,"% hBv MAY AFFECT THE ANGLE
IS BASED ON THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN WEB PLATE THICKNESSES OF TENSION STRESS &OR PANELS AND THE MOMENT OF INERTIA
OF ,"% hAv IS EFFECTIVELY INCREASED BY THE ADJACENT WEB PLATE
¥ W W / ´µ IN PANEL 4HUS FOR PANELS AND THE APPLICABILITY OF
, r ¦¦¦ µµ n
¦§ K µ¶ %QUATION n IS COMPROMISED 4HE SAME APPLIES TO PAN
ELS AND $ESIGNERS MAY CHOOSE TO CALCULATE THE ANGLE
.OTE THAT IF THE MEMBER HAS RIGID END CONNECTIONS THE COEF BASED ON A SINGLE PANEL ENCOMPASSING THE THREE IGNORING THE
lCIENT MAY BE REDUCED TO PRESENCE OF THE TWO ,"% hAv &OR THIS PURPOSE THE PANEL
)N THE OUT OF PLANE DIRECTION IT IS RECOMMENDED THAT ,"% PROPORTION LIMITS OF !)3# 3ECTION B SHOULD NOT BE
hDv BE DESIGNED TO MEET THE STIFFNESS CRITERION FOR STIFFENERS APPLIED $ESIGNERS MAY ALSO WISH TO ADAPT %QUATION n TO
DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER %QUATION n REmECT THE INCREASED EFFECTIVE COLUMN STIFFNESS )N THAT CASE
n USE OF AN AVERAGE ANGLE OF STRESS FOR THE THREE PANELS IS REC
) r HTJ
OMMENDED
WHERE )F THE CALCULATED ANGLE IS WITHIN OF THE ASSUMED VALUE
FOR EVERY PANEL THE RECALCULATION OF ,"% FORCES WILL
J ,H n r
NOT YIELD SIGNIlCANTLY DIFFERENT RESULTS )F THE ANGLES ARE SIG
)T IS RECOMMENDED THAT SIMILAR OR IDENTICAL SECTIONS BE NIlCANTLY DIFFERENT THE FOLLOWING EQUATIONS CAN BE USED TO
USED FOR ,"% hBv AND hDv CHECK THE DESIGNS OF THE ,"%
&INAL $ESIGN ,"% hAv
&OR lNAL DESIGN THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS COMPUTED 4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS
FOR EACH PANEL AND A MORE EXACT CALCULATION IS MADE OF THE WU 2Y &Y T;SINA SINA = n
FORCES ON THE LOCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS
4HE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS CALCULATED USING %QUATION FOR A A
n WHERE
U -
X AI THE ANGLE OF WEB PLATE TENSION STRESS CALCULATED
"D
UBO A OF WEB PLATE I
¨ I ·¸ n
U X I ©© ¸ 4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS
©ª "C * D - ¸¹ n
YX 5\ )\ W <VLQ A VLQ A >

WHERE
IRUA A
H DISTANCE BETWEEN HORIZONTAL MEMBER CENTER
LINES )N MOST CASES THESE FORCES WU AND VU ARE NEGLIGIBLE THEY
ARE ZERO FOR CASES WHEN THE AVERAGE ANGLE IS USED FOR THE
!B AVERAGE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF THE HORIZONTAL BOUNDING PANELS 4HE SHEAR REACTION IS
MEMBERS BOUNDING THE PANEL 6U WU H n
!C AVERAGE CROSS SECTIONAL AREA OF A VERTICAL MEM FOR A A

BERS BOUNDING THE PANEL
4HE MOMENT ASSUMING SIMPLE CONNECTIONS IS
)C AVERAGE MOMENT OF INERTIA OF THE VERTICAL MEM -U WU H n
BERS BOUNDING THE PANEL TAKEN PERPENDICULAR TO
THE DIRECTION OF THE WEB PLATE LINE FOR A A
, DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTICAL MEMBER CENTERLINES
TW THICKNESS OF THE WEB PLATE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE TOP IS 4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE ENDS IS

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5\ )\ W K IRUA A 4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA IS THE SAME AS WAS CALCU
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4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE BOTTOM IS
,"% hDv

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5 \ )\ W K IRUA A

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6U WU , n
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.U , .U 2 n VU , n
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7HERE THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS A DOES NOT RANGE MORE
4HE CONNECTION AT THE LEFT IS IN TENSION AND THE CONNECTION THAN THE AVERAGE VALUE OF A MAY BE USED IN THE DESIGN
AT THE RIGHT IS IN COMPRESSION OF THE ,"% WITHOUT SIGNIlCANT LOSS OF ACCURACY 4HIS WILL
4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA IS THE SAME AS WAS CALCU SIMPLIFY THE CALCULATIONS CONSIDERABLY
LATED IN THE PRELIMINARY DESIGN 4HE HORIZONTAL ,"% ARE NORMALLY DESIGNED AS INDIVIDUAL
MEMBERS SUPPORTED OUT OF PLANE BY THE VERTICAL ,"% A SIN
,"% hCv GLE MEMBER COMPOSED OF ,"% hAv AT THE TOP ,"% hCv IN THE
4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS CENTER AND ,"% hAv SIMILAR AT THE BOTTOM 4HIS VERTICAL
,"% IS THEN DESIGNED WITH AN UNBRACED LENGTH OF THE CLEAR
WU 2Y &Y T SINA n
HEIGHT OF THE STORY BETWEEN ("% &URTHERMORE THE VERTI
4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS CAL ,"% MUST BE DESIGNED TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE BRACING FOR
COMPRESSION FORCES IN THE HORIZONTAL ("% PER !PPENDIX
YX 5\ )\ W VLQ A n OF !)3#

4HIS CONDITION QUALIlES AS hNODAL BRACINGv 4HE REQUIRED
4HE SHEAR REACTION IS STRENGTH FOR NODAL BRACING OF A COLUMN IS GIVEN BY !)3#
n %QUATION !nn
6U WUH
0BR 0U n
4HE MOMENT ASSUMING lXED CONNECTIONS IS
-U WUH n

5NDER SOME CONDITIONS SUCH AS A TALL STORY IN A SHORT 3037 BAY IT IS ADVANTAGEOUS TO HAVE THE HORIZONTAL ,"% BE CONTINUOUS
INSTEAD
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
4HE REQUIRED STIFFNESS FOR NODAL BRACING OF A COLUMN IS INGS THE SHEAR STRENGTH EQUATIONS CAN BE MODIlED BY USING
GIVEN BY !)3# %QUATION !nn , , IN LIEU OF THE TERM ,
3X 4HE AVAILABLE SHEAR STRENGTH MUST BE AT LEAST AS LARGE AS THE
BEU n REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE 3037 IN THE ANALYSIS !DDI
/E
TIONALLY TO MINIMIZE THE SHEAR STRENGTH REQUIRED OF THE 6"%
4HE MAXIMUM COMPRESSION FORCE IS IN ,"% hDv BETWEEN THE NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTHS SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY EQUAL
PANELS AND DUE TO THE COMBINATION OF THE SHEAR FROM )T IS NOT RECOMMENDED TO USE THE SAME THICKNESS FOR ALL PAN
PANEL BEING DRAGGED TO PANEL AND THE VERTICAL ,"% AND ELS OF THE 3037 AT THE mOOR LEVEL OF THE OPENING AS YIELDING
THE 6"% ON EITHER SIDE OF PANELS AND IMPOSING THEIR RE WOULD THEN BE CONCENTRATED IN THE TWO PANELS ADJACENT TO THE
ACTIONS FROM THE TRANSVERSE HORIZONTAL COMPONENT OF THE OPENING CREATING LARGER DUCTILITY DEMANDS ON THOSE PANELS
WEB PLATE TENSION 4HE REQUIRED BRACING FORCE AND STIFFNESS AND ADDITIONAL SHEAR DEMANDS ON THE 6"%
IS THUS CALCULATED USING THIS FORCE
n $ESIGN OF 6"%
3X 1X G
¨W K VLQ A · 4HE 6"% AT THE LEVEL OF THE OPENING CAN BE REDESIGNED CON
© ¸ SIDERING THE DECREASED HEIGHT BETWEEN HORIZONTAL MEMBERS
5\ )\ © © ¸
¸ FOR mEXURE DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION ;AS SHOWN IN &IGURE
W
© K VLQ A W /
VLQ A ¸
ª ¹ nF = 4HIS HAS THE EFFECT OF DRASTICALLY REDUCING THE RE
QUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA BASED ON !)3# 3ECTION G
4HE VERTICAL ,"% IS DESIGNED WITH THIS FORCE APPLIED IN THE
)T ALSO REDUCES THE MOMENT DUE TO THE TRANSVERSE LOADING
OUT OF PLANE DIRECTION AT THE POINTS OF CONNECTION WITH THE HORI
FROM THE WEB PLATE IN TENSION
ZONTAL ,"% /UT OF PLANE STIFFNESS MUST BE COMPARED TO THE
7HERE THE OPENINGS ARE NOT REPEATED AT EVERY LEVEL THIS
REQUIRED STIFFNESS OF !)3# %QUATION !nn %QUATION
REDESIGN NEED NOT BE PERFORMED AS THE REQUIRED 6"% SEC
n 4HIS REQUIREMENT MAY GOVERN OVER THAT OF %QUATION
TION WILL BE GOVERNED BY OTHER LEVELS )NDEED THE 6"% SIZE
n
IN THIS CASE WILL USUALLY BE DICTATED BY THE DEMANDS AT OTHER
7HILE THE ABOVE BRACING REQUIREMENTS ALSO APPLY TO THE
LEVELS IN THE TIER
6"% THEY ARE TRIVIAL FOR 6"% IN MOST IF NOT ALL CASES
7HERE A LARGE ADDITIONAL SHEAR IS IMPOSED ON THE 6"% THE
6"% SHOULD BE CHECKED FOR CONNECTION LIMIT STATES AS WELL AS
7EB 0LATE 3HEAR 3TRENGTH
SHEAR AND BENDING
4HE SHEAR STRENGTH OF THE 3037 WITH THE OPENING SHOULD BE
VERIlED 4HE AVAILABLE SHEAR STRENGTH FV6N ,2&$ OR 6N7V $ESIGN OF ("%
!3$ IS DETERMINED USING THE NOMINAL STRENGTH AND FV
4HE OVERTURNING OF THE PANELS AROUND THE OPENING IS RESISTED
OR 7V
BY THE ("% ABOVE AND BELOW THE OPENING 4HE REACTIONS FROM
!BOVE THE OPENING THE NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH IS
MEMBERS ,"% hAv CREATE A COUPLE ON EACH ("% ADDING TO
6N &Y T;, SINA , SINA = n THE REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH AS IS SHOWN IN &IGURE n
4HE MOMENT CAUSED BY THIS COUPLE IS
&Y T;, ,= SINA FOR A A
-U .UA , ,,CF n
!T THE LEVEL OF THE OPENING THE NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH IS
WHERE
6N &Y T;, SINA = n
.UA THE REACTION ON THE ("% FROM ,"% hAv
"ELOW THE OPENING THE NOMINAL SHEAR STRENGTH IS
n 4HIS MOMENT IS ADDED TO THE MOMENT CALCULATED BASED ON
6N &Y T;, SINA , SINA = THE WEB PLATE TENSION ABOVE AND BELOW THE ("% AND ANY
FRAME mEXURAL MOMENT 3EE #HAPTER FOR THE COMPUTATION
&Y T;, ,= SINA FOR A A
OF THESE OTHER SOURCES OF MOMENT
.OTE THAT THE EQUATIONS ABOVE ASSUME A SYMMETRICAL
PLACEMENT OF THE OPENING , , &OR ASYMMETRIC OPEN

!PPLYING THIS MAXIMUM FORCE AT TWO LOCATIONS OVERESTIMATES THE EFFECT SLIGHTLY )T IS LEGITIMATE TO APPLY A LOWER FORCE AT ONE OF
THE LOCATIONS
¨ ·
3X 5\ )\ ©WK VLQ A W K VLQ A W / VLQ A ¸
©ª ¸¹
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. %8!-0,% !BOVE AND BELOW THE LEVEL OF THE OPENING THE IN
THICKNESS ORIGINALLY DESIGNED WILL BE USED )N THIS WAY THE
4HE PROCEDURE DESCRIBED ABOVE WILL BE APPLIED TO AN OPENING
PANEL HAVE SIMILAR DEMAND CAPACITY RATIOS AND YIELDING OF
IN A 3037 4HE BAY DIMENSION AND STORY HEIGHT ARE SIMILAR
ALL OF THE INDIVIDUAL WEB PLATES WILL BE PROMOTED WITHOUT
TO THOSE FOR THE SEVENTH mOOR IN #HAPTER
PLACING LARGE SHEAR DEMANDS ON THE 6"%
,CF IN ,OCAL BOUNDARY ELEMENTS WILL BE PROVIDED EXTENDING FROM
("% TO ("% AND FROM 6"% TO 6"% AS REQUIRED BY 3ECTION
HC IN C OF !)3# &IGURE n SHOWS THE MODIlED PANEL
)T IS ASSUMED THAT THE WEB PLATE HAS BEEN DESIGNED FOR WITH THE OPENING AND WEB PLATE THICKNESS
STRENGTH WITHOUT AN OPENING 4HE ONE STORY HIGH BY ONE ! PRELIMINARY DESIGN OF THE 3037 IS PERFORMED USING
STORY WIDE PANEL WILL BE REDESIGNED FOR A WINDOW OPENING THE PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IN THIS CHAPTER 2EQUIRED STRENGTHS
SYMMETRICALLY PLACED IN THE CENTER OF THE ,"% ARE CALCULATED BASED ON THE WEB PLATE EXPECTED
4HE ORIGINAL WEB PLATE DESIGN IS A IN THICK !34- YIELD STRESS
! PLATE &IGURE n SHOWS THE DESIGN INCLUDING THE SIZES ,"% hAv
OF THE WEB PLATES ABOVE AND BELOW THE STORY UNDER CONSID
ERATION 4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS
!N OPENING WITH , IN AND H IN WILL BE INTRO WU
DUCED INTO THIS WEB PLATE 4HUS , , IN AND H
H IN 2OUGHLY ONE THIRD OF THE HORIZONTAL WEB PLATE 4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS
LENGTH IS THUS REMOVED BY THE OPENING VU
IN ; IN IN n IN = IN 4HE SHEAR REACTION IS
4HEREFORE INSTEAD OF THE IN WEB PLATE WEB PLATES 6U
IN THICK WILL BE USED ON EITHER SIDE OF THE OPENING 4HE MOMENT IS
-U
4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE IS THE REACTION FROM ,"% hCv

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&IG n &ORCES FROM ,"% ON ("% ABOVE OPENING

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$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE REQUIRED OUT OF PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA IS &IXED ENDS WILL BE USED 4HE MOMENT IS
) r ,TJ -U WU ,
J 3H, n r KIPIN IN
3H H H H IN KIP IN

4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE LEFT END IS
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4HE DISTRIBUTED TRANSVERSE LOAD IS 4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION AT THE RIGHT END IS

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4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS ,"% hCv

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ZX 5\ )\ W
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4HE SHEAR REACTION IS NLSVLQ
6U WU , 4HE DISTRIBUTED AXIAL LOAD IS

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¥ W / ´µ NLSVLQ
, r ¦¦¦ µµ
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4HE REQUIRED IN PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR lXED ENDS IS
¥ W / ´µ KIPS
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¦§ K µ¶
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$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n #ALCULATED !NGLES OF 3TRESS

0ANEL YX 5\ )\ W W
0ANEL !NGLES OF
4HICKNESS
$ESIGNATION STRESS A
IN NVL LQ LQ

NLSVLQ

6U WU ,

KIPSIN IN

KIPS
&IXED ENDS WILL BE USED 4HE MOMENT IS
-U WU,
KIPSIN IN
KIP IN

4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE TOP IS 4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE RIGHT END IS

1X WRS 5\ )\ ¨ª©W / / W K / ·¹̧ 1X 5 5\ )\ ¨©ªW K / W K ·¹̧

¨ LQ LQ LQ · ¨ LQ LQ LQ ·
NVL © ¸ NVL ©© ¸
¸
© LQ LQ LQ ¸ ©ª LQ LQ ¸¹
©ª ¸¹
NLSV WKHPLQXVVLJQVLJQLILHVWHQVLRQ NLSV
&OR THE SIMILAR MEMBER ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF 3037 BETWEEN
4HE AXIAL FORCE AT THE BOTTOM IS
PANELS AND ALL THREE TERMS ARE POSITIVE

1X ERW 5\ )\ ¨©ªW / / W K / ·¹̧ 1 VLP 5\ )\ ¨ª©W K / W K ·¹̧

¨ LQ LQ LQ · ¨ LQ LQ LQ ·
© ¸
NVL
© LQ LQ LQ ¸ NVL ©© ¸
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©ª ¸¹ ©ª LQ LQ ¸¹
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4HE REQUIRED MOMENT OF INERTIA IS 4HE AXIAL COMPRESSION FORCE AT THE LEFT END IS
¥W K ´µ
, r ¦¦¦ µµ 1X / 5\ )\ ¨©ªW K / / W K / ·¹̧
¦§ / µ¶
¨ LQ < LQ LQ LQ> ·
NVL ©© ¸

LQ LQ LQ ¸
<
©ª LQ LQ LQ > ¸¹
LQ
NLSV
,"% hDv
4HE REQUIRED IN PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR lXED ENDS IS
W W /
, r
ZX 5\ )\ W W K

LQ LQ LQQ
NVL LQ LQ
LQ
NLSVLQ LQ
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE REQUIRED OUT OF PLANE MOMENT OF INERTIA IS 4HE WEB PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH BELOW THE OPENING IS
) r H TJ n
7O 'Z U ¨ª© - TJO A
- TJO A ·¹̧ n
J , H n r ¨ JO TJO s o ·
LTJ JO ©© ¸
¸
IN IN n ©ª JO TJO s o ¸¹
LJQT
r USE
"ASED UPON THE LEAST OF THESE THE DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH IS
) r IN IN
FV6N KIPS
IN
KIPS 6U KIPS OK
"ASED ON THESE REQUIRED STRENGTHS PRELIMINARY SIZES OF
,"% ARE DETERMINED &OR SIMPLICITY ONLY ONE SECTION IS USED 4HE WEB PLATES PROVIDED THEREFORE ARE ADEQUATE
7s FOR BOTH THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL ,"% .OTE THAT THE STRENGTH AT THE SECTION AT THE OPENING IS
5SING THIS SIZE THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS IS CALCULATED SLIGHTLY REDUCED BECAUSE THE INCREASE IN THICKNESS IS SLIGHTLY
IN EACH OF THE EIGHT PANELS USING %QUATION n 4ABLE n LESSER IN PROPORTION THAN THE DECREASE IN WIDTH 4HUS AN AD
SHOWS THE CALCULATED ANGLES DITIONAL SHEAR IS IMPOSED ON THE 6"% 4HE SHEAR FORCE TRANS
7ITHOUT THE OPENING THE ANGLE OF TENSION STRESS WAS CAL MITTED TO THE 6"% IS
CULATED AS 4HE WEB PLATE DESIGN SHEAR STRENGTH IS 6U KIPS KIPS
KIPS 4HE REQUIRED WEB PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH IS KIPS
WHICH IS PERCENT OF THE KIP REQUIRED SHEAR STRENGTH KIPS
FOR THE SEVENTH STORY 4HIS ADDITIONAL SHEAR IS MORE THAN OFFSET BY THE FACT THAT
4HE WEB PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH ABOVE THE OPENING IS THE HORIZONTAL ,"% REDUCE THE SPAN OF THE 6"% IN RESISTING
7O 'Z U ¨©ª - TJO A
- TJO A ·¹̧ THE TRANSVERSE LOADING DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION
n
4HE REACTIONS ON THE ("% ABOVE AND BELOW ARE EQUAL TO
¨ JO TJO s o · THE AXIAL FORCE IN ,"% hAv 4HUS
LTJ JO ©© ¸
¸
©ª JO TJO s o ¸¹ .UA KIPS
LJQT 4HESE FORCES ARE USED IN THE DESIGN OF THE ("% IN
4HE WEB PLATE SHEAR STRENGTH AT THE LEVEL OF THE OPENING IS CONJUNCTION WITH THE DISTRIBUTED LOADING DUE TO THE
UNBALANCED WEB PLATE TENSION AND THE mEXURAL FORCES FROM
6N &YT ;, SINA = n FRAME BEHAVIOR
KSI IN ; IN SIN s =
KIPS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#HAPTER
$ISCUSSION OF 3PECIAL #ONSIDERATIONS
/6%26)%7 SPECIlED MINIMUM YIELD STRESS GREATER THAN KSI TO BE USED
FOR WEB PLATES IN HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN UNLESS TESTING IS PER
4HIS CHAPTER ADDRESSES SOME ADDITIONAL PRACTICAL ISSUES THAT
FORMED TO JUSTIFY IT
MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF STEEL
! LOW DEVIATION OF EXPECTED YIELD STRESS FROM THE SPECI
PLATE SHEAR WALLS
lED MINIMUM YIELD STRESS IE A LOW FACTOR 2Y REDUCES THE
STRENGTH REQUIRED OF ELEMENTS ADJOINING THE WEB PLATE )N
-!4%2)!, 30%#)&)#!4)/.3
SOME CASES CONSIDERABLE SAVINGS COULD BE REALIZED BY SPECI
-ATERIALS USED FOR WEB PLATES IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS MUST FYING A RANGE OF YIELD STRENGTH MORE LIMITED THAN THAT PER
BEHAVE IN A MANNER CONSISTENT WITH THE ASSUMPTIONS USED IN MITTED BY THE !34- SPECIlCATION PROVIDED THAT THE PLATE
THEIR DESIGN !DDITIONALLY DESIGNERS WILL lND SOME MATERIALS MATERIAL IS READILY AVAILABLE 4HE AVAILABILITY OF STEEL WITH
PERMIT MORE PRACTICAL DESIGNS &OR HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN 2 SUCH SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS SHOULD BE CONlRMED PRIOR TO SPEC
MATERIALS ARE LIMITED TO THOSE LISTED IN 3ECTION OF IlCATION $ESIGNERS MAY WISH TO GIVE ALTERNATIVE COMBINA
!)3# TIONS OF WEB PLATE THICKNESS AND MEASURED YIELD STRENGTH IN
!MONG THE CHARACTERISTICS REQUIRED BY !)3# FOR STEEL ORDER TO ACHIEVE THE REQUIRED STRENGTH AND LIMIT UNNECESSARY
MATERIALS EXPECTED TO UNDERGO SIGNIlCANT INELASTIC STRAIN ARE AND COSTLY OVERSTRENGTH WITHOUT SPECIFYING MATERIAL THAT IS
A KNOWN EXPECTED STRENGTH HIGH DUCTILITY RELATIVELY HIGH DIFlCULT TO OBTAIN &OR EXAMPLE A DESIGNER COULD SPECIFY A
TOUGHNESS AND WELDABILITY )N ADDITION IT IS DESIRABLE TO USE WEB PLATE OF t IN THICKNESS AND A MEASURED YIELD STRENGTH
A MATERIAL WITH A LOW YIELD STRENGTH AND A LOW MATERIAL OVER BETWEEN AND KSI WITH AN ALTERNATIVE OF IN THICKNESS
STRENGTH IE A LOW FACTOR 2Y THE RATIO OF THE EXPECTED AND AND A MEASURED YIELD STRENGTH BETWEEN AND KSI PRO
SPECIlED MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH OF THE MATERIAL VIDED THE CHANGE IN STIFFNESS IS NOT DETRIMENTAL
4HE MATERIAL USED FOR WEB PLATES IN HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN /F THE MATERIALS LISTED IN 3ECTION OF !)3# A SUIT
OF STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS MUST HAVE A KNOWN EXPECTED YIELD ABLE AND OFTEN USED MATERIAL FOR WEB PLATES IS !34- !
STRENGTH 2Y &Y SO THAT WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS CAN BE DE !34- ! COULD ALSO BE SUITABLE 0RIMARILY USED IN BRIDGE
SIGNED PROPERLY )N ADDITION TO THE WEB PLATE CONNECTIONS THE DESIGN !34- ! 'RADE IS AVAILABLE IN THICKNESSES
DESIGN FORCES FOR BOUNDARY ELEMENTS DEPEND ON THE EXPECTED SIMILAR TO THAT OF ! BECAUSE IT IS SIMPLY !34- ! WITH
STRENGTH OF THE WEB PLATE MATERIAL IN HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN ADDITIONAL BRIDGE RELATED REQUIREMENTS !34- ! AND
)N ORDER TO PERMIT USE OF THE DESIGN EQUATIONS IT IS NECES ! hWEATHERING STEELv ARE ALSO PERMISSIBLE ALTHOUGH
SARY FOR WEB PLATES TO BE SUFlCIENTLY DUCTILE TO ACCOMMODATE THEIR HIGHER SPECIlED MINIMUM YIELD STRESS OR KSI FOR
NONUNIFORM YIELDING STARTING FROM LOCALIZED INITIAL YIELD TO ! KSI FOR ! MAKES THEM LESS DESIRABLE
A MORE UNIFORM STATE OF STRESS &OR HIGH SEISMIC DESIGN WEB /THER MATERIALS MAY ALSO BE APPROPRIATE BASED ON THE
PLATES MUST BE ABLE TO REACH UNIFORM YIELDING ACROSS THEIR CRITERIA USED TO SELECT THOSE LISTED IN 3ECTION OF !)3#
ENTIRE AREA 4HUS A MATERIAL WITH A LARGE INELASTIC STRAIN CA !34- ! 33 IS ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR USE IN
PACITY IS NEEDED 4HE LIST OF MATERIALS IN !)3# IS BASED 3037 )T IS AVAILABLE IN LOW STRENGTH GRADES 'RADE AND
IN PART ON A PERCENT ELONGATION CAPACITY IN A IN GAGE AND HAS GOOD WELDABILITY )T PROVIDES A HIGH INELASTIC
LENGTH DEFORMATION CAPACITY PERCENT FOR 'RADE MATERIAL
)T IS DESIRABLE TO USE A WEB PLATE MATERIAL THAT IS RELATIVELY BETWEEN AND IN THICKNESS 4HIS MATERIAL HAS
LOW IN STRENGTH ESPECIALLY WHERE DESIGNS ARE CONTROLLED BY BEEN USED IN THE DESIGN OF 3037 %ATHERTON !34-
DRIFT &OR LOW TO MID RISE 3037 BUILDINGS USE OF THICKER ! (3,!3 'RADE IS ALLOWED BY !)3# BUT IT IS
WEB PLATES GENERALLY AIDS CONSTRUCTION ESPECIALLY AT THE TOP NOT SUITABLE FOR 3037 BECAUSE OF ITS HIGHER STRENGTH AND
mOORS WHERE STORY SHEARS ARE LOW 4HUS MATERIAL WITH YIELD LOWER INELASTIC STRAIN CAPACITY !34- ! #3 AND !
STRENGTH OF OR KSI PRESENT ADVANTAGES OVER KSI $3 BOTH TYPICALLY PROVIDE GOOD ELONGATION CAPACITY AND A
MATERIAL .OTE THAT !)3# DOES NOT PERMIT MATERIAL WITH LOW YIELD STRENGTH (OWEVER THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES

4HIS MATERIAL WAS PREVIOUSLY COVERED BY !34- 33
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n 3UITABLE !34- -ATERIALS FOR 3037 7EB 0LATES
3PECIlED 3PECIlED
-INIMUM ,ISTED 2Y 2ATIO OF %XPECTED
-INIMUM -INIMUM
!34- $ESIGNATION %LONGATION IN IN IN !)3# TO 3PECIlED
9IELD 3TRESS 4ENSILE 3TRESS
'AGE ,ENGTH -INIMUM 9IELD 3TRESS
&Y KSI &U KSI
! 9ES
! 'R 9ES .OT $EFINED
! 'R 9ES .OT $ElNED
'R 9ES
! 9ES
! 'R 9ES .OT $ElNED
'R 9ES .OT $ElNED

! #3 n .OT $ElNED .O .OT $ElNED

$3 n .OT $ElNED .O .OT $ElNED

33 'R .O .OT $ElNED

33 'R .O .OT $ElNED

33 'R 4YPE .O .OT $ElNED
33 'R 4YPE .O .OT $ElNED

33 'R n .O .OT $ElNED

(3,!3 'R #LASS .O .OT $ElNED



$ENOTES NONMANDATORY TYPICAL VALUE $ESIGNERS MUST VERIFY THE ACTUAL YIELD STRENGTH OF THE MATERIAL

6ALUE FOR THICKNESS BETWEEN AND IN



6ALUE FOR THICKNESS ABOVE IN

6ALUE FOR THICKNESS UP TO IN

5SING TEST METHOD GIVEN IN !34- !
LISTED FOR THESE MATERIALS BY !34- AND IN 4ABLE n ARE 4HE MATERIALS LISTED IN 4ABLE n ARE PRODUCED IN A RANGE
NONMANDATORY $ESIGNERS WISHING TO EMPLOY !34- ! OF THICKNESSES &OR 3037 THE THICKNESS RANGE BETWEEN
#3 OR ! $3 SHOULD SPECIFY TESTING OF MATERIAL PROVIDED IN AND 6 IN IS MOST RELEVANT 4HE PRODUCTION OF THE
TO MEET THE DESIRED YIELD STRENGTH AND AT A MINIMUM AN MATERIALS IN 4ABLE n IN THAT THICKNESS RANGE IS LISTED IN
ELONGATION CAPACITY OF PERCENT IN A IN GAGE LENGTH PER 4ABLE n
!34- ! 0ROVIDED THAT THE MATERIAL IS AVAILABLE TESTING OF WEB
4ABLE n LISTS THE VARIOUS MATERIALS THAT MAY BE CONSID PLATE MATERIAL CAN OFFER SIGNIlCANT ADVANTAGES )F A PERMIT
ERED FOR 3037 WEB PLATES AND THEIR RELEVANT CHARACTERISTICS TED RANGE OF YIELD STRESS IS SPECIlED FOR THE WEB PLATES FOR A
!LL OF THESE MATERIALS ARE HOT FORMED AND HAVE SUITABLE WELD SPECIlC PROJECT WITH A MINIMUM YIELD STRENGTH ABOVE THE
ABILITY &OR MANY OF THE MATERIALS LISTED IN 4ABLE n DESIGN !34- SPECIlED MINIMUM FOR THE MATERIAL BUT BELOW THE EX
ERS MUST EITHER INVESTIGATE THE EXPECTED YIELD STRESS OF THE PECTED YIELD STRENGTH 2Y &Y THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF CONNEC
MATERIAL FOR THE SELECTED GRADE OR SPECIFY A MAXIMUM TO BE TIONS AND BOUNDARY ELEMENTS CAN BE SIGNIlCANTLY REDUCED
ESTABLISHED USING !34- ! &OR EXAMPLE IF THE WEB PLATE MATERIAL IN #HAPTER COULD
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4ABLE n #OMMONLY 0RODUCED 4HICKNESSES OF -ATERIALS 3UITABLE FOR 7EB 0LATES IN 3037
!34- $ESIGNATION
! (3,!3 'R #LASS
! (3,!3 'R #LASS
! (3,!3 'R #LASS
! (3,!3 'R #LASS

! 33 'R 4YPE
! 33 'R 4YPE

3TANDARD
'AGE OR
! 33 'R
! 33 'R
! 33 'R
&RACTIONAL
4HICKNESS
! 'R
! 'R
! 'R
! 'R
! 'R
IN IF NO
! #3
! $3
7EB 0LATE 3TANDARD
!
4HICKNESS 'AGE IS
!
IN !PPLICABLE
s s s s s s s s s s s
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s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s
s s s s s s
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s s s s s s
s s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s
s s s s
s s s s
s s s s
s s s s
s s s s s s s
t s s s s s s s
. s s s s s s s
u s s s s s s s
s s s s s s s
6 s s s s s s s
HAVE BEEN DESIGNED WITH MATERIAL HAVING A SPECIlED MINI MINOR CONSEQUENCE FOR STRUCTURES WITH ELEMENTS DESIGNED
MUM YIELD STRESS OF KSI AND A MAXIMUM OF KSI INSTEAD FOR STRENGTH THE SAVINGS WOULD MORE THAN OFFSET THE COSTS OF
OF USING &Y EQUAL TO KSI AND 2Y &Y EQUAL TO KSI THE TESTING IN MANY CASES 4HE AUTHORS RECOMMEND THAT IF TEST
SEISMIC LOAD EFFECTS ON CONNECTIONS AND BOUNDARY ELEMENTS ING IS USED TO ESTABLISH MATERIAL PROPERTIES AT LEAST ONE TEST
WOULD HAVE BEEN REDUCED BY PERCENT BECAUSE OF THE CORRE BE PERFORMED FOR EACH HEAT OF STEEL USED FOR WEB PLATES AND
SPONDING REDUCTION IN THICKNESS REQUIRED &OR STRUCTURES WITH THAT THE FEASIBILITY OF TESTING AND OTHER SPECIAL SPECIlCATION
ELEMENTS DESIGNED TO CONTROL DRIFT THIS REDUCTION MAY BE OF REQUIREMENTS BE CONlRMED EARLY IN THE DESIGN PHASE
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

3%26)#%!"),)49 4HE LIMITING PLATE THICKNESS IS
4HE DESIGN EXAMPLES IN #HAPTERS AND ADDRESSED THE
DESIGN OF 307 AND 3037 RESPECTIVELY IN ORDER TO MEET T W T nB
UDS
THE STRENGTH AND PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE LOADING P &
SPECIlED IN !3#% &OR MOST BUILDING APPLICATIONS IT IS
0LATES OF THIS THICKNESS OR THICKER WILL YIELD IN SHEAR 4HINNER
ALSO DESIRABLE TO INVESTIGATE THE SERVICEABILITY PERFORMANCE
PLATES WILL EXPERIENCE SHEAR BUCKLING AT STRESS LEVELS BELOW
OF THE SYSTEM UNDER THE MORE MODERATE SERVICE LOADING THAT
THAT OF SHEAR YIELDING
IT IS LIKELY TO UNDERGO
&OR THE BUILDING IN #HAPTER THE MOST SLENDER WEB
4HERE ARE NO CODIlED CRITERIA FOR THE REQUIRED PERFORMANCE
PLATES ARE AT THE TOP OF THE BUILDING WHERE THE CRITICAL BUCK
AT SERVICEABILITY LOADS 4HIS ASPECT OF DESIGN REQUIRES DIS
LING STRESS IS PSILESS THAN PERCENT OF THE DESIGN SHEAR
CUSSION WITH THE BUILDING OWNER OR USER AS THE PERFORMANCE
STRENGTH 4HIS LEVEL OF SHEAR STRESS CORRESPONDS TO A WIND
REQUIREMENTS ARE SUBJECTIVE AND MUST BE CONSIDERED IN THE
SPEED OF APPROXIMATELY MILES PER HOUR 7HILE THE ROLE
CONTEXT OF POTENTIAL ADDED COST &OR FURTHER GUIDANCE ON SER
OF NUMEROUS ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF LATERAL RESISTANCE MAY BE
VICEABILITY DESIGN CRITERIA SEE !)3# $ESIGN 'UIDE 3ER
IMPORTANT AT LOW LEVELS OF LOADING IT IS CLEAR THAT BUCKLING OF
VICEABILITY $ESIGN #ONSIDERATIONS FOR 3TEEL "UILDINGS 3EC
THE WEB PLATE SHOULD BE ANTICIPATED IN THE SERVICE LIFE OF THE
OND %DITION 7EST AND &ISHER
BUILDING
"UCKLING OF 7EB 0LATES !TTACHMENTS
#/.&)'52!4)/.
4HE BUCKLING BEHAVIOR OF THE WEB PLATE PRESENTS A NUMBER OF
$ESIGNERS MAY lND THAT IT IS DIFlCULT TO SATISFY MANY OF THE
SERVICEABILITY CONSIDERATIONS THAT ARE UNIQUE TO 3037 3LEN
REQUIREMENTS OF !)3# FOR 3037 IN BAYS FT LONG OR
DER WEB PLATES ARE LIKELY TO BUCKLE UNDER LOW LEVELS OF LATERAL
LONGER 4HE DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR ("% ESPECIALLY AT THE
LOADING %XTREMELY SLENDER WEB PLATES MAY BUCKLE BEFORE
TOP LEVEL MAKE LONGER SPANS UNATTRACTIVE $ESIGNERS MAY
CONSTRUCTION IS COMPLETE 7HILE THIS IS CONSISTENT WITH THE
WISH TO INTRODUCE A SERIES OF VERTICAL STRUTS AS DISCUSSED IN
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS ASSUMPTIONS IN THE 3037 DESIGN EQUA
#HAPTER ALTERNATIVELY SHORTER BAYS CAN BE DESIGNED TO
TIONS THE TRANSVERSE DISPLACEMENT ASSOCIATED WITH BUCKLING
PROVIDE VERY HIGH STRENGTH 3HORTER BAYS HOWEVER MAY LEAD
MAY AFFECT ANY ATTACHMENTS TO THE WALL !RCHITECTURAL WALLS
TO INCREASED AXIAL FORCES IN 6"% AS WELL AS INCREASED DRIFT
SURROUNDING WEB PLATES MUST THEREFORE PROVIDE SUFlCIENT
!S DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER REDUCTION OF AXIAL FORCES IN 6"%
CLEARANCE TO ACCOMMODATE THIS DISPLACEMENT
BY USE OF SPECIAL CONlGURATIONS CAN BE ADVANTAGEOUS BOTH
4HE EXPECTED BUCKLING OF WEB PLATES MAKES ATTACHMENT OF
FOR CONTROL OF DRIFT AND FOR THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THOSE
NONSTRUCTURAL ITEMS TO THEM PROBLEMATIC )T IS BEST TO AVOID
ELEMENTS
ATTACHMENTS TO WEB PLATES AND PROVIDE AN ARCHITECTURAL WALL
ON EITHER SIDE OF THE WEB PLATE
,OADING AT "UCKLING OF 7EB 0LATE

$ESIGNERS MAY WISH TO CALCULATE THE LEVEL OF LOADING THAT
THEORETICALLY CORRESPONDS TO BUCKLING OF THE WEB PLATE AND
MAKE SURE THAT THE INTERESTED PARTIES UNDERSTAND AND ACCEPT
THAT WEB PLATE BUCKLING WILL BE PART OF THE PERFORMANCE
UNDER SUCH LOADING 4HE CRITICAL BUCKLING STRESS CAN BE CAL
CULATED USING AN EXPRESSION DERIVED BY 4IMOSHENKO AND
7OINOWSKY +REIGER
P (
T FU nA
U V W
WHERE
S THE SMALLER SPACING BETWEEN STIFFENERS
TCR THE CRITICAL BUCKLING SHEAR
U 0OISSONS RATIO
&IG n )NTERSECTING ORTHOGONAL 3037
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

4HE DESIGN EXAMPLES IN THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE USE 307 OR PERCENT OF THE FORCE FROM ONE DIRECTION OF LOADING WITH
3037 AT THE BUILDING PERIMETER 4HIS IS DONE FOR SIMPLICITY PERCENT OF THE FORCE FROM LOADING IN THE ORTHOGONAL DIREC
OF ILLUSTRATION OF THE DESIGN METHOD )N MANY BUILDING APPLI TION &%-! RECOMMENDS COMBINING PERCENT OF THE
CATIONS IT IS CONVENIENT TO LOCATE SHEAR WALLS AT THE ELEVATOR DISPLACEMENT IN ONE DIRECTION OF LOADING WITH PERCENT OF
AND STAIR LOCATIONS AT THE BUILDING CORE 4HIS PROVIDES LESS THE DISPLACEMENT IN THE ORTHOGONAL DIRECTION 4HIS METHOD
TORSIONAL RESISTANCE THAN LOCATION OF THE SHEAR WALLS AT THE ACCOUNTS FOR THE EXPECTED DUCTILITY OF THE SYSTEM
PERIMETER &REQUENTLY A PERIMETER MOMENT FRAME IS USED AT
THE BUILDING PERIMETER TO REDUCE BUILDING TORSION WHEN SHEAR #/.3425#4)/.
WALLS IN THE BUILDING CORE RESIST THE MAJORITY OF THE LATERAL
4HE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS WITH 3037 GENERALLY DOES NOT
LOADS
PRESENT EXTRAORDINARY CHALLENGES -ANY HAVE BEEN BUILT US
/RTHOGONAL SHEAR WALLS LOCATED AT THE BUILDING CORE WILL
ING STANDARD TECHNIQUES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL DETAILING FABRICA
OFTEN INTERSECT SHARING THE 6"% &IGURE n SHOWS A PLAN
TION AND ERECTION
WITH INTERSECTING 3037 AT A BUILDING CORE
4HIS CONDITION COMPLICATES THE DESIGN OF THE 3037 IN
"OLTED #ONSTRUCTION
TWO WAYS &IRST THE 6"% MUST MEET THE TRANSVERSE STIFFNESS
REQUIREMENT OF !)3# 3ECTION G %QUATION n 4HE USE OF BOLTED STEEL WEB PLATES PRESENTS SOME CONSTRUCTION
7IDE mANGE SHAPES MAY REQUIRE ADDITIONAL PLATES TO FORM CHALLENGES IN ADDITION TO THE DESIGN CHALLENGES DISCUSSED IN
BOX SECTIONS TO MEET THIS REQUIREMENT !LTERNATIVELY COL #HAPTER "OLTED JOINTS OF WEB PLATES MAY REQUIRE WELDED
UMNS MAY BE MADE OF BUILT UP BOX SECTIONS OR (33 &IGURE REINFORCEMENT IN ORDER TO PERMIT CLOSE BOLT SPACING WHILE
n SHOWS SOME ALTERNATIVE 6"% SECTIONS DESIGNERS SHOULD MAINTAINING A DESIGN THAT IS GOVERNED BY WEB PLATE YIELD
CONSIDER THE ADDED mEXIBILITY OF THIN PLATES IN BENDING )T ING RATHER THAN RUPTURE AT THE NET SECTION 2EINFORCEMENT ALSO
SHOULD BE NOTED THAT NO SUCH CONlGURATIONS HAVE BEEN TEST REDUCES THE NUMBER OF BOLTS REQUIRED WHICH OTHERWISE MIGHT
ED ALTHOUGH SOME APPLICATIONS HAVE EMPLOYED INTERSECTING NECESSITATE MULTIPLE ROWS OF BOLTS AT EVERY JOINT
3037 /F MORE CONCERN IS THE DIFlCULTY IN ALIGNING THE LARGE NUM
4HE SECOND WAY IN WHICH INTERSECTING ORTHOGONAL 3037 BER OF BOLTS REQUIRED FOR EACH WEB PLATE %VEN IF WEB PLATE
COMPLICATE THE DESIGN IS THAT 6"% MUST BE DESIGNED FOR SI SPLICES WITHIN EACH STORY ARE SHOP WELDED EACH WEB PLATE
MULTANEOUS SEISMIC LOADING IN EACH ORTHOGONAL DIRECTION IS LIKELY TO HAVE DOZENS OF BOLTS POSSIBLY MORE THAN
7HILE IT IS UNLIKELY THAT THE TWO 3037 WILL REACH THEIR PEAK %RECTION TOLERANCE FOR OUT OF PLUMBNESS OF 6"% COLUMNS IS
OVERTURNING MOMENTS SIMULTANEOUSLY 3037 ARE EXPECTED TO LIKELY TO LEAD TO CONDITIONS OF BOLT HOLE MISALIGNMENT
SHOW SIGNIlCANT DUCTILITY AND THE FORCES IN ELEMENTS CAN 7HILE BOLTED CONSTRUCTION IS OFTEN FASTER FOR ERECTION FOR
NOT BE ADDED USING ELASTIC METHODS SUCH AS WITH THE SQUARE WEB PLATES IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS ITS ADVANTAGES IN THIS
ROOT OF THE SUM OF THE SQUARES 3233 OR COMBINING RESPECT ARE NOT ENSURED
&IG n !LTERNATIVE 6"% SECTIONS
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

7ELDED #ONSTRUCTION UNDER DEAD LOADS AND DESIGNERS NEED NOT PLACE ANY SPECIAL
REQUIREMENTS ON SEQUENCE OF ERECTION OR CONNECTION OF
4HE USE OF WELDED CONSTRUCTION IS GENERALLY PREFERRED FOR THE
ELEMENTS
WEB PLATES IN STEEL PLATE SHEAR WALLS &ILLET WELDS AT THE PE
%RECTION CAN THUS BE FAIRLY RAPID ALTHOUGH WELDING OF WEB
RIMETER OF WEB PLATES CAN TYPICALLY BE SIZED FOR A SINGLE PASS
PLATES AND OF ("% TO 6"% CONNECTIONS MAY CONTINUE FOR
t IN OR LESS DEPENDING UPON WELDING POSITION
SOME TIME AFTER ERECTION OF THE FRAME IS COMPLETE
7HERE GAGE MATERIAL WITH THICKNESS OF IN OR LESS IS
USED FOR WEB PLATES WELDING IN THE VERTICAL POSITION MAY BE
#ONNECTION OF /THER %LEMENTS
DIFlCULT &IELD WELDS OF WEB PLATES TO 6"% lSH PLATES MAY
BE DIFlCULT TO ACHIEVE WITHOUT MELTING THROUGH THE THIN MATE 7HILE WEB PLATES IN 307 AND 3037 ARE FAIRLY RESISTANT TO
RIAL !LTERNATIVE DETAILS HAVE BEEN USED IN SUCH CASES INCLUD THE PROPAGATION OF CRACKS THAT DEVELOP AT THE CONNECTIONS OF
ING ONLY WELDING THE EDGE OF THE WEB PLATES TO THE lSH PLATES PLATES TO BOUNDARY ELEMENTS DURING THEIR INELASTIC RESPONSE
IE WITHOUT THE OTHER WELD AT THE EDGE OF THE lSH PLATE AT LARGE DUCTILITIES IT IS NEVERTHELESS RECOMMENDED THAT NO
)N APPLICATIONS WITH SMALLER 307 OR 3037 SUCH AS LOW ATTACHMENTS FROM OTHER BUILDING SYSTEMS SUCH AS MECHANI
RISE BUILDINGS THE WELDING MAY BE DONE IN THE SHOP AND THE CAL DUCTS OR PARTITIONS BE MADE TO THEM 4HIS IS PRIMARILY
ENTIRE ASSEMBLY ERECTED IN ONE PIECE &OR LARGER APPLICATIONS DUE TO THE EXPECTED BUCKLING OF THE WEB PLATE AND THE EFFECT
SOME lELD SPLICING IS NECESSARY )N THOSE CASES DESIGNERS THAT MIGHT HAVE ON THE SUPPORTED ITEM BUT ALSO TO PREVENT THE
MAY WISH TO PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION TO THE QUALIlCATION OF INITIATION OF MID PLATE CRACKING A CONDITION THAT HAS NOT BEEN
WELDERS FOR THESE PROCEDURES !DEQUATE DEMONSTRATION OF INVESTIGATED TO DATE
QUALIlCATION SHOULD BE PART OF THE QUALITY ASSURANCE PLAN AS 7HILE PARTITION FRAMING CAN EASILY RUN PAST THE WEB PLATE
REQUIRED BY 3ECTION OF !)3# LARGE PANELS ON THE BUILDING INTERIOR CAN POSE A SIGNIlCANT
!S WITH ALL WELDS IN THE SEISMIC LOAD RESISTING SYSTEM OBSTACLE TO THE OPTIMAL ROUTING OF MECHANICAL ELECTRICAL AND
!)3# HAS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MINIMUM lLLER METAL PLUMBING SYSTEMS 4HIS CAN BE ESPECIALLY OBTRUSIVE WHERE
TOUGHNESS RATING 4HESE REQUIREMENTS ARE GIVEN IN 3ECTION 307 OR 3037 ARE LOCATED SURROUNDING THE BUILDING CORE
INCLUDING A #HARPY 6 NOTCH TOUGHNESS OF FT LB AT & WHERE THESE SYSTEMS CONVERGE AND ARE ROUTED VERTICALLY
4HIS REQUIREMENT APPLIES TO THE WELDED CONNECTIONS OF THE 4HE PERFORATED WEB PLATE SHEAR WALL SHOWN IN &IGURE n
WEB PLATE AS WELL AS TO THE WELDED CONNECTIONS AND SPLICES OFFERS AN APPROACH THAT ALLOWS FOR PENETRATION OF THE SHEAR
OF 6"% ("% AND COLLECTORS AND CHORDS OF DIAPHRAGMS WALL BY OTHER BUILDING SYSTEMS !NOTHER TEST FROM THE SAME
4HE MOMENT CONNECTIONS OF ("% TO 6"% IN 3037 RE SERIES SHOWN IN &IGURE n LIKEWISE PERMITS PENETRATION
QUIRE hDEMAND CRITICAL WELDSv 4HESE HAVE A MINIMUM 6IAN AND "RUNEAU 4HIS WEB PLATE PROVIDES OPENINGS
#HARPY 6 NOTCH TOUGHNESS OF FT LB AT & IN ADDITION TO AT THE UPPER CORNERS )N ORDER TO PERMIT WEB PLATE TENSION
THE REQUIREMENTS ABOVE 4HIS TOUGHNESS IS ESTABLISHED USING YIELDING TO OCCUR AT THESE LOCATIONS THE CURVED STIFFENER MUST
TESTING AND QUALIlCATION PROCEDURES DESCRIBED IN !PPENDIX BE DESIGNED AS AN ARCH AND ANCHORED TO THE 6"% AND ("%
8 TO !)3# mANGES
3EQUENCE AND 3PEED OF %RECTION 2ETROlT !PPLICATIONS

307 AND 3037 ARE BUILT SIMILARLY TO BRACED FRAMES COLUMNS 307 AND 3037 CAN BE CONSIDERED FOR MANY RETROlT APPLICA
AND BEAMS ARE ERECTED FOLLOWED BY THE INlLL WEB PLATES TIONS )F THE STRUCTURE TO BE RETROlT IS A MOMENT FRAME IT MAY
0RIOR TO THE CONNECTION OF THE WEB PLATES SOME TEMPORARY ALREADY MEET MANY OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR 3037 FRAMES
MEANS IS USED TO STABILIZE AND PLUMB THE STRUCTURE &RAMES SHOULD MEET THE PROPORTIONING REQUIREMENTS OF !)3#
)N SOME CASES DESIGNERS HAVE TAKEN PRECAUTIONS TO 3ECTION B 4HE INTRODUCTION OF A WEB PLATE WILL
PREVENT LARGE DEAD LOAD FORCES FROM ACCUMULATING IN MULTI REDUCE THE mEXURAL DEMANDS ON THE FRAME BY SIGNIlCANTLY
STORY SHEAR WALLS WITH THE GOAL OF PRECLUDING BUCKLING OF THE REDUCING DRIFT WHILE INCREASING THE AXIAL FORCES &RAMES THAT
WEB PLATE PRIOR TO THE APPLICATION OF A SIGNIlCANT LATERAL LOAD MEET THE STRONG COLUMNWEAK BEAM REQUIREMENT OF 3ECTION
!STANEH !SL (OWEVER THIS MAY NOT BE NECESSARY A OF !)3# BEFORE THE ADDITION OF THE WEB PLATE MAY
AS IT HAS BEEN SUGGESTED THAT AN INITIALLY SLIGHTLY BUCKLED NOT ONCE THE AXIAL FORCES DUE TO WEB PLATE TENSION IN THE COL
PLATE IS NOT DETRIMENTAL TO THE LATERAL SEISMIC PERFORMANCE UMN ARE CONSIDERED
!S DISCUSSED ABOVE THE LEVEL OF LATERAL LOADING AT WHICH 4HE mEXIBILITY OF THE 6"% MAY LIMIT THE MAXIMUM WEB
WEB PLATE BUCKLING CAN BE EXPECTED IS FAIRLY LOW !LSO AS PLATE THICKNESS THAT CAN BE INTRODUCED 4HESE LIMITATIONS
DISCUSSED IN #HAPTERS AND THE SHEAR BUCKLING STRENGTH OF SHOULD BE INVESTIGATED AT THE OUTSET OF CONSIDERING USE OF A
THE WEB PLATES CONTRIBUTES VERY LITTLE TO THE OVERALL STRENGTH 3037 RETROlT 4HE MAXIMUM WEB PLATE THICKNESS BASED ON
AND STIFFNESS OF THE SYSTEM &OR THESE REASONS THERE IS NO COLUMN mEXIBILITY IS BASED ON 3ECTION G OF !)3#
REQUIREMENT TO PREVENT WEB PLATE BUCKLING FROM OCCURRING %QUATION n
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

/, F 4HE STRUCTURAL FRAME SHALL BE CONSIDERED TO BE THE COLUMNS
WZ b n AND GIRDERS BEAMS TRUSSES AND SPANDRELS HAVING DIRECT CON
K NECTION TO THE COLUMNS AND BRACING MEMBERS DESIGNED TO
7HERE THIS REQUIREMENT PRECLUDES THE USE OF 3037 DESIGN CARRY GRAVITY LOADS
ERS MAY CONSIDER STRENGTHENING THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS OR .EITHER THE ("% NOR THE 6"% DEPEND ON THE WEB PLATE
USING STIFFENED OR COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE WALLS THAT WOULD FOR RESISTANCE TO GRAVITY LOADING 4HE WEB PLATE AS DISCUSSED
ENSURE PURE SHEAR YIELDING OF THE WEB PLATE WHICH WOULD PREVIOUSLY IS A SLENDER MEMBER WITH LITTLE OR NO RESISTANCE
NOT IMPOSE THESE mEXURAL FORCES ON THE 6"% !LTERNATIVELY TO COMPRESSION IT CAN TYPICALLY BE EXPECTED TO HAVE BUCKLED
HORIZONTAL STRUTS MAY BE USED TO REDUCE THE REQUIRED MOMENT UNDER SELF WEIGHT OR DURING THE APPLICATION OF DEAD LOADS
OF INERTIA OF 6"% AS DISCUSSED IN #HAPTER 4HE WEB PLATE THEREFORE IS NOT CONSIDERED PART OF THE STRUC
4HE MAXIMUM WEB PLATE THICKNESS MAY ALSO BE GOVERNED TURAL FRAME AND THUS IS NOT REQUIRED TO BE lREPROOFED UN
BY THE mEXURAL STRENGTH OR STIFFNESS OF THE BEAMS &OR STRUC LESS IT IS PART OF A lRE RATED SEPARATION OR SHAFT 5NDER THOSE
TURES DESIGNED AS MOMENT FRAMES TYPICAL BEAMS WILL HAVE CIRCUMSTANCES A lRE RESISTANT ASSEMBLY CAN BE PROVIDED ON
SIGNIlCANT mEXURAL STRENGTH AND MAY BE ABLE TO SUPPORT WEB ONE SIDE OF THE WEB PLATE 4HE PARTITION ON THE OPPOSITE SIDE
PLATE TENSION STRESSES ACROSS THEIR SPANS CONSIDERING THE OFF WOULD NOT BE REQUIRED TO BE lRE RESISTANT )F IT IS DESIRED TO
SETTING EFFECTS OF THE WEB PLATE ABOVE THE BEAM USE lRE PROTECTION DIRECTLY ON A WEB PLATE SUCH AN ASSEM
!T THE TOP LEVEL WHERE THERE IS NO WEB PLATE ABOVE TO OFFSET BLY SHOULD BE TESTED TO DETERMINE ITS lRE RESISTANCE OR lRE
THE TENSION STRESS PULLING THE BEAM DOWN IT MAY NOT BE POS ENGINEERED TO ENSURE PROPER PERFORMANCE &OR FURTHER GUID
SIBLE TO PROVIDE A WEB PLATE OF REALISTIC THICKNESS $ESIGNERS ANCE ON THE DESIGN OF 307 AND 3037 FOR lRE RESISTANCE SEE
MAY NEED TO STRENGTHEN THE BEAM $ESIGNERS MAY ALSO WISH !)3# $ESIGN 'UIDE &IRE 2ESISTANCE OF 3TRUCTURAL 3TEEL
TO CONSIDER THREE ALTERNATIVES AT THIS LEVEL &RAMING 2UDDY ET AL
&IRST THE TOP LEVEL WEB PLATE OF THE 3037 FRAME MAY BE
DESIGNED AS A STIFFENED OR COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE WALL THUS &5452% 2%3%!2#( !.$ 4//,3
ELIMINATING THE TRANSVERSE LOAD IMPOSED ON THE TOP ("% BY
WEB PLATE TENSION 7HILE THIS WOULD THEORETICALLY IMPOSE 4HIS $ESIGN 'UIDE HAS BEEN WRITTEN BASED ON THE RESEARCH
THE mEXURAL FORCES ON THE NEXT ("% WHICH WOULD HAVE AVAILABLE TO DATE AND COMMONLY USED ANALYSIS TOOLS "ECAUSE
AN UNSTIFFENED WEB PLATE BELOW AND A STIFFENED WEB PLATE THIS IS A NEW SYSTEM THE SUPPORTING RESEARCH IS EXPECTED TO
ABOVE THE YIELDING OF THAT LOWER BEAM DUE TO THIS EFFECT INCREASE RAPIDLY BEFORE THIS $ESIGN 'UIDE IS UPDATED 4HE
REQUIRES THE WEB PLATE ABOVE TO YIELD IN TENSION AS WELL AND AUTHORS HAVE PROVIDED DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS THAT ARE IN
THUS THE BEAM CAN BE DESIGNED AS IF THE WEB PLATE ABOVE WERE TENDED TO PROVIDE RELIABLE PERFORMANCE !T TIMES THE RECOM
UNSTIFFENED MENDATIONS HAVE BEEN MADE ANTICIPATING THAT THEY MAY LATER
3ECOND DESIGNERS MAY CONSIDER REDUCING THE REQUIRED BE REVISED TYPICALLY RELAXED BASED ON FUTURE TESTING AND
mEXURAL STRENGTH OF THE BEAM BY THE INTRODUCTION OF A SIG ANALYSIS )T IS ALSO EXPECTED THAT NONLINEAR ANALYSIS TOOLS CUR
NIlCANT OPENING ACROSS THE BEAM SPAN 4HE LOCAL OVERTURNING RENTLY AVAILABLE CAN DEMONSTRATE THAT A PARTICULAR DESIGN THAT
MOMENTS AT THE BOUNDARY ELEMENTS AT EITHER SIDE OF THE OPEN DOES NOT CONFORM TO SOME OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS NEVERTHE
ING MAY BE VERY LARGE AND THIS APPROACH MAY NOT BE VIABLE IF LESS CAN ACHIEVE THE DESIRED PERFORMANCE 3PECIlC ITEMS THAT
THE REQUIRED STRENGTH OF THE WALL IS LARGE AT THIS LEVEL ARE THE SUBJECT OF ONGOING INVESTIGATION INCLUDE
4HIRD A SERIES OF VERTICAL STRUTS MAY BE INCLUDED IN THE s 4HE STIFFNESS CRITERION FOR ("% PROPOSED IN #HAPTER
3037 SO THAT THE TOP ("% IS SUPPORTED AT MID SPAN AND
ITS REACTION AT THIS LOCATION COMBINED WITH THE REACTIONS OF s 4HE STIFFNESS CRITERION FOR 6"% IN !)3#
ALL THE INTERMEDIATE ("% ACCUMULATE IN THE SERIES OF STRUTS
AND OFFSET THE UPWARD MID SPAN REACTION OF THE BOTTOM ("% s 4HE APPLICABILITY OF THE STRAIN HARDENING FACTOR OF IN
4HIS CONCEPT IS DESCRIBED IN #HAPTER VARIOUS ("% TO 6"% CONNECTION CALCULATIONS
&)2% 02/4%#4)/. s 5SE OF THE FULL ("% PLASTIC MOMENT IN CONJUNCTION WITH
FULL WEB YIELDING IN 6"% DESIGN
4HE )NTERNATIONAL "UILDING #ODE )## REQUIRES DIF
FERING LEVELS OF lRE PROTECTION FOR MEMBERS OF THE STEEL STRUC s #ALCULATION OF THE ANGLE A AS REQUIRED BY !)3#
TURE DEPENDING ON THEIR ROLE IN THE SUPPORT OF GRAVITY LOADS VERSUS USE OF AN ASSUMED ANGLE OF
4HERE ARE REQUIREMENTS FOR BEAMS AS WELL AS REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE hSTRUCTURAL FRAMEv AS DElNED IN A FOOTNOTE TO 4ABLE s 4HE LOCATION OF THE ("% PLASTIC HINGE FOR CALCULATING
4HESE LATTER REQUIREMENTS ARE TYPICALLY MORE STRINGENT 6"% MOMENTS
7EB PLATES IN 307 AND 3037 TYPICALLY ARE NOT CONSIDERED
PART OF THE STRUCTURAL FRAME WHICH IS DElNED AS FOLLOWS s #ALCULATION OF 6"% REQUIRED mEXURAL STRENGTH BASED ON A
SIMPLE SPAN DUE TO HINGING AT EACH END
$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3
"IBLIOGRAPHY AND 2EFERENCES
!#) !#) "UILDING #ODE 2EQUIREMENTS FOR !STANEH !SL ! AND :HAO 1 h#YCLIC "EHAVIOR OF
3TRUCTURAL #ONCRETE !MERICAN #ONCRETE )NSTITUTE &ARM 3TEEL 3HEAR 7ALL 3YSTEMS v 0ROCEEDINGS OF THE !NNUAL
INGTON (ILLS -) 3TABILITY #ONFERENCE 3TRUCTURAL 3TABILITY 2ESEARCH #OUN
!)3# A !.3)!)3# 3EISMIC 0ROVISIONS FOR CIL 3EATTLE 7!
3TRUCTURAL 3TEEL "UILDINGS !MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF 3TEEL !STANEH !SL ! AND :HAO 1 h#YCLIC 4ESTS OF 3TEEL
#ONSTRUCTION )NC #HICAGO ), 3HEAR 7ALLS v 2EPORT .UMBER 5#"#% 3TEEL !U
!)3# B !.3)!)3# 3PECIlCATION FOR 3TRUC GUST $EPARTMENT OF #IVIL AND %NVIRONMENTAL %NGINEER
TURAL 3TEEL "UILDINGS !MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF 3TEEL #ON ING 5NIVERSITY OF #ALIFORNIA "ERKELEY
STRUCTION )NC #HICAGO ), "ALDELLI *! h3TEEL 3HEAR 7ALLS FOR %XISTING "UILD
!)3# C !.3)!)3# 0REQUALIlED #ONNEC INGS v !)3# %NGINEERING *OURNAL 3ECOND 1UARTER PP
TIONS FOR 3PECIAL AND )NTERMEDIATE 3TEEL -OMENT &RAMES n
FOR 3EISMIC !PPLICATIONS !MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF 3TEEL #ON "ASLER + h3TRENGTH OF 0LATE 'IRDERS IN 3HEAR v
STRUCTION )NC #HICAGO ), !3#% *OURNAL OF THE 3TRUCTURAL $IVISION 6OL .O
!3#% 3%)!3#% -INIMUM $ESIGN ,OADS FOR PP n
"UILDINGS AND /THER 3TRUCTURES INCLUDING 3UPPLEMENT "EHBAHANIFARD - 'RONDIN ' AND %LWI ! h%X
.O !MERICAN 3OCIETY OF #IVIL %NGINEERS 2ESTON PERIMENTAL AND .UMERICAL )NVESTIGATION OF 3TEEL 0LATE
6! 3HEAR 7ALLS v 3TRUCTURAL %NGINEERING 2EPORT .O $E
!34- ! ! - 3TANDARD 3PECIlCATION PARTMENT OF #IVIL AND %NVIRONMENTAL %NGINEERING 5NI
FOR 3TEEL 3HEET :INC #OATED 'ALVANIZED :INC )RON !L VERSITY OF !LBERTA %DMONTON !LBERTA #ANADA
LOY #OATED 'ALVANNEALED BY THE (OT $IP 0ROCESS v "ERMAN *7 AND "RUNEAU - A h0LASTIC !NALYSIS
!MERICAN 3OCIETY FOR 4ESTING AND -ATERIALS 0HILADELPHIA AND $ESIGN OF 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS v !3#% *OURNAL OF
0! 3TRUCTURAL %NGINEERING 6OL .O PP n
!34- ! ! - 3TANDARD 3PECIlCATION "ERMAN *7 PRIVATE CORRESPONDENCE
FOR #OMMERCIAL 3TEEL 3HEET #ARBON #OLD 2OLLED !MERI "ERMAN *7 AND "RUNEAU - B h%XPERIMENTAL )N
CAN 3OCIETY FOR 4ESTING AND -ATERIALS 0HILADELPHIA 0! VESTIGATION OF ,IGHT 'AUGE 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS FOR THE
!4# 'UIDELINES FOR 3EISMIC 4ESTING OF #OMPONENTS 3EISMIC 2ETROlT OF "UILDINGS v 4ECHNICAL 2EPORT -#%%2
OF 3TEEL 3TRUCTURES 2EPORT !PPLIED 4ECHNOLOGY #OUN -ULTIDISCIPLINARY #ENTER FOR %ARTHQUAKE %NGI
CIL NEERING 2ESEARCH "UFFALO .9
!OYAMA ( AND 9AMAMOTO 9 h!SEISMIC 3TRENGTH "ERMAN *7 AND "RUNEAU - h3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR
ENING OF %XISTING 2# "UILDINGS BY 3TEEL 0ANEL 3HEAR 7ALLS ARE NOT 0LATE 'IRDERS v !)3# %NGINEERING *OURNAL
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AISC Design Guide 20 - Steel Plate Shear Walls

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AISC Design Guide 20 - Steel Plate Shear Walls

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  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 307 DETAILS FOR )#2- BUILDING

&IG n 307 BUILDING IN -EXICOOUTSIDE VIEW OF WALLS

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

&IG n )DEALIZED TENSION lELD ACTION IN A TYPICAL 307

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#!  !"## ! !$$

&IG n #OMPARISON OF STRIP MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

&IG n ,IGHT GAUGE 307 AND BOUNDARY FRAME HYSTERESIS

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 3OLID PANEL 3 AND PERFORATED PANEL 0 SPECIMEN

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n &ISH PLATE CONNECTIONS DETAIL $RIVER ET AL  

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

&IG n ,OCAL BUCKLING AND FRACTURE OF COLUMN AT END OF TEST

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

&IG n %XPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE 307

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n (OUR GLASS SHAPE OF SPECIMEN DUE TO hPULL INv OF

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3  

  $%3)'. '5)$%   34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

-)#(%, "25.%!5 0H$

! -% 2 ) #!. ).34)454% / & 34%%, #/ .3425#4) / . ) . #

!MERICAN )NSTITUTE OF 3TEEL #ONSTRUCTION )NC

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#HAPTER "EHBAHANIFARD 'RONDIN AND %LWI

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 307 DETAILS FOR )#2- BUILDING

&IG n 307 BUILDING IN -EXICOOUTSIDE VIEW OF WALLS

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n )DEALIZED TENSION lELD ACTION IN A TYPICAL 307

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#! !"## ! !$$

&IG n #OMPARISON OF STRIP MODEL AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n ,IGHT GAUGE 307 AND BOUNDARY FRAME HYSTERESIS

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 3OLID PANEL 3 AND PERFORATED PANEL 0 SPECIMEN

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n &ISH PLATE CONNECTIONS DETAIL $RIVER ET AL

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n ,OCAL BUCKLING AND FRACTURE OF COLUMN AT END OF TEST

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n %XPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF THE 307

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n (OUR GLASS SHAPE OF SPECIMEN DUE TO hPULL INv OF

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

#/$% $%6%,/0-%.4

&IG n 3TRIP MODELS HAVING A STAGGERED AND B COMMON

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

5NSTIFFENED 3TEEL 0LATE 3HEAR 7ALLS

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

&IG n 0LATE GIRDER TRANSVERSE STIFFENER BEHAVIOR

&IG n "EAM AND COLUMN FORCES IN TENSION ONLY

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

06"% THE AXIAL FORCE REACTION OF THE 6"%

6("% THE SHEAR REACTION OF THE ("% DUE TO THE WEB

66"% THE SHEAR REACTION OF THE 6"% DUE TO THE WEB

TW WEB PLATE THICKNESS

S WEB PLATE TENSION STRESS

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

SX DISTANCE BETWEEN VERTICAL STIFFENERS

G THE ANGLE OF THE TENSION FIELD MEASURED FROM THE

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3

$%3)'. '5)$% 34%%, 0,!4% 3(%!2 7!,,3