CHAPTER 1 – ANGLO SAXON (410 AD - 597)

- The English language started with the influx of Germanic tribes after the Romans left

- Anglo-Saxon vocabulary was useful for everyday things and they named four days of the week after
their gods

- Christian missionaries brought Latin words such as martyr and bishop

- Vikings contributed to the English language with words like ransack and fast

- Vikings were willing to exchange words and phrases with the Anglo-Saxons

CHAPTER 2 – NORMAN CONQUEST 1066-1453

- William the Conqueror invaded England in 1066 and brought French with him

- French became the language of official business, but the common man spoke English

- The Normans brought about 10,000 new words to English, while English-speaking farmers and
French-speaking toffs contributed words like cow and beef

- The Hundred Years War began and English became the language of power.

CHAPTER SHAKESPEARE ()

- WHEN WILLIAM INVENTED 2000 NEW WORDS AND PHRASES

- SHAKESPEARE GAVE US HANDY WORDS LIKE EYBALL, PUPPY DOG, AND ANCHOVY
- HE RAN OUT OF THINGS TO RHYME WITH CROCODILE AND A NATION OF TEA DRINKES
- SHAKESPEARES POETRY SHOWED WORLD THAT ENGLISH WAS RICH WITH VIBRANT LANGUAGE
WITH LIMITLESS EXPRESSIVE AND EMOTIONAL POWER AND HE STILL HAD TIME
-

CHAPTER 4 KING JAMES BIBLE (1611 AD)

Bullet Summary:

- The King James Bible was published in 1611 and was a new translation by a team of scribes

- The language was straightforward and easy to understand, using phrases that would become
common idioms in English
- The King James Bible introduced phrases such as "a leopard can't change its spots," "a bird in the
hand is worth two in the bush," "a wolf in sheep's clothing," and "a fly in your ointment"

- The King James Bible introduced a glossary of metaphor and morality that still shapes the way
English is spoken

CHAPTER 5 THE ENGLISH OF SCIENCE

CHAPTER 6 THE ENGLISH AND EMPIRE

Bullet summary:

- The British Empire spread the English language across the globe

- They sought land, wealth, natural resources, and obedience to the crown

- They discovered the barbecue, canoe, and rum punch in the Caribbean

- In India, they discovered yoga, the cummerbund, and the bungalow

- They picked up words like "voodoo" and "zombie" in Africa

- They brought back words like "nugget," "boomerang," and "walkabout" from Australia

- The British Empire acquired 10 million square miles, 400 million people, and nearly 100,000 gin and
tonics

- The spread of English has had a lasting impact on global communication

CHAPTER 7 THE AGE OF THE DICTIONARY

Bullet Summary:

- The Age of the Dictionary saw the emergence of lexicographers who wanted to standardize English

- Dr. Johnson's Dictionary of the English Language contained over 42,000 entries and standardized
spelling

- The Oxford English Dictionary took 70 years to complete and has been revised continuously since its
publication in 1928

- The idea of stopping people from making up words is hopeless.

CHAPTER 8 AMERICAN ENGLISH

Bullet Summary:

- American English evolved with the arrival of the British in America

- Native American words were adopted to describe new plants and animals

- Waves of immigrants brought new words to the language

- The language of capitalism influenced American English

- American English influenced British English with words like cool and groovy

- Some old English words were retained in America while the Brits moved on to new words

CHAPTER 9 INTERNET ENGLISH (1972)

- In 1972, the first email was sent, and soon after, the internet arrived.

- The internet provided a free global space to share information, ideas, and pictures of cats.

- Typing came back into fashion with the internet, leading to cases of repetitive strain injury.

- Conversations became shorter, and abbreviations replaced full sentences.

- "In my humble opinion" became "IMHO," and "by the way" became "bTW."

- Some internet slang, like "lol," passed into spoken English.

- The internet brought typing back into fashion.

- This led to an increase in cases of repetitive strain injury.

- Conversations became shorter and abbreviations became commonplace.

- Some of these changes passed into spoken English.

- These changes are a natural evolution of language.

CHAPTER 10 GLOBAL ENGLISH (1500 YEARS SINCE ROMANS LEFT BRITAIN - CURRENT)
Bullet Summary: (BEFORE 17TH CENTURY)

- Before the 17th century, scientists weren't widely recognized

- The Royal Society was formed to share scientific ideas in English

- New scientific concepts led to the creation of new words like acid, gravity, and electricity

- Scientists also created new anatomical terms like cardiac and tonsil

- The invention of words like penis and vagina made sex education classes easier, but some terms still
caused confusion.

CHAPTER 6