ssss

SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

A RESEARCHED BASED MINI PROJECT REPORT ON

“protection of boiler tube steels with coatings from hot corrosion”

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Student Name SRN Semester & Section

Bablu yadav R20ER013 6A
Veeresh patil R20ER043 6A
Vivek R20ER044 6A
Brijesh Chauhan R20ER015 6A

Under the guidance of

Dr B SOMASUNDAR
Dessignation
School of Mechanical Engineering REVA University

2022-2023
Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru-560064
www.reva.edu.in
 DECLARATION

We, Bablu yadav ,Veeresh patil, Vivek ES ,Brijesh chauhan students of B. Tech
belonging to School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University, declare that this
research based mini Project Report entitled “protection of boiler tube steels with

coatings from hot corrosion” is the research based mini project work done by us
under the supervision of Dr B SOMASUNDAR.
Designation, School of Mechanical Engineering, REVA University.

We are submitting this research based mini Project Report in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering by the REVAUniversity, Bangalore during the academic year 2022-23.
We declare that this research based mini project report satisfies the academic requirements in
respect of research based mini Project work prescribed for the said Degree.
We further declare that this research based mini project report or any part of it has not been
submitted for awardof any other Degree / Diploma of this University or any other University/
Institution.

(Signature of candidate)
Date:

Certified that this project work submitted by Bablu yadav ,Veeresh patil ,Vivek ES, Brijesh
Chauhan has been carried out under my guidance and the declaration made by the candidate is
true to the best of myknowledge.

Signature of Guide Signature of Director

ii
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “protection of boiler tube steels with
coatings from hot corrosion” carried out by, Bablu yadav ,Veeresh patil, Vivek ES
,Brijesh chauhan are bonafide students of REVA University during the academic year
2023-23, are submitting the research based mini project report in partial fulfillment for the
award of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical Engineering. The project report has been
approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect of Project workprescribed for
the said Degree.

Signature of guide Signature of director

Dr B SOMASUNDAR Dr. K S NARAYANASWAMY

Designation, Director and Professor,
School of Mechanical Engineering School of Mechanical Engineering

Name of the Examiner with affiliation Signature with Date

1.

2.

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 CONTENTS
Titles Page No

ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................
OBJECTIVES…………………………………………………………………
LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................
SUMMARY OF LITRATURE REVIEW ........................................................
PROBLEM DEFINITION……………………………………………………
REFERENCESs ................................................................................................

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ABSTRACT
The Traditional steels and their alloys cannot resist corrosion at high temperatures
seen in thermal power plant boilers. Due to higher working temperatures for
boilers, the issue of hot corrosion has grown more straightforward. Several
researchers have recently attempted to use surface coatings to lessen heat corrosion
of boiler steels. These coating processes have been demonstrated to improve boiler
steels' corrosion resistance and boost their performance at high working
temperatures, which has subsequently prolonged their lifespan. The development of
surface coatings with remarkably superior corrosion resistance qualities is the
consequence of developments and advancements in thermal spraying
processes.

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INTRODUCTION

Steels and other materials go through a variety of working situations at high

temperatures. Corrosion is an issue as a result of using steels in this high
temperature application. According to Rapp and Zhang [1], the oxidation of
material at high temperatures that's what allows boiler steel to corrode. The
contaminants in the coal used in the boilers encompass oxide of vanadium,
sodium, and sulphur. These contaminants combine with oxygen to form oxides,
which can corrode metals. Sulphur combines with oxygen to produce SO2, which
partially oxidises to produce SO3. According to Srikanth et al.[2] sodium and
vanadium react with oxygen to create sodium and vanadium oxides. These oxides
combine with each other to form complex oxides of Na and V, which are
commonly known as vanadates. Eliaz et al.[3] define hot corrosion as accelerated
corrosion based on by the presence of salt
Contamination, mostly NaCl, and V2O5,which combined to produce molten
deposits that destroy the protective coatings. In energy generation systems,
residual fuel oil and coal are frequently used due to the lack of high-quality fuels,
aas well as reason for financial gain. These fuels include impurity that form
compound on the material’s surface at low melting points and cause corrosion.

Such compounds are commonly referred to as Ash. The said ash settles on the
material surface and causes corrosion. Material degradation happens when these
melted compounds dissolve the protective oxide layers which form naturally on
the materials dur- ing the boiler/gas turbine operation[4-8]. Many situations that
resulted in fatalities and property damage were due to a failure to prevent or at
least detect hot corrosion at an early stage. Tens of millions of dollars are
frequently spent to restore deteriorated structure, machinery, and equipment in
addition to the immediate expenses associated with shutdown and productivity
loss. Moreover, abrupt material degradation can result in human handicap or even
risk to life [9,10]. When boiler tubes and other parts are corroding, power plants
may need to shut down. Boiler steam temperature and thermal efficiency are both
reduced by corrosion.
Conventional steels, which are used extensively in thermal power plants, cannot
tolerate corrosion issues. In recent years, scientists have improved the oxidation and
corrosion protection of steels by using several types of coatings. Thermal spray
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coating techniques are now widely used to increase abrasive wear resistance and
extend the useful life of products. [11–14]. Over the recent years, these coatings
have gained significant importance to improve the life span of steels in high
temperature application environments. Innovations in the manufacturing of powder and
wire alongside advancements in thermal spraying methods have led to the development of
surface coatings of high corrosion resistance properties [15-17]. Such techniques have no
particular shortcomings about the surface and core composition [18]. High hardness
coatings can be developed a few millimeters thicknesses. The methods of flame, arc,
plasma, and HVOF are mostly used to protect boiler components [19]. Owing to the
remelting, the flame system is rarely used, and the plasma method is relatively expensive
[20–22].

In recent past, various researchers have used thermal spraying techniques to develop various
type of coatings of boiler steels to increase the corrosion resistance. In the section work
done by various research has been discussed.

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OBJECTIVES:

The specific objectives of the present investigation are as follows:

1. Development of composite materials that offer corrosion resistance at high

temperatures.
2. Identification and structural investigation of the reaction products of the corroded
sample subject to Optical Microscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDAX) techniques.
3. To analyze their potential for application as corrosion- and heat-resistant coating for
boilers in power plants.
4. To evaluate the hot corrosion resistance of coated and uncoated alloys in a molten salt
environment.
5. The microstructure, composition, physical and mechanical properties will be
characterized to evaluate their potential as high temperature corrosion and erosion
resistant coatings for application in power plant boilers.

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ssLITERATURE SURVEY AND REVIEW

[23] Buta et al:

Journal name Title Coating proces property parameters Remarks

s

Materials Characterisat Ni-3Al, plasma metallograph Microhardnes Considerable

ions of NiCrAlY spray y, XRD and s, reduction in the
Science and hardness values has
plasma SEM/EDAX been observed after
Engineering sprayed and
analysis laser remelting in
laser case of NiCrAlY bond
remelted coats. The laser
NiCrAlY remelting has
resulted in
bond coats significant dilution of
and Ni3Al coating due to inter
coatings on diffusion of atoms.
boiler tube
steels

By using a veiled plasma spray technique, coatings of NiCrAlY and Ni3Al were applied on
boiler tube steels also with ASTM-SA210-Grade A1, ASTM-SA213-T-11, and ASTM-
SA213-T-22 standards. Before adding Ni3Al coatings, a bond coat of NiCrAlY was also
applied. The coatings were analysed using SEM/EDAX, XRD, and metallography.

All through the cross-section, the coatings' microhardness has been measured. In the case of
NiCrAlY bond coatings, significant hardness loss was observed following laser remelting.
Due to atom diffusion, the laser remelting has significantly diluted the coating. Through
laser remelting coatings, very dense and homogenous structures have been developed.

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[24] Gond et al:

Journal name Title Coating process property parameter Remarks
Journal of Characterisation Cr3C2– thermal Optical wear, erosion and Carbide coatings

Minerals & and Corrosion micrograph, corrosion can be successfully

NiCr spray deposited over the
Materials Behaviour of FE-SEM, protective
substrate material
Characterization Carbide based coatings BSEI
by HVOF,
& Engineering Thermal Spray micrograph
Detonation gun and
Coatings
Plasma Spray
processes. Cr3C2–
NiCr coatings offer
excellent corrosion
and oxidation
resistance, also
having a high
melting point and
maintaining high
hardness, strength
and wear resistance
at high temperature

Under isothermal circumstances at a temperature of 900°C, the oxidation behaviour of T-91

steel and T-22 steel in salt of 75 weight percent Na2SO4 and 25 weight percent NaCl has
been investigated in a cyclic way. At 900°C, oxidation kinetics for T-91 steel and T-22 steel
in salt were developed.
using the thermogravimetric method for 50 cycles under cyclic circumstances. Each cycle
took two hours to complete: one hour of heating at 900°C and 20 minutes of cooling in air.
Both samples almost followed the oxidation parabolic rate rule. The oxide scales were
characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy/energy
dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDAX) methods. During salt oxidation, T-91 steel was shown to be
more corrosion resistant than T-22 steel.

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[25] Shihong Zhang et al:

Journal Title Coating process property parameter Remarks
name
Corrosion KCl-induced NiCrAlY velocity XRD, SEM internal NiCrAlY coating was
Science hot corrosion And oxy-fuel topographic oxidation seriously corroded and
behavior of
high velocity NiCrBSi sprayed micrographs severe internal oxidation
oxy-fuel was produced along the
sprayed
splat boundaries, while
NiCrAlY and
NiCrBSi the corrosion of NiCrBSi
coatings coating was relatively
deposited on
12CrMoV mild and the inner
boiler steel at coating remained intact,
700 ℃
which was ascribed to the
denser structure and the
generation of a SiO2
protective layer.

In the presence of KCl salt at 700 °C, the hot corrosion behaviour of two types
of HVOF-sprayed NiCr-based coatings containing various oxide-forming
elements (such as Al and Si) was examined and compared. The outcomes
demonstrated that NiCrBSi coating's hot corrosion resistance was superior to
NiCrAlY coating's. The inner coating of the NiCrBSi coating corroded relatively
mildly and was left unbroken, in contrast to the severely corroded NiCrAlY
coating and the severe internal oxidation that was produced along the splat
boundaries. This difference was attributed to the denser structure and the
creation of a SiO2 protective layer.

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[26] singh et al:

Journal Title Coating process property parameter Remarks
name
Surface and Behaviors Ni and Cr laser scanning oxidation The significant
Coatings of laser treated in
electron resistance superior oxidation
Technology treated Cr, the
Ni coatings oxidative microscopy resistance of the
in the atmosphere
(SEM) with laser treated
oxidative of a steam
atmosphere boiler an energy coating to that of
of a steam
dispersive the uncoated AISI
boiler
spectrometer 304 and the same
(EDS) and plasma-sprayed
wavelength coating is ascribed
dispersive to a coating without
spectrometer pores and the
(WDS) formation of a thin
oxidised protective
film

In this publication, outcomes from a research of laser-treated Cr-Ni base coatings in steam boilers
with 3-3.5 vol% free oxygen at 773 and 1073 K are presented. By weighing samples, the whole oxidation
process has been quantified.

SEM was used together with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and a wavelength mounted
on a gray spectrometer (WDS) to analyse the oxidised layers. The outcomes were contrasted with the
oxidation results of various Cr-Ni plasma-sprayed coatings and AISI 304 stainless steel that had previously
been tested.

The laser-treated coating's significantly higher oxidation resistance compared to untreated AISI 304
and the identical plasma-sprayed coating is attributed to its lack of pores and the development of a thin
oxidised protective film.

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[27] Tie-Gang Wang et al:

Journal name Title Coating process property parameter Remarks

Surface and Design of a WC–Co D gun separation surface The results
Coatings separation coatings spray, device was roughness, showed that
Technology device used designed lower the the use of the
in and porosity, separation
constructed device
detonation higher the
in the resulted in
gun detonation microhardness better
spraying gun spraying properties of
system and system the D-gun
its effects sprayed WC–
on the Co coatings.
performance
of WC–Co
coatings

The detonation results showed an unwanted scatter when they were spurted out of the barrel's
nozzle at high velocity and pressure during the detonation gun (D-gun) spraying procedure. A separating
mechanism was included in the detonation gun spraying system to address this issue.

The D-gun spraying technology was used to create the WC-Co coatings either with or without the
use of a separating mechanism. The findings demonstrated that the separation device improved the
properties of the WC-Co coatings sprayed with a D-gun, such as lowering surface roughness and porosity
and raising microhardness, elastic modulus, and interfacial adhesive strength.

sThe WC-Co coatings' tribological performance was also enhanced. It was examined how the
porosity of WC-Co coatings affected their surface roughness, microhardness, elastic modulus, adhesive
strength, and wear resistance. However, there is an unavoidable disadvantage to employing the separation
mechanism, namely the raw material powder's significantly reduced effective utilisation rate. The
separation device can therefore be used in situations where exceptional performance requirements are
necessary and greater prices are acceptable.

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[28] Maria Oksa et al :

Journal name Title Coating process property parameter Remarks

Surface and Performance
Coatings testing of chromium Thermally SEM– surface The low alloyed
Technology iron based sprayed EDX. roughness, boiler tubes
thermally coatings lower the had suffered
sprayed porosity, severely with a
HVOF higher the corrosion rate
coatings in a microhardness as high as
biomass- 2 mm/year,
fired whereas
fluidised dense thermal
bed boiler spray
coatings offered
excellent
protection
during the
exposure.

It has been difficult to control high temperature corrosion issues in biomass-fired boilers, in part
because of the large concentrations of chemically active chemicals, in particular alkali chlorides. Low
alloyed substrate materials can be protected in areas sensitive to high temperature corrosion by thermally
sprayed coatings having a high chromium concentration.

For two years, the Fe-27Cr-11Ni-4Mo and Fe-19Cr-9W-7Nb-4Mo thermally sprayed (HVOF —
high velocity oxy-fuel) coatings were subjected to biomass boiler conditions. Mostly wood-based fuels
combined with small amounts of clay were utilised in the liquid-bed boiler for district heating. The coated
tubes were situated in the boiler's hot economiser, where the maximum material temperature was thought to
be around 200 °C. Following exposure, SEM-EDX was used to investigate the coatings and the carbon
steel St35.8 substrate material.

In the biomass boiler having relatively low heat exchanger surface temperatures, it was discovered
that corrosion induced by components including chlorine, potassium, zinc, lead, and copper had resulted in
significant material waste. The corrosion rate on the low alloyed boiler tubes had been quite high, reaching
2 mm/year, whereas thick thermal spray coatings provided good protection during the exposure.

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[29] Subhash Kamal et al:

Journal Title Coating process property paramete Remarks

name r
Journal Hot Cr3C2–
of Alloys corrosion NiCr gun sprayed XRD, microstruc Hot corrosion resistance of
and behavior of coating (D-gun) SEM, and tural and the D-gun sprayed Cr3C2–
Compou detonation s FE- compositi NiCr coating is due to the
nds gun sprayed Thermogravi SEM/ED onal formation of desirable
microstructural features such
Cr3C2–NiCr metry AX features,
as very low porosity,
coatings on technique
uniform fine grains, and the
Ni and Fe- flat splat structures in the
based coating. It is concluded that
superalloys the hot corrosion resistance
in Na2SO4– of the D-gun sprayed Cr3C2–
60% NiCr coating is due to the
V2O5 enviro formation of desirable
nment at microstructural features such
900 °C as very low porosity,
uniform fine grains, and the
flat splat structures in the
coating.

The current study examines the hot corrosion resistance of Cr3C2-NiCr coatings applied to Superni
75, Superni 718, and Superfer 800 H superalloys using a detonation cannon (D-gun). These superalloy
substrates' deposited coatings have a virtually homogeneous, adherent, and dense microstructure with a
porosity of less than 0.8%. In order to evaluate the high temperature hot corrosion behaviour of uncoated
and Cr3C2-NiCr-coated superalloys in a molten salt environment (Na2SO4-60% V2O5) for 100 cycles, the
thermogravimetry technique is applied.

By employing XRD, SEM, and FE-SEM/EDAX to introduce their microstructural and

compositional characteristics, the corrosion products of the detonation gun sprayed Cr3C2-NiCr coatings
on superalloys are examined in order to clarify the corrosion mechanisms. In the provided molten salt
environment at 900 °C, it is demonstrated that Cr3C2-NiCr coatings on Ni- and Fe-based superalloy
substrates are particularly efficient in reducing the corrosion rate.

ssssssIn particular, compared to Superni 75 and Superni 718, the coating applied to Superfer 800 H
provided superior hot corrosion resistance. The coatings function as an efficient diffusion barrier to stop
oxygen from the environment from diffusing into the substrate superalloys. Conclusion: The creation of
desired microstructural properties including extremely low porosity, homogeneous fine grains, and flat
splat structures in the coating is what accounts for the Cr3C2-NiCr coating's hot corrosion resistance.

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[30] Khushdeep Goyal et al:

Journal Title Coating process property parameter Remarks

name
Behaviour Cr2O3 high- X-ray weight change lower weight gain along
Surface of carbon velocity diffraction, with the formation of
Engineering nanotubes- oxy-fuel scanning protective oxide scales
Cr2O3 therm method. electron during the experiment.
al barrier microscopy, Reduction in corrosion
coatings in energy rates during hot
actual boiler dispersive corrosion was observed
and cross- with an increase in
sectional CNT content in the
analysis coating matrix.
techniques

Under cyclic thermal loading conditions at 900°C, the hot corrosion behaviour of Cr2O3 composite
coatings solidified with Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) has been studied in the boiler environment of a thermal
power plant. The coatings were applied using the high-velocity oxy-fuel technique, with the CNT
concentration ranging from 1 to 8 wt%.

Weight change analysis was used to compare the impacts of varying CNT content (from 1 to 8 wt-
%) on the behaviour of hot corrosion, and the corrosion products were examined using X-ray diffraction,
scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive, and cross-sectional analysis methods. The outcomes
showed that, in a real boiler setting with high temperatures, a modification in CNT concentration improved
surface coatings' corrosion resistance.

Throughout the trial, the coatings developed protective oxide scales and had a smaller weight
increase. With an increase in CNT content in the coating matrix, a decrease in corrosion rates during hot
corrosion was seen.

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SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW
Table No..Summary of Literature Review
SL.No Author’s Name Paper Title
1 Characterisations of plasma
Buta et al sprayed and laser remelted
NiCrAlY bond coats and
Ni3Al coatings on boiler tube
steels
2 Gond et al: Characterisation and Corrosion-
Erosion Behaviour of Carbide
based Thermal Spray Coatings
3 Shihong KCl-induced hot corrosion
behavior of high velocity
Zhang
oxy-fuel sprayed NiCrAlY
and NiCrBSi coatings
deposited on 12CrMoV boiler
steel at 700 ℃
School of Mechanical Engineering
Project Title
Target Achieved
Considerable reduction in the hardness values
has been observed after laser remelting in case
of NiCrAlY bond coats. The laser remelting has
resulted in significant dilution of coating due to
inter diffusion of atoms.
Carbide coatings can be successfully deposited
over the substrate material by HVOF,
Detonation gun and Plasma Spray processes.
Cr3C2–NiCr coatings offer excellent corrosion
and oxidation resistance, also having a high
melting point and maintaining high hardness,
strength and wear resistance at high
temperature
NiCrAlY coating was seriously corroded and
severe internal oxidation was produced along
the splat boundaries, while the corrosion of
NiCrBSi coating was relatively mild and the
inner coating remained intact, which was
ascribed to the denser structure and the
generation of a SiO2 protective layer
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 Project Title

SL.No Author’s Name Paper Title Target Achieved

Behaviors of laser The significant superior oxidation resistance of
Shijie et al:
4
treated Cr, Ni the laser treated coating to that of the uncoated
coatings in the AISI 304 and the same plasma-sprayed coating is
oxidative ascribed to a coating without pores and the
atmosphere of a formation of a thin oxidised protective film.
steam boiler

5 Tie-Gang Wang Design of a The results showed that the use of the separation
separation device device resulted in better properties of the D-gun
et al used in detonation sprayed WC–Co coatings
gun spraying
system and its
effects on the
performance of
WC–Co coatings

6 Maria Oksa et Performance The low alloyed boiler tubes had suffered severely
testing of iron with a corrosion rate as high as 2 mm/year,
al based thermally whereas dense thermal spray coatings offered
sprayed HVOF excellent protection during the exposure.
coatings in a
biomass-fired
fluidised bed boiler

7 Subhash Kamal Hot corrosion Hot corrosion resistance of the D-gun sprayed
behavior of Cr3C2–NiCr coating is due to the formation of
et al detonation gun desirable microstructural features such as very low
sprayed Cr3C2– porosity, uniform fine grains, and the flat splat
NiCr coatings on structures in the coating. It is concluded that the
Ni and Fe-based hot corrosion resistance of the D-gun sprayed
superalloys in Cr3C2–NiCr coating is due to the formation of
Na2SO4–60% desirable microstructural features such as very low
V2O5 environment porosity, uniform fine grains, and the flat splat
at 900 °C structures in the coating.

8 Khushdeep Behaviour of Small weight gain along with the formation of

carbon nanotubes- protective oxide scales during the experiment.
Goyal et al Cr2O3 thermal Reduction in corrosion rates during hot corrosion
barrier coatings in was observed with an increase in CNT content in
actual boiler the coating matrix.

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SUMMARY OF LITERATURE REVIEW:

The literature review highlights the enormous effort that has been made to characterise this
type of alloy deterioration and prevent hot corrosion and erosion in coal-fired boilers. On
both of these fronts, development has been made. Most of the time, it will not be feasible to
change the composition of alloys to successfully battle limiting corrosion issues in boiler
tube alloys while still maintaining the appropriate mechanical capabilities. It is necessary to
provide coatings with improved corrosion resistance for essentially unchanged metals. The
current coatings used in power plant boilers are either resistant to hot corrosion or to
erosion, according to the literature.

It is crucial to create coatings that are resistant to combination deterioration of corrosion In

a variety of circumstances where components must withstand very high temperatures, the
HVOF sprayed composite, conductive coatings with carbides and oxide formers scattered in
the strong matrix are currently being addressed to prevent deterioration. environment with
several gas components. Also, there is a need to create and test alternative coatings as well
as to understand fully the behaviour of coatings and how they degrade in a hostile
environment.s

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CONCLUSION:
The following findings are reached after reviewing previous
research works on the high temperature corrosion behaviour of
thermal spray coatings:

1. To obtain optimum performance, it is crucial to pick a coating that is

suitable for the unique requirements of the boiler and to make sure that
it is applied properly.

2. According to a review of the literature, several researchers have created

various types of coatings using thermal spraying techniques to improve
the boiler steels' hot corrosion resistance.

3. To boost corrosion resistance, researchers created hard coatings using

thermal spray, HVOF, air plasma, cold spraying, and D-gun spray
methods.

4. Coating a hot tube boiler may be an excellent investment for

safeguarding the machinery and enhancing its performance, but it's
crucial to select the right coating and apply it correctly to get the
greatest outcomes.

5. The boiler parts' lifespan may be extended and the cost of maintenance
and replacement can be reduced with the help of thermal spray.

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REFERENCES:
[1] Rapp, R. A., & Zhang, Y. S. (1994). Hot corrosion of materials: fundamental
studies. Jom, 46, 47-55.

[2] Srikanth, S., Ravikumar, B., Das, S. K., Gopalakrishna, K., Nandakumar, K., & Vijayan,
P. (2003). Analysis of failures in boiler tubes due to fireside corrosion in a waste heat
recovery boiler. Engineering failure analysis, 10(1), 59-66.

[3] Eliaz, N., Shemesh, G., & Latanision, R. M. (2002). Hot corrosion in gas turbine
sssssssscomponents. Engineering failure analysis, 9(1), 31-43.

[4] S. Kamal, R. Jayaganthan, S. Prakash, Evaluation of cyclic hot corrosion behaviour of

detonation gun sprayed Cr3C2–25%NiCr coatings on nickel- and iron-based superalloys,
Surf. Coat. Technol. 203 (2009) 1004–1013

[5] V.P.S. Sidhu, K. Goyal, R. Goyal, Hot corrosion behaviour of HVOF-sprayed 93 (WC-
Cr3C2)-7Ni and 83WC-17Co coatings on boiler tube steel in coal fired boiler, Aust. J. Mech.
Eng. 17 (2) (2019) 127–132.

[6] G. Singh, N. Bala, V. Chawla, Microstructural analysis and hot corrosion behavior of
HVOF-sprayed Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y and Ni-22Cr-10Al-1Y-SiC (N) coatings on ASTM-
SA213-T22 steel, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 27 (3) (2020) 401–416.

[7] M.R. Ramesh, S. Prakash, S.K. Nath, P.K. Sapra, B. Venkataraman, Solid particle erosion
of HVOF sprayed WC-Co/NiCrFeSiB coatings, Wear 269 (3-4) (2010) 197–205

[8] H.S. Sidhu, B.S. Sidhu, S. Prakash, Mechanical and microstructural properties of HVOF
sprayed WC-Co and Cr3C2-NiCr coatings on the boiler tube steels using LPG as the fuel gas,
J. Mater. Process. Technol. 171 (1) (2006) 77–82.

[9] M.A. Uusitalo, P.M.J. Vuoristo, T.A. Mäntylä, High temperature corrosion of
scoatingsand boiler steels in oxidizing chlorine-containing atmosphere, Mater. Sci. Eng., A
346 (1-2) (2003) 168–177.

[10] R. Sivakumar, S.V. Joshi, Protective Coatings by Plasma Spraying: A Review, Trans.
Indian Ceram. Soc. 50 (1) (1991) 1–14.

[12] S. Kumar, R. Bhatia, H. Singh, Hot Corrosion Behaviour of CNT Reinforced Zirconium
Yttrium Coatings in Molten Salt Environment, J. Bio-and Tribo Corrosion 6 (2020) art. 81.

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[13] K. Goyal, R. Goyal, Improving hot corrosion resistance of Cr3C2–20NiCr coatings with
CNT reinforcements, Surf. Eng. 36 (11) (2020) 1200–1209.

[14] S. Mahajan, R. Chhibber, Hot Corrosion Study of 9Cr-1Mo Boiler Steel Exposed to
Different Molten Salt Mixtures, Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 72 (9) (2019) 2329– 2348.

[15] B. Bhushan, B.K. Gupta, Handbook of Tribology: Materials, coatings, and

surfacetreatments (1991).

[16] S.M. Muthu, M. Venkateshkannan, S. Gupta, K.S. Prakash, M. Arivarasu, N.

Arivazhagan, Investigation of Air oxidation and hot corrosion behavior of Boiler grade
material Austenitic stainless steel AISI 347, Mater. Today:. Proc. 22 (2020) 1694–1701.

[17] G. Singh, S. Kumar, R. Kumar, Comparative study of hot corrosion behavior of thermal
sprayed alumina and titanium oxide reinforced alumina coatings on boiler steel, Materials
Research Express, 7(2) (2020), art. 026527.

[18] K. Szyman´ ski, A. Hernas, G. Moskal, H. Myalska, Thermally sprayed coatings

resistant toerosion and corrosion for power plant boilers - a review, Surf. Coat. Technol. 268
(2015) 153–164.

[19] N. Kahraman, B. Gülenç, Abrasive wear behaviour of powder flame sprayed coatings
onsteel substrates, Mater. Des. 23 (8) (2002) 721–725.

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