Biology Department

College of Arts & Sciences Date submitted: 9/17/2021

BIOL 101L - Zoology Group No. 2
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz
Members: Cleriza
Exercise Dayot
7: Genetics Activity & Variations
Michael Zaballero

Exercise 7: Genetics Activity and Variations

I. Genetics Activity what is known as the Law of Independent

Assortment which predicts that different genes
Diploid organisms have two genes for each
located on non-homologous chromosomes
physical trait, such as blood type and ability to
(Figure 7.3b) will separate independently of each
roll tongue. In genetics, these genes are
other during meiosis. Keep these two laws in
represented by symbols (usually letters) and are
mind during this activity.
referred to as the genotype of the organism. The
physical trait or the protein that results from
expression of this genotype is the phenotype
(Figure 7.1).

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.1
Different forms of genes that code for the
genotype are called alleles. If your father cannot
roll his tongue, and you can, you have both the
alleles for tongue roller (T) and a non-tongue
roller (t). Since your genes for this trait are not
the same, you are heterozygous for the trait.
Your father, who has the genotype tt, is therefore
homozygous recessive (Figure 7.2). (He cannot
be a non-tongue roller unless he is this.)
Homozygous means that an individual has the
same alleles for a trait, either both recessive or
both dominant. Figure 7.3
Gregor Mendel discovered that the alleles
separate during meiosis and end up in different Task (Mendel’s Laws)
gametes. We now call this the Law of
Segregation. This means that a heterozygous
individual can pass on either of his two genes into
1. For pairs with both male members, refer
a gamete, but not both. Mendel's work also led to to Figure 7.4. For pairs with both female

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

members, refer to Figure 7.5. For pairs genotype and phenotype of your set of
with male and female members, you have chromosomes for each of the following 6
the option to choose between the two traits:
Figures to refer to.
Table 7.1: Coding System
Trait Genotype Phenotype
IA A antigen
(codominant)
ABO
B antigen
Blood IB
(codominant)
Group
O non-antigen
i
(recessive)
Normal gene
A+
(dominant)
Albinism
Albino gene
A-
(recessive)
Figure 7.4: Male chromosomes
Brown gene
B
Eye (dominant)
Color Blue gene
b
(recessive)
Curly gene
C+ (incomplete
Hair dominant)
Texture Straight gene
C- (incomplete
dominant)
Rh+ antigen
Rh+
(dominant)
Figure 7.5: Female chromosomes Rh Blood
Rh- non-
Type
2. Each of the letters written on the Rh- antigen
chromosomes in Figures 7.4 and 7.5 (recessive)
represents a gene. Alleles are given Tongue roller
similar letters (upper or lower case). T
(dominant)
Similarly, each of the numbers (1, 2, 3) Tongue
Non-tongue
written on the chromosomes represent the Roller
t roller
chromosome number.
(recessive)
3. Use the system of coding and the mode of
inheritance given in Table 7.1 for the

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

 How many genes for a single trait

Questions to answer:
are found in each gamete? 1 allele
 For what traits are you homozygous?
Heterozygous?  Give an example of Mendel’s Law of
Segregation using the traits in your
Homozygous Heterozygous set of chromosomes.
i IB the gene for seed color in pea plants
A+ A+
BB  Give an example of Mendel’s Law of
Independent Assortment using the
C+ C+ traits in your set of chromosomes.
Rh+ Rh- Mendelian dihybrid cross
Tt
 What mechanism(s) separate(s)
linked genes during meiosis?
• Notice that in each of your chromosomes,
two genes are found. Genes found in one Linked genes can be separated by
chromosome are called linked genes. recombination

 Identify the pairs of linked genes in  Would any of the gametes have been
the same if this mechanism were not
chromosomes 1, 2 and 3 in your set.
at work? no

 What advantage does this mechanism

 If the process of crossing-over during give to sexually reproducing
Prophase I of Meiosis happens in the organisms?
upper portion of chromosome 1 (for
Figure 7.4) and in the lower portion of
chromosome 2, what are the resulting
pairs of linked genes in chromosomes 1,
2, and 3 in your set?  What are the sources of variation shown
in this activity? Recombination
• At the end of the process of Meiosis:
 What are the resulting 4 gametes of
your set? Write their gene make-up:  If mitosis were the only mode of
reproduction, would the genotype of the
Gametes offspring be the same as the parent?
no

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

4. Select one of your gametes and pair it

with the genes of a hypothetical partner
tabulated in Table 7.2.

Table 7.2: Results for the Task

Genes Genotype of
Traits Phenotype of offspring
Mine Partner offspring
I A ii Pure O antigen(recessive)
ABO blood i
A+ A+ A- Normal gene and Albino gene
Albinism A-
B Bb Brown and blue gene
Eye color b
C+ C+ C+ Pure curly gene
Hair texture C+
Pure Rh+ antigen
Rh type blood Rh+ Rh+ Rh+ Rh+

T TT Pure tongue roller

Tongue roller T

II. Variations in Humans

A. Thumb prints
Due to heredity, "like produces like"; snakes
1. Examine carefully the sample thumb
can only give rise to snakes, fish to fish, and
so on, so that members of any one species prints shown in Figure 7.6.
look almost alike. However, it is also a fact  Are any of the prints identical?
that living things of the same kind are never no
exactly alike. Children of one family may
share a family resemblance but never look 2. Group the prints according to type.
exactly the same (unless, of course, they an Refer to Figure 7.7 for types of
identical twins!). There are differences in fingerprints on next page.
natural skin or hair coloration, weight, height,
body build, etc. These differences may be 3. Fill out Table 7.3 with your results
morphological, physiological, sexual, and and compare it with Table 7.4 on next
behavioral or psychological. So it is with page.
other organisms – there is no one normal  What are the practical
weight, length, etc. The differences within a applications of fingerprinting?
species are what we call variations.
background checks
In this lab activity, you will study some
variations and describe the patterns that biometric security
characterize these variations.

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

mass disaster identification Table 7.3: Group of prints according to type

criminal situations.
Type Female Male Total
4 3 7
Ulnar loop
2 0 2
Radial loop
4 5 9
Whorls
1 1 2
Tented
Arch
0 0 0
Simple
Arch

Figure 7.6: Sample thumb prints of male Figure 7.7: Fingerprint patterns (t =
(M) and female (F) triradius; c = core)

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

Table 7.4: Frequencies of fingerprint  How does the group frequency

patterns distribution compare with the
reported frequency of blood types of
Female Male Overall Filipinos?
Type
(%) (%) (%)
The filipinos has the most frequency of
Ulnar loop 49.2 39.6 44.4
Type O
Radial loop 0.6 2.1 1.3

Whorls 19.2 42.9 31.0

Tented
14.9 7.4 11.2
Arch

Simple  How does this frequency compare

16.1 8.0 12.1 with that of the US white population?
Arch
Compared to US white population type A,
is the most common to them
B. Blood types

The summary of the frequency (Column 2; in

red texts) of the blood types of the members
of a group is tabulated in Table 7.5. Calculate
the equivalent percentages to answer the
questions.

Table 7.5: Blood Types of Group Members  Of what practical use is blood typing?
Blood typing is done so you can
US Ave. (%)
Fre Phil
Blood Per safely donate your blood or receive a blood
que Ave.
Type Cent Whit Blac transfusion. It is also done to see if you
ncy (%)
es ks have a substance called Rh factor on the
5.26 surface of your red blood cells.
A 5 26 41 28
11.32
B 6 23 10 20
28.57
AB 4 5 4 5
10.87
O 15 46 45 47

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 Biology Department
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

Questions to answer:  Would it be possible to demonstrate

whether variations were due to
 Of what biological advantage is variation environment or heredity? How?
to organisms?
. Heritability can change over time because
Variation allows some individuals within a population
the variance in genetic values can change,
to adapt to the changing environment. the variation due to environmental factors
can change, or the correlation between
genes and environment can change.

 What are the possible causes of genetic

variation?
Genetic variation can be caused by mutation

Reflections / Generalizations
Well, to be honest the activity was quite complicated and a bit confusing at first, however it was good
figuring out how to answer all of it. We were able to learn about the genetic activity and its variations.

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 Biology Department END OF EXERCISE 7
College of Arts & Sciences
BIOL 101L - Zoology
Adapted from D Dawang & L Saab; Modified by E Besoro & E Villaluz Exercise 7: Genetics Activity & Variations

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