Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.1 Equilibrium of a uniform rigid body

8.1.1 Torque (moment of a force), 
 The magnitude of the torque is defined as the product of a
force and its perpendicular distance from the line of action
of the force to the point (rotation axis).
OR
CHAPTER 8: τ  Fd
Rotation of a rigid body where τ : magnitude of the torque
F : magnitude of the force
(8 Hours) d : perpendicu lar distance (moment arm)
Because of d  r sin 
where r : distance between the pivot point (rotation
axis) and the point of application of force.
Thus
  
  Fr sin  OR   r F
 
1 where  : angle between F and r 4

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Overview:  It is a vector quantity.

Rotation of a rigid body  The unit of torque is
  Fd
unit of    N  m   N m
 Newton meter (unit of torque) a vector product unlike the joule
Rotational Equilibrium of Rotational Work and Conservation (unit of work), also equal to a newton meter, which is scalar
kinematics a uniform dynamics energy of of angular product.
rigid body rotational momentum
motion  Torque is also defined as the turning (twisting) effects of the
Rotational Moment of forces on a body.
linear  
Torque inertia
Angular  Sign convention of torque:
  r F Rotational
relationship momentum
kinetic  Positive - turning tendency of the force is anticlockwise.

Rotation Conditions for   I energy  Negative - turning tendency of the force is clockwise.

motion with Equilibrium Principle of  The value of torque depends on the rotation axis and the
conservation magnitude of applied force.
uniform
angular
F  0 Work
of angular
momentum
acceleration   0 Power
2 5

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome: Case 1 :

 Consider a force is applied to a metre rule which is pivoted at

8.1 Equilibrium of a uniform rigid body (2 hours) one end as shown in Figures 8.1a and 8.1b.

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: 

 Define and use torque,  . F τ  Fd
 State and use conditions for equilibrium of rigid body: (anticlockwise)

 d
Figure 8.1a
F x  0, F y  0, τ  0 Line of action of a force
 Examples of problems : Pivot point
(rotation axis) Point of action of a force
Ladder leaning on a wall, see-saw, pivoted / 
suspended horizontal bar. d  r sin θ F
 Sign convention for moment or torque :
θ
+ve : anticlockwise τ  Fd  Fr sin θ
ve : clockwise r (anticlockwise)
Figure 8.1b
3 6

1
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Case 2 : 8.1.2 Equilibrium of a uniform rigid body

 Consider three forces are applied to the metre rule which is
 Rigid body is defined as a body with definite shape that
pivoted at one end (point O) as shown in Figures 8.10. doesn’t change, so that the particles that compose it stay in
fixed position relative to one another even though a force is
 τ 1  F1 d1  F1r1 sin θ1 exerted on it.
F3 d1  r1 sin θ1 τ 2   F2 d 2   F2 r2 sin θ 2
  If the rigid body is in equilibrium, means the body is
F1 τ 3  F3 d 3  F3 r3 sin θ 3  0 translational and rotational equilibrium.
r2 θ1 Therefore the resultant (nett)  There are two conditions for the equilibrium of forces acting on
torque is a rigid body.
O
θ2  r
d 2  r2 sin θ2
F2
1
Figure
Figure 8.10
8.2
τ O  τ1  τ2  τ3  The vector sum of all forces acting on a rigid body must
be zero. 
τ O  F1d 1  F2 d 2 F  F nett 0
 Caution : OR
 If the line of action of a force is through the rotation axis
then τ  Fr sin θ and θ  0  F x 0, F y 0, F z 0
τ0 7 10

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.1 :  The vector sum of all external torques acting on a rigid
Determine a resultant torque of all the forces about rotation axis, O body must be zero about any rotation axis.
in the following problem. 
F2  10 N   τ nett 0
5m 5m F1  30 N
 This ensures rotational equilibrium.
3m  This is equivalent to the three independent scalar
equations along the direction of the coordinate axes,
O 6m
3m τ x  0, τ y  0, τ z 0

10 m Centre of gravity, CG
 is defined as the point at which the whole weight of a body
may be considered to act.
F3  20 N  A force that exerts on the centre of gravity of an object will
cause a translational motion.
8 11

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : F2  10 N  Figures 8.3 and 8.4 show the centre of gravity for uniform
5m 5m F1  30 N (symmetric) object i.e. rod and sphere
 rod – refer to the midway point between its end.
d1  3 m l
CG
O 6m
d2  5 m l l
2 2
Figure 8.3
10 m
 sphere – refer to geometric centre.
Force Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin

F3  20 N F1  303  90

F2  105   50 CG

The resultant torque: F3 0
Figure 8.4
τ O  90  50  40 N m
(clockwise) 9 12

2
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.1.3 Problem solving strategies for equilibrium of Solution :

a rigid body Since the beam remains at rest thus the system in equilibrium.
a. Hence
 The following procedure is recommended when dealing with
problems involving the equilibrium of a rigid body:

τ 0 O

 Sketch a simple diagram of the system to help

 0.75W1  8.05  5.88  0
conceptualize the problem. W1  2.89 N
 Sketch a separate free body diagram for each body.

 Choose a convenient coordinate axes for each body and b. and F y 0

construct a table to resolve the forces into their
components and to determine the torque by each force.
 W1  23  29.4  N  0
 Apply the condition for equilibrium of a rigid body :  2.89  23  29.4  N  0
F x 0; F y 0 and τ  0 N  55.3 N
 Solve the equations for the unknowns.

13 16

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.2 : Example 8.3 :

A 35 cm O 75 cm B A uniform ladder AB of length 10 m and
mass 5.0 kg leans against a smooth wall
as shown in Figure 8.6. The height of the A
end A of the ladder is 8.0 m from the
rough floor.
W1
W2 a. Determine the horizontal and vertical
forces the floor exerts on the end B of
Figure 8.5
the ladder when a firefighter of mass
A hanging flower basket having weight, W2 =23 N is hung out over 60 kg is 3.0 m from B.
the edge of a balcony railing on a uniform horizontal beam AB of b. If the ladder is just on the verge of
length 110 cm that rests on the balcony railing. The basket is smooth
slipping when the firefighter is 7.0 m
counterbalanced by a body of weight, W1 as shown in Figure 8.5. If wall
up the ladder , Calculate the coefficient B
the mass of the beam is 3.0 kg, calculate
of static friction between ladder and rough floor
a. the weight, W1 needed,
floor. Figure 8.6
b. the force exerted on the beam at point O.
(Given g =9.81 m s2)
(Given g =9.81 m s2) 14 17

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : m  3 kg ; W2  23 N N Solution : ml  5.0 kg; m f  60 kg
The free body diagram of the beam : a. The free body diagram of the ladder :
Let point B as the rotation axis. 
0.20 m A N1
A 0.35 m 0.75 m B x-comp. y-comp. Torque (N m), 8
Force α sin α 
 0.8
CG (N) (N) B=Fd=Frsin 10
O  β
  ml g 0  49.1 49.15.0sin β sin β 
6
 0.6
W2 0.55 m  0.55 m
W1  147 10
mg 
Let point O as the rotation axis.
mf g 0  589
5893.0 sin β 8.0 m CG 10 m
Force y-comp. (N) Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin   1060 
  N 1 10 sin α ml g β 3.0
W1  W1  W1 0.75  0.75W1 N1 N1 0
  m
 8 N1 N2
  mf g β
W2  23  230.35  8.05 N2 0 N2 0 5.0 m α
   B
mg  39.81  29.40.20  5.88 fs  fs 0 0 fs
 29.4 6.0 m

N N 0
15 18

3
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : Example 8.4 :

Since the ladder in equilibrium thus A floodlight of mass 20.0 kg in a park is
supported at the end of a 10.0 kg uniform
 τB  0 horizontal beam that is hinged to a pole as
147  1060  8 N 1  0 shown in Figure 8.7. A cable at an angle 30
with the beam helps to support the light.
N 1  151 N
a. Sketch a free body diagram of the beam.
F x
0 b. Determine
i. the tension in the cable,
N1  f s  0
ii. the force exerted on the beam by the
Horizontal force: f s  151 N
pole.
 Fy 0 (Given g =9.81 m s2)
Figure 8.7

 49.1  589  N 2  0
Vertical force: N 2  638 N

19 22

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : sin α  0.8; sin β  0.6 Solution : m f  20.0 kg; mb  10.0 kg

b. The free body diagram of the ladder :

a. The free body diagram
 of the beam : 
Let point B as the rotation axis. A N1 S T
x-comp. y-comp. Torque (N m), α 30 
Force
(N) (N) B=Fd=Frsin β O 0.5l
CG 
 49.15.0sin β mb g
ml g 0  49.1  l 
 147 mf g mf g
 β 10 m
mf g 0  589
5897.0sin β 8.0 m

7.0 m b. Let point O as the rotation axis.
  2474 ml g β Force x-comp. (N) y-comp. (N) Torque (N m), o=Fd=Frsin
 N 1 10 sin α  
N1 N1 0 N2 mf g 0  196  196l
 8 N1
 5.0 m α 
N2 0 N2 0  B mb g 0  98.1  98.10.5l   49.1l
 fs 
fs  µs N 2 0 0 6.0 m T  T cos 30 T sin 30 Tl sin 30  0.5Tl

S Sx Sy 0
20 23

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : Solution :
Consider the ladder stills in equilibrium thus b. The floodlight and beam remain at rest thus

τ B
0 i.
 τ 0
O

147  2474  8 N 1  0  196l  49.1l  0.5Tl  0

N 1  328 N T  490 N

 Fy 0 ii.  Fx 0
 49.1  589  N 2  0  T cos 30   S x  0
N 2  638 N S x  424 N
 Fx 0  Fy 0
N 1  µs N 2  0  196  98.1  T sin 30  S y  0
328  µs 638  0 S y  49.1 N
µ s  0.514
21 24

4
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution :
b. ii. Therefore the magnitude of the force is 3.
2 2
S  Sx  Sy

S 4242  49.12
S  427 N
and its direction is given by
 Sy 
θ  tan 1   Figure 8.10
 Sx  y A traffic light hangs from a structure as show in Figure 8.10. The
 49.1   uniform aluminum pole AB is 7.5 m long has a mass of 8.0 kg.
θ  tan 1   The mass of the traffic light is 12.0 kg. Determine
 424  S
 6.61 a. the tension in the horizontal massless cable CD,
θ  6.61 x b. the vertical and horizontal components of the force exerted
by the pivot A on the aluminum pole.
25 28
ANS. : 248 N; 197 N, 248 N

Chapter 08 Chapter 08
Exercise 8.1 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2 4.
 30.0 cm 50.0 
1. F1
a B

A F2
15.0 cm

F
b
Figure 8.11
A uniform 10.0 N picture frame is supported by two light string
D γ as shown in Figure 8.11. The horizontal force, F is applied for
C
 holding the frame in the position shown.
Figure 8.8 F3 a. Sketch the free body diagram of the picture frame.
Figure 8.8 shows the forces, F1 =10 N, F2= 50 N and F3= 60
b. Calculate
N are applied to a rectangle with side lengths, a = 4.0 cm and b
i. the tension in the ropes,
= 5.0 cm. The angle  is 30. Calculate the resultant torque
about point D. ii. the magnitude of the horizontal force, F .
ANS. : -3.7 N m 26
ANS. : 1.42 N, 11.2 N; 7.20 N 29

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome:
2.
8.1 Rotational kinematics (2 hours)
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Define:

 angular displacement ( )
Figure 8.9  average angular velocity ( av)
A see-saw consists of a uniform board of mass 10 kg and length  instantaneous angular velocity ( )
3.50 m supports a father and daughter with masses 60 kg and  average angular acceleration (av)
45 kg, respectively as shown in Figure 8.9. The fulcrum is under
the centre of gravity of the board. Determine  instantaneous angular acceleration ().
a. the magnitude of the force exerted by the fulcrum on the  Convert units between degrees, radian and revolution or
rotation.
board,
b. where the father should sit from the fulcrum to balance the
system.
27 30
ANS. : 1128 N; 1.31 m

5
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome:  From Figure 8.12, thus

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
 Use:
s
θ OR s  rθ
 angular displacement ( ) r
 average angular velocity ( av),    where θ : angle (angular displacement) in radian
ave t s : arc length
 instantaneous angular velocity ( ),   d
Sign convention: dt r : radius of the circle
 Others unit for angular displacement is degree () and
Positive θ : counter clockwise revolution (rev).
Negative θ : clockwise  Conversion factor :

 average angular acceleration (av),  ave  t
d 1 rev  2π rad  360 
 instantaneous angular acceleration ().  
dt
 Relate parameters in rotational motion with their  Sign convention of angular displacement :
corresponding quantities in linear motion. Write and use;  Positive – if the rotational motion is anticlockwise.
2
v  Negative– if the rotational motion is clockwise.
s  rθ ; v  r; at  r ; ac  r 2 
r 31 34

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome: 8.2.2 Angular velocity

At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
Average angular velocity,  av
 Use equations for rotational motion with constant angular
acceleration;  is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement.

 Equation :
ω  ω0  αt θ 2  θ1  θ
ωav  
1 t 2  t1 t
θ  ω0t   t 2
2 θ2 : final angular displaceme nt in radian
where
2
ω2  ω0  2αθ θ1 : initial angular displacement in radian
t : time interval
Instantaneous angular velocity, 
 Show analogy with linear motion.  is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of angular
displacement.
 Equation :
θ dθ
  limit 
t 0 t dt
32 35

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 It is a vector quantity.
8.2 Rotational kinematics  The unit of angular velocity is radian per second (rad s-1)
8.2.1 Angular displacement,  Others unit is revolution per minute (rev min1 or rpm)
 is defined as an angle through which a point or line has  Conversion factor:
been rotated in a specified direction about a specified axis.
The S.I. unit of the angular displacement is radian (rad). 2 

1 rpm  rad s 1  rad s 1
 Figure 8.12 shows a point P on a rotating compact disc (CD) 60 30
moves through an arc length s on a circular path of radius r
 Note :
about a fixed axis through point O.
 Every part of a rotating rigid body has the same angular
velocity.
Direction of the angular velocity
 Its direction can be determine by using right hand grip rule
where
Thumb : direction of angular velocity
Figure 8.12 Curl fingers : direction of rotation
33 36

6
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 Figures 8.13 and 8.14 show the right hand grip rule for d 0.56
determining the direction of the angular velocity. Solution : r   0.28 m
2 2
 b. By applying the equation of arc length,
 s  rθ
Therefore s  r  r  2  1 
 0.28110  22
s  24.6 m
Figure 8.13 c. The average angular velocity in rad s1 is given by
θ  2  1 
ωav  
t t2  t1 
 
110  22
 4.8  2.2 
Figure 8.14 ωav  33.9 rad s 1
37 40

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.5 : Solution :

The angular displacement, of the wheel is given by c. and the average angular velocity in rev min1 is

θ  5t 2  t  33.9 rad  1 rev  60 s 

ωav     
where  in radians and t in seconds. The diameter of the wheel is  1 s  2 rad  1 min 
0.56 m. Determine ωav  324 rev min 1 OR 324 rpm
a. the angle,  in degree, at time 2.2 s and 4.8 s, d. The instantaneous angular velocity as a function of time is
b. the distance that a particle on the rim moves during that time dθ
ω
interval, dt
d
c. the average angular velocity, in rad s1 and in rev min1 (rpm),
between 2.2 s and 4.8 s,

dt

5t 2  t 
d. the instantaneous angular velocity at time 3.0 s. ω  10t  1
At time, t =3.0 s :
ω  10 3.0   1
ω  29 rad s 1
38 41

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

d 0.56 Example 8.6 :

Solution : r   0.28 m A diver makes 2.5 revolutions on the way down from a 10 m high
2 2
platform to the water. Assuming zero initial vertical velocity,
a. At time, t1 =2.2 s : calculate the diver’s average angular (rotational) velocity during a
2
θ1  52.2  2.2 dive.
θ1  22 rad (Given g = 9.81 m s2)
 180  
θ1  22 rad    1261  Solution :
 u 0
 π rad 
θ0  0
At time, t2 =4.8 s :
θ 2  54.82  4.8
θ2  110 rad 10 m s  10 m
 180  
θ2  110 rad    6303 

 π rad  θ1  2.5 rev
water
39 42

7
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : θ1  2.5  2 π  5π rad  If the rotation is slowing down,  and  have the opposite
From the diagram, s  10 m direction as shown in Figure 8.16.

Thus 1
s  ut  gt 2  α
12

 10  0  9.81t 2
2
t  1.43 s Figure 8.16

Therefore the diver’s average angular velocity is Example 8.7 :

θ1  θ0 The instantaneous angular velocity,  of the flywheel is given
ωav  by
t 3 2
ω  8t  t
5π  0 where  in radian per second and t in seconds.

1.43 Determine
ωav  11.0 rad s 1 a. the average angular acceleration between 2.2 s and 4.8 s,
b. the instantaneous angular acceleration at time, 3.0 s.
43 46

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.2.3 Angular acceleration Solution :

Average angular acceleration, av a. At time, t1 =2.2 s :

ω1  82.2  2.2
3 2
 is defined as the rate of change of angular velocity.
1
 Equation : ω1  80.3 rad s
ω2  ω1 ω At time, t2 =4.8 s :
 av  
ω2  84.8  4.8
3 2
t 2  t1 t
where ω2 : final angular velocity ω2  862 rad s 1
ω1 : initial angular ve locity Therefore the average angular acceleration is
t : time interval ω2  ω1
Instantaneous angular acceleration,  α av 
t 2  t1
 is defined as the instantaneous rate of change of angular
velocity. 862  80.3
 Equation :

ω dω 4.8  2.2
α  limit 
t  0 t dt αav  301 rad s 2
44 47

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 It is a vector quantity. Solution :

 The unit of angular acceleration is rad s2. b. The instantaneous angular acceleration as a function of time is
 Note: dω
α
 If the angular acceleration,  is positive, then the angular dt
velocity,  is increasing. d 3 2
If the angular acceleration,  is negative, then the angular  8t  t 
dt
velocity,  is decreasing.
Direction of the angular acceleration
α  24t 2  2t
At time, t =3.0 s :
If the rotation is speeding up,  and  in the same direction
α  243.0  23.0
 2
as shown in Figure 8.15. 
 α α  210 rad s 2

Figure 8.15
45 48

8
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08
Exercise 8.2 : 8.2.5 Relationship between tangential acceleration,
1. If a disc 30 cm in diameter rolls 65 m along a straight line at and angular acceleration, 
without slipping, calculate  If the rigid body is gaining the angular speed then the
a. the number of revolutions would it makes in the process, tangential velocity of a particle also increasing thus two
b. the angular displacement would be through by a speck of component of acceleration are occurred as shown in
gum on its rim. Figure 8.18.
ANS. : 69 rev; 138 rad y
2. During a certain period of time, the angular displacement of a 
at
swinging door is described by  P
θ  5.00  10.0t  2.00t 2 a 
where  is in radians and t is in seconds. Determine the angular ac
displacement, angular speed and angular acceleration
x
a. at time, t =0, O
b. at time, t =3.00 s.
ANS. : 5.00 rad, 10.0 rad s1, 4.00 rad s2; 53.0 rad, 22.0 rad s1, Figure 8.18
4.00 rad s2 49 52

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.2.4 Relationship between linear velocity, v and  The components are tangential acceleration, at and
angular velocity,  centripetal acceleration, ac given by
 When a rigid body is rotates about rotation axis O , every dv
particle in the body moves in a circle as shown in the Figure
at  and v  rω
8.17.
dt
y d
 at  r at  r
v dt
P but v2
ac   r  2  v
r s r
 x  The vector sum of centripetal and tangential acceleration of
O
a particle in a rotating body is resultant (linear) acceleration, a
given by   
Figure 8.17 a  at  ac Vector form
and its magnitude, 
a  at2  ac2
50 53

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 Point P moves in a circle of radius r with the tangential velocity 8.2.6 Rotational motion with uniform angular
v where its magnitude is given by acceleration
ds  Table 8.1 shows the symbols used in linear and rotational
v and s  rθ
kinematics.
dt
d Linear
Quantity
Rotational
vr motion motion
dt
s Displacement θ
v  r u Initial velocity ω0
 The direction of the linear (tangential) velocity always v Final velocity ω
tangent to the circular path. a Acceleration α
 Every particle on the rigid body has the same angular speed
(magnitude of angular velocity) but the tangential speed is not t Time t
the same because the radius of the circle, r is changing Table 8.1
depend on the position of the particle.
51 54

9
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 Table 8.2 shows the analogy of linear motion with rotational Example 8.9 :
motion parameters. The wheels of a bicycle make 30 revolutions as the bicycle
reduces its speed uniformly from 50.0 km h-1 to 35.0 km h-1. The
Linear motion Rotational motion
wheels have a diameter of 70 cm.
a  constant α  constant a. Calculate the angular acceleration.
b. If the bicycle continues to decelerate at this rate, determine the
v  u  at ω  ω0  αt time taken for the bicycle to stop.
0.70
1 1 Solution : θ  30  2π  60π rad, r   0.35 m,
s  ut  at 2 θ  ω0t  αt 2 2
2 2 50.0 km  103 m  1 h  1
u     13.9 m s ,
v 2  u 2  2as 2 2
ω  ω0  2αθ 1 h  1 km  3600 s 
1 1 35.0 km  103 m  1 h  1
s v  u t θ ω  ω0 t v     9.72 m s
1 h  1 km  3600 s 
2 2
where  in radian. Table 8.2
55 58

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.8 : Solution :

A car is travelling with a velocity of 17.0 m s1 on a straight a. The initial angular speed of the wheels is
horizontal highway. The wheels of the car has a radius of 48.0 cm. u  rω0
If the car then speeds up with an acceleration of 2.00 m s2 for 13.9  0.35ω0 ω0  39.7 rad s 1
5.00 s, calculate and the final angular speed of the wheels is
a. the number of revolutions of the wheels during this period, v  rω
b. the angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s.
9.72  0.35ω ω  27.8 rad s 1
therefore 2 2
Solution : u  17.0 m s 1 , r  0.48 m, a  2.00 m s 2 , t  5.00 s ω  ω0  2αθ
a. The initial angular velocity is 27.82  39.7 2  2α260π 
u  rω0 α  2.13 rad s
17.0  0.48ω0 ω0  35.4 rad s 1 b. The car stops thus ω  0 and ω0
1
 27.8 rad s
and the angular acceleration of the wheels is given by
a  rα
Hence ω  ω  αt
0

2.00  0.48α α  4.17 rad s 2 0  27.8   2.13t

t  13.1 s
56 59

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : u  17.0 m s 1 , r  0.48 m, a  2.00 m s 2 , t  5.00 s Example 8.10 :

a. By applying the equation of rotational motion with constant A blade of a ceiling fan has a radius of 0.400 m is rotating about a
angular acceleration, thus fixed axis with an initial angular velocity of 0.150 rev s-1. The
1
θ  ω0 t  αt 2 angular acceleration of the blade is 0.750 rev s-2. Determine
2 1 2
a. the angular velocity after 4.00 s,
 35.4 5.00   4.17 5.00  b. the number of revolutions for the blade turns in this time interval,
2 c. the tangential speed of a point on the tip of the blade at time,
θ  229 rad
therefore  1 rev  t =4.00 s,
θ  229 rad    36.5 rev d. the magnitude of the resultant acceleration of a point on the tip
 2π rad 
b. The angular speed of the wheels after 5.00 s is of the blade at t =4.00 s.
ω  ω0  αt Solution : r  0.400 m, ω0  0.150  2π  0.300π rad s 1 ,
α  0.750  2π  1.50π rad s 2
 35.4  4.17 5.00 
a. Given t =4.00 s, thus
ω  56.3 rad s 1 ω  ω0  αt ω  0.300π   1.50π 4.00 
ω  19.8 rad s 1
57 60

10
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : Solution :
b. The number of revolutions of the blade is b. The period of minute-hand of the clock is T = 60 min = 3600 s,
1
θ  ω0 t  αt 2 hence
2π
2 1 2 ω
 0.300 4.00   1.50 4.00  3600
2
θ  41.5 rad ω  1.74  10 3 rad s 1
 1 rev 
θ  41.5 rad    6.61 rev c. The period of hour-hand of the clock is T = 12 h = 4.32 104 s,
 2π rad  hence
c. The tangential speed of a point is given by 2π
ω
v  rω 4.32  10 4
 0.40019.8 ω  1.45  10 4 rad s 1
v  7.92 m s 1
d. The angular acceleration in each cases is zero.

61 64

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : Example 8.12 :

d. The magnitude of the resultant acceleration is A coin with a diameter of 2.40 cm is dropped on edge on a
2 2 horizontal surface. The coin starts out with an initial angular speed
a  ac  at of 18 rad s1 and rolls in a straight line without slipping. If the
2
rotation slows down with an angular acceleration of magnitude
 v2  1.90 rad s2, calculate the distance travelled by the coin before
    rα 
2
coming to rest.
r
  Solution : ω  18 rad s 1
0 ω  0 rad s 1

2 2
 7.92  2
 d  2.40  10 2 m α  1.90 rad s
    0.400  1.50π 2

 0.400  s
The radius of the coin is
2
a  157 m s r
d
 1.20 10  2 m
2

62 65

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.11 : Solution :

Calculate the angular velocity of The initial speed of the point at the edge the coin is
a. the second-hand, u  rω0
b. the minute-hand and
c. the hour-hand,
 
u  1.20  10 2 18 
of a clock. State in rad s-1.
u  0.216 m s 1
1
d. What is the angular acceleration in each case? and the final speed is v  0 m s
Solution : The linear acceleration of the point at the edge the coin is given by
a  rα
a. The period of second-hand of the clock is T = 60 s, hence
 
a  1.20  10 2  1.90 
2π 2π a  2.28  10 2 m s 2
ω ω
T 60 Therefore the distance travelled by the coin is
2 2
v  u  2as
ω  0.11 rad s 1 
0  0.216   2  2.28 10 2 s
2

s  1.02 m
63 66

11
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08
Exercise 8.3 : Learning Outcome:
1. A disk 8.00 cm in radius rotates at a constant rate of 1200 rev
min-1 about its central axis. Determine
8.3 Rotational dynamics (1 hour)
a. its angular speed, At the end of this chapter, students should be able to:
b. the tangential speed at a point 3.00 cm from its centre,  Define and use the moment of inertia of a rigid body about
c. the radial acceleration of a point on the rim, an axis,
d. the total distance a point on the rim moves in 2.00 s. n
2
ANS. : 126 rad s1; 3.77 m s1; 1.26  103 m s2; 20.1 m I m r
i 1
i i

2. A 0.35 m diameter grinding wheel rotates at 2500 rpm.  State and use the formulae for torque,
Calculate
a. its angular velocity in rad s1,
b. the linear speed and the radial acceleration of a point on the
τ  Iα
edge of the grinding wheel.
  I analogous to F  ma
ANS. : 262 rad s1; 46 m s1, 1.2  104 m s2

67 70

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.3 Rotational dynamics

3. A rotating wheel required 3.00 s to rotate through 37.0 8.3.1 Moment of inertia, I
revolution. Its angular speed at the end of the 3.00 s interval is
 Figure 8.20 shows a rigid body about a fixed axis O with angular
98.0 rad s-1. Calculate the constant angular acceleration of the
wheel. velocity .
ANS. : 13.6 rad s2

m1
mn r1
4. A wheel rotates with a constant angular acceleration of
3.50 rad s2. rn r2 m2
Or m3
a. If the angular speed of the wheel is 2.00 rad s1 at t =0, 3
through what angular displacement does the wheel rotate in
2.00 s.
Figure 8.20
b. Through how many revolutions has the wheel turned during
this time interval?  is defined as the sum of the products of the mass of each
c. What is the angular speed of the wheel at t = 2.00 s? particle and the square of its respective distance from the
rotation axis.
ANS. : 11.0 rad; 1.75 rev; 9.00 rad s1
68 71

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

n
5. A bicycle wheel is being tested at a repair shop. The angular
velocity of the wheel is 4.00 rad s-1 at time t = 0 , and its angular
OR I  m1r12  m2 r22  m3 r32  ...mn rn2  m r i i
2

acceleration is constant and equal 1.20 rad s-2. A spoke OP on i 1

the wheel coincides with the +x-axis at time t = 0 as shown in where I : moment of inertia of a rigid body about rotation axis
Figure 8.19. y m : mass of particle
r : distance from the particle to the rotation axis
 It is a scalar quantity.
P x  Moment of inertia, I in the rotational kinematics is analogous
O to the mass, m in linear kinematics.
 The S.I. unit of moment of inertia is kg m 2.
Figure 8.19  The factors which affect the moment of inertia, I of a rigid body:
a. What is the wheel’s angular velocity at t = 3.00 s? a. the mass of the body,
b. What angle in degree does the spoke OP make with the b. the shape of the body,
positive x-axis at this time? c. the position of the rotation axis.
ANS. : 0.40 rad s1; 18
69 72

12
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Moments of inertia of various bodies Example 8.13 :

 Table 8.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects Four spheres are arranged in a rectangular shape of sides 250 cm
about axes through the centre of mass. and 120 cm as shown in Figure 8.21.
Shape Diagram Equation 2 kg 3 kg

60 cm
Hoop or ring or 2 A B
thin cylindrical CM I CM  MR O
60 cm
shell
5 kg 250 cm 4 kg
Figure 8.21
The spheres are connected by light rods . Determine the moment
Solid cylinder or 1 of inertia of the system about an axis
disk
CM I CM  MR 2 a. through point O,
2 b. along the line AB.
73 76

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Moments of inertia of various bodies Solution : m1  2 kg; m2  3 kg; m3  4 kg; m4  5 kg

 Table 8.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects a. rotation axis about point O,
about axes through the centre of mass. m1 m2

Shape Diagram Equation r2 0.6 m

r1
1.25 m
Uniform rod or O
long thin rod with CM 1 r4 r3
rotation axis I CM  ML2
through the 12 m4 m3
centre of mass.
Since r1= r2= r3= r4= r thus r  0.6   2 1.25 2  1.39 m
and the connecting rods are light therefore
I O  m1r12  m2 r22  m3 r32  m4 r42
2 2
Solid Sphere CM I CM  MR 2 I O  r 2 m1  m2  m3  m4   1.39  2  3  4  5
5 2
I O  27.0 kg m
74 77

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Moments of inertia of various bodies Solution : m1  2 kg; m2  3 kg; m3  4 kg; m4  5 kg

 Table 8.3 shows the moments of inertia for a number of objects b. rotation axis along the line AB,
about axes through the centre of mass. m1 m2

Shape Diagram Equation r1 r2

A B
r4 r3
Hollow Sphere or 2
thin spherical CM I CM  MR 2 m4 m3
shell 3
r1= r2= r3= r4= r=0.6 m therefore
I AB  m1r12  m2 r22  m3 r32  m4 r42
Table 8.3
I AB  r 2 m1  m2  m3  m4 
2
I AB  0.6  2  3  4  5
I AB  5.04 kg m 2
75 78

13
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.3.2 Relationship between torque, and angular Example 8.14 :

acceleration,  Forces, F1 = 5.60 N and F2 = 10.3 N are applied tangentially to a
disc with radius 30.0 cm and the mass 5.00 kg as shown in Figure
 Consider a force, F acts on a rigid body freely pivoted on an
8.23.

axis through point O as shown in Figure 8.22. F2
O
a1 m1
mn
  30.0 cm
r1 F
an rn F1
O
r2 a2 Calculate, Figure 8.23
m2 a. the nett torque on the disc.
b. the magnitude of angular acceleration influence by the disc.
1
Figure 8.22 ( Use the moment of inertia, I CM  MR 2 )
 The body rotates in the anticlockwise direction and a nett torque
2
is produced.
79 82

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 A particle of mass, m1 of distance r1 from the rotation axis O will Solution : R  0.30 m; M  5.00 kg
experience a nett force F1 . The nett force on this particle is a. The nett torque on the disc is
F1  m1a1 and a1  r1α      1 2

F1  m1r1α    RF  RF 2  R F1  F2 
1

 The torque on the mass m1 is   0. 30  5. 60  10.3

 1  r1 F1 sin 90
 1  m1r12   1.41 N m
b. By applying the relationship between torque and angular
 The total (nett) torque on the rigid body is given by
2 2 2 acceleration,
  m r   m r   ...  m r 
1 1 2 2 n n
  I    2 MR
1 2 

n n
  
    mi ri2  and  m r  I i i
2
1 2
 i 1  i 1 1.41   5.000.30 
2 
  I 80
  6.27 rad s 2
83

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 From the equation, the nett torque acting on the rigid body is Example 8.14 :
proportional to the body’s angular acceleration. A wheel of radius 0.20 m is mounted on a frictionless horizontal
axis. The moment of inertia of the wheel about the axis is
 Note : 0.050 kg m2. A light string wrapped around the wheel is attached
Nett torqu e ,   I to a 2.0 kg block that slides on a horizontal frictionless surface. A
horizontal force of magnitude P = 3.0 N is applied to the block as
shown in Figure 8.14. Assume the string does not slip on the
is analogous to the
wheel.

Nett force,  F  ma
Figure 8.14

a. Sketch a free body diagram of the wheel and the block.

b. Calculate the magnitude of the angular acceleration of the
wheel.
81 84

14
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : R  0.20 m; I  0.050 kg m 2 ; P  3.0 N; m  2.0 kg Solution :

a. Free body diagram : a. Free body diagram :
for wheel,  for pulley, 
S
 τ  Iα a
 T RT  Iα and α 
S   R
a
 RT  I  R 
  T  
W W Ia
  T 2 (1)
for block, N a for block,
 R
  
T  F  ma
T P a mg  T  ma (2)


 mg
Wb 85 88

Chapter 08 Chapter 08
2 2
Solution : R  0.20 m; I  0.050 kg m ; P  3.0 N; m  2.0 kg Solution : R  0.20 m; I  0.020 kg m ; m  1.50 kg;
b. For wheel, u  0; t  0.3 s
 τ  Iα
Iα
a. By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), thus
RT  Iα T (1)  Ia 
For block, R mg   2   ma
R 
 F  ma P  T  ma (2)
 
By substituting eq. (1) into eq. (2), thus
1.50 9.81   0.020 a2   1.50a a  7.36 m s 2
 Iα 
P     ma and a  Rα  0.20  
R b. By using the relationship between a and , hence
 Iα  a  Rα
P     mRα 7.36  0.20 α
R
 0.050α  α  36.8 rad s 2
3.0     2.00.20 α α  4.62 rad s 2
 0.20 
86 89

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.15 : Solution : R  0.20 m; I  0.020 kg m 2 ; m  1.50 kg;

An object of mass 1.50 kg is suspended u  0; t  0.3 s
from a rough pulley of radius 20.0 cm by light c. From eq. (1), thus
string as shown in Figure 8.24. The pulley T
Ia
T
0.020 7.36 
has a moment of inertia 0.020 kg m2 about
the axis of the pulley. The object is released
R2 0.20 2
from rest and the pulley rotates without T  3.68 N
encountering frictional force. Assume that R d. By applying the equation of liner motion, thus
the string does not slip on the pulley. After v  u  at
0.3 s, determine
v  0  7.36 0.3 v  2.21 m s 1
a. the linear acceleration of the object,
1.50 kg (downwards)
b. the angular acceleration of the pulley, e. The distance travelled by the object in 0.3 s is
c. the tension in the string, Figure 8.24 1
d. the linear velocity of the object, s  ut  at 2
2
e. the distance travelled by the object. 1
(Given g = 9.81 m s-2) s  0  7.36 0.32 s  0.331 m
2
87 90

15
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08
Exercise 8.4 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
8.4 Work and energy of rotational motion
1. 70 g 8.4.1 Rotational kinetic energy, Kr
40 cm  Consider a rigid body rotating about the axis OZ as shown in
80 cm Figure 8.27.
B Z

150 g A 150 g v1 m1
80 cm mn r1
vn rn r2 v2
Figure 8.25 70 g
O m2
r3 v3
Figure 8.25 shows four masses that are held at the corners of a m3
square by a very light frame. Calculate the moment of inertia of
Figure 8.27
the system about an axis perpendicular to the plane
a. through point A, and  Every particle in the body is in the circular motion about point O.
b. through point B.
ANS. : 0.141 kg m 2; 0.211 kg m 2 91 94

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 The rigid body has a rotational kinetic energy which is the total
2. A 5.00 kg object placed on a of kinetic energy of all the particles in the body is given by
frictionless horizontal table is 1 1 1 1
connected to a string that passes 2.00 m s 2 K r  m1v12  m2 v22  m3v32  ...  mn vn2
over a pulley and then is fastened 2 2 2 2
to a hanging 9.00 kg object as in T1 1 1 1 1
Figure 8.26. The pulley has a
K r  m1r12 ω2  m2 r22 ω2  m3 r32 ω2  ...  mn rn2 ω 2
2 2 2 2
radius of 0.250 m and moment of
1 2
inertia I. The block on the table is
moving with a constant
T2
 2 2 2
K r  ω m1 r1  m2 r2  m3 r3  ...  mn rn
2
2

acceleration of 2.00 m s2. 1  n   n 2
a. Sketch free body diagrams of K r  ω 2  mi ri2  and  mi ri   I
 
both objects and pulley.
2  i 1   i  1 
b. Calculate T1 and T2 the tensions Figure 8.26
in the string.
1 2
Kr  Iω
c. Determine I. 2
ANS. : 10.0 N, 70.3 N; 1.88 kg m 2
92 95

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome:  From the formula for translational kinetic energy, Ktr

8.4 Work and energy of rotational motion (2 hours)

1 2
K tr  mv
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: 2
 Solve problems related to:  After comparing both equations thus
rotational kinetic energy,

 is analogous to v
1
K r  Iω 2 I is analogous to m
2
 For rolling body without slipping, the total kinetic energy of
 work, the body, K is given by

W  τθ K  K tr  K r
 power,
where K tr : translati onal kinetic energy
P  τω K r : rotational kinetic energy
93 96

16
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Example 8.16 : Example 8.17 :

A solid sphere of radius 15.0 cm and mass 10.0 kg rolls down an The pulley in the Figure 8.28 has a
inclined plane make an angle 25 to the horizontal. If the sphere radius of 0.120 m and a moment of
rolls without slipping from rest to the distance of 75.0 cm and the inertia 0.055 g cm2. The rope does not
inclined surface is smooth, calculate slip on the pulley rim.
a. the total kinetic energy of the sphere, Calculate the speed of the 5.00 kg
b. the linear speed of the sphere, block just before it strikes the floor.
c. the angular speed about the centre of mass. (Given g = 9.81 m s2) 5.00 kg
2 2
(Given the moment of inertia of solid sphere is I CM  mR and
the gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2)
5
7.00 m
2.00 kg

Figure 8.28

97 100

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : R  0.15 m; m  10.0 kg Solution : m1  5.00 kg; m2  2.00 kg; R  0.120 m; h  7.00 m
The moment of inertia of the pulley,
s  0.75 m  10 3 kg  10 4 m 2 
R 
I  0.055 g  1 cm 2   
 2 
  5.5  10 9 kg m 2
 1 g  1 cm 
h  s sin 25 
v CM 25 
a. From the principle of conservation of energy,
E  E
i f m1 m2 v
mgh  K 7.00 m 7.00 m
K  mgs sin 25  m2 v m1
K  10.0 9.810.75 sin 25  Initial Final
K  31.1 J
98
E i U1 E f K tr1  K tr 2  K r  U 2
101

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : R  0.15 m; m  10.0 kg Solution : m1  5.00 kg; m2  2.00 kg; R  0.120 m;

b. The linear speed of the sphere is given by h  7.00 m; I  5.5  10 9 kg m 2
1 1 v By using the principle of conservation of energy, thus
K  K tr  K r K  mv 2  Iω 2 and ω 
2
1
2
12
R
 v 
2 E  Ei f
K  mv 2   mR 2   U 1  K tr1  K tr 2  K r  U 2
2 25  R  1 1 1
7 2 m1 gh  m1v 2  m2 v 2  Iω2  m2 gh
K  mv 2 2 2
10 2
7 1 2 1 v
31.1  10.0 v 2 v  2.11 m s 1 m1  m2 gh  v m1  m2   I  
10 2 2 R 2
c. By using the relationship between v and , thus 5.00  2.00 9.817.00   1 v 2 5.00  2.00   1 5.5 10 9  v 

v  Rω 2.11  0.15ω 2 2  0.120 
ω  14.1 rad s 1 v  7.67 m s 1

99 102

17
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.4.2 Work, W Example 8.18 :

 Consider a tangential force, F acts on the solid disc of radius R A horizontal merry-go-round has a radius of 2.40 m and a
moment of inertia 2100 kg m2 about a vertical axle through its
freely pivoted on an axis through O as shown in Figure 8.29.
centre. A tangential force of magnitude 18.0 N is applied to the
ds edge of the merry-go- round for 15.0 s. If the merry-go-round is
d initially at rest and ignore the frictional torque, determine
R  a. the rotational kinetic energy of the merry-go-round,
R F
O b. the work done by the force on the merry-go-round,
c. the average power supplied by the force.
Figure 8.29
(Given g = 9.81 m s2)
 The work done by the tangential force is given by Solution :
dW  Fds and ds  Rdθ

dW  FRdθ R  2.40 m F
θ2 θ2
 dW   θ1
τdθ W 
θ1
τdθ
103 106

Chapter 08 Chapter 08
2
 If the torque is constant thus Solution : R  2.40 m; I  2100 kg m ; F  18.0 N;
2 t  15.0 s; ω0  0
W    d a. By applying the relationship between nett torque and angular
1

W    2  1  acceleration, thus
 τ  Iα
RF  Iα 2.4018.0   2100 α
W   is analogous to the W  Fs
α  2.06  10 2 rad s 2
where τ : torque Use the equation of rotational motion with uniform angular
Δθ : change in angular displaceme nt acceleration, ω  ω0  αt
W : work done  
ω  0  2.06  10 2 15.0 
 Work-rotational kinetic energy theorem states ω  0.309 rad s 1
W  K r  K r  f  K r i Therefore the rotational kinetic energy for 15.0 s is
1 1
K r  Iω 2 K r  2100 0.309 2
1 2 1 2 2 2
W Iω  Iω0
2 2 K r  100 J
104 107

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.4.3 Power, P Solution : R  2.40 m; I  2100 kg m 2 ; F  18.0 N;

 From the definition of instantaneous power, t  15.0 s; ω0  0
b. The angular displacement,  for 15.0 s is given by
dW 1 1
P
dt
and dW  τdθ
θ  ω0t  αt 2
2
θ 0
2
 
2.06  10  2 15.0 2
τdθ and dθ θ  2.32 rad
P ω By applying the formulae of work done in rotational motion, thus
dt dt
W  τθ W  RFθ
P  τω is analogous to the P  Fv W  2.40 18.0 2.32 
 Caution : W  100 J
c. The average power supplied by the force is
 The unit of kinetic energy, work and power in the
rotational kinematics is same as their unit in translational
W 100
Pav  Pav 
kinematics. t 15.0
Pav  6.67 W
105 108

18
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Learning Outcome: 8.5.2 Principle of conservation of angular

momentum
 states that a total angular momentum of a closed system
about an rotation axis is constant.
8.5 Conservation of angular momentum (1 hour)
OR
At the end of this chapter, students should be able to: 
 Define and use the formulae of angular momentum,
I  constant If the τ  0
Therefore 
L  Iω  dL
 τ
 dt
0
 State and use the principle of conservation of angular
momentum dL  0 and dL   L - L
f i
 
 Li   L f

109 112

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

8.5 Conservation of angular momentum Example 8.19 :

 A 200 kg wooden disc of radius 3.00 m is rotating with angular
8.5.1 Angular momentum, L speed 4.0 rad s-1 about the rotation axis as shown in Figure
 is defined as the product of the angular velocity of a body 8.30. A 50 kg bag of sand falls onto the disc at the edge of the
and its moment of inertia about the rotation axis. wooden disc.
OR ω0 
L  I is analogous to the p  mv R R
where L : angular momentum
I : moment of inertia of a body
ω : angular velocity of a body Before Figure 8.30 After
 It is a vector quantity. Calculate,
 The S.I. unit of the angular momentum is a. the angular speed of the system after the bag of sand falling
L  I onto the disc. (treat the bag of sand as a particle)
b. the initial and final rotational kinetic energy of the system.
  
unit of L  kg m 2 s 1  kg m 2 s 1 Why the rotational kinetic energy is not the same?
1
(Use the moment of inertia of disc is MR2 )
110 2 113

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

 The relationship between angular momentum, L with linear Solution : R  3.00 m; ω0  4.0 rad s 1 ; mw  200 kg; mb  50 kg
momentum, p is given by     a. The moment of inertia of the disc,
vector notation : L  r  p  r  mv 1 1
I w  mw R 2  200 3.00 
2
magnitude form :
2 2
L  rp sin θ  mvr sin θ I w  900 kg m 2
The moment of inertia of the bag of sand,
where 2
r : distance from the particle
  to the rotation axis I b  mb R 2  50 3.00 
θ : the angle between r with v I b  450 kg m 2

   of linear momentum is
Newton’s second law of motion in term By applying the principle
dp  ofconservation of angular momentum,
 F  Fnett 
dt L  L
i f
hence we can write the Newton’s second
 law in angular form as I w ω0  I w  I b ω
  dL
τ  τ nett  900 4.0  900  450 ω
dt
and states that a vector sum of all the torques acting on a ω  2.67 rad s 1
rigid body is proportional to the rate of change of angular
momentum. 111 114

19
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : R  3.00 m; ω0  4.0 rad s 1 ; mw  200 kg; mb  50 kg Example 8.21 :

b. The initial rotational kinetic energy, A student on a stool rotates freely with an angular speed of 2.95 rev
K r i  1 I wω02  1 900 4.02 s1. The student holds a 1.25 kg mass in each outstretched arm that
is 0.759 m from the rotation axis. The moment of inertia for the
2 2
K r i  7200 J system of student-stool without the masses is 5.43 kg m2. When the
student pulls his arms inward, the angular speed increases to 3.54
The final rotational kinetic energy, rev s1.
K r  f  1 I w  I b ω 2  1 900  450 2.67 2 a. Determine the new distance of each mass from the rotation axis.
2 2 b. Calculate the initial and the final rotational kinetic energy of the
K r  f  4812 J system.
   
thus K r i  K r f 2.95 rev  2 rad  1
Solution : 0     18.5 rad s
It is because the energy is lost in the form of heat from the 1s  1 rev 
friction between the surface of the disc with the bag of
3.54 rev  2 rad  1
sand.     22.2 rad s
1 s  1 rev 

115 118

Chapter 08 Chapter 08
1
Example 8.20 : Solution : m  1.25 kg; ω0  18.5 rad s ; I ss  5.43 kg m 2 ;
A raw egg and a hard-boiled egg are rotating about the same rb  0.759 m; ω  22.2 rad s 1 ;
axis of rotation with the same initial angular velocity. Explain
which egg will rotate longer.
0 
Solution :
The answer is hard-boiled egg.
rb rb
m m
ra ra

Before After
116 119

Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : Solution : m  1.25 kg ; ω0  18.5 rad s 1 ; I ss  5.43 kg m 2 ;

Reason rb  0.759 m; ω  22.2 rad s 1 ;
Raw egg : a. The moment of inertia of the system initially is
When the egg spins, its yolk being denser moves away from the
axis of rotation and then the moment of inertia of the egg increases
I i  I ss  I m 
I i  I ss  mrb 2  mrb 2 
because of I  mr 2  I ss  2mrb 2
From the principle of conservation of angular momentum, I i  5.43  21.25 0.759 2  6.87 kg m 2
The moment of inertia of the system finally is
I  constant I f  I ss  2mra 2
If the I is increases hence its angular velocity,  will decreases.
 5.43  21.25ra 2
Hard-boiled egg :
I f  5.43  2.5ra 2
By using the principle of conservation of angular momentum,
The position of the yolk of a hard-boiled egg is fixed. When the egg
is rotated, its moment of inertia does not increase and then its thus 
Li  L f 
angular velocity is constant. Therefore the egg continues to spin. I i ω0  I f ω
6.87 18.5  5.43  2.5ra 2 22.2
117 ra  0.344 m 120

20
 Chapter 08 Chapter 08

Solution : m  1.25 kg ; ω0 18.5 rad s 1 ; I ss  5.43 kg m 2 ; Summary:

rb  0.759 m; ω  22.2 rad s 1 ; Linear Motion Relationship Rotational Motion
b. The initial rotational kinetic energy is given by ds d
v  r 
K r i  1 I i ω0 2 v
dt dt
2
1 dv d
 6.87 18.5 
2 a a  r 
2 dt dt
n
K r i 3
 1.18  10 J
m I   mi ri 2 I
and the final rotational kinetic energy is i 1

K r  f 
1
I f ω2  F  ma   rF sin    I
2 p  mv L  rp sin 
1
L  I

2
 2

5.43  2.50.344  22.2 
2
W  Fs W  
K r  f  1.41  10 3 J P  Fv P  
121 124

Chapter 08
Exercise 8.5 :
Use gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m s2
1. A woman of mass 60 kg stands at the rim of a horizontal
turntable having a moment of inertia of 500 kg m2 and a radius
of 2.00 m. The turntable is initially at rest and is free to rotate
about the frictionless vertical axle through its centre. The
woman then starts walking around the rim clockwise (as viewed
from above the system) at a constant speed of 1.50 m s1
relative to the Earth.
a. In the what direction and with what value of angular speed
does the turntable rotate?
b. How much work does the woman do to set herself and the
turntable into motion?
ANS. : 0.360 rad s1 ,U think; 99.9 J

122

Chapter 08

2. Determine the angular momentum of the Earth

a. about its rotation axis (assume the Earth is a uniform solid
sphere), and
b. about its orbit around the Sun (treat the Earth as a particle
orbiting the Sun).
Given the Earth’s mass = 6.0 x 1024 kg, radius = 6.4 x 106 m
and is 1.5 x 108 km from the Sun.
ANS. : 7.1 x 1033 kg m 2 s1; 2.7 x 1040 kg m 2 s1
3. Calculate the magnitude of the angular momentum of the
second hand on a clock about an axis through the centre of the
clock face. The clock hand has a length of 15.0 cm and a mass
of 6.00 g. Take the second hand to be a thin rod rotating with
angular velocity about one end. (Given the moment of inertia of
1
thin rod about the axis through the CM is ML2 )
6
ANS. : 4.71 x 10 kg m s 2 1 12
123

21