DGVJXGE VLEMGB\D\GE

ELAXJ]IC _IEMXJNL GC\] VGMG GEGC

Migkucge uetuc nlnleubi tu`gs _tgsl Gegc

Mjsle ; ]IN

Misusue Jdlb ;

Xiszg Gprigei Aguziygb

KEX6866779

VXJ@XGN _]\MI VXJAL_I ELX_

_LCJDGB ]IE@@I IDN\ CL_LBG]GE C\EIE@GE
]GB\E GCGMLNIC 8686/8687
 Mgatgr isi

Mgatgr isi ..............................................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................................. i

G. Mlaieisi.................................................................
........................................................................................................................
....................................................... 7

H. Cdgsiaicgsi ...................................................................................................................
................................................................................................................... 7

O. Gegtjni Aisijdj`i ......................................................................................................

...................................................................................................... 8

M. Ltijdj`i.................................................................
........................................................................................................................
....................................................... 0

L. ]gemg Mge @lkgdg .......................................................................................................

....................................................................................................... 2

A. Cjnpdicgsi.................................................................................
..................................................................................................................
................................. 2

@. Vgtjaisijdj`i ................................................................................................................ 9

B. Vgtbwgy...........................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
.......................................... 77
I. Vlnlricsgge Vleuekge` ............................................................................................ 78

K. Vlegtgdgcsgegge Nlmis ............................................................................................. 78

C. Cjeslp Gsubge Clplrgwgtge ................................................................................... 7?

D. Mgatgr Vustgcg .......................................................................................

...........................................................................................................
.................... 8=

i
G. Mlaieisi
_iemrjn elarjtic gmgdgb clgmgge cdieis yge` tlrmiri gtgs prjtlieurig
ngsia, bipjgdhunielnig (4 8,< `/mD), lmlng, mge biplrcjdlstlrjdlnig .

_iemrjn elarjtic nlrupgcge pleygcit `iekgd yge`

yge` slrie` pgmg gegc
(_umue`, 8670).
_iemrjn elarjtic (_E) nlrupgcge pleygcit `iekgd tlrhgeygc
pgmg gegc. _iemrjn elarjtic mitgemgi mle`ge `lkgdg lmlng, prjtlieurig
ngsia 5=6n`/n dugs plrnucgge hgmge/kgn gtgu <6 n`/c`/bgri,
bipjgdhunielnig kicg cgmgr gdhunie ≭8,<`/mDmge mgpgt mislrtgi
biplrcjdlstlrjdlnig kicg cgmgr cjdlstlrjd tjtgd 5866n`/mD (Ngieegb, E
lt gd., 8686).
Elarjtic _iemrjn (E_) gmgdgb sgdgb sgtu pleygcit `djnlrudus yge`

pgdie` slrie` tlrkgmi pgmg gegc-gegc. Elarjtic _iemrjn (E_) gmgdgb

clgmgge cdieis yge` mitgemgi prjtlieurig ngsia, bipjgdhunielnig, lmlng
gegsgrcg, mge biplrdipimlnig (Mlwi, 8679).
H. Cdgsiaicgsi
_logrg cdieis Elarjtic siemrjn mihg`i nlekgmi 8 `jdje`ge, ygitu ;
7. Elarjtic _iemrjn Vrinlr gtgu Imijpgtic
Micgtgcge siemrjn elarjtic prinlr jdlb cgrleg siemrjn elarjtic iei
slogrg prinlr tlrkgmi gcihgt cldgiege pgmg `djnlrudus itu slemiri tgepg
gmg pleylhgh.

8. Elarjtic _iemrjn _lcuemlr

]inhud slhg`gi gcihgt mgri sugtu pleygcit sistlnic gtgu slhg`gi gcihgt
mgri hlrhg`gi slhgh dgie yge` eygtg. Vleylhgh yge` slrie` mikunpgi
getgrg dgie ;
g) Vleygcit nltghjdic gtgu cje`leitgd; mighltls nldditus, gnidjimjsis,
siemrjn Gdpjrt, nicslmlng
h) Iealcsi ; blpgtitis H, ngdgrig, sobistjsjnigsis, dlprg, siaidis,
strlptjcjcus, GIM_
o) ]jcsie mge gdlr`le; dj`gn hlrgt (B`), pleisiddgnie, prjhlelsim,

rgoue slrge``g, hisg udgr

7
 m) Vleygcit sistlnic hlrnlmigsi inuejdj`ic; dupus lritlngtjsus
sistlnic, purpurg Blejob-_obñedlie, sgrcjimjsis (Yudigemrg, 8672)
O. Gegtjni Aisijdj`i

(_unhlr ; Vrgtiwi, 8679)

_usuege _istln Vlrclnibge _istln plrclnibge tlrmiri mgri;
7. mug `iekgd (rle) yge` nle`bgsidcge urie,
8. mug urltlr yge` nlnhgwg urie mgri `iekgd cl vlsicg uriegrig
(cgemue` clnib),
?. sgtu vlsicg uriegrig (Q\), tlnpgt urie micunpudcge, mgesgtu
urltbrg, urie micldugrcge mgri vlsicg uriegrig. @iekgd (Xle) tlrdltgc
pgmg miemie` pjstlrijr ghmjnle mi hldgcge` plritjelun pgmg

clmug sisi vlrtlhrg tbjrgcgdis cl 78 sgnpgi vlrtlhrg dunhgdis cl-?.

Hletuc `iekgd slplrti hiki cgoge`. @iekgd cgege slmicit dlhib rlemgb
mgri `iekgd ciri, cgrleg gmgeyg djhus blpgtis mlxtlr yge` hlsgr.
=. Aue`si `iekgd gmgdgb
g) nlnl`ge` plrgege pletie` mgdgn ple`ldugrge zgt-zgt
tjcsis gtgu rgoue,
h) nlnplrtgbgecge sugsgeg clslinhge`ge ogirge,
o) nlnplrtgbgecge clslinhge`ge cgmgr gsgn mge hgsg mgri
ogirge tuhub, mge

8
 m) nle`ldugrcge sisg-sisg nltghjdisnl gcbir mgri prjtlie
urlun, crlgtieie mge gnjeigc.
<. Agsoig Xlegdis tlrmiri mgri; Agsoig rlegdis tlrmiri mgri

g) agsoig (agsoig rlegdis),

h) Kgrie`ge dlngc plri rlegd, mge
o) cgpsudg yge` slhlegreyg (cgpsudg aihrjsg), nldiputi mge
nldlcgt mle`ge lrgt pgmg plrnucgge dugr `iekgd
1. _tructur @iekgd
_ltigp `iekgd tlrhue`cus jdlb sldgput tipis yge` mislhut
cgpsudg aihrjsg, tlrmgpgt ojrtlx rlegdis mi hg`ige dugr, yge`
hlrwgreg ojcldgt `ldgp, mge nlmuddg rlegdis mi hg`ige mgdgn yge`
hlrwgreg ojcldgt dlhib tlrge` mihgemie`cge ojrtlx. Hg`ige

nlmuddg hlrhletuc clruout yge` mislhut pyrgnimls rlegdis, pueogc

clruout tgmi nle`bgmgp cgdics yge` tlrmiri mgri duhge`-duhge`
cloid mislhut pgpiddg rlegdis. Bidun gmgdgb pie``ir nlmigd `iekgd
hlrhletuc cjecga slhg`gi pietu ngsuceyg plnhudub mgrgb,
plnhudub dinal, urltlr mge elrvus.. Vldvis rlegdis hlrhletuc
ojrje` yge` nlelring urie yge` miprjmucsi `iekgd. ]lrhg`i
nlekgmi mug gtgu ti`g ogdiols rlegdis ngkjrls yge` ngsie`-ngsie`
gcge hlroghge` nlekgmi mug gtgu ti`g ogdiols rlegdis niejrls.
0. Vjtje`ge nlnhukur `iekgd Kgrie`ge `iekgd.

Pgreg hiru nleuekuccge sgtu tuhudus _tructur bgdus `iekgd

tlrmiri mgri hgeygc elarje yge` nlrupgcge ueit aue`sijegd `iekgd.
Miplrcirgcge gmg 7 kutg elarje mgdgn sltigp `iekgd. Elarje tlrmiri
mgri ; @djnlrudus, tuhudus prjxingd, gesg bledl, tuhudus mistgd mge
tuhudus uriegrius.
2. Vrjsls Vlnhletucge \rie
]gbgp plnhletucge urie
g) Vrjsls Aidtrgsi ,mi `djnlrudus ]lrkgmi pleylrgpge mgrgb,
yge` tlrsgrie` gmgdgb hg`ige ogirge mgrgb clougdi prjtlie.

Ogirge yge` tlrsgrie` mitgnpue` jdlb sinpgi hjwnle yge`

?
 tlrmiri mgri `ducjsg, gir, sjmiun, cdjrimg, sudagt, hicgrhjegt
mdd, mitlruscge cl tuhudus `iekgd. ogirge yge` mi sgrie`
mislhut aidtrgtl `rjnlrudus.

h) Vrjsls Xlghsjrhsi Vgmg prjsls iei tlrkgmi pleylrgpge

clnhgdi slhg`ige hlsgr mgri `dicjsg, sjmiun, cdjrimg, ajspgt
mge hlhlrgpg ije hicgrhjegt. Vrjslseyg tlrkgmi slogrg pgsia
(jhdi`gtjr rlghsjrhsi) mi tuhudus prjxingd. slmge`cge pgmg
tuhudus mistgd tlrkgmi clnhgdi pleylrgpge sjmiun mge ije
hicgrhjegt hidg miplrducge tuhub. Vleylrgpge
Vle ylrgpge tlrkgmi slogrg
gctia (rlghsjrhsi agcudtgtia) mge sisgeyg migdircge pgmg
pgpiddg rlegdis.
o) Vrjsls slcrlsi. _isg mgri pleylrgpge clnhgdi yge` tlrkgmi mi

tuhudus mistgd migdircge cl pgpiddg rlegdis sldgekuteyg

mitlruscge cl dugr.
9. Vlemgrgbge @iekgd nlemgpgtcge mgrgb mgri gjrtg ghmjniegdis yge`
nlnpueygi plroghge`ge grtlrig rlegdis, grtlri iei hlrpgsge`ge ciri
mge cgege. Grtlri rlegdis hlroghge` nlekgmi grtlrig ietlrdjhudgris
clnumige nlekgmi grtlri gcugrtg. Grtlri ietlrdjhudgris yge` hlrgmg
mi tlpi `iekgd hlroghge` nlekgmi grtlrijdgl galrle `djnlrudus yge`
ngsuc cl `rjnlrudus. Cgpidlr mgrgb yge` nleie``gdcge
`rjnlrudus mislhut grtlrijdgl lalrle `rjnlrudus yge` clnumige

nlekgmi vleg rlegdis ngsuc cl vleg ogvg iealrijr.

iea lrijr.
76. Vlrsgrgage @iekgd @iekgd nlemgpgtcge plrsgrgage mgri adlcsus
rlegdis(vgsjnjtjr). _grga iei hlraue`si uetuc nle`gtur kundgb
mgrgb yge` ngsuc cl mgdgn `iekgd, sgrga iei hlrkgdge hlrsgngge
mle`ge plnhudub mgrgb yge` ngsuc cl `iekgd.
77. \rltlr ]lrmiri mgri 8 sgdurge pipg ngsie`-ngsie` hlrsgnhue` mgri
`iekgd cl vlsicg uriegrig. Vgekge`eyg · 8<-?6 on, mle`ge
plegnpge` 6,< on. \rltlr slhg`ige
slhg `ige tlrdltgc pgmg rje``g ghmjnle
mge slhg`ige dg`i tlrdltgc pgmg rje``g pldvis. Dgpisge miemie`

urltlr tlrmiri mgri;

=
 g) Miemie` dugr kgrie`ge icgt (kgrie`ge aihrjsg)
h) Dgpisge tle`gb dgpisge jtjt pjdjs
o) Dgpisge slhldgb mgdgn dgpisge nucjsg Dgpisge miemie`

urltlr nleinhudcge `lrgcge-`lrgcge plristgdtio yge`

nlemjrje` urie ngsuc cl mgdgn cgemue` clnib.
78. Qlsicg \riegrig (Cgemue` Clnib) Qlsicg uriegrig hlclrkg slhg`gi
plegnpue` urie. Jr`ge iei hlrhletuc slplrti hugb pir (clemi).
dltgceyg m hldgcge` sinaisis puhis mgdgn rje``g pge``ud. Qlsicg
uriegrig mgpgt nle`lnhge` mge nle`lnpis slplrti hgdje cgrlt.
Miemie` cgemue` clnib tlrmiri mgri;
g) Dgpisge slhldgb dugr (plritjelun).
h) ]ueicg nuscudgris (dgpisge hlrjtjt).

o) ]ueicg suhnucjsg.
m) Dgpisge nucjsg (dgpisge hg`ige mgdgn).
7?. \rltrg Nlrupgcge sgdurge slnpit yge` hlrpge`cgd pgmg vlsicg
uriegrig yge` hlraue`si nleygdurcge gir clnib cl dugr. Vgmg dgci-
dgci pgekge`eyg cirg-cirg 7?,0-71,8 on, tlrmiri mgri;
g) \rltbrg pgrs Vrjstgtiog
h) \rltbrg pgrs nlnhrgejsg (tlrmgpgt spieobtlr urltbrg
lxtlreg)
o) \rltbrg pgrs spje`ijsg. \rltbrg pgmg wgeitg pgekge`eyg

cirg-cirg ?,0-1,8 on (]gydjr), ?-< on (Dlwis). _pbieotlr

urltbrg tlrdltgc mi slhldgb gtgs vg`ieg (getgrg oditjris mge
vg`ieg) mge urltbrg misiei bgeyg slhg`gi sgdurge lcscrlsi.
Miemie` urltbrg tlrmiri mgri ? dgpisge;
g) Dgpisge jtjt pjdjs, nlrupgcge cldgekutge jtjt pjdjs mgri
Qlsicg uriegrig. Nle`gemue` kgrie`ge ldgstis mge jtjt
pjdjs. _pbieotlr urltbrg nlekg`g g`gr urltbrg tltgp tlrtutup.
h) Dgpisge suhnucjsg, dgpisge dje``gr nle`gemue`
plnhudub mgrgb mge sgrga.

o) Dgpisge nucjsg.

<
7=. \rie (Gir Clnib) _iagt aisis gir clnib, tlrmiri mgri;
g) Kundgb lcscrlsi mgdgn 8= kgn · 7.<66 oo tlr`getue` mgri
plngsucge (ietgcl) ogirge mge agctjr dgieeyg. Cldjnpjc
Cld jnpjc =,

_7 Clplrgwgtge,
h) Pgreg, hleie` cueie` numg mge hidg mihigrcge gcge
nlekgmi clrub.
o) Pgreg, cueie` tlr`getue` mgri clplcgtge, milt jhgt-jhgtge
mge slhg`gieyg.
m) Hgu, hgu cbgs gir clnib hidg mihigrcge dgng gcge hlrhgu
gnjeigc.
l) Hlrgt kleis 7,67<-7,686.
a) Xlgcsi gsgn, hidg dgng-dgng nlekgmi gdcgdis, ku`g

tlr`getue` mgri pgmg milt (sgyur nleylhghcge rlgcsi gdcgdis

mge prjtlie nlnhlri rlgcsi gsgn).
Cjnpjsisi gir clnib, tlrmiri mgri;
g) Gir clnib tlrmiri mgri cirg-cirg 9<% gir.
h) [gt-zgt sisg eitrj`le mgri bgsid nltghjdisnl prjtlie, gsgn
urlg, gnjeigc mge crlgtieie.
o) Ldlctrjdit, egtriun, cgdsiun, EB?, hicgrhjegt, ajspgt mge
sudagt.
m) Vg`nle (hidiruhie mge urjhidie).

l) ]jcsie.
a) Bjrnje.
7<. Nicturisi Nicturisi igdgb prjsls ple`jsje`ge cgemue` clnib
sltldgb tlrisi mle`ge urie. Nicturisi nldihgtcge 8 tgbgp utgng,
ygitu;
g) Cgemue` clnib tlrisi slogrg prj`rlsia bie``g tl`ge`ge
pgmg miemie`eyg nleie`cgt nldgnpgui eidgi gnhge` hgtgs
hgt gs
(Bgd iei tlrkgmi hidg tldgb tlrtinhue 706-8?6 nd urie),
clgmgge iei gcge nleoltuscge tgbgp cl 8.

1
 h) Gmgeyg rladlcs sgrga (mislhut rladlcs nicturisi) yge` gcge
nle`jsje`cge cgemue` clnib.
Vusgt sgrga nicsi hlrgmg pgmg jtgc mge spiegd ojrm (tudge`

hldgcge`) _lhg`ige hlsgr ple`jsje`ge mi dugr clemgdi tltgpi

ple`jetrjdge
ple`j etrjdge mgpgt mi pldgkgri —dgtib„. _istln sgr ga sinpgtis ;
inpuds nle`bgnhgt Qlsicg \riegrig mge `lrgc spieobtlr ietlreg,
slbie``g jtjt mltrusjr rldgx mge spieobtlr ietlreg cjestricsi.
_istln sgrga pgrgsinpgtis; inpuds nleylhghcge jtjt
mltrusjr hlrcjetricsi, slhgdiceyg spieobtlr rldgcsgsi tlrkgmi
nicturisi (ejrngd; timgc eylri). Oiri-Oiri \rie Ejrngd ;
g) Xgtg-rgtg mgdgn sgtu bgri 7-8 ditlr, tgpi hlrhlmg-hlmg slsugi
mle`ge kundgb ogirge yge` ngsuc.

h) Pgregeyg hleie` jrgeyl tgepg gmg lemgpge.

o) Hgueyg tgkgn.
m) Xlgcsieyg slmicit gsgn tlrbgmgp dgcnus mle`ge pB rgtg-
rgtg 1.
M. Ltijdj`i
Nleurut \nhjb (8679) Vleylhgh Elarjtic siemrjn yge` pgsti
hldun micltgbui. Gcbir-gcbir iei mige``gp slhg`gi sugtu pleygcit
gutjinue, ygitu sugtu rlgcsi geti`le getihjmy. \nuneyg ltijdj`i mihg`i
nlekgmi;

7. Elarjtic siemrjn hgwgge Mituruecge slhg`gi rlslsia gutjsjn gtgu

cgrleg rlgcsi ngtlrejaltgd. Xlsistle tlrbgmgp sugtu ple`jhgtge. @lkgdg
lmlng pgmg ngsg eljegtus. Vlregb miojhg pleoge`cjcge `iekgd pgmg
eljegtus tltgpi timgc hlrbgsid. Vrj`ejsis huruc mge higsgeyg pgsile
nleie``gd pgmg hudge-hudge plrtgng clbimupgeeyg.
8. Elarjtic siemrjn slcuemlr Mislhghcge jdlb ;
g) Ngdgrig qugrtgeg gtgu pgrgsit dgieeyg
h) Vleygcit cjdg`le slplrti _DL, purpurg gegaidgctjim
o) @djnlrudjelaritis gcut gtgu `djnlrudjelaritis crjeis, trjnhjsis

vleg rlegdis

0
 m) Hgbge cinig slplrti trinltgmije, pgrgmije, pleisidgnie, `grgn
lngs, sle`gtge dlhgb, rgoue jtgc, gir rgcsg.
l) Gnidjimjsis, pleygcit sld sghit, biplrprjdielnig, elaritis

nlnhrgelprjdialrgtia bipjcjnpdlnletlnic.
L. ]gemg Mge @lkgdg
7. \riel yge` hlrhusg gcihgt gmgeyg prjtlie mgdgn uriel.
8. Migrl.
?. Nugd.
=. Dltib, dlsu, mge clbidge`ge egasu ngcge.
<. Hlrtgnhgbeyg hlrgt hgmge gcihgt pleunpucge ogirge tuhub.
1. plnhle`cgcge (lmlng) pgmg ngtg, cgci, mge plr`ldge`ge cgci,
A. Cjnpdicgsi

Cjnpdicgsi yge` mgpgt tlrkgmi pgmg siemrjn elarjtic ygitu ;

7. Clslinhge`ge Eitrj`le El`gtia
Vrjtlieurig ngsia gcge nleylhghcge clslinhge`ge eitrj`le nlekgmi
el`gtia, yge` slogrg cdieis mgpgt miucur mle`ge cgmgr gdhunie pdgsng.
Milt tie``i prjtlie timgc tlrhucti nlnplrhgici nltghjdisnl gdhunie
cgrleg rlspje blnjmiegnic tlrbgmgp gsupge yge` nleie`cgt gmgdgb
nleie`cgteyg tlcgege `djnlrudus yge` nleylhghcge clbidge`ge
prjtlie mgdgn urie yge` slngcie hgeygc. Milt rlemgb prjtlie gcge
nle`urge`i prjtlieurig egnue ku`g nleuruecge clolpgtge sietlsis

gdhunie mge mgdgn kge`cg pgekge` gcge nleie`cgtcge risicj

nlnhuruceyg clslinhge`ge eitrj`le el`gtia.
8. Biplrcjg`udgsi
Cjnpdicgsi trjnhjlnhjdi slrie` mitlnucge pgmg siemrjn elarjtic
gcihgt pleie`cgtge cjg`udgsi ietrgvgscudgr. Cgmgr hlrhg`gi prjtlie
yge` tlrdihgt mgdgn cgscgml cjg`udgsi tlr`ge``u pgmg siemrjn
elarjtic slrtg g`rl`gsi pgdtldlt icut nleie`cgt. @ge``uge cjg`dgsi
yge` tlrkgmi mislhghcge jdlb pleie`cgtge sisetlsis prjtlie jdlb bgti
mge clbidge`ge prjtlie nldgdui urie.

?. Biplrdimlnig mge dipimurig

2
 Nlrupgcge clgmgge yge` slri` nleylrtgi siemrjn elarjtic. Xlspje
biplrdipimlnic slhg`ige mioltuscge jdlb nleurueeyg tlcgege jecjtic
pdgsng, slrtg mlrgkgt biplrdipimlnig hlrhgemie` tlrhgdic mge

hlrbuhue`ge lrgt mle`ge nleurueeyg tlcgege jecjtic. Cjemisi

biplrdipimlnig mgpgt rlvlrsihld slirie` mle`ge rlsjdusi mgri
siemrjelarjtic yge` tlrkgmi hgic slogrg spjetge ngupue miiemucsi
mle`ge jhgt.
=. @ge``uge nltghjdisnl cgdsiun mge tudge`
Qitgnie M yge` tlricgt prjtlie ngcg gcge milcscrlsicge nldgdui urie`
slbie``g tlrkgmi pleuruege cgmgr pdgsng. Cgmgr 8<(JB)M mge 7,8<
(JB)8M pdgsng ku`g icut nleuruege slmge`cge cgmgr vitgnie M
hlhgs timgc nle`gdgnu `ge``uge.
`ge``uge.

<. Iealcsi
Iealcsi nlrupgcge pleylhgh tlrslrie` tlrkgmieyg clngtige pgmg
siemrjn elarjtic tlrutgng jdlb jr`geisnl hlrcgpsud. Iealcsi pgmg
siemrjn elarjtic tlrkgmi gcihgt mlalc inueitgs bunjrgd, sldudlr mge
`ge``uge sistlng cjnpdlnle. (Vrgtiwi, 8679)
@. Vgtjaisijdj`i
7. Vrjtlieurig
Gmg ti`g kleis prjtlieurig ygitu `djnlrudgr, tuhudgr mge jvlradjw.
Clbidge`ge prjtlie pgmg siemrjn elarjtic tlrngsuc mgdgn prjtlieurig

`djnlrudgr. Vrjtlieurig pgmg pleygcit `djnlrudgr mislhghcge jdlb

nleie`cgteyg aidtrgsi ngcrjnjdlcud nldlwgti miemie` cgpidlr
`djnlrudus. Bgd iei slrie` migcihgtcge jdlb cldgiege pgmg pjmjsit
`djnlrudgr. Mgdgn clgmgge ejrngd nlnhrge hgsgd `djnlrudus
nlnpueygi nlcgeisnl ple`bgdge` uetuc nleol`gb clhjojrge
prjtlie. Nlcgeisnl ple`bgdge` plrtgng hlrmgsgrcge ucurge njdlcud
mge yge` clmug hlrmgsgrcge nugtge districeyg. Vgmg siemrjn elarjtic
clmug nlcgeisnl tlrslhut tlr`ge``u.prjtlieurig mihlmgcge nlekgmi
sldlctia mge eje-sldlctia hlrmgsgrcge ucurge njdlcud prjtlie yge`

cldugr nldgdui urie. Vrjtlie sldctia gpghidg prjtlie yge` cldugr tlrmiri

9
 mgri njdlcud cloid nigdeyg gdhunie, slmge`cge yge` eje-sldlctia
gpghidg prjtlie yge` cldugr tlrmiri mgri njdlcud hlsgr slplrti
inuej`djhudie.

8. Bipjgdhunielnig
Vgmg clgmgge ejrngd, prjmucsi gdhunie mi bgti gmgdgb 78-7= `/bgri
(7?6- 866 n`/c`) mge kundgb yge` miprjmucsi sgng mle`ge kundgb
yge` micgtghjdisnl. Cgtghjdisnl slogrg mjniege tlrkgmi pgmg
lcstrgrlegd, slmge`cge 76% mi cgtghjdisnl pgmg tuhudus prjcsingd
`iekgd sltldgb rlsjrpsi gdhunie yge` tldgb miaidtrgsi. Vgmg pgsile
siemrjn elarjtic, bipjgdhunielnig nlrupgcge ngeialstgsi mgri
bidge`eyg prjtlie mgdgn urie yge` hlrdlhibge mge pleie`cgtge
cgtghjdisnl gdhunie. (Cbgrisng, 8670) Bidge`eyg gdhunie nldgdui

urie nlrupgcge cjestrihutjr yge` pletie` pgmg clkgmige

bipjgdhunielnig. Nlscipue mlnicige, bgd tlrslhut hucge nlrupgcge
sgtu-sgtueyg pleylhgh pgmg pgsile siemrjn elarjtic cgrleg dgku
sietlsis gdhunie mgpgt nleie`cgt sltimgceyg ti`g cgdi dipgt mge mle`ge
hl`itu mgpgt nle`jnplesgsi bidge`eyg gdhunie
gdhunie nldgdui urie.
?. Lmlng
]lrmgpgt hlhlrgpg tljri yge` nlekldgscge tletge` tinhudeyg lmlng
pgmg siemrjn elarjtic. \emlraiddlm tbljry nlrupgcge tljri cdgsic
tletge` plnhletucge lmlng. ]ljri iei hlrisi hgbwg gmgeyg lmlng

mislhghcge jdlb nleurueeyg tlcgege jecjtic ietrgvgscudlr mge

nleylhghcge ogirge nlrlnhls cl ruge` ietlrstisigd. Gmgeyg
pleie`cgtge plrnlghiditgs cgpidlr `djnlrudus nleylhghcge gdhunie
cldugr slbie``g tlrkgmi gdhunieurig mge bipjgdhunielnig.
_lhg`gingeg micltgbui hgbwg sgdgb sgtu aue`si vitgd mgri gdhunie
gmgdgb slhg`gi pleletu tlcgege jecjtic. Ngcg cjemisi
bipjgdhunielnig iei nleylhghcge tlcgege jecjtic cjdjim pdgsng
ietrgvgscudgr nleurue. _lhg`gi gcihgteyg, ogirge trgesumgt nldlwgti
miemie` cgpidlr mgri ruge` ietrgvgscudgr cl ruge` ietlrstisigd clnumige

tinhud lmlng. (Cbgrisng, 8670)

76
 =. Biplrcjdlstlrjdlnig
Bgnpir slnug cgmgr dlngc (cjdlstlrjd, tri`dislrim) mge dipjprjtlie
slrun nleie`cgt pgmg siemrjn elarjsis. Bgd iei mgpgt mikldgscge

mle`ge plekldgsge getgrg dgie ygitu gmgeyg cjemisi bipjprjtlielnig

yge` nlrge`sge` sietlsis prjtlie nleyldurub mgdgn bgti, tlrngsuc
dipjprjtlie. _ldgie itu cgtghjdisnl dlngc nleurue cgrleg tlrmgpgt
pleuruege cgmgr dipjprjtlie dipgsl pdgsng, sistln lezin utgng yge`
nle`gnhid dlngc mgri pdgsng. Hlhlrgpg pleie`cgtge slrun
dipjprjtlie yge` mi aidtrgsi mi `djnlrudus gcge nleoltuscge tlrkgmieyg
dipimurig slbie``g gmgeyg tlnuge cbgs jvgd agt hjmils mge agtty ogst
pgmg slminle urie.
B. Vgtbwgy

imijpgtic slcuemlr hgwgge Ajcgd sl`nletgd

Elarjtic siemrjn Curge` ieajrngsi

@ge``uge plnhle tucge `dunldjrus Mlaioit

(bipjgdhunielnig) ple`ltgbuge

]lcgege cjdjim turue,

bimrjstgtic egic

Ogirge ngsuc cl lcstrgsldudlr

Xltlesij ogirge Xltlesij ogirge sldurub

mirje``g plrut - gsitls tuhub

Nlelcge isi plrut Lmlng gegsgrcg

(nugd/nuetgb)
Xisicj cltimgcslinhge`ge
Egasu ngcge nleurue ldlctrjdit

Mlaioit eutrisi Cjemisi dlngb Mgyg tgbge tuhub

nleurue

77
 Ietjdlrgesi
gctivitgs Xisicj iealcsi

(_unhlr ; Ngbgrgei, D. M., 8670)

8670)

I. Vlnlricsgge Vleuekge`

Nleurut (Ngieegb,
(Ngieegb, E lt gd., 8686) plnlricsgge pleuekge` uetuc
nlemucue` mig`ejsis siemrjn elarjtic, getgrg dgie ;

7. \riegdisis mge hidg plrdu higcge urie Higcge urie midgcucge gpghidg
tlrmgpgt `lkgdg cdieic yge` nle`grgb pgmg iealcsi sgdurge clnib
(I_C).
8. Vrjtlie urie cugetitgtia Vlnlricsgge midgcucge mle`ge nle``uegcge
urie 8= kgn gtgu rgsij prjtlie/crlgtieie pgmg urie plrtgng pg`i bgri.
bgri .
?. Vlnlricsgge mgrgb
g) Mgrgb tlpi dle`cgp (blnj`djhie, dlucjsit, bitue` kleis dlucjsit,
trjnhjsit, blngtjcrit, DLM)
h) Gdhunie mge cjdlstlrjd slrun
o) \rlun, crlgtieie, mge cdirles crlgtieie

K. Vlegtgdgcsg
Vlegtgdgcsgegge
egge Nlmis

Vlrgwgtge mi rungb sgcit pgmg plemlritg Elarjtic _iemrjn pletie`

mle`ge tukuge uetuc nlnplrolpgt plnlricsgge mge lvgdugsi ple`gturge
milt, plege``udge`ge lmlng, nlnudgi ple`jhgtge stlrjim mge lmucgsi
jrge` tug.

7. Lmucgsi clpgmg pgsile mge jrge` tug nle`legi pleygcit iei mge
prjslmur gpg yge` midgcucge. Vlekldgsge nle`legi pleygcit Elarjtic
_iemrjn hisg slnhub egnue ku`g mgpgt cgnhub dg`i plrdu
misgnpgicge mle`ge hgic g`gr timgc tlkgmi clsgdgb pgbgnge.
8. Xlstricsi ogirge migekurcge sldgng lmlng hlrgt. higsgeyg mihlricge
djjp miurltio slplrti aurjslnim 7-8 n`/c`HH/bgri, hidg plrdu
micjnhiegsicge mle`ge spirjegdjctje (getg`jeis gdmjstlrje, miurltic
blngt cgdiun) 8-? n`/HHc`/bgri. Vgmg plngcgige miurltic dlhib dgng

78
 mgri 7-8 nie``u plrdu midgcucge plngetguge ldlctrjdit mgrgb (cgdiun
mge egtriun)
?. Nlmicgnletjsg Cjrticjstlrjim sumgb mipgcgi slhg`gi tlrgpi diei
plrtgng Elarjtic _iemrjn cgrleg miygciei lalctia mgdgn
nleylnhubcge pleygcit iei. Cjrticjstlrjim nlrupgcge tlrgpi pidibge
utgng Elarjtic _iemrjn imijpgtic pgmg gegc clougdi kicg gmg
cjetrgiemicgsi. _tlrjim yge` mihlricge gmgdgb kleis prlmeisje mge
prlmeisjdje. Vle`jhgtge inuejsuprlsia iei mgpgt nleinhudcge rlnisi
prjtlieurig mge nldiemue`i aue`si `iekgd uetuc hlhlrgpg kleis
`djnlrudjelaritis prinlr (MX.]ribjej, 8678).
=. Ngegklnle Eje-Agrngcjdj`is
g) Ngegklnle Eutrisi mge Ogirge Cgrleg gmgeyg nlcgeisnl rltlesi
egtriun pgmg siemrjn elarjtic, ngcg hlhlrgpg ditlrgtur
nlrlcjnlemgsicge milt egtriun yge` mihgtgsi g`gr curge` mgri ?
`rgn/bgri mge milt ogirge 4 7<66 nd/bgri.
<. Ngegklnle Agrngcjdj`is
g) Miurltic
h) ]lrgpi getihijtio

C. Cjeslp Gsubge Clplrgwgtge

Nleurut (Vrgtiwi, 8679) ple`cgkige pgmg gegc tlrmiri mgri;

7. Gegnelsis
Gegnelsis gmgdgb plnlricsgge yge` midgcucge mle`ge wgwgeogrg.
_ugtu gegnelsis yge` tlrgrgb mgpgt nlnplrnumgb plel`gcge

mig`ejsis slsugi mle`ge cldubge yge` miclnucgcge jdlb gegc gtgu

jrge` tug. Gegnelsis tlrmiri mgri ;
g) Imletitgs pgsile slplrti egng,usig, kleis cldgnie, g`gng, sucu
hge`sg, gdgngt,plemimicge, egng jrge` tug mge plclrkgge jrge`
tug.
h) Cldubge utgng
Ygitu cldubge gtgu `lkgdg yge` nleylhghcge pgsile mihgwg
hlrjhgt. Cldubge utgng timgc sldgdu nlrupgcge cldubge yge`
plrtgng misgnpgicge
misg npgicge jdlb jrge` tug pgsile. Vgm
Vgmgg `ge``uge ogirge

cldubge utgng yge` nueoud gmgdgb lmlng pgmg tuhub slbie``g

7?
 nle`gcihgtcge plegnhgbge hlrgt hgmge. Lmlng tlrkgmi pgmg
plrijrhitgd, lmlng pgmg `leltgdige lcstlreg, gsitls, mistlesi
ghmjnle, lmlng agsigd gtgu pgmg wgkgb cbusus mglrgb ngtg

tlrdibgt hle`cgc.
o) Xiwgygt clslbgtge slcgrge` Mitgeygcge cgpge lmlng nudgi
tgnpgc, gpgcgb minudgi mi tlnpgt-tlnpgt tlrtletu (cldjpgc ngtg,
plr`ldge`ge cgci) gpgcgb clnumige nlekgdgr, mge hg`gingeg
plekgdgrge sltg gpgcgb tlr`getue` wgctu (pg`i,sige` gtgu
slpgekge` bgri) mitgeygcge pudg plrclnhge`ge lmlng, gpgcgb
prj`rlsia dgnhgt gtgu olpgt, gtgu nleltgp. Cldubge dgie yge`
mitgeygcge gpgcgb gmg hgtuc, jdi`urig, slsgc egpgs, olpgt dldgb,
hlrmlhgr, puogt, plregb sgcit cueie` mge slhg`gieyg.

m) Xiwgygt pleygcit yge` plregb mimlritg Vleygcit yge` plregb

mimlritg gegc slhlduneyg plrdu micltgbui, cgrleg nue`cie gmg
buhue`geeyg mle`ge pleygcit slcgrge`.
l) Xiwgygt clbgnidge ihu Bgd plrtgng yge` plrdu mitgeygcge gmgdgb
clgmgge clslbgtge ihu sldgng bgnid, gmg gtgu timgceyg pleygcit,
slrtg upgyg yge` midgcucge uetuc nle`gtgsi pleygcit tlrslhut.
a) Xiwgygt cldgbirge Icbwgd cldgbirge pgsile bgrus mitgeygcge
mle`ge tlditi, tlrngsuc tge``gd mge tlnpgt cldgbirge, ngg
clbgnidge ku`g mitgeygcge gpgcgb oucup hudge, curge` hudge,

gtgucgb dlwgt hudge mge hlrgt mge pgekge` dgbir

`) Xiwgygt ngcgege Vgmg gegnelsis mibgrgpcge mgpgt miplrjdlb
cltlrge`ge tletge` ngcgege yge` micjesunsi jdlb gegc, hgic
kge`cg plemlc (hlhlrgpg wgctu slhldun sgcit), ngupue kge`cg
pgekge` (slkgc hgyi) 2) Xiwgygt inueisgsi _tgtus inueisgs
inueisgsii pgsile,
hgic inueisgsi mgsgr ngupue inueisgsi udge`ge cbususeyg
inueisgsi HO@, MV], Vjdij, Ognpgc mge Blpgtitis H.
b) Xiwgygt plrtunhubge mge plrclnhge`ge.

7=
 7) Xiwgygt plrtunhubge _tgtus plrtunhubge gegc tlrutgng pgmg
usig hgditg mgpgt mitldggb mgri curvg hlrgt hgmge tlrbgmgp usig
mge pgekge` hgmge tlrbgmgp usig

8) Xiwgygt plrclnhge`ge nleurut

(g) Vlrclnhge`ge sjsijlnjsijegd ; gegc hlrgmg pgmg agsl prl
sobjjd pgmg ngsg iei gegc mgpgt nle`gtgcge gpg yge`
mirgsgcge. _ldgie itu lnjsi ngdu mge hge``g nudgi
hlrclnhge`. Hlrngie ietlrgcsi mle`ge tlnge slhgyg
mle`ge ogrg hlrngie
(h) Vlrclnhge`ge cj`eitia ; clngnpuge uetuc nle`legd
tlnpgt, nle`ltgbui kgrgc nldgdui pltg, nle`ltgbui slhgh
gcihgt, clngnpuge nlngbgni ucurge wgdgupue hletuc

jhklc miuhgb, nlngbgni ge`cg ngtlngticg ygitu hlrbitue`

(o) Xlspje bjspitgdisgsi ; pgmg gegc prgslcjdgb nlrgsg tgcut
pgmg jrge` gsie` mge nleygmgri cltigmge cldugr`g nlrlcg,
mgri usig sgtu sgnpgi ding tgbue, gegc slrie`cgdi
nleuekuccge gesiltgs hlrgt sggt mipisgbcge mgri rungb mge
cldugr`g. Vgmg gegc usig slcjdgb clemgti slrie`cgdi
nleylnhueyicge hgeygc cltgcutge. h. Vlnlricsgge aisic
Vgmg plnlricsgge aisic gegc hlrhlmg mle`ge jrge` mlwgsg,
pgmg plnlricsgge aisic gegc miplrducge ogrg plemlcgtge

tlrtletu g`gr plnlricsg mgpgt nlnplrjdlb ieajrngsi

clgmgge aisic gegc slogrg dle`cgp mge gcurgt. Ogrg tlrslhut
mingcsumcge g`gr gegc timgc nlrgsg tgcut, timgc nlege`is,
mge timgc nlejdgc uetuc miplricsg. Vgmg gegc yge` dlhib
hlsgr, plemlcgtge mgpgt minudgi mle`ge nlnhlricge
sgdgn, nlegeygcge egng, usig, slcjdgbeyg, cldgseyg mge
dgie slhg`gieyg. (Dgtila.mcc, 867=)
8. Vlnlricsgge unun nldiputi;
g) Clgmgge unun nleogcup clsge clgmgge sgcit, tlrngsuc pjsisi

pgsile, clsgmgrge, clsge stgtus `izi

7<
h) ]gemg-tgemg vitgd nleogcup egmi, tlcgege mgrgb (tlrkgmi
pleie`cgtge sistjdic mge migstjdic), plregpgsge, subu tuhub
tuhub
o) Hlrgt hgmge

m) ]ie``i hgmge
l) die`cgr dle`ge gtgs ejrngd 57?,< on
a) IN]
`) Die`cgr clpgdg
b) Blgm tj tjl;
7) Clpgdg ; Hletuc clpgdg (ejrngd, ngcrjslagdi, nicrjslagdi),
wgkgb (gmgeyg plnhle`cgcge wgkgb djcgd mislhghcge lmlng.
8) Ngtg ; Vle`cgkige ngtg lcstlregd nle`gngti cldjpgc ngtg
nle`gdgni plnhle`cgcge cjekue`tivg (gelnis, gegelnis)

?) ]ldie`g ;Gmgcgb tjekjdge pgmg tldie`g mge 8= clhlrsibge

=) Bimue` ; Vlregpgsge oupie` bimue`, sigejsis
<) Nudut ; Vlnhle`cgcge,dlsi, wgreg hihir , plricsg dimgbtlrbgmgp
`lrgcge mge hletuc, cgrils `i`i, nucjsg nudut.
1) Dlblr ; Vgdpgsi dlblr nle`ltgbui gmg timgceyg plnhlsgrge
vleg ku`udgris
0) Ietlr`unle ;Clgmggee tur`jr cudit, lmlng plrijrhitgd, lmlng
(mlplemle) pgmg lcstlrnitgs hgwgb mge hjcje` slrtg slesgsi
rgsg.

2) Mgmg
(g) Vgru-pgru ; Iesplcsi ; Gngti irgng plregpgsge, clmgdgnge,
Arlculesi plregpgsge Vgdpgsi ; tgctid arlnitus mle`ge
nle``uegcge kgri tlduekuc gtgu plrnucgge tldgpgc tge`ge.
Vlrcusi ; plrcusi pgmg mgmg getlrijr mge pjstlrijr.
Guscudtgsi; mle`gr gmg hueyi tgnhgbge
(h) Cgrmijvgscudlr Iesplcsi mge pgdpgsi ; gmg gtgu timgc
plnhlsgrge kgetue`, Vlrcusi ; ejrngd hlrhueyi rlmup
Guscudtgsi ; hueyi kgetue` dup-mup

71
 9) @gstrjietlstiegd Iesplcsi; Ghmjnle nlejekjd gtgu gmg timgc
lmlng Guscudtgsi ; Hueyi hisie` usus ejrngd 76-?6 mltic
Vgdpgsi; Eylri tlcge, plnhlsgrge bgti mge dinag Vlrcusi; Hueyi

tinpgei misldurub plrnucggeghmjnle,tlrmgpgt gsitls pgmg

pleygcit siemrjn elarjtic
76) Lcstlrnitgs ; nleidgi clgmgge tudge`,jtjt, slrtg
slemislemi,iesplcsi tlrmgpgt lmlng pgmg lcstlrnitgs.
77) Elurjdj`is ; clsgmgrge gegc
78) _istln plrclnibge; uriel ejrngd pgmg gegc mgdgn 8= kgn;
\riel ejrngd pgmg gegc hlrmgsgrcge unur;
(g) 7-8 bgri ; ?6-16 nd (g) 7-? tgbue ; <66-166 nd
(h) ? ‟ 76 bgri ; 766-?66 nd (h) ?-< tgbue ; 166-066 nd

(o) 76 bgri ‟ 8 hudge ; 8<6- (o) <-2 tgbue ; 1<6-266 nd

=<6 nd (m) 2-7= tgbue ; 266-7=66
(m) 8 hudge ‟ 7 tgbue ; =66- nd
<66 nd

?. Gegdisg mgtg
Mgtg Ltijdj`i Ngsgdgb
cltimgctgbuge Mlaioit
M_ ; cldugr`g nle`gtgcge
nlelnucge ple`ltgbuge
pgsile sldgdu ngrgb kicg
ieajrngsi (M.6777)
mihllricge jhgt
MJ ; nleuekucge plridgcu
yge` hlrdlhibge (nissgd ;
gpgtis, g`itgsi, hlnusubge,
bystlrig)
Vleie`cgtge Mlaioit eutrisi
M_ ; cldugr`g nle`gtgcge
clhutubge (M.6679)
pgsile egasu ngcge
nltghjdisnl
nleurue

70
 MJ ; nlnhrge nucjsg
puogt, sgrigwge, migrl,
hisie` usus biplrgctia

Cldlngbge Ietjdlrgesi
M_ ; cldugr`g nle`gtgcge
gctivitgs (M.66<1)
pgsile dlngb
MJ ; arlculesi kge tue`
nleie`cgt
Clttimgcslinhge`ge Xisicj
M_ ; Cldugr`g nle`gtgcge
ogirge cltimgcslinhge`ge
pgsile dlnls
ldlctrjdit (M.
MJ ; mlbimrgsi, ort 5 8
66?0)
mltic, nln hrge nucjsg
puogt
_tgtis ogirge tuhub Xisicj iealcsi
M_ ; Cldugr`g nle`gtgcge
(M.67=8)
pgsile hle`cgc mglrgb
ngtg
MJ ; lmlng, clhlrsibge
tge`ge mge hgmge

=. Mig`ejsis Clplrwgtge
g. Mlaioit ple`ltgbuge hlrbuhue`ge mle`ge cltimgctgbuge
nlelnucge ieajrngsi (M.6777)
h. Mlaioit eutrisi hlrbuhue`ge mle`ge pleie`cgtge clhutubge
nltghjdisnl (M.6679)
o. Ietjdlrgesi gctivitgs hlrbuhue`ge mle`ge cldlngbge (M.66<1)
m. Xisicj cltimgcslinhge`ge ldlctrjdit hlrbuhue`ge mle`ge
clttimgcslinhge`ge ogirge (M.66?0)
l. Xisicj iealcsi hlrbuhue`ge mle`ge stgtis ogirge tuhub (M.67=8)

72