CE8022 NOTES PFS by WWW - Easyengineering.net 3

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.
net
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
eer
ing
.ne
t
**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

this Materials, Students & Graduates if You Find the Same Materials with
EasyEngineering.net Watermarks or Logo, Kindly report us to
easyengineeringnet@gmail.com
Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

WWW.EASYENGINEERING.NET
Unit-1
Design principles
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in
a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-
assemblies to the construction site where the structure is to be located. The term is used
ww
to distinguish this process from the more conventional construction practice of
w.E
transporting the basic materials to the construction site where all assembly is carried out.
asy
Prefabrication is one of the architectural constructions. Large units of a building are
produced in factories to be assembled, ready-made, on the building site. This technique
En
permits the speedy erection of very large structures. Units may include doors, stairs,
gin
windows, wall panels, floor panels, roof trusses and even entire buildings.
Prefabricated building:
e eri
ng.
Prefabricated building is a type of building that consists of several factory-built
components or units that are assembled on-site to complete the unit.
n
The term 'prefabricated' is buildings built in components (e.g. panels), modules (modular
homes), transportable sections (manufactured homes),It may also be used to refer to
et
mobile homes.
Different Between Prefabricated Constructions and Conventional Type:
The conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber,

cement, sand, and construction aggregate, etc to the site, and to construct the house on
site from these materials. In prefabricated construction, only the foundations and floor
slabs are constructed in this way, while sections of walls and roof are prefabricated
WWW.EASYENGINEERING.NET EASYENGINEERING.NET

(assembled) in a factory (possibly with window and door frames included), transported to
the site, lifted into place by a crane and bolted together.
Need for Prefabrication:

 Cost of construction
 shorter construction time

 easy of expansion
 utilization of material
 attractive finishes
ww  highly efficient for weather resistance
w.E
 single source assurance
 insurance advantage
asy
En
Material Properties In of Prefabricated Structures
 Quick to assemble
 Cost-effective gin
 Portable/movable e eri
 Strong
 Waterproof, Moisture proof ng.
 Fire Resistant
Prefabrication Types:
n et
1. Conventional prefabrication construction is the most traditional construction
method where all the construction activities are in-situ practices on site:
2. Semi-prefabrication divides as two sub-categories: system formwork and non-
structural semi-prefabrication, involving a part of in-situ construction activities
and a part of prefabrication. Normally, the non-structural semi-prefabrication is
applied on façade, curtain walls, lost form systems and dry wall systems;

3. Comprehensive prefabrication involves a structural part and pre-finished

construction. Examples of applications of structural comprehensive prefabrication
include staircases, slabs, columns and beams: and
4. Volumetric off-site fabrication encloses usable space but does not constitute the
whole building. Volumetric off-site fabrication is mainly used for ‘facilities’ and
includes solutions on office washrooms, plant rooms, building services risers and
lifts.
ADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
ww 1. Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork,
w.E
shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
2. Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner, allowing an
asy
earlier return of the capital invested.
3. Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a construction
site setting. En
gin
4. Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available and
e
costs of labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
eri
5. Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is
minimized.
ng.
n
6. Less waste may be generated and in a factory setting it may be easier to recycle it
back into the manufacturing process, for instance it is less costly to recycle scrap
metal generated in a metal fabrication shop than on the construction site.
et
7. On-site construction and congestion is minimized.
DISADVANTAGES OF PREFABRICATION
1. Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and

glass panels is required.
2. Attention has to be paid to the strength and corrosion-resistance of the joining of
prefabricated sections to avoid failure of the joint.
3. Similarly, leaks can form at joints in prefabricated components.

4. Transportation costs may be higher for voluminous prefabricated sections than for
the materials of which they are made, which can often be packed more compactly.
5. Large prefabricated sections require heavy-duty cranes and precision measurement
and handling to place in position.
6. Modular coordination:
7. Modular coordination or MC is a dimensional system. It is a dimension and space

coordination concept in which building and components are placed at their
ww designations based on the unit or basic module known as "1M" that equals to 100
w.E
mm. The use of MC is an important factor in IBS effective application as it
completes the industry through quality control and increase of productivity.
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
MODULAR HOMES
Modular homes are houses divided into multiple modules / sections which are
manufactured in a remote facility and then delivered to their intended site of use. The
modules are assembled into a single residential building using either a crane or trucks.
Steel and/or wood framing are common options for building a modular homes. Modular
components are typically constructed within a large indoor facility on assembly lines.

ww Modular homes
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
Indoor Construction of modular homes n et
Such dwellings are often priced lower than their site-built counterparts and are typically
more cost-effective to builders and consumers. These new homes can be constructed in
less time than it takes to build a home "on-site“.
Importance of modular homes
1. Indoor construction. Assembly is independent of weather which increases work

efficiency and avoids damaged building material.

2. Favourable pricing from suppliers. Large-scale manufacturers can effectively

bargain with suppliers for discounts on materials.
3. Ability to service remote locations. Particularly in countries such as Australia
there can be much higher costs to build a site-built house in a remote area or an
area experiencing a construction boom such as mining towns. Modular homes can
be built in major towns and sold to regional areas.
4. Low waste. With the same plans being constantly built, the manufacturer has
records of exactly what quantity of materials is needed for a given job. While
ww waste from a site-built dwelling may typically fill several large dumpsters, waste
from a modular dwelling generates much less waste.
w.E
5. Building Strength. According to manufacturers, modular homes are generally
asy
designed to be initially stronger than traditional homes.For example, replacing
nails with screws and adding glue to joints. This is supposed to help the modules
En
maintain their structural integrity as they are transported on trucks to the
construction site.
gin
6. Assembly Time. The modules that will combine to form the house are assembled
e eri
off-site in a factory. These modules can take one to three months to be constructed
ng.
but often take as little as 10 days to actually construct when they are first started.
Then they are transported to the building site where a crane is brought in to
n
assemble the modules together.The placement of the modules together generally
takes several hours or days. et
Mobile Homes
Mobile homes or static caravans are prefabricated homes built in factories, rather than on
site, and then taken to the place where they will be occupied. They are usually
transported by tractor-trailers over public roads to sites which are often in rural areas or
high-density developments. In some countries they are used for temporary

accommodation on campsites. While these houses are usually placed in one location and
left there permanently or they have the ability to be move.
Behind the work fitted at installation to hide the base, there are strong trailer frames,
axles, wheels and tow-hitches. The two major sizes are single-wides and double-wides.
1. Single-wides are eighteen feet or less in width and 90 feet (27 m) or less in length
and can be towed to their site as a single unit.
Double-wides are twenty feet or more wide and are 90 feet (27 m) in length or less and
ww
are towed to their site in two separate units, which are then joined together.
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

Mobile homes
ww
w.E
Production, Transportation and Erection:
asy
Considerations in production
The general rule is that the connection device must be as ‘foolproof’ as possible. It
En
should be possible to place it in the mould correctly oriented and within the necessary
tolerances, with a minimum of effort.
gin
1. Avoid congestion
e eri
ng.
At the location of connections additional reinforcing steel, embedded plates,
inserts, block-outs etc. are frequently required. It is not unusual that so many items are
n
concentrated in a small location that very little room is left for the concrete. It must be
kept in mind that reinforcing bars and prestressing strands, which appear as lines on the et
drawing, take up real space in the elements. Reinforcing bars require more space than
their nominal diameter, and there must be room for the curvature of bent bars. If
congestion is suspected, it is helpful to draw large-scale details of the region in question.
2. Avoid penetration of the forms

Units requiring holes in the forms should be avoided if possible, especially in steel
moulds. Exceptions to this rule can be made if there is a substantial amount of repetition
in the production. Holes in the forms may be necessary not only because the units are

protruding from the elements, but also for the arrangement used to keep the units in place
during casting. The units must also be designed so that they do not make the dismantling
of the form impossible without damage to the form. Most forms are supposed to be used
more than once. Connection units to be placed in the top surface during casting should be
secured against the edges of the mould using purpose made holding devices. These
devices are mostly costly, make it more difficult to obtain a smooth surface, or the
holding device may hamper the placement of concrete or other surface material. The
various disadvantages have to be evaluated before selecting the method. However, if the
ww
same steel plate is placed in the bottom of the form, it can be located with great accuracy,
as it can be fixed to the bottom directly.
w.E
3. Reduce post-stripping work
asy
A plant casting operation is most efficient when the product can be taken directly
to the storage area immediately after removal from the form. Any operations required
En
after stripping and before erection, such as special cleaning or finishing, welding on
gin
projecting hardware etc. should be avoided. These operations require additional handling
e
(increased possibility of damage to the elements), extra workspace and added labour,
eri
often with skilled trades. Sometimes a trade-off is necessary between penetration of the
forms and post-stripping work.
ng.
4. Use repetitious details
n
It is very desirable to repeat details as much as possible. Similar details should be
et
identical, even ifit results in a slight over-design.
5. Use standard items

Hardware items such as inserts, studs, steel elements, etc., should be readily
available standard items that are preferably from more than one supplier. It also
simplifies fabrication if similar product items are standardised as to size and shape. There
is also less chance of error. The same principle applies to reinforcing bars, embedded
plates, etc.

6. Be aware of material limitations

Examples of this are the radius requirements for bending reinforcing bars, standard
lengths for
certain sizes of inserts, etc.
7. Avoid non-standard tolerances

Dimensional tolerances, which are specified to be more rigid than industry
standards, are difficult to achieve. Connections, which require close-fitting parts without
ww
provision for adjustment, should be avoided as much as possible.
8. Allow alternatives
w.E
Very often precasters will prefer certain details. The producer should be allowed
asy
to use alternative methods or materials, provided the design requirements are met.
Allowing alternative solutions willoften result in the most economical and best
performing connections.
En
Considerations for transportation
gin
e eri
During transportation any units protruding from the concrete element must be
ng.
shielded in order not to create a hazard to people. Protruding units must be able to
withstand any shocks they can be subjected to during handling. Protruding units, like
n
reinforcing bars, can in many cases be difficult to handle during transportation. For
example, a wall panel shall be transported standing at the edge, but has reinforcing bars et
protruding at the bottom. This will make it necessary to build up the support on the
trucks, which is costly, takes time, and makes the load less stable. This problem can be
solved by letting the bars protrude from the top of the element, but then the total height
may make it difficult to negotiate the underpasses en route. The solution may then be to
have the protruding bars replaced by insert and threaded bar, to screw in after the element
has been transported to the site.

If protruding units do not create the kind of problems described above because
they do not stick out that much, there still may be some difficulties. For example: corbels
pointing down during transport may necessitate a lot of additional support provisions for
the columns on the trucks. The consequence can be a less stable load, or decreased
loading capacity of the truck. This kind of problem can be solved by making columns
with the corbels in one plane only, and then place every second column ‘top-to-bottom’
on the trucks. Otherwise it is also possible to look for a corbel-free solution.
Considerations for Erection
ww To fully realise this benefit of fast erection of a precast structure, and to keep the
w.E
costs within reasonable limits, field connections should be kept simple. In order to fulfil
the design requirements, it is sometimes necessary to compromise fabrication and
erection simplicity. asy
En
1. Use connections that are not weather sensitive
gin
Materials such as grout, dry pack, cast-in-place concrete and epoxies need special
e eri
provisions to be placed in cold weather. Welding is slower when the ambient temperature
ng.
is low. If the connections are designed so that these processes must be completed before
erection can continue, costly delays may result.
n et
2. Stability of the elements
Some elements may require propping, shoring, bracing or fastening before the
hoist can be unhooked. Planning for the fewest, quickest and safest possible operations to
be executed before releasing the hoist will greatly facilitate the erection.

3. Stability of the structure
In every stage of the erection process the stability of the structure as a whole must
be planned and assured. If not, costly additional measures may have to be taken. The
type of connection used may play a decisive role in this.
4. Be aware of possible different loading conditions during erection
During erection loading conditions can occur, which induce stresses or

deformations, as well in the precast concrete units as in the connections, which are higher
ww
than those under service conditions. When designing the connections due consideration
w.E
has to be paid to these effects unless special measures are taken during the erection, such
as temporary supports etc., to prevent such situations.
asy
5. Standardize connection types
En
All connections, which serve similar functions within the building, should be
gin
standardized as much as possible. As workmen become familiar with the procedures
error. e
required to make the connection, productivity is enhanced, and there is less chance for
eri
ng.
Some types of connections require skilled craftsmen to accomplish, for example
n
welding and post tensioning. The fewer of these skilled trades required, the more
economical the connection will be. et
6. Standardize sizes of components
Whenever possible, such things as field bolts, loose angles, etc., should be of
common size for all connections. This reduces the chance for error, and the time required
searching for the proper item.

7. Use connections that are not susceptible to damage in handling
Reinforcing bars, steel plates, dowels and bolts that project from the precast piece
will often be damaged in handling, requiring repair to make them fit, especially if they
are of small diameter or thickness.
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
Connection detail that makes erection impossible
e eri
ng.
n et
Support solution that makes erection impossible
SHEAR WALL
Shear walls are vertical elements of the horizontal force resisting system. Shear walls are
constructed to counter the effects of lateral load acting on a structure. In residential
construction shear walls are straight external walls that typically form a box which
provides all of the lateral support for the building.
Importance of shear wall

When shear walls are designed and constructed property and they will have the strength
and stiffness to resist the horizontal forces. In building construction a rigid vertical
diaphragm capable of transferring lateral forces from exterior walls floors and roofs to
the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes. Lateral forces caused by
wind earthquake and uneven settlement loads. In addition to the weight of structure and
occupants create powerful twisting (torsion) forces. These forces can literally tear (shear)
a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it
maintains that shape of the frame and prevents rotation at the joints shear walls are
especially important in high-rise building subjected to lateral wind and seismic forces.
ww
In the last two decades shear walls became an important part of mid high rise residential
buildings. As part of an earthquake resistant building design these walls are placed in
w.E
building plans reducing lateral displacements under earthquake loads. So shear wall
frame structure are obtained.
asy
Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some
buildings lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are
En
characterized with larger plan dimensions at those floors.
Purpose of constructing shear walls
gin
1. Shear walls are not only designed to resist gravity/vertical loads due to its self weight
e
& other living moving loads), but they are also designed for lateral loads of
eri
earthquakes/wind. The walls are structurally integrated with roofs/floors (diaphragms)
and other lateral
ng.
n
2.Shear wall structural systems are more stable because their supporting area (Total
cross sectional area of all shear walls) with reference to total plans area of building is
comparatively more, unlike in the case of RCC framed structures. et
3. Walls have to resist the uplift forces caused by the pull of the wind walls have to
resist the shear forces that try to push the walls over walls have to resist the lateral force
of the wind that tries to push the walls in and pull them away from the building.
4. Walls floors and roofs to the ground foundation in a direction parallel to their planes.
Lateral forces caused by wind earthquake and uneven settlement loads. In addition to the
weight of structure and occupants create powerful twisting (torsion) forces. These forces
can literally tear (shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by attaching or placing a

rigid wall inside it maintain the joints shear walls are especially important in high-rise
building subjected to lateral wind and seismic forces.
In the last two decades shear walls became as important part of mid high rise residential
buildings. As part of an earthquake resistant building design, these walls are placed in
building plans reducing lateral displacements under earthquake loads. So shear wall
frame structures are obtained.
Shear wall buildings are usually regular in plan and in elevation. However, in some
buildings lower floors are used for commercial purposes and the buildings are
characterized with larger plan dimensions at these floors.
ww
Comparisons of shear wall with construction of conventional load bearing walls.
Load bearing masonry is very brittle material. Due to different kinds of stresses such as
w.E
shear, tensile..etc. Caused by the earthquakes the conventional unreinforced brick
masonry collapses instantly during the unpredictable and sudden earthquakes.
The RCC framed structures are slender. When compared to shear wall concept of box
asy
like three-dimensional structures though it is possible to design the earthquake resistant
RCC frame it requires extra-ordinary skills at design detailing and construction levels.
En
gin
Which cannot be anticipated in all types of construction projects?
On the other hand even moderately designed shear wall structures not only more stable,
e
but also comparatively quite ductile. In safety terms it means that during very severe
eri
earthquakes they will not suddenly collapse causing death of people. They give enough
indicative warnings such as widening structural cracks yielding rods etc offering most
ng.
precious moment for people to run out off structures before they totally collapse.
n
For structural purposes we consider the exterior walls as the shear resisting walls. Forces
from the ceiling and roof diaphragms make their way to the outside along assumed paths
enter the walls and exit at the foundation. et
Forces on shear wall
Shear wall resist two types of forces
1. Shear forces
2. Uplift forces
Shear Forces
Shear forces are generated in stationary buildings by accelerations resulting from ground
movement and by external forces like wind & waves. This action creates shear forces
throughout the height of the wall between the top and bottom shear wall connections.
Uplift Forces

Uplift forces exist on shear walls because the horizontal forces are applied to the top of
the wall. These uplift forces try to lift up one end of the wall and push the other end
down. In some cases the uplift force is large enough to tip the wall over. Uplift forces are
greater on tall short walls uplift shear walls need hold down devices at each end when the
gravity loads cannot resist all of the uplift. The hold down device then provides the
necessary uplift resistance.
Classification of shear walls

1. Simple rectangular types & flanged walls
2. Coupled shear walls
ww
3. Rigid frame shear walls
4. Framed walls with in filled frames
w.E
5. Column supported shear walls
6. Core type shear walls
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Types of shear walls

1. RC shear wall
2. Plywood shear wall
3. Mid ply shear wall

4. RC Hollow concrete Block masonry wall

5. Steel plate shear wall
RC shear wall
It consists of reinforced concrete walls and reinforced concrete slabs wall thickness varies
from 140 mm to 500 mm depending on the number of stories, building age and thermal
insulation requirement. In general these walls are continuous throughout the building
height however. Some walls are discontinued as the steel front or basement level to allow
for commercial or parking spaces. Floors slabs are either cast in-situ flat slabs or less
often. Precast hollow core slabs. Buildings are supported by concrete strip or mat
foundations the latter type is common for buildings with basements.
ww
Ply wood shear wall
Plywood is the traditional material used in the construction of shear walls the creation of
w.E
pre-fabricated shear panels have made it possible to inject strong shear assemblies into
small walls that fall at either side of a opening in a shear wall plywood shear wall consist
of
asy
o Plywood to transfer shear forces
o Chords to resist tension/compression generated by the over turning
moments.
En
o Base connections to transfer shear to foundations
Midply shear wall
gin
e
The midply shear wall is an improved timber shear wall that was developed by
eri
redesigning the joints between shearing and finishing members. So, that the failure modes
observed in standard wall testing are virtually eliminated at lateral loads levels high
enough to cause failures in standard walls
ng.
RC Hollow concrete block masonry walls (RHCBM)
n
These walls are constructed by reinforcing the hollow concrete block masonry by taking
advantage of hollow spaces & shapes of the hollow blocks. It requires continuous steel et
rods (reinforcement) both in the vertical & horizontal directions at structurally critical
locations of the wall panels packed with the fresh grout concrete in the hollow spaces of
masonry bocks.
RHCBC elements are designed both as load bearing walls for gravity loads and also as
shear walls for lateral seismic loads to safety withstand earthquakes.
Steel plate shear wall
In general steel plate shear wall system consists of a steel plate wall boundary columns
and horizontal floor beams. Together the steel plate wall and boundary columns act as a
vertical plate girder. The column act as flanges of the vertical plate girder and the steel

plates wall act as its web. The horizontal floor beams act more or less as transverse
stiffeners in a plate girder steel plate shear wall systems have been used in recent years in
highly seismic area to resist lateral loads.
Thus shear walls are one of the most effective building elements in resisting lateral forces
during earthquake. By constructing shear walls damages due to effect of lateral forces
due to earthquake and high winds can be minimized shear walls construction will provide
larger stiffness to the buildings there by reducing the damage to structure and its contents.
Hence it is preferable to have all these prefabricate approximately of some weight very
near to the lifting capacity of the equipment.
ww
SHEAR WALL
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
Off-site fabrication
ng.
Off-Site fabrication is a process that incorporates prefabrication and pre-assembly. The
n
process involves the design and manufacture of units or modules, usually remote from the
work site, and the installation at the site to form the permanent works at the site. In its
fullest sense, off-site fabrication requires a project strategy that will change the
et
orientation of the project process from construction to manufacture to installation.
Examples of off-site fabrication are wall panels for homes, wooden truss bridge spans,
airport control stations.
There are 4 main categories of Off-Site fabrication, which is often also referred to as Off-
Site Construction. These can be described as component (or sub-assembly) systems,
penalized systems, volumetric systems, and modular systems. Below these categories
different branches, or technologies are being developed. There are a vast number of
different systems on the market which fall into these categories and with recent advances
in digital design such as Building Information Modeling (BIM), the task of integrating

these different systems into a construction project is becoming increasingly a "digital"

management proposition.
Unit -1
Question with answer
Part-A:-
1.Define prefabrication.
The term prefab can apply to any construction method where the significant part of the
construction takes place off site in a factory . That produces relatively large complex
ww
features that assembled at the site into the finished building .
w.E
2.What is meant by modular Coordination?
Modular coordination is a concept for coordinating dimension and space for which
asy
building and component are dimensionally it used and positioned in basic units (or)
modules.
En
The standard specify that the module basic M = 100 mm . As the basic unit be used in a
square of M .
gin
3.What are the characteristics of Modular concept .
e eri
I) The basic module is small in terms of add size in order to provide design flexibility ,
yet large enough to promote simplification in the component variation in sizes .
ng.
II) Industry friendly features that not only for manufacturing but also the transportation
and assembly requirements .
III) Internationally accepted to support international market .
4. Write out the advantages & disadvantages of prefabrication ?

n et
I) Self supporting readymade components are used ,so the need for formwork , shuttering
and scaffolding is greatly reduced .
II) On-site construction and condition is minimized .
III) Less waste may occur .
Disadvantages :
I)Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels (or) steel and
glass Panels is reduced .
II) Similarly leaks can form at joints is prefabricated component .
5) Define the term Off-site fabrication .


Off-site fabrication is the process that incorporates prefabrication and preassemble the
process involves the design and manufacture of units usually remote from the work site
and the installation at the site to form the permanent work at the site.
6) Write short note on Production process .

The production of concrete blocks consists of four basic process They are,
1) Mixing
2) Moulding
3) Curing
4) Cubing
ww
7) List out the limitations of prefabrication .
w.E
I) Extra reinforcement is required to take care of handling and erection stresses .
II) Temporary props may be required in some cases ,before the un-site concrete joints
achieve strength .
asy
III) The cracks may develop at the joints between the precart in –site concrete due to
shrinkage and temperature stresses . To overcome them extra steel is required across
joint.
En
8) What are all the Prefab materials ?
gin
 Structural insulated panels (SIPs).
 Insulating concrete forms (ICFS).
 Prefab foundation system .
e eri
 Steel framing . ng.
 Concrete framing .
 Large - modular system n et
9) Insulating concrete forms :
Insulating concrete forms (ICE) are a prefab construction material consisting of hollow
EPS foam blocks that are stacked and glued together on-site , creating the form that is
filled with reinforcing bars and concrete.
10) Write short note on Principles of MC Concept ?

The principle objective of implanting MC is to improve productivity through the
reduction of wastages in the production ,installation process , to improve quality in the
construction industry and to encourage an open system .

11. Define shear wall .

These are simple type and these shear walls under forces and horizontal shear along its
length are subjected to bending and shear . To resist these forces , the uniform
distribution of steel along its length is used in simple shear walls.
12. Different classification of shear walls .
1) Plain rectangular shear wall
2) Bar bell type .
3) Framed shear wall .
4) Coupled shear wall.
5) Care type .
ww
13.What is Modular Coordination?
w.E
Modular coordination or MC is a dimensional system. It is a dimension and space
coordination concept in which building and components are placed at their
asy
designations based on the unit
En
14. How dimensional coordination is helpful in prefabricated structures
gin
Building production is the organization and management of the plans, equipment,
e
materials and labour involved in the construction of a building, while at the same time
eri
complying with all codes, rules and contractual stipulations. The procedure should be
ng.
designed to run efficiently, to keep the costs low and to allow returns on the
investment to be realized as early as possible.
15. Explain the term basic module

n et
Modular are terms that usually refer to upscale housing that can be any combination
of pre-engineered home parts that re delivered to the building site ready to be
assembled in a quick manner
16. What are the factors to consider in transporting of prefabricated structures?
Transport device being movable from the input end to the output end of the production
line through a series of workstations, said building unit being fabricated on an upper
surface of said flatbed, said flatbed having an anti-friction surface on the upper surface

thereof for permitting sliding movement of said building unit relative to said transport
device
17. Explain the role of shear connectors in pre fabricated structures
Shear connectors may be spaced uniformly between the sections of maximum and zero
moment. Shear connectors should have at least 1 in (25.4 mm) of concrete cover in all
directions; and unless studs are located directly over the web, stud diameters may not
exceed 2.5 times the beam-flange thickness. With heavy concentrated loads, the uniform
ww
spacing of shear connectors may not be sufficient between a concentrated load and the
nearest point of zero moment
w.E
18. What are the special material properties in of prefabricated structures?
 Quicktoassemble
 Cost-effective
asy
 Portable/movable En
 Strong
gin
 Water proof, Moisture proof
 Fire Resistant e eri
19. What are the types of shear walls?
ng.
 Vertical Offset of Shear Walls
 Stiffness shear wall
 Steel shear wall
n et
20. Write short notes on prefabrication
Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in a factory or

other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-assemblies to
the construction site where the structure is to be located prefabrication, in
architectural construction, a technique whereby large units of a building are produced

in factories to be assembled, ready-made, on the building site. The technique permits

the speedy erection of very large structures
21. Write any two advantages of prefabrication construction
 Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork,

shuttering and scaffolding is greatly reduced.
 Construction time is reduced and buildings are completed sooner, allowing an
earlier return of the capital invested.
22. Define the term module
ww
w.E
asy
23. Write short notes on shear wall
En
A shear wall is a wall which is designed to resist shear, the lateral force which causes
the bulk of damage in earthquakes gin
24. Write any two prefabrication problem of materials
e eri
Non availability of materials
ng.
Economy
25. Write the types of Derricks

n et
A derrick is a lifting device composed of one mast or pole which is hinged freely at
the bottom. It is controlled by lines powered by some means such as man-hauling or
motors, so that the pole can move in all four directions.
 Hallen Derrick
 Velle Derrick
 Stülcken Derrick
26. What are the advantages of prefabricated structures?

 On-site construction and congestion is minimized.

 Quality control can be easier in a factory assembly line setting than a construction
site setting.
 Prefabrication can be located where skilled labour is more readily available and
costs of labour, power, materials, space and overheads are lower.
 Time spent in bad weather or hazardous environments at the construction site is
minimised.
27. What are the safety factors to be considered in designing?
ww
w.E
asy
28. Explain about the location of shear wall
En
Lateral forces caused by wind, earthquake, and uneven settlement loads, in addition to
gin
the weight of structure and occupants; create powerful twisting (torsional) forces.
These forces can literally tear (shear) a building apart. Reinforcing a frame by
e eri
attaching or placing a rigid wall inside it maintains the shape of the frame and
prevents rotation at the joints. Shear walls are especially important in high-rise
buildings subject to lateral wind and seismic forces. ng.
29. What are the lateral loads in a building?
 Live load
n et
 Wind load
 Earthquake load
30.What are the lateral load resisting elements in a building? (AUC Nov/Dec 2013)
Vertical Elements
 Moment
 Resisting Frames
 Walls
 Bearing walls / Shear Walls / Structural Walls
 Gravity Frame + Walls
 “Dual” System (Frame + Wall)

 Vertical Truss
 Tube System
 Bundled
 Tube System
Floor/Diaphragm
Foundation
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

Part-B
1.Explain Modular Coordination in detail
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
Modular coordination means the interdependent arrangement of a dimension based on a
coordination facilitated,
1. Assembly of single components into large components.
n
primary value accepted as a module. The strict observance of rules of modular
et
2. Fewest possible different types of component.
3. Minimum wastage of cutting needed.
Modular coordination is the basis for a standardization of a mass production of
component. A
set of rules would be adequate for meeting the requirements of conventional and
prefabricated construction. These rules are adaptable for,
a. The planning grid in both directions of the horizontal plan shall be
1. 3M for residential and institutional buildings,
2. For industrial buildings,

15M for spans up to 12m

30M for spans between 12m and 18m
60M for spans over 18m
The centre lines of load bearing walls shall coincide with the grid lines
b. In case of external walls the grid lines shall coincide with the centre line of the wall or
a line on the wall 5 cm from the internal face of the wall
C. The planning module in the vertical direction shall be 1M up to and including a ht of
2.8M.
d. Preferred increments for the still heights, doors, windows and other fenestration shall
ww
be
1M.
w.E
e. In case of internal columns the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of
columns. In case of external columns, the grid lines shall coincide with the centre lines of
asy
the columns in the storey or a line in the column from the internal face of the column in
the topmost storey. A basic module can be represented as module and for larger project
modules are represented a Mp.
En
For eg: For a project module in horizontal coordination, the component can be of 30cm
gin
and for vertical component size be of 10cm.
The storey height is fixed between finished floor levels as 2.8m and if the thickness of
slab is <15cm storey height is fixed as 2.7m. The centre distance between the load
e eri
bearing walls can be chose from a set of modules. The use of other dimensions is not
allowed.
ng.
In the design of a building, modular grid can be used consisting of parallel line spaced at
a value of module M or Mp and a grid line chosen as a base for setting out a part of a
n
building becomes a modular axis. In the fig (a),, a typical grid is chosen for load bearing
walls without duct. The interior walls are placed so that their centre lines coincide with
the modular axis. In the fig (b), a grid is shown for load bearing walls with hollow ducts
in between. The centre line of the grid is found by deducting the size of duct.
et

2.Systems of prefabrication:
ww
w.E
asy
En
System is referred to a particular method of construction of buildings using the
prefabricated components which are inter related in functions and are produced to a set of
gin
instructions. With certain constraints, several plans are possible, using the same set of
components, the degree of flexibility varies from system to system. However in all the
e eri
systems there is a certain order and discipline. The system of prefabricated construction
depends on the extend of the use of prefab components, their characteristics to be
considered in devising a system:
i. Intensified usage of spaces ng.
ii. Straight and simple walling scheme
iii. Limited sizes and numbers of components
iv. Limited opening in bearing walls
n et
v. Regulated locations of partitions
vi. Standardized service and stair units
vii. Limited sizes of doors and windows with regulated positions
viii. Structural clarity and efficiency
ix. Suitability for adoption in low rise and high rise blocks
x. Ease of manufacturing storing and transporting
xi. Speed and ease of erection
xii. Simple jointing system
a) Based on Disuniting of member
b) Based on the construction

Based on Disuniting of member:

1. System consisting of linear member disunited at joints
2. System for prefabricates of entire rigid frame
3. System consisting of I,T,U of straight members disunited at points of minimum
moment.
4. Two hinged and three hinged arches
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e
System consisting of linear member disunited at joints: eri
Advantage:
ng.
Disuniting at joints gives linear member. This means that a great advantage and facilitates
from the view point manufacture and assembly.
Disadvantage: n
1. Joints are at corners i.e. at points of maximum moment values, so forming the joint is
et
difficult.
2. Joints must be over dimensioned to cope with in-situ concreting. And one alternate
solution to replace moment resistant joints by hinged connection.
System for prefabricates of entire rigid frame:

ww
w.E
asy
En
In this system, to reduce the no of joints and to precast larger numbers I one piece leads
gin
to the prefabrication of entire frame. Production of the frames does not cause any
particular trouble but the hoisting is more difficult and requires careful preparation. The
e eri
stress distribution of straight members during hoisting is in general statistically
determinate.
Advantage:
1. It is ideal for site prefabrication. ng.
2. Small number of joints so rapid prefabrication work is possible.
3. Suitable for long walls consisting of great number of uniform frames. n
System consisting of I,T,U of straight members disunited at points of minimum
et
moment:

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Another method of disuniting of structures is by division into different membranes at
points where the moments are thin or smallest. This method is called as lambda method.
Using this method hinge joints are made.
Advantage:
1. Functions are made at points of minimum moments or at points of contra flexure.
2. Disuniting the main girder in this manner makes the application of different skylights
possible.
Disadvantage:
1. Hosting and temperature bracing of L joined asymmetric frame members is

particularly complicated.
2. Temperature resting of frame member on each other necessitates the use of
cantilevers having half depth and proper forming of this cause difficulty.
Two hinged and three hinged arches
Arched structures are normally two hinged and three hinged arches. Arched structures are
normally used for bridging span more than 20-25m. Their production and placing is more
difficult than straight members. Arch can be two hinged and three hinged but they can
also be fixed at footings and can be constructed with or without tie.
These members are generally precast and assembled in statistically determinant three
hinged variance and middle hinge is only eliminated after placing is finished. The
ww
reinforcing bars protruding both sides are welded together and the joint between the
members is filled in with insitu concrete.
w.E
Arch structure can be precast in either vertical or horizontal positions. In the first case,
shuttering made of timber or concrete is required having the same curvature s the arch
itself.
asy
The prefabrication of larger arches in the horizontal position is found to be more
economical
En
The construction of arch trusses can be properly carried out in the horizontal position
only.
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

3.Methods of prefabrication:
Site prefabrication- for large prefabricates
Plant prefabrication- large scale production
Site prefabrication:
1. The RC members are produced t the site in the open air chiefly in the open air or in
the temporary sheds
2. The difficulties in construction in general are felt in this mechanization can case.
3. Mechanization cannot be of such high degree as site PF is done for smaller duration
of time.
4. When the pre fabricates are of large size it is difficult to transport the pre fabricates to
ww
the site.
5. In comparison with plant prefabrication transportation of the members are not needed.
w.E
As large members are not transported the design and weight of the prefabricates are not
limited.
Plant prefabrication
asy
1. The members produced are to be transported t the place of construction this accounts
for about 10-15% of the cost of production and assembling.
En
2. Certain restriction is made in the dimension of prefabrication leading to restraints in
the design and development of prefabrication.
gin
3. Prefabrication is appropriate for mass production for manufacture of standardized
members.
e
4. Needs costly materials for batching and production.
eri
5. This method is most suited in the case of small prefabricates which are to be
prefabricated in very large number.
ng.
n
Plant prefabrication is done under permanent plant or factories. It is done under the
covered roof so the effect of weather does not affect the work. So the quality and strength
of the members can be improved considerably. Plant prefabrication reduces the cost of et
prefabrication if the number of prefabricate needed is more.
Dimensions of prefabricate:
There are 3 commonly known dimension for the prefabricates.
1. The design of the erection dimension governing the dimensional coordination of the
prefabricates.
2. Theoretical dimension
3. The actual dimension of the element when delivered the design dimension should be a
multiple of a basic module size m or of a module lap.

Production of prefabricates:
Production techniques involved are
1. Stand method
2. Conveyor method or line method
3. Aggregate method
Stand Method:
In this method, the prefabrication mature where they are moulded while the production
teams moves to successive stands. The bed on which prefabricates are cast may be fixed
or
ww
movable. Tilting forms are often used and in this method steam curing is generally done.
Conveyor belt method:
w.E
The whole production is split up in to series operations carried out at separate successive
and permanent points served by specialized teams. The movement of the mould or
asy
prefabricate one point to other vary by means of conveyor belt trolleys.
The rigid steel forms are assembled at station 1 where they are mould oil to reduce the
En
adhesion of concrete. The conveyor moves front 1 to 2 where prestressing wires are fixed
& in the next station anchoring of the wires is carried out. The prepared mould is then
gin
carried to the station 1ie casting station. After casting ,it is shifted to the vibrating table &
finally stacked @ station 5 for setting. After that, it is passed through tunnel autoclave for
e eri
curing. After steam curing move too station 7 for demoulding & is finally stacked @ 8.
Aggregate method:
ng.
In the aggregate method, aggregate describes large complex permanently installed
machines & mechanical appliances which carry out most of the separate operations
team & the only move the prefabricate makes is to the maturing point. n
involved in the casting of the concrete composition. The stand is operated by a permanent
Aggregate method is used in the production of multi duct hollow floor panel in Poland. et
At production point the reinforcement is fixed in the form & remote controlled
aggregate(machine)inserts the duct formers, cast& vibrates the concrete, floats @ the top
of the floor. The prepared prefabricate then move to the autoclave chamber in which
hardening of concrete is accelerate. In many factories combined technology are employed
when complex prefabricate are required.
Advantages:
1.The stand technique is the most flexible one. It is used in varying degrees of
mechanization, in all kinds of prefabricate factories.
2.It is simple & less capital is required. It can be used for field prefabricate also.

3.Aggregate method is used for large scale production in which case number of
machineries is required.
4. Explain specific requirements in layout of of prefabricated plants
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
5. Explain with neat sketch of the types of shear wall. gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
6. What is the code use for prefabricated structures? gin
e eri
ng.
n et

7. Explain in detail various design consideration in the design of precast construction
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

Unit-2
Reinforced concrete
Precast concrete systems enable fast and effective completion of many different types of
buildings and other structures. These are skeletal frames, wall frames and portal frames.
TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided into the
followingcategories:
 Large-panel systems
ww 


Frame systems
Slab-column systems with walls
w.E
Mixed systems
LARGE PANEL SYSTEMS
The designation “large-panel system” refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and
asy
floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose
appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure. Both vertical
En
and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof
panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal
gin
elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the walls.
Depending on wall layout , there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings:


Cross-wall systems
Longitudinal wall systems
e eri
 Two-way systems
Cross-wall system. ng.
n
The main walls that resist gravity and lateral loads are placed in the short direction of the building.
Longitudinal-wall system. et
The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads are placed in the longitudinal direction; usually, there
is only one longitudinal wall,
Two-way system.
The walls are placed in both directions

ww
w.E
asy
FRAME SYSTEMS En
PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMES gin
e eri
1. Precast concrete frames involve an entire structure being fabricated off-site.
2. In addition, structural components can be supplied for incorporation into a structure on-site.
ng.
3. Frames can simultaneously achieve both structural and decorative design requirements - a wide
variety of mixes, colours and finishes can be accommodated.
capacity in a building's "green" energy management system.

n
4. Architecturally-finished precast structures can be left exposed to exploit concrete's high thermal
et
5. Precast concrete frames are cast in the same way as precast concrete cladding, but as they are
designed as structural elements have heavier reinforcement than is required for non-structural
cladding.
6. Elegant connections are required between columns and beams to transfer considerable forces
without adversely affecting the visual appearance of the frame.
Benefits of Precast concrete frames
1. Enable faster programme times - not affected by weather or labour shortages.

2. Improve buildability - structure is fabricated off-site for rapid erection on-site
3. Produce a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions - reduces potential for accidents,
addresses on-site skill shortage.

4. Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed - concrete's thermal properties can be
exploited in low-energy buildings.
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column sub-
assemblages. Precast beam-column sub-assemblages have the advantage that the connecting faces
between the sub-assemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear
elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and
erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces at
the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of
construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints
accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases,
when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured.
ww
The components of a precast reinforced concrete frame are shown in Figure
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS WITH SHEAR WALLS
These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure
resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category:
• Lift-slab system with walls
• Prestressed slab-column system

In the Lift –slab system, the load-bearing structure consists of precast reinforced concrete columns and
slabs,. Precast columns are usually two stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by
means of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on top of the
other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The
slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position.
Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has
been achieved.
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
The prestressed slab-column system uses horizontal prestressing in two orthogonal directions to achieve
e
continuity. The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor
eri
slabs fit the clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns
and floor slabs are prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns
ng.
at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After prestressing, the gaps between
the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic
at appropriate locations.
PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

n
loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Basic precast concrete systems:
Precast concrete building structures are composed of some basic types of structural
systems. These systems can be combined in different ways to obtain an appropriate and
effective structural concept that fulfils the needs of specific buildings. The most common
systems are:
 Beam and column systems (beam elements, column elements, connections)


 floor and roof systems (floor elements, roof elements, connections)

 bearing wall systems (wall elements, connections)
 façade systems (façade wall elements, connections)
The above list is not unique as there are many variations possible to achieve the same
objectives that architects and engineers are now successfully exploring, such as the use of
arches and rigid portal frames. Façades are sometimes load-bearing, providing also the
lateral stability, but they can also be
used without a load-bearing function. Other less common precast systems are:
ww  frame systems (frame elements, connections)

 cell systems (cell elements, connections)
w.E
Beam and column systems
Beam and column systems are composed of columns and beams, although the beams are
asy
more like rafters where the column height may correspond to more than one storey. The
forms the basis of the skeletal frame. The connections in these systems are:


beam to column
En

beam to beam
column to column gin
 column to base
e eri
ng.
n et
TYPICAL CONNECTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS

ww
w.E COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
SLAB TO BEAM CONNECTION
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
CONNECTION BETWEEN SLABS
n et
CONNECTION
OF WALL PANELS TO COLUMNS

Unit-3
Floors, stairs and roofs
Behaviour of structural components large panel construction of roof & floor slabs
walls panels columns shear wall.
Structural Behaviour of Precast structures
a) The design load carrying structures advantages from the viewpoint of prefabrication.
b) Principle of structural analysis
c) Various specifications
d) Dimensioning of joints
ww
e) Elimination of handling stresses
f) Redistribution of stresses in jointed structures due to creep & shrinkage.
w.E
g) Calculation of reinforced concrete structures co-operating with strengthening
concrete layer cast in situ.
h) Influence of the sequence and of the method of placing on the stress state of the
structure
asy
i) Stability of precast structural members
En
j) Quantity of materials used for precast reinforced concrete structures.
STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
gin
The following are the main components which are frequently used in building are
 Slab
 Joist e eri
 Beams (main secondary)
 Wall panels ng.
 Columns
n
The roofing/flooring system consists of R.C planks and joists. The planks are casted to a
standard size and they are connected with R.C.C joist which are provided at a regular et
interval. The loads from planks are transmitted to R.C joist and then to main beams.
The main beams are provided with channel sections 10 cm projections on the necessary
sides with the spacing of joist. The joists are seated in the channels and bolted together.
The loads from slab to the main beam will loadings are analysed. The foundation unit is
the only unit which is going to cast in site.

Slab
The roofing slab/flooring slab system consists of planks, which is supported over R.C.C
Joist. The planks can be made in any one of the following form with or without
prestressing.
According to the span & loads.
1. Hollow core sections
2. Double tee section\Channel sections
3. Light weight concrete roofing slab
4. Solid rectangular planks
The usual widths of these types of slabs are 0.5 m & spanning to the requirement upto a
ww
maximum limit of 5 m without prestressing. The thicknesses of planks are casted in two
steps with different mould in access invisible action with adjacent slab by putting
w.E
necessary reinforcement & concreting site.
Joist
asy
The joists are designed as a small beams loaded from planks. These joists transmit the
loads to the main beams through the channels provided in the main beams in this joist,
En
triangular shaped stirrups are provided to get the proper bonding or connection with the
planks. The joists are casted partially in the factory the apex portion of the triangular
gin
stirrup will be projecting from the casted top surface. In this projecting a connecting rod
will be inserted and additional base from planks also inserted. This will give monolithic
e eri
action as well as the plank will act as a continuous slab over the joists.
Beams (Main & Secondary)
ng.
All the main and secondary beams are the same size of 300 x 300 mm varies
reinforcements are provided at varies conditions according to the moments. The beams
n
are casted for the clear distance between the columns. A square of 10 cm x 10 cm hole or
a depth of 10 cm are provided on either side to achieve the connection with other beam
reinforcement or column reinforcements by proper welding. After welding the concrete et
has to be done at the junction with proper care. At the junction of columns and beams it is
necessary or part site controlling for this purpose the top ends of the beams are trap pored
properly. So that it with give access to site concrete and for needle vibrators to get proper
compaction.
Wall Panels
The wall panels are casted with all fixing like door, ventilation, window frames. These
wall panels are non load bearing wall. Therefore neglect solid rectangular cross section
wall panel with R.C.C. from the view of thermal effects and safety the minimum of 150
mm is provided as wall thickness. This wall is a sandwich type. That is cellular concrete
blocks of 75 mm thick is sandwiched by R.C.C. M25 grade concrete to a thickness of

37,5 mm on either face with minimum reinforcement since, the walls are in steel moulds
there will be no used to plastering on either face of wall.
This is one of advantage of precast wall panels. The main design factor is the handling
stresses in wall panels.
The infillings may be any light weight, low cost material like brick bats, bricks light
weight concrete acquainted concrete etc. Since the preparation and availability of raw
materials are easy in the case of cellular concrete we are adopting cellular concrete as
infill’s in walls.
Columns
Many type of columns available in prefabricated system. Grooves are provided on the
ww
required faces to keep the walls in position. These grooves will act as a part of columns
and since the area of column has been increased due to nibs will give addition moment
carrying as well as load carrying capacity of columns. At the same time this grooves give
w.E
a mild ornamental look to our building.
asy
Construction of roof & floor slabs wall panels
Description
En
Precast components are 85% recyclable, levels of carbon dioxide generation is low
gin
energy efficient reduces waste during operations reduce construction cost eco friendly.
Easy to install reduces construction time stronger than cost in situ structures can be pre-
e
stressed or post stressed is increase its performance longer life of structure, saves
eri
reinforcement and a in-line manufacturing process reduces the amount of waste generated
casting.
ng.
It can be manufactured in mechanized centralized production centres in a variety of
n
shapes and sizes. Its properties can be altered by altering the constituent raw materials
like using cellular/aerated concrete or light weight aggregates etc, they may also be
produced to have higher thermal insulating values by manufacturing sandwich panels
with the integration of insulating material like polyurethane etc giving this
et
product/technology a great advantage.
Performance of the Components

1. Appearance
In prefabricated construction, there is better quality control shape and size of precast
element. The concrete panels with have a light gray concrete colour and have a smooth
even finish due to high quality mechanized centralized mass production units.
Reduction in the number of joints gives a neat clean image.

2. Structural Capability
Strict quality control system can be put into place to ensure high performance in
structural design full advantage of properties of cement and steel can be exploited. A
regular RCC slab of 125 mm thickness could actually be only 65mm thick to cater to the
load above since on site formwork limitations do not permit such thin sections one has to
cast a minimum 125mm thick slab. A 50% reduction in the cross section area means a
similar reduction in the material consumption and dead load on the structural system
precast element can be used efficiently for most of the building components. Pre-cast
slabs and beams can be designed to carry live/dead loads as per requirements
with safety factors incorporated. Additional reinforcement could be placed while filling
up joints. In slabs provided with interlocking system to avoid independent displacement
ww
of slabs must be manufactured with M40 grade concrete in give durable and stronger slab
than cast in situ slabs.
w.E
Pre-cast waffle units provide speedy construction with overall saving up to 10% or more,
besides avoiding shuttering work. The shape is like an inverted through with square or
rectangular in plan having lateral dimension up to 1.2 m suitable for large spans beyond
asy
6m in either direction on laying in grid pattern with reinforcement and cast-insitu
concrete joints between them.
3. Thermal Properties
En
As the pre-cast units have thinner cross sections, components used in roofs or walls
gin
should be provided with adequate thermally insulating coverings for better thermal
performance. This thermal insulation can come as a integral part of the unit during the
e eri
manufacture of the pre-cast units as a sandwich, insuring good thermal properties and
ease of use or could be added on as a independent insulation layer of required value like
in dry normal construction practice.
4. Sound Insulation ng.
n
Pre cast concrete units provide an acceptable degree of sound insulation. Their
performance can be improved by the addition of sound insulating material as in sandwich
during the manufacturing process. et
5. Fire and Vermin resistance
Pre cast concrete panels will not burn. They are readily incorporated into fire resistant
rated construction with fire rating achievable up to 4 hrs. It has no problems of Vermin
attacks or infestation and is also resistance to mould formation.
6. Durability & moisture resistance
Due to strict quality control measures safe structural design with adequate reinforcements
precast panels are highly durable and low on maintenance. They perform well even under
high humidity conditions or constant wetting. Water absorption is low and most cases do
not need a water proofing coat even in external applications.
7. Toxicity and breath ability

Pre cast panels are inert non-toxic and not prone to off gassing of volatile materials. As
the production of these units lakes place in a controlled environment pollution of air,
water and site can be reduced and controlled.
8. Sustainability (Environmental impacts)
There is disciplined use of scarce material like cement steel and timber during the
production and use installation of these pre-cast panels. Although there would be a
component of transportation involved from the production centres to the site, it helps in
the management of raw materials in an efficient way away from the site reducing the
work at the site decreasing on site pollution and keeping the work qualitatively better and
reliable. In pre-cast construction similar types of components are produced repeatedly
resulting in increased productivity and economy in cost too.
ww
w.E
Large Panel constructions
Hence construction is a time consuming labour-intensive process. Builders need to bring
together all of the necessary materials and skilled workers to complete the project
asy
successfully within a given time frame one way to make the process easier is by using
prefabricated components. Such as pre-built walls (or) larger wall panels. The simple way
En
of classification of precast wall panel is based on their size or the materials of which they
are made. They can be classified According to size as small and large or as narrow
gin
vertical stirrups or as broad horizontal bands. The material that are used for precast wall
panel are bricks, hollow clay blocks, normal density concrete light weight metal gypsum
plastic & timber.
e eri
Generally materials that are locally available or which can be easily obtained are used for
ng.
the production of precast wall panels. Due consideration is also given to the structural
and physical properties of the materials in their selection particularly in respective of
n
their strength, thermal and sound insulation properties and relative cost.
Another classification of precast concrete wall which is especially application to
prefabricated construction is based on their function and location in the building. They et
can also be distinguished for their cross sectional characteristics. As regards their location
the wall panels may be classified as exterior or interior location walls.
Depended on their function they may be either structural (load bearing) or non-structural
(non-load bearing) elements. They may be of solid ripped sandwich hollow
core, or composite construction they can be either prestressed or conventionally
reinforce.
In large panel construction the load bearing wall may be laid out either perpendicular to
the longitudinal axis of the building (cross wall system) or parallel to it (spine wall
system). A mixed system consists of cross wall and spine wall system. In most Vertical
load carrying elements transfer their loads directly to the foundation without an
intermediate frame

Classification of precast large panel

Structural scheme with precast large panel wall can be classified as
1. Cross wall system
2. Longitudinal wall system
Cross wall system
In this scheme the cross wall are load bearing walls where as the façade wall are non-
loading bearing this system is suitable for high rise building.
Longitudinal wall system
In this case cross walls are non-load bearing whereas longitudinal walls are load bearing
walls. This system is suitable for low rise buildings. A combination of the above systems
with all loads bearing wall can also be adopted.
ww
a) Homogeneous wall
The homogeneous wall should be solid hollow or ribbed.
w.E
b) Non-homogeneous wall
These could be composite or sandwich panels based on the structural functions of the
walls, the wall could be classified as
i. Load bearing walls
ii. Non load bearing wallsasy
iii. Shear walls
En
Based on their locations and functional requirements the walls are also classified as
1. External walls gin
2. Internal walls
e eri
1. External Walls which can be load bearing depending up to the layout and are usually
ng.
non homogeneous walls of sandwiched typed to impart better thermal comforts.
2. Internal walls providing resistance against vertical loads horizontal loads, fire etc.
and are normally homogeneous walls.
CONSTRUCTION OF ROOF AND FLOOR SLABS
Roofing members :-
n et
Roofing members can be divided in to two groups’ short span and long span roofing
members. The short span members rest on purlins. While long span ones are directly
supported by the main girders.
The short span roofing members the reinforced plan mode of porous hollow tiles, light
weight concrete, roofing material and small reinforced concrete roofing members will be
dealt with here.
Among the long span roofing members the reinforced concrete members are discussed.

a) Reinforced Planks made of porous hollow tiles:-

These roofing members consist of porous tiles having longitudinal circular holes. The
thickness of the tiles and the upper side are longitudinal groove. Reinforcement is placed
in to these grooves which are subsequently filled with cement mortar. In this way
reinforced porous tile planks having a length of 2.3m, a thickness of 6-10 cm and a width
of 20 cm can be produced of these tiles, two kinds exist.
The first kind is heat insulating and has a unit weight of 750 Kg/m3, The second kind is
load bearing its unit weight is 1100Kg/m3 This is used for production of reinforced
planks.
The disadvantage of using the porous hollow tiles in question for roof covering is that the
material of latter is highly moisture absorbing and therefore not frost resistant. Thus the
ww
roof cover should protected from moisture and hence it should be rough
rendered with lime cement mortar
w.E
The value of the limit moment is obtained from the following expression.
Where, asy
Mi = limit moment
En
Maco = arithmetic mean of the ultimate moment
gin
Mi = value of the ultimate moments belonging to the individual planks, where (I =1…N)
N – number of loading tests
S = scalter of moments
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
An 8cm thick plank of porous hollow tiles and its reinforcement.
b) Light weight concrete roofing members
e
Light weight concrete roofing members pay a role-in addition to space bordering and
eri
load bearing. In heat insulating and so the application of a separate heat insulating layer is
not necessary.
ng.
Light weight concrete roofing members can only be applied if there is a possibility of
their reinforcement. It requires a bond between the steel and the light weight concrete for
n
ensuring the transmission of the tensile force acting in steel bars to the concrete with the
steel bars sliding hence it is necessary to protect the reinforcement against corrosion.
From the view point of strength light weight concretes on the quality Lc 70 or Lc 100 are et
quite suitable on the production of roofing members with a rectangular c/s and a
thickness off 7.5-2.5cm,
The weight of cement concrete roofing members is 750 kg/m3.They have a width of 50
cm a thickness of 7.5-25cm ad a length of 1.75-6m

ww
w.E
asy
Prefab roofing members can be produced of concrete made in the usual way, using light
weight material on gravel and sand for aggregate. In the case of prefab structures the steel
En
wires must be embedded in to a concrete the quality of which is atleast300.
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Roofing

B) Small reinforced – Concrete roofing members;

The small reinforced – concrete roofing member is essentially a precast simply
supported, ribbed reinforced – concrete slab .The width of the member is 50 – 120 cm.
ww
C) Large reinforced concrete roofing members:
The large reinforced – concrete roofing members resting directly on the main girders of
structures represents a more advanced kind of precast roofing structure .These members
w.E
are manufactured in a length corresponding to the spacing of the frames ( 6 – 10 m ),their
width is 1.30 – 1.80 m. They are directly supported by the main girders so that purlins are
not required.
asy
A large roofing member consists of two longitudinal edge ribs, cross ribs and a slab
having a thickness of 2.5 – 3 m and the two way reinforcement. The members connected
En
to each other and to the frame girders form a unified continuous roofing structure.
FLOORING MEMBERS
gin
In industrial buildings the use of prefab members, for floor consist of precast joints and
e
flooring members. 1000 kg/m2. After the members are placed in final positions a
eri
longitudinal load bearing reinforcement and stirrups are placed in the trough formed
ng.
between the longitudinal ribs of the adjacent members. A continuous reinforcement is
placed on the top of these members, there after a 5 cm thick insitu concrete layer is cast
with concrete. In this way the slab is transformed into a continuous.

n
on the top of the members and the troughs between the longitudinal ribs are also filled up
A prestressed flooring member for a span of 6m and live load of 500 kg/m2 and a wt of
1450 kg are widely used.
et
Flooring members to be used for smaller loads similarly to roofing members can also be
made of lightweight concrete. These members are used cheaply in house and public
building. The flooring members rest in general joists i.e their cantilever like part.
The weight of flooring members should not exceed 5 tons otherwise the storage and
transportation as well as the placing of these members using the present available
equipment would be difficult.

Flooring member spanning = 6m

P = 80 – 500 kg/m2 G =1450 kg
I – transverse rib at a spacing of 1.50m2 , - prestressed reinforcement 12 – 20mm dia
ww
ROOF AND FLOOR UNITS:
w.E
The roofs of single storey shed type industrial buildings maybe constructed by the
following methods.
A ) Purlins with covering of roofing slabs or corrugated asbestos cement sheets .
B ) Large roofing units .
asy
ROOFING SLABS OR CORRUGATED ASBESTOS CEMENT SHEETS LAID
ON PURLINS :
En
gin
These are the most popular forms of roof covering used in central Europe. This is not
surprising considering the simplicity of manufacture of purlins and the availability from
e
stock of factory made lightweight roofing slab and panels.
The structural system of the purlins maybe
A) freely supported beam eri
B) the cantilever girder
C) the continuous girder ng.
n
The connections of purlins over the support are designed only to absorb a limited bending
moment. Normal purlins spans between 5 and 10m.The purlins are spaced at et
intervals of 2 to 3m .
PURLINS :
Purlins are usually solid web members. For long span they maybe lattice girders
or trussed beams.
Freely supported purlins are designed as parallel flanged or fish- belly members. Purlins
designed as cantilever griders (articulated griders ) are usually parallel flanged members .
The c/s features depends on the spans of purlins and on the slope of the roof. The purlins
for flat roofs are usually rectangular T- section or ( prestressed concrete ).
T-section members for steeply sloped roofs if the purlins are loaded also bi axial bending
L-section and the approximate spans associated with them for a purlins spacing of 3m
Are indicated for the flat roofs. The dimensions relate to freely supported purlins.

Purlins section with associated spans for a purlins spacing of about1.25m in the case of
steeply sloped roofs with corrugated asbestos cement sheet are indicated. The L-section is
popular wih British Firms channels section purlins have been developed by among others
professor VON HALASS. They are convenient to manufacture with the legs of the
channel upwards whereby very thin webs can be produced
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
This type of purlins maybe conventionally reinforced or by prestressed, also they may be
e eri
freely supported or be continuous over several spans. In case of L- section purlins usually
only the flange of the section is supported
ng.
The fish belly girder is very favourable with regard to material requirements and the
pattern of forces in the girder, but it has the disadvantages of being rather unsatisfactory.
as a reinforced concrete purlins.

STRUCTURAL CONNECTIONS TO THE MAIN BEAM MAYBE
n
From the point of view of architectural aesthetics when it is used it is generally designed
et
CONSTRUCTED AS FOLLOWS :
By supporting the entire c/s of the purlins , the latter being secured to the beams means of
dowels , projections concreted on to the beams so – called shoes thickening the top flange
of the beam with insitu concrete or performed recess in the beam .
The two last – mentioned methods are more particularly suitable for purlins of
rectangular section. If the main beam is not provided with recess to receive the ends of
the purlins, it is desirable to apply an insitu concrete topping to it . else there will be a gap
between its top flange and the roofing slabs , which not only looks rather unsightly but
also adds unutilisable, extra spaced to enclosed volume of the buildings. On the other
hand ,when recess have to be formed in the top of the beams , concreting presents
difficulties. Besides the recess weaken the top flange unless it is possible .fig below ,

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
In the T-section,IS-section and trapezoidal section purlins the modified to square section
ng.
at the supports. Because of this local strengthening it is possible to reduce the
depth of the purlins over the rod beam. There are two possibilities
n
A) The end of each purlins is reduced the depth of form a nib which rests on the beams .
B) The diaphragm on the flanges of the roof beam is provided with nibs or corbels for
supporting the purlins . Purlins based on the principles of the cantilever girder .provided et
with hinges which are so located as to ensure statically determinacy have not proved
satisfactory. The
reason for this are
A) Halved Joints – The requirements of careful workmanship are more stringent than are
normally considered acceptable in practice.
B) Large force will develop, more particularly in the purlins of long buildings; the failure
of one member is liable to result in the collapse of the whole structure. This has indeed
happened in a number or buildings.
The roofing slabs laid on the purlins of flat roofs are usually 0.5 to 1m wide and have
spans of about 2 to 5 m .these slabs also comprise the thermal insulation and where
necessary ,also the cement mortar screed for the gravel roof .

The weight of slabs varies bet 70 to 150 kg/m depending on the bulk density of the
insulating material and on the span.
A) Ordinary concrete “ Waffle “ slabs with a shell thickness of only 1cm have been
produced by the firm of preurs the concrete had a specified 28days strength of
600kg/cm2.
B) Ordinary concrete “HILL” slabs with or without an insulating layer, are manufactured
on vibrating tables in `HUNGARY. The output per vibrating tables is about 100 slabs per
day. The slabs have standardized dimensions of 0.5 -3m.
C) Roofing slabs can be produced in a simple manner from perforated bricks or fixed
insulating clay, the reinforcement is passed through cavities. these slabs are 20 cm wide 8
to 10 cm thick for span upto 2.8 m
ww
D) Perforated bricks or light wt bricks are used in conjunction with reinforced concrete
ribs to form slabs 0.87 m wide and upto 3 m span.
w.E
E) Pumice concrete slabs (“PLANKS”) have been produced in Germany for a god many
years. They are available in 3 forms slabs with circular cavities “WAFFLE” slabs
comprising longitudinal and transverse ribs and solid slabs
asy
F) Durisol roof slabs are used in many countries .THE standard slabs are 50 cm wide
and 2 to 4 long. This concrete is not hygroscopic to that these slabs can also be used in
En
damp surroundings without suffering any appreciable loss of thermal insulating capacity.
G) Hebel aerated concrete roofing slabs used in germany and Switzerland are likewise 50
gin
cm wide 2 to 6 m long. They are reinforced and light wt concrete of which they are made
has a compressive strength of 35 to 50 kg/cm2.
e eri
H) The siporex roofing slabs are also well known is number of countries. They are
siporex reinforced of the light weight which is aerated concrete.
ng.
I) Hollow prestressed concrete slabs of the Schafer system are produced with light weight
concrete cored are suitable for span upto 6.5 m. Many other types of roofing slabs are
manufactured from a variety of light weight materials.
How roofing slabs are supported on the purlins?

n et
The standard specification of some countries require that roofing slabs be designed as
freely supported members without taking structural continuity into account. However it is
normal practice always install reinforcing bars in the longitudinal joints not as a means of
establishing true continuity but merely to interconnect and locate the slab. Structural
continuity can be achieved by appropriate forms of construction with pumice or other
light weight concrete slabs tests have confirmed that the failure load is increased as
results of such arrangements.
There are three mabtypes of large precast concrete roof units
1. Slab type units, such as waffle slabs and ribbed slabs.
2. Roof units with 3D structural action such as singly and doubly curved shells and folded
plate structures.

3. Hollow roofing slabs with rectangular cavities.

Slab type roof units are subdivided according to whether they have structural longitudinal
and transverse ribs or only structural longitudinal ribs.
WAFFLE SLABS:
So called waffle slabs are characterized by having transverse ribs which perform a
structural function and which may be so arranged as to form a series of approximately
square panels with the longitudinal ribs or may alternatively be spaced close together. As
a result of this arrangement the actual slabs can be made very thin. Thus they are the
lightest of in terms of material quantities the most economical type of roof unit. The
width of the units ranges from 1 to 3.4 m the span range from 5 to 12 m, depth of the
longitudinal ribs being from 20 to 35 m. the transverse ribs are 15cm to 20 cm in depth.
ww
The longitudinal ribs are interconnected by welding or by means of grout and bars left
projecting from the slabs.
w.E
Hollow beam type
It is rectangular cavities combine numerous advantages with regard to material
requirements and weight they are significantly more favourable than roof units with
asy
circular cavities. The SC box sections possess high torsional rigidly of present a flat
surface on the under sole. Besides they can very suitable be prestressed. The only
En
drawback is that manufactured involving the removal of the cores for forming the cavities
is somewhat more expensive than for ribbed slabs.
BEARING FOR ROOF UNITS;
gin
With regard to the bearings of slab-type roof units on the mar beams a distinction must be
e eri
made as to whether the unit is used for a flat roof or for a north light roof as to whether or
not the unit is provided with a transverse rib at the bearing.
Wall panel must
ng.
a) Withstand without harmful deformations the loads that it is required to carry.
without sustaining damages.

c) Have a good architectural effect.
n
b) Permit or absorb the movements due to temperature variations and differences
et
d) Be resistant to climatic influences.
e) Require the least possible maintenance.
f) Provide the requisite acoustic insulation and of fire protection.
g) Fulfil the other basic requirement of prefabrication construction.
According to the perform the function of external wall panels are of following
kinds.
a) Load-bearing
b) Stiffening(wind bracing)
c) Merely space enclosing(curtain wall)

The class design of wall panels depends on the requirements

a) Single layer solid panels consisting of one material Eg: light weight concrete
b) Multi- layer panels consisting of concrete and insulating materials.
c) Special section slabs, which may be either of single-layer or multi-layer
constructions(sandwich construction)
Floor and roof systems
The main purpose of floor and roof systems is to carry vertical load to the vertical load-
resisting structural elements. Besides, precast floors and roofs are often used as
essential parts of the stabilising system to transfer horizontal loads by diaphragm
ww
action to the stabilising units.Double-tee units are also used in roof systems. The
connections of these systems are:
w.E  slab to slab at longitudinal interior joints

 slab to edge element at longitudinal edge
asy
 slab to slab at interior support
 slab to end support
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
The elements in a floor system will not resist loads separately from each other, but a
degree of interaction between adjacent elements is desired. To obtain a transverse
distribution of load effects in case of concentrated loads and prevent uneven vertical
displacements at the longitudinal joints, the floor connections must be designed to
develop shear key action that ensures the interaction between adjacent elements,

ww
w.E
In composite floor plate floors (also known as half-slab), precast concrete floor plates are
used as formwork for the cast insitu part and remain integrated in the composite floor
asy
section Composite action depends on the shear transfer in the horizontal joint between
the precast plate and the cast insitu concrete part. There is no requirement for design of
En
longitudinal joint between the plates as the topping is continuous over the precast joint
lines.
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

UNIT-4
WALLS
1.Write a detailed note on Wall system.
Walls:
Generally classified based on the function as load bearing & non load bearing walls. Eg.
partition wall. They transfer self weight only & they are provided to create barriers that
can be visual, thermal on acoustic.
ww
Stiffening walls:
Provides 3 dimentional stiffness .The load bearing walls which are referred to as
supported walls do not posses foundation o f their own but are either carried by beams or
w.E
slabs or directly attached to load bearing walls. The supported walls can form on integral
part of structure or remain as non structural depending on stiffness.
Depending on the orientation of the main beams or load bearing walls relative to long
axis of
asy
the building. Prefabricated wall system are classified as,
 Long wall system
 Cross wall system En
 Ring or two way system
gin
Long wall system:
e eri
The main beams are load bearing walls are placed parallel to the long axis of building. It
ng.
is applied to the building with large prefabricates and is similar to traditional brick work
technique . The longitudinal external walls which carry the floor loads must posses not
only thermal properties but also sufficient load carrying capacity .
n
The long wall system construction is typical with large blocked structure and special pier
blocks between the windows which carry loads from lintel and the walls above. The
horizontal still blocks are not loaded . In some designs space between the piers is filled
et
by prefabricated unit consisting of RC window frame complete with window.
The internal wall blocks are normally of full storey height subject to limitations imposed
by lifting equipments available. Both internal and external walls are made of some
materiel.
Cross wall system :

Load bearing walls and beams are placed at right angles to the longitudinal axis of the
building . In this system the floor units are provided with two way structural units which
distributes the to the cross walls and this system is more prominent. The internal walls are
made of ordinary concrete for load bearing walls and the external walls and the external
walls are made of light weight

concrete to reduce the weight of the structure. Generally the room size is nearly square in
this system.
Ring system :
Load bearing walls and beams are placed in both ways longitudinally and transversely. In
the building with the ring system of support floor are normally supported on all four
edges and span in two directions. In skeleton construction these floors are placed directly
on columns. In this system, the floor slabs are designed to span in both direction and are
loaded on to the supporting walls. For large load panels cross beams are hidden within
the thickness of the panel.
ww Curtain wall
w.E
All wall systems are required to resist many different forces in the provision of a suitable
asy
separation of indoor and outdoor environments. They are required to:
• have sufficient structural strength and rigidity
• resist the spread of fire
• be durable
En
• control odours
• control light
• control sound and vibration
gin
• control heat flow
• control air flow e eri
• control water vapour flow
• control exterior precipitation ng.
• control solar radiation
n
The term “curtain wall” was first used to describe the outer wall of medieval
fortifications. Its use in a more contemporary sense is seen in Gothic cathedrals with theiret
large expanses of lightly framed glass walls between load-bearing buttresses. Today the
term curtain wall is defined in most literature to be any building wall of any material that
is designed to resist lateral loads due to wind or earthquake and its own self weight. In
other words, the curtain wall is a non-load-bearing wall.
WALL TYPES
This category for wall classification includes two generic options. Acomparison between
these two wall types is provided below.
STANDARD
• Details and components designed and standardized by manufacturer
• Manufacturers sell through a dealer network

• Manufacturers stock in standard lengths typically 6.5 to 8.2 m (20 to 27 ft.) in length
• Standard finishes although custom finishes available
• Typical frame width 50 mm (2 inches) or 63.5 mm (2 1⁄2 inches) , frame depth 75 to
150 mm (3 to 6 inches)
• Manufacturers catalogue information readily available
• “Standard” designation applies only to components not to potential arrangement of
components
CUSTOM
• Details and components designed specifically for a single project or group of projects
• Materials generally not available on open market but restricted to single supplier or
installer
ww
• Minimum size of project required to justify custom extrusions
• Allows optimum use of material and flexibility to meet architectural requirements
• Component dimensions and cross sections often architecturally distinct.
ERECTION
w.E
STICK: asy
En
• Likely most common wall system especially on low-rise construction and in smaller
population centres
gin
• Each component of wall is installed piece by piece in the field. Installed with one- or
two storey mullion lengths and horizontal rails equal in length to width of the infill panels
• Field labour intensive and dependent
• Often utilize standard system e
• Minimum requirements for assembly facilities and shipping eri
ng.
• Normally short lead time to arrive on-site, but longer erection/close-in time on-site
• Difficult to accommodate in-plane movements due to sway or seismic events
UNITIZED:
n et
• Most common to large high-rise buildings although found on buildings as low as four
stories. System has grown in popularity since 1980
• Large factory assembled framed units complete with spandrel panels and often with
vision lites installed. Panels typically one-storey high by width of infill panels
• Panels designed for sequential installation with interlocking split vertical mullions and
nesting horizontal rails at expansion joint
• Significant fabrication facility and shipping requirement. More shop labour dependant
and less field dependant than stick system
• Normally longer lead time to arrive on-site, but rapid erection with minimum time to
close in building once on-site
• Design potential to accommodate in-plane movements due to sway and seismic events

Mullion and panel

• Consists of grid work similar to stick system and prefabricated framed panels installed
between. Popular through the 1970s but rarely used today
• Combines features of stick and unitized wall Systems
Large panel
• Typically consists of steel truss type frame one storey in height by 10 to 15 m (33 to 50
feet) in length. Frame supports all of wall elements
• Not as popular due to handling issues. Used on smaller specialized projects
Window wall
• Consists of wall system spanning between floor slabs with slab edge cover. Almost
ww
entirely restricted to residential applications
• Framing lightweight residential type inside stop glazed. Can utilize either stick or
w.E
unitized framing. Often use older technology with inherent reliability problems.
 Cross wall system

asy
2. What is the classification of precast large panel?
 Longitudinal wall system

 Two-way system
En
3. What are types of Cross wall system?
 Longitudinal wall system
gin
 Homogeneous walls
 Non-Homogeneous walls
e eri
4.What is meant by box type construction?
ng.
In this system room size units are prefabricated and site. Toilet and kitchen blocks could
n
also be similarly prefabricated and erected at site. This system derives its stability and
stiffness from the box units which are formed by four adjacent walls. Walls are jointed to
make rigid connections among themselves. The box units rest on plinth foundation which et
be of conventional type or precast.
5. Write briefly about Types of Wall Panels?
The single way of classification of precast wall panel is based on their size or the
materials of which they are made. They can be classified. According to size, as small and
large, or as narrow vertical stirrups or as broad horizontal bands. The material that are
used for precast wall panel are bricks, hollow clay blocks, normal density concrete, light
– weight metal, gypsum, plastic, and timber.
6.What is the classification of precast concrete walls?

 Based on size
 Based on materials used
 Based on function
 Based on location
 Based on cross section
 Based on stressing
7. Define Long Wall System?

The main beam (or) load bearing wall are placed to the long axis of building. It is applied
to the building with large prefabricated and similar to traditional brickwork. The
ww
longitudinal wall crosses the floor load must possess not only thermal.
w.E
8. What is ring system?
Load bearing walls and beams are placed in both ways longitudinally and transversely. In
asy
the building with ring system of support floors are normally supported on all four edges
and span is two direction. In skeleton construction these floors are placed directly on
columns.
En
gin
9. Explain the behaviour of large panel construction with suitable sketches.
Large panel structure

e eri
All the main part of a building, including exterior wall and interior wall, floor slab, roofs,
ng.
and staircase, may be made up from large panel structure are used in two main design
schemes, frame-panel and panel building. In frame-panel building, all the base loads are
n
borne by the building’s frame, and as enclosure element. Frameless buildings are
assembled from panels that perform the load bearing and enclosing functions
simultaneously. et
 Large panel structure for Exterior wall
 Large panel structure for Interior wall.
 Large panel structure for floor slab
 Large panel structure for Roof element.
a) Large panel structure for Exterior wall;

 Large panel structure for exterior walls consist of panel one or two stories in
height and one or two rooms in width. The panel may be blind (without openings)
or with window or door openings.

 In terms of design, the wall panels may be single layer (solid) and multilayer(sand
witch) Solid panels are manufactured from materials that have insulating
properties and at the same time can perform supporting functions for example,
light weight concrete, cellular concrete, and hollow ceramic stone.
 Sandwich wall panels are made with two or three layers: their thickness depends
on the climate conditions of the regions and the physic technical properties of the
materials used for the insulating layer and for the exterior layer.
 The surface of exterior wall panels is covered with decorative mortar or is faced
with ceramic or other finishing tiles.
 After assembly, the joints between panel are filled with mortar or with lightweight
or ordinary concrete and then sealed with packing and special mastics.
b) Large panel structure for Interior walls:
ww  The large panel structure of interior walls may be non load bearing or load
bearing.
w.E
 In the first case, they are made from gypsum slag concrete or from other materials
asy
that act as enclosures. In the case of load bearing structure, the wall panels, which
combine enclosing and load bearing function, are made from heavy or lightweight,
En
silicate or cellular concrete, or vibration set brick or ceramic work.
The dimensions of the panels are determined by the dimensions of the rooms (in
gin
apartment houses), their height is equal to the height of a story, the width is equal to the
depth or width of a room, and the thickness of the walls between rooms is usually 10-14
cm(between apartment 14-18 cm)
e eri
10. Write briefly about types of wall panels.
ng.
Classifications of wall panels:
Based on size:
n et
 Large
 Small
Based on materials:
 Bricks
 Hollow clay blocks
 Normal density concrete
 Light-weight metal

 Gypsum
 Plastic and
 Timber
WALL SYSTEMS
The main types of precast concrete wall systems are as façades and interior cross-walls.
ww
Walls can be classified as bearing and non-bearing walls. Bearing walls are used to
support bridging components like floors, roofs or beams
w.E
The connections of these systems are:
asy
 wall to wall at interior and exterior vertical joints
En
 wall to wall at interior and exterior horizontal joints
 wall to base/foundation
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
Non-bearing walls are normally designed to carry their dead weight, which means that
the connections at horizontal joints need to resist the weight of the wall elements above
this level of the wall. However, as an alternative, non-bearing façade walls might be fixed
to the adjacent load bearing system in such a way that the dead weight of each wall
element is supported by the main system. Prefabricated walls can be used as part of the

stabilising system to resist horizontal loads in its own plane. In that case the prefabricated
wall should behave as one structural unit composed of interacting wall elements. This
structural interaction within the wall needs to be secured by structural connections that
resist the required shear forces, tensile forces and compressive forces.
ww
w.E
asy
En
Wall & Floor Panels
gin
e eri
1. Thickness of wall panels ranges from 120 mm for interior walls to 300 mm for
exterior walls.
2. Floor panel thickness is 60 mm. ng.
3.6 m.
n
3. Wall panel length is equal to the room length, typically on the order of 2.7 m to
et
4. In some cases, there are no exterior wall panels and the façade walls are made of
lightweight concrete.

ww Precast interior wall panel with steel dowels and grooves
w.E
Connections for panels
asy
1. Based on their location within a building, these connections can be classified
En
into vertical and horizontal joints.
gin
2. Vertical joints connect the vertical faces of adjoining wall panels and
primarily resist vertical seismic shear forces.
e eri
3. Horizontal joints connect the horizontal faces of the adjoining wall and floor
panels and resist both gravity and seismic loads.
ng.
JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS n et
Joint Sealants

Sealants were used many hundreds of years ago. The Tower of Babel was reportedly built
with mortar and tar or pitch as a sealant. Naturally occurring bitumen and asphalt
materials have been widely accepted as sealants for many centuries. 1900's most sealants
evolved from vegetable, animal, or mineral substances. The development of modern
polymeric sealants coincided with the development of the polymer industry itself,
sometime in the early 1930’s.Joint sealants are used to seal joints and openings (gaps)
between two or more substrates, and is a critical component for building design and
construction. The main purpose of sealants is to prevent air, water, and other
environmental elements from entering or exiting a structure while permitting limited
movement of the substrates. Specialty sealants are used in special applications, such as
for fire stops, electrical or thermal insulation, and aircraft applications. Sealants are used
ww
for a variety of commercial and residential applications. Common sealants include
silicone, acrylic, urethane, butyl and other polymeric types.
w.E
Various formulations have been developed over the years, which meet
performance specifications established by industry standards, as well as for the specific
asy
and unique needs of the end user.
En
Typical considerations for selecting a sealant type for use in the construction industry are:
 gin
Joint Design: The specifics of a joint design must match up with a sealant's
e
movement capabilities for the installed conditions. The practicality of installation
eri
of the sealant and other joint elements and the desired aesthetic appearance also
need to be considered.
ng.

n
Physical and Chemical Properties: Properties of the sealant such as, modulus of
elasticity, its stress/strain recovery characteristics, tear strength, and fatigue et
resistance are all factors that influence sealant performance in a joint. The sealant
polymeric type along with additives such as fillers and plasticizers will affect the
performance of the product.
 Durability Properties: The adhesion of a sealant to a specific substrate(s) and its

aging characteristics as they relate to resistance to among others ultra-violet
radiation, moisture, temperature, cyclic joint movement, movement during curing,
and bio-degradation can profoundly influence the service life of the installed
sealant.

 Application/Installation Properties: Important considerations include the

consistency of the sealant (pourable or gunnable), pot life and tooling time, tack
free time, application temperature range, and low temperature "gunnability" (i.e.
ability to be dispensed easily by sealant gun). Sealants used for interior
applications, even in high-rise or light commercial structures, will have properties
and needs different from those used in other applications, such as structural sealant
glazing or exterior building facade seals.
Application
ww
Sealants are used to seal joints and openings in various architectural applications, which
include:
w.E


asy
High- and low-rise commercial buildings:
Exterior and interior perimeter of windows
 En
Roofing and flashing penetrations and terminations
 Building and material expansion joints gin

 e
Interior perimeters of doors, baseboards, and moldings
eri
 Plazas and parking deck joints in traffic surfaces
ng.


Joints between tilt-up concrete exterior panels
Airport runway and apron pavement joints

n et
 Bridge and highway pavement joints
 Sidewalks, parking lots and flat work joints
 Water and wastewater treatment facility joints (including in submerged

environments)
 Part of a fire and smoke stop assembly for joints and penetrations
 Structural sealant glazing

Progressive Collapse:
Concrete building structures whether, insitu or precast, is required to perform in
the event of accidental damage or explosion by meeting the design criteria set out
in BS8110 for progressive collapse.
Within the building structure, ties are incorporated to resist calculated forces determined
by a variety of factors, including:
 number of stories
 centres of walls / size of spans
ww total loads carried

These are achieved by the use of the following ties incorporated into the precast cross
wall design:
w.E
 vertical ties
 horizontal ties
 peripheral ties
 internal ties
asy
En
Joints between panels are tied together using pre-shuttered insitu-fill to create a robust
gin
joint with minimal finishing required. The joints use wire ties designed to meet the
specific tie-force criteria, but also to allow flexibility in assembly tolerances during
erection.
e eri
Peripheral and internal ties use high strength steel strand within the nominal insitu joints
ng.
at cross-wall locations and around the perimeter of the building to create a continuous tie
arrangement.
n
Building design is analysed for structural stability by Precast Structures consultants
who have extensive knowledge in the design stability of cross-wall building structures. et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
11. Explain the use of large panel prefab systems with suitable example n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
12.What are the space bordering ?
These members are used to give spaces like walls both load carrying and partition walls .
asy
this may (or ) may not contain doors and windows the provision for the same is as per the
requirement . Another example for the space bordering member are floor slabs .
En
gin
e eri
UNIT-5
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND SHELL ROOFS ng.
Transportation and Hosting of Prefabricates:
 Truck cranes
n et
 Gantry cranes
 Mast cranes
 Derrick cranes
 Twinned mast cranes
Truck cranes:
Truck cranes consists of chasis includinig mortar and pivoting upper part. These cranes
are
mobile and an travel on their own needs. Different features are:
1. Weight of the crane while travelling is 31.8 tonnes
2. Maximum height of hoisting hook is 36.6m

3. Crane can rotate through 360º.

Disadvantage:
Needs firm and compact soil.
Gantry Cranes:
These cranes are used mainly to serve the operation of manufacturing and storing areas in
prefabrication plants.
 Capacity 5T, Total weight 4.5T
 Horizontal distance between 2 tracks is 7.8m
 Maximum height is up to 11m
 Mast height 10.9m and it can hoist up to 20 tonnes in operation.
ww
Mast Cranes:
These are wide spread hoisting devices,simple and cheap. Operation requires great skill
w.E
and practice. Useful in hoisting prefabricates in vertical direction. Suspension load can be
slightly moved forward by slackening the rear staying cable. Hoisting load is done by a
winch.
Twinned mast cranes:
asy
It is used for hoisting member to great height. It consists of two steel column assembled
En
from sections and connected at top by bridging structure.
Hoisting capacity using two cranes each of 35-70T
gin
Operation of the crane required minimum 16 workers.
The crane can be transferred but takes 1-2 days and is suitable fr high lifting but difficult
Derrick cranes:
e
to operate. These are now a days replaced by 30T mast cranes hinged in 2 directions.
eri
Highly efficient lifting machines
It is stable or movable ng.
Capacity 20-40T
Suitable for prefabrication halls
These cranes have booms which can move in horizontal directions.
n et
Erection of Buildings:
Prefabricated structurers are erected in coonvinient sections which when fixed correctly
should be sufficiently rigid in all directions. Normal sequence of erection is
a. Structure units- external load bearing walls,columns,etc
b. Non structure units- internal walls,partition walls,etc
c. Floor panels, balconies, stair units
d. Specialized prefabricated units- chimney flumes. Ventilators, sanitary installation.
If the external walls are hand laid from small blocks or bricks, all necessary materials
should be hoisted by crane and stacked near the ultimate position. The mansonry work is
begun after the floor immediately above is laid.

The tolerances are comparatively strict and are normally coompliedwith the use of a
skilled rection gang. The distance between the wals are measured with the steel tape and
the thickness of joint with rule having mm scale.The accuracy is verified by means of
surveying instruments after all joints are connected or erected.
Hosting of Columns:
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
The hoisting machine for small column is less than five tones. First of all pick up gear
must be assembled on to the column and the column is then under pinned.
ng.
Thereafter the column is lowered temporarily on to a sheep shoe assembled at the foot
and the roller track is pushed under the shoe. When column is hoisted the pick up points
n
moves vertically and bottom resting on the roller tracks shifts towards the footing. When
the column is lifted to the required height, the retaining cable is used to decrease and
finally stop the swinging motion of the column.
The hoisting and fixing up of the beams:
et

ww
w.E
asy
1. Pick up and hoisting
En
gin
Beams in general are liftedat two points depending on the weight and dimmensioons
as well as the load bearing capacity of hoisting machines. The hoisting grider which
e
is heavy to a great can be executed with hydraulic jacks. The jacks are lowered and
the beam is placed to the required position to the column.
Suspension: eri
ng.
For lifting up of trusse and large beams of length 25-30m. care is taken to lift the rocker
in uniform rate with two hoisting machines otherwise the beams would be subjected to
distortion during the lifting leading to cracks.
1.What is the meant by surface forming members ?

n et
In the case of surface forming members, the load carrying and surface bordering are
united and a uniform load carrying surface is found loaded by complex forces and
economic shapes.
Example : Shell structures folded plates structures etc.
2. differentiate between synclastic and Anticlastic .

In the case the synclastic the curve of the shell in the same side (eg : hemispherical shell )
where as in the case of anticlastic the curvature of the shell is in opposite direction eg:
hyperbolic shell (saddle shell ).

3. Write a short on dome structure .

A dome is a space structure covering a more (or ) less square (or ) irregular area . The
best known example is the dome of revolution , and it is one of the earliest of the shell
structure. Excellent examples are still is existence that were built in Roman times .
4. Write a brief note on shell structures.

These are load bearing structures having curved surface.The advantage of shells is that it
provides large column free area for the monolithic construction.The cost of shuttering &
scaffolding is very high but if manufactured in a precast factory in large scale.The
production cosh can be considerably reduced.
The shell structure can have ribs in the centre & provided with curved membranelikee
roof.The shells built of precast members used in the construction of industrial buildings
ww
are many.The thickness of shell varies from 2 to 10cm.Some precast shell,,s are produced
with dimensions which are very difficult to transport.To avoid such difficulty large size
w.E
shells are precast near to the restting or construction place.
The transportable or small size shell members can be precast in factories & these are
transported to the site.Examples:Barrel shells,Saddle or hyperboloid shells.cupola or
paraboloid shells.
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

Types:
a.Single barrel:
The structure above is a single barrel with edge beams.The shell has been allowed to
project beyond the edge of the stiffener in order to show the shape of the shell.Stiffeners
are required at columns.They do not necessarily have to be complete diaphragms but may
be arches with a horizontal tie.The thickness is based on design of a slab element,the
thickness of the barrel shell is usually based on the minimum thickness required for
covering the steel for fireproofing,plus the space required for three layers of bars,plus
some space for tolerance.If these bars are all half inch rounds,a practical minimum would
ww
be 3 ¼ inches.Near the supports the thickness may be greater for containing the larger
longitudinal bars.
If more than one barrel is placed side by side,the structure is a multiple barrel structure
w.E
& if more than one span,it is called as multiple span structure.
b.Multiple barrel structure:
asy
This structure shows a multiple barrel with vertical edge beams at the outside edges.The
stiffeners have been place over a roof.The advantage of having the stiffeners on top is
En
that there are no interruptions to the space inside the shell so both the inside appearance
& the utility are better.The movable formwork may be used which will slide with little
decentering lengthwise of the shell.
gin
The multiple span structure should have an occasional expansion joint to reduce
e
shrinkage & thermal stresses.This can be accomplished by cantilevering half the span
eri
from each adjacent stiffener.A small upturned rib placed oon each side of the joint &
ng.
accordion type sheet metal flashing is arranged to prevent roof leakage.
The maximum spans for this type shell are again limited by the geometry off the cros
section .Assuming the maximum width of barrel to be 50 feet & maximum end slope to
feet. n
would be about 14 feet,the maximum span would be in the order of 150
et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
North light shells:
n et
This type of shell structure is used to provide large areas of north light windows for
factories requiring excellent natural lighting.The windows may be slanting or may be
vertical.The member at the bottom forms a drainage trough with the curved shell &
materially assists in stiffening the structure. The effective depth of the shell is not the
vertical distance between the two ends but is morely represented b the depth if the shellis
laid flat with the ends of the circle on the same horizontal line.The spans for the north
light shell must be rather small in comparison to the vertical depth of construction.The
edges of adjacent shalls should be tied together by concrete struts serving as mullions
between the window glazing.

Long barrel shell:

Long barrel shell obtained hen the semicircle or a segment of same is translated along
thelongitudinal axis.
ww
Generally used for shed for industrially purpose & buildings for large column free
w.E
areas.Generally the prefabricated barrels off sizes 3.5 to 5m & 10m long with edge beams
having thickness of 60mm.The thickness of the shell should not be more than 40mm.The
dimension of these members were finally limited by the load carrying capacity of the
asy
available hoisting machines using the girder system built of precast prestressed trusses
with parallel chords,areas having a span of even more than 15m can be covere with barrel
shell
En
Folded plate:
gin
e eri
ng.
n et
A folded plate structure with 3 segments for each barrel.The forces from the reactions of
the sloping plates on these rigid frames will be quire large and at an outside column they
will not be balanced by thrusts from the adjacent plates.The size of the frames may be
reduce by using a steel tie between the tops of the columns.The dimensions of the plate
are dependent on both the with of the barrel & on the span.The depth of the shell should
be about 0.10 timess the span & the maximum slope of a plate should not be greater than

baywidth is 24 feet.The depth of

the shell should be about 6 feet & the horizontal width of each plate
with a 3 segment plate should be about 8 feet.The lope of the plate is 6/8,which is about
satisfactory.The thickness of plate could be about 3 ½ inches.The principle
components in a folded plate consist of 1.inclined plate 2.edge plate which must be used
to wide plate.3.Stiffeners to carry the loads to the supports & to hold the plate.4.Column
to support the structure in the air.
5. Discuss about domes in detail.
Domes are construced with many planes so they ressemble the facets of a diamond.The
structural problem in designing these shells is to provide enough angle between the
planes so that an actual rib is formed which will be stiff enough to support the plane
ww
surface.Usually it is best to start with a spherical translation surface.
w.E
Folded plate dome:
This makes use of tapered folded plate slanting to the centre in the form of a tent.It can be
built so that each of the triangular elements is self supporting during construction except
asy
for possibly a single shore at the crown.To obtain natural light the top may be cut off & a
ring inserted with a sky light.The arch thrusts are taken through this ring & the difficult
En
forming of the narrow plate at the crown is avoided.If the structure is large there would
be very high bending stresses due to the curvature & the ring would be very large.
Multi facet dome: gin

e
There may be discontinuous in the layout of intersections which make or destroy the
eri
visual effect & make the structure more difficult to design.This dome can be of much
greater span than the previous example because the span of the individual slab element is
ng.
less.A dome hexagonal in plain can be made continuous with adjacent units if it is
necessary to cover a large area.
Half sphere- vertical walls: n

A half sphere for a dome of revolution does not require a thrust ring at the base so it can et
beplaced on vertical walls & made continuous with a walls.This design is used for tanks
because theroof becomes a part of the tank.The vertical portion of the sphere is not
difficult to construct ifpneumatically applied shotcrete or a similar process is used.The
structure with arched openings an aplastic dome on the crown has a rather oriental
feeling.The most serious problems in the architectureof dome is acoustics.In a domed
ceiling the sound may reverberate as many as 20 times unless thereis acoustical
treatment.
Domes-Square in plan:
This structure is a spherical dome with portions sliced off to form a square
orrectangle.Most areas to be covered are rectangular so a circular dome is not always a
good solution tothe planning requirements.This dome is supported by four rigid frame &

would only be suitable forsmall span because the frame would get quire in large.For long
spans it is necessary to place a tiebetween the knees of the frame.These ties can be made
a part of the windows.Stresses in the shell aredirect compression stresses except across
the corner where there are direct tensile due to the outward spread of the forces.The
arches or rigid frames pic up the shell forces by shear parallel to the arches which are
zero at the top & maximum at the bottom.There is no component of force in the
shellperpendicular to the arches.
Multiple Domes:
The domes is rectangular & is continuous with the adjacent domes.The edges of dome are
supported by tied arches or brousing trusses.If windows are needed in these arches,the
ww
mullions may be made to serve as vertical hangers for the bottom chords of the arch.In
constructing the shell,each one of the dome elements is an independent structural unit so
w.E
the forms may be moved without shoring all or part of the dome already cast.The shell
thickness of this type of dome does not need to be greater than a circular dome except at
the triangular corners.Membrane action ceases to exists & the corner should be designed
as a slab.
asy
Translation domes:
En
This structure looks very much like the square dome.A translation shell is generated by a
gin
vertical curve sliding along another vertical curve.The curvs can be circles,ellipses or
parabolas.Therefore the vertical sections are all identical as opposed to a circular dome in
e
which all vertical sections vary in height.This is a big advantage in construction of the
eri
formwork.This method can provide a rectangular dome with the same height of arch on
all sides,thus making a rectangular dome feasible.
ng.
Most of the load is carried by the side arches with some coming directly to the corners.A
tie at the springing of the arches but usually this will be covered by the walls.Such shells
shell. n
are suitable for quite long spans with some interior lighting furnished by skylights in the
et
6. Explain about Warped surface in detail.
Warped surfaces have a great advantage for shell structure because they may be formed
from straight form boards eventhough they are surfaces of double curvature.There are
two typeswhich are most useful:the conoid which as its name suggests is a portion of a
cone& the hyperbolic paraboloid,a name for a particular mathematical surface.This type
of shell structure can be built to what appears to be the ultimate in lightness of
construction,minimum reinforcing & ease of moving forms. Stresses in the hyperbolic
paraboloid shell are almost entirely membrane(direct tension& compression)& all forces
are delivered as shear parallel to the stiffening ribs.The shell thickness in structures is on
&one half inches except for slight extra thickness at the intersection of the surface.This

dimension is based on a cover of one centimeter on each side of two layers of bars & not
an any structural requirement for strength.
7. Explain the construction principle and manufacture of fore-fabricated component
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
8. Suggest different materials suitable for pre fabrication components
n et
9. Mention how industrial structures differ from conventional framed structures

Frame construction, is a building technique based around structural members,
usually called studs, which provide a stable frame to which interior and exterior wall
coverings are attached, and covered by a roof comprising horizontal ceiling joists and
sloping rafters (together forming a truss structure)

Industrial structures is called precast structures or prefabricated structures
10. What are the types of cranes used in transportation of prefabricated structures?
 Mobile Cranes
 Tower Crane
 Loader Crane
 Overhead Crane
11. What are the types of gantry used in transportation of prefabricated structures?
ww

Truck-mounted crane
Side lift crane


w.E
Rough terrain crane
Floating crane
asy
12. What is the meant by insitu concrete
En
In-situ is most commonly a mixture of aggregate (known as builder's mix) blended with
gin
portland cement and clean water, that is free of oils, acid etc.
13. Explain about the tower crane

e eri
ng.
The tower crane is a modern form of balance crane. Fixed to the ground (and
sometimes attached to the sides of structures as well), tower cranes often give the best
n
combination of height and lifting capacity and are used in the construction of tall
buildings. et
14. Explain about various cranes used in transportation of prefabricated structures?
Type of
Description
crane
A crane mounted on a truck carrier provides the mobility for this type of
Truck- crane. Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways, eliminating the
mounted need for special equipment to transport the crane. When working on the

crane jobsite, outriggers are extended horizontally from the chassis then vertically to
level and stabilize the crane while stationary and hoisting. Many truck cranes
have slow-travelling capability (a few miles per hour) while suspending a
load. Great care must be taken not to swing the load sideways from the
direction of travel, as most anti-tipping stability then lies in the stiffness of the
chassis suspension. Most cranes of this type also have moving counterweights
for stabilization beyond that provided by the outriggers. Loads suspended
directly aft are the most stable, since most of the weight of the crane acts as a
counterweight. Factory-calculated charts (or electronic safeguards) are used
by crane operators to determine the maximum safe loads for stationary
(outriggered) work as well as (on-rubber) loads and travelling speeds.Truck
cranes range in lifting capacity from about 14.5 US tons to about 1300 US
ww tons.
Sidelift w.E
A sidelifter crane is a road-going truck or semi-trailer, able to hoist and
transport ISO standard containers. Container lift is done with parallel crane-
asy
crane like hoists, which can lift a container from the ground or from a railway
vehicle.
En
A crane mounted on an undercarriage with four rubber tires that is designed
for pick-and-carry operations and for off-road and "rough terrain"
Rough
gin
applications. Outriggers are used to level and stabilize the crane for hoisting.
terrain
crane
e
These telescopic cranes are single-engine machines, with the same engine
eri
powering the undercarriage and the crane, similar to a crawler crane. In a
rough terrain crane, the engine is usually mounted in the undercarriage rather
than in the upper, as with crawler crane.
ng.
n
A mobile crane with the necessary equipment to travel at speed on public
All terrain roads, and on rough terrain at the job site using all-wheel and crab steering.
AT‘s combine the roadability of Truck-mounted Cranes and the
et
crane
manoeuvrability of Rough Terrain Cranes. AT’s have 2-9 axles and are
designed for lifting loads up to 1200 metric tons.[29]
A crawler is a crane mounted on an undercarriage with a set of tracks (also

called crawlers) that provide stability and mobility. Crawler cranes range in
Crawler lifting capacity from about 40 US tons to 3500 US tons. Crawler cranes have
crane both advantages and disadvantages depending on their use. Their main
advantage is that they can move around on site and perform each lift with
little set-up, since the crane is stable on its tracks with no outriggers. In
addition, a crawler crane is capable of traveling with a load. The main

disadvantage is that they are very heavy, and cannot easily be moved from
one job site to another without significant expense. Typically a large crawler
must be disassembled and moved by trucks, rail cars or ships to its next
location.
A railroad crane has flanged wheels for use on railroads. The simplest form is
Railroad a crane mounted on a railroad car. More capable devices are purpose-built.
crane Different types of crane are used for maintenance work, recovery operations
and freight loading in goods yards.
Floating cranes are used mainly in bridge building and port construction, but
ww they are also used for occasional loading and unloading of especially heavy or
awkward loads on and off ships. Some floating cranes are mounted on a
Floating
crane w.E
pontoon, others are specialized crane barges with a lifting capacity exceeding
10,000 tons and have been used to transport entire bridge sections. Floating
cranes have also been used to salvage sunken ships. Crane vessels are often
asy
used in offshore construction. The largest revolving cranes can be found on
SSCV Thialf, which has two cranes with a capacity of 7,100 metric tons each.
En
gin
Aerial crane or 'Sky cranes' usually are helicopters designed to lift large loads.
Helicopters are able to travel to and lift in areas that are difficult to reach by
conventional cranes. Helicopter cranes are most commonly used to lift
Aerial
crane e eri
units/loads onto shopping centers and highrises. They can lift anything within
their lifting capacity, (cars, boats, swimming pools, etc.). They also perform
ng.
disaster relief after natural disasters for clean-up, and during wild-fires they
are able to carry huge buckets of water to extinguish fires. Some aerial cranes,
n
mostly concepts, have also used lighter-than air aircraft, such as airships.
et

15. Explain the manufacturing of structural component
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

16. What are the various types of trusses?
 Pitched truss
 King post truss
 Queen post truss
17. What is meant by truss?
A truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight
slender members whose ends are connected at joints referred to as nodes. External forces
ww
and reactions to those forces are considered to act only at the nodes and result in forces in
w.E
the members which are either tensile or compressive forces.
18. Explain the term Corbels
asy
A corbel is an architectural bracket or block projecting from a wall and supporting (or
En
appearing to support) a ceiling, beam, or shelf. A corbel can be made of wood, plaster,
marble, or other materials.
gin
e
19. What are various the types of roof structures in industrial buildings?
eri
ng.
n et
20. Explain the List the various equipment used in pre cast concrete industry
 Lifting Equipments: Tower Cranes, Mobile Hydraulic Cranes, Crawler Cranes,

Telescopic Material Handlers, Forklifts, Construction Hoists, Man lifts.
 Earth Moving Equipments: Dozers, Graders, Loaders, Rollers, Excavators,
Trenchers, Scrapers.
 Power Generation Equipments
 Compressed Air Equipments

 Welding Transformers
 Concrete Production, Conveying, Pumping, and Placing equipment.
 Query Equipments
 Demolition Equipments
 Pipe Laying Equipments
 Asphalt Production, Laying, and Compaction Equipments
21. Explain the various phases involved in the design and construction of shell roofs
ww
industrial building
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

22. What are the types of trusses? Explain
The truss is a triangulated framework of members where loads in the plane of the truss or
girder are resisted by axial forces in the individual members. The terms are generally
applied to the planar truss. A 'space frame' is formed when the members lie in three
dimensions.
The main uses are:
 in buildings, to support roofs and floors, to span large distances and carry
ww 

relatively light loads
in road and rail bridges, for short and intermediate spans and in footbridges
As bracing in buildings and bridges, to provide stability where the bracing
w.E
members form a truss with other structural members such as the columns in a
building.
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

The most commonly used truss is single span, simply supported and statically
determinate with joints assumed to act as pins. A truss can be assembled from small
easily handled and transported pieces, and the site connections can all be bolted. Trusses
can have a particular advantage for bridges in countries where access to the site is
difficult or supply of skilled labour is limited
The king post truss is used for simple roof trusses and short-span bridges. It is the
ww
simplest form of truss in that it is constructed of the fewest number of truss members
(individual lengths of wood or metal). The truss consists of two diagonal members that
w.E
meet at the apex of the truss, one horizontal beam that serves to tie the bottom end of the
diagonals together, and the king post which connects the apex to the horizontal beam
below.
asy
En
A queen post bridge has two uprights placed about one-third of the way from each bank.
gin
They are connected across the top by a beam and use a diagonal brace between the outer
edge. The central square of between the two verticals was either un braced on shorter
spans. e eri
ng.
n et

23. Explain the erecting and erection applications
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

23. Explain the various phases involved in the design and construction of pre
fabricated industrial building.
ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

24. Explain the List the various equipment used in pre cast concrete industry
 Lifting Equipments: Tower Cranes, Mobile Hydraulic Cranes, Crawler Cranes,

Telescopic Material Handlers, Forklifts, Construction Hoists, Man lifts.
 Earth Moving Equipments: Dozers, Graders, Loaders, Rollers, Excavators,
Trenchers, Scrapers.
 Power Generation Equipments
 Compressed Air Equipments
 Welding Transformers
 Concrete Production, Conveying, Pumping, and Placing equipment.
ww

Query Equipments
Demolition Equipments


w.E
Pipe Laying Equipments
Asphalt Production, Laying, and Compaction Equipments
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

ww
w.E
asy
En
gin
e eri
ng.
n et

CE8022 NOTES PFS by WWW - Easyengineering.net 3

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CE8022 NOTES PFS by WWW - Easyengineering.net 3

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

**Note: Other Websites/Blogs Owners Please do not Copy (or) Republish

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Prefabrication is the practice of assembling components of a structure in

a factory or other manufacturing site, and transporting complete assemblies or sub-

Different Between Prefabricated Constructions and Conventional Type:

The conventional method of building a house is to transport bricks, timber,

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Need for Prefabrication:

 shorter construction time

ww  highly efficient for weather resistance

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

3. Comprehensive prefabrication involves a structural part and pre-finished

ww 1. Self-supporting ready-made components are used, so the need for formwork,

1. Careful handling of prefabricated components such as concrete panels or steel and

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

7. Modular coordination or MC is a dimensional system. It is a dimension and space

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Importance of modular homes

1. Indoor construction. Assembly is independent of weather which increases work

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

2. Favourable pricing from suppliers. Large-scale manufacturers can effectively

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

2. Avoid penetration of the forms

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

5. Use standard items

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

6. Be aware of material limitations

certain sizes of inserts, etc.

7. Avoid non-standard tolerances

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Considerations for Erection

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

3. Stability of the structure

4. Be aware of possible different loading conditions during erection

During erection loading conditions can occur, which induce stresses or

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

7. Use connections that are not susceptible to damage in handling

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Classification of shear walls

Types of shear walls

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

4. RC Hollow concrete Block masonry wall

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

these different systems into a construction project is becoming increasingly a "digital"

4. Write out the advantages & disadvantages of prefabrication ?

5) Define the term Off-site fabrication .

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

6) Write short note on Production process .

10) Write short note on Principles of MC Concept ?

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

11. Define shear wall .

15. Explain the term basic module

16. What are the factors to consider in transporting of prefabricated structures?

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net